~"..~
.
, """'
-~-
-.......
Amashyaka menshi mu Rwanda yadutse ashyira imbere gusa guhirika ubutegetsi buriho. Kugeza ubu amenshi muri ayo mashyaka nta bwo arerekana imigambiy'ingirakamaro mu gusubiza ibibazo by'ingutu bijyanye n'amajyamberey'abaturage. Nta bwo arerekana icyo ateganya ku bibazo by'ubuhinzi, by'ubuvuzi, uburezi, umutekano n'ibindi.
6.2.2.4. Uko amashyaka yitwaye mu gihe cy'intambara Amashyaka yadutse mu gihe kibi cy'intambara. Ibyo byatumye ipiganwa hagati y'ayo mashyaka rihindura isura. Ku by'umwihariko,Abanyarwanda bababajwe n'ukuntu amashyaka yitwaye muri rusange mu bibazo by'intambara. Abo kugira ngo amashyaka yose ari mu gihugu ashyire hamwe abanze arangize intambara, byagaragaye ko yahugiye mu gucagagurana. Ibyo byagize ingaruka mbi nyinshi. Ingaruka ya mbere ni uko ubwumvikane buke hagati y'amashyaka bwahaye icyuho Inkotanyi, zibona uko zicengeza ibitekerezo byazo bigamijegutandukanya Abanyarwanda. Ingaruka ya kabiri ni uko imyifatire idahwitse y'amashyaka amwe yaciye intege Ingabo z'Igihugu akaba ari n'imwe mu mpamvu zatumye Inkotanyi zishobora gufata agace k'u Rwanda. Imvugo n'imyifatireya bamwe mu banyapolitiki yashegeshe u Rwanda, maze rujya mu mishyikiranorufite ingufu nkeya, ku buryo amasezerano yArusha aha Inkotanyi imyanyamu butegetsi idafite aho ihuriye n'uko zishyigikiwe mu baturage b()se bruRwanda.
UMUTWE WA VII URWANDA TWIFUZA Abanyarwanda bifuza kuba mu gihugu kirangwamo amahoro n'ubusabane, demokarasi nyakuri, kandi gitera imbere mu majyambere.Ingabo y'Igihugu iyo ari yo yose ifite uruhare runini mu kubaka u Rwanda. 7.1. U Rwanda rw'amahoro Intambara tumazemo imyaka itatu yatweretse akamaro k'amahoro. Muri aka gatabo twabonye ingaruka mbi z'intambara, ari ku buzima bw'abantu, ari ku mibanire yabo, ari no mu bukungu bw'igihugu muri rusange. Izo ngaruka mbi zatweretse ko buri Munyarwanda yagombye guharanira amahoro akanamagana uwo ari we wese washaka kuyahungabanya. Kugira ngo amahoro asagambe, tugomba gushishikazwa no kwigisha Abanyarwanda bose baba abari mu gihugu cyangwa se abari hanze, ko gushoza intambara atari wo muti w'ibibazo biri mu gihugu. Ibibazo ibyo ari byo byose bishobora gukemurwa binyuze mu nzira y'imishyikirano na demokarasi. 7.2. U Rwanda rw'ubwiyunge n'ubusabane Intambara yatumye inzangano mu Banyarwanda ziyongera. Yatumye Umunyarwanda yumva mbere na mbere ko ari Umuhutu, Umutwa cyangwa Umututsi. Intambara yongereye n'ubushyamirane hagati y'uturere. Kugira ngo twubake igihugu gikomeye, hagomba kuba ubusabane n'ubwiyunge hagati y'amoko ndetse n'uturere tw'u Rwanda. Tugomba kwihatira kugera ku bumwe n'ubwiyunge bw'Abanyarwanda, kuko igihugu gihora mu myiryane kidatera imbere. Ubumwe, 63
---
--
- ---
-
-
-
ubusabane n'ubwiyunge bw'Abanyarwanda bijyana n'ubwubahane n'ubwizerane bw'amoko n'uturere. 7.3. U Rwanda rugendera ku matwara ya demokarasi nyakuri Demokarasi nyakuri ishingiyeku ngingo z'ingenzi zikurikira: kubaha uburenganzira bwose bw'ikiremwamuntu, koroherana, ubwisanzure bw'ibinyamakuru, gusimburana ku butegetsi hakoreshejwe amatora adafifitse,ubutegetsi buhagarariye abaturage, ubutegetsi bugendera ku mategeko, ubwubahane hagati y'abayobozi n'abayoborwa, gucunga neza ibya rubanda, gushishikarira amajyambereya rubanda rugufi no kwita ku mutekano w'abaturage ubumbatiwe n'ingabo zigendera kandi zubahiriza amategeko yose y'igihugu n'azigenga.
7.3.1. Kubaha uburenganzira bwose bw'ikiremwamuntu Muri iki gihe Abanyarwanda baracyazira ibitekerezo byabo. Ibyo bigaragarira ku bantu bapfa bazira ibitekerezo cyangwa se batotezwa bazira amashyakabarimo haba ku kazi, haba aho batuye. Leta ishingiye kuri demokarasi yubaha ibitekerezo bya buri muntu. Abantu ku giti cyabo na bo bagomba kubaha ibitekerezo by'abandi. Twibutse ko uburenganzira bw'ikiremwamuntu butagarukira gusa ku bwisanzure mu bitekerezo. Umuntu afite uburanganzira bwo kubaho ntihagire uwototera ubuzima bwoe.
Afite kandi uburenganzira bwo guhitamo idini ashaka, kurengerwa n'amategeko, gucirwa urubanza binyuze mu nzira z'ubutabera zidafifitse, kureshya n'abandi imbere y'amategeko, n'ibindi. Birumvikana ko uburenganzira bwa buri muntu burangirira aho ubwa mugenzi we butangirira. Ni ukuwga ko niba buri muntu ashaka ko uburenganzira bwe bwubahirizwa agomba kubahiriza ubw'undi uwo ari we wese. 7.3.2 Koroherana Kwisanzura mu bitekerezo no kujya mu mashyaka atandukanye bijyana no koroherana. Ni ukuwga ko abayoboke b'amashyaka batagomba gushyamirana cyangwa ngo barwane bapfa amashyaka. Demokarasi yemerera abantu gupiganwa mu bitekerezo no mu bikorwa. Ariko iryo piganwa nta bwo rigomba kurenga ngo rivemo amahane n'imirwano. Amashyaka agomba kwisanzura mu gihugu cyose ntihagire iryumva rihejwe mu karere aka n'aka, cyangwa iryumva ko akarere aka n'aka ari ubukonde bwaryo. Ibyabaye kugeza ubu mu turere tumwe na tumwe twlu Rwanda bigomba guhinduka, amashyaka.yose akisanzura mu gihugu cyose. Ibi byafasha n'Abanyarwanda kurwanya ubushyamirane bw'uturere. 7.3.3. Ubwisanzure bw'ibinyamakuru Demokarasi nyakuri ni iha abanyamakuru ubwisanzure busesuye, kuko ari bumwe mu buryo bwo kumvikanisha ibitekerezo by'abaturage. Ibinyamakuru bifite akamaro kanini mu kugenzura uko inzego za Leta zikora; uko umutungo wa Leta ukoreshwa n'uko ikiremwamuntu cyubahizwa. Ibinyamakuru bifite uruhare runini kandi mu guhumura abaturage. Ni yo mpamw abategetsi batagomba gutoteza ibinyamakuru kuko bifitiye rubanda akamaro. Uburenganzira bw'abanyamakuru ariko bufite aho bugarukiye. Gutukana, guharabika abategetsi cyangwa abandi baturage ubabeshyera, gukoresha iterabwoba, nta bwo ari demokarasi, kandi bihanishwa amategeko. Abanyamakuru bagomba kwihatira gutanga amakuru y'imvaho, aho kuba ibikoresho bibi by'abantu bamwe baba 64
-
-- -
-
- ---
---
- - -
-
bakurikiranye inyungu zabo. 7.3.4. Gusimburana leubutegetsi hakoresheiwe amatora
adafifitse
Demokarasi nyakuri bivuga ko ubutegetsi buba bushingiye leubyifuzo by'abaturage. Ibyo byifuzo abaturage babigaragariza mu matora ubwo baba bahitamo ababahagararira mu butegetsi. Amatora kandi ni bwo buryo kugeza ubu abantu bo ku isi yose babonye bwo guhindura ubutegetsi igihugu kidasubiye inyuma. Icyo gitekerezo kinyuranyeno guhirika ubutegetsi ukoresheje "Coup d'Etat" cyangwa ukoresheje intambara. Izo nzira zombi nta bwo ziba zishingiye leubyifuzo by'abaturage. Ziba zishingiyeku nyungu za bamwe. Guhirika ubutegetsi hakoreshejwe "Coup d'Etat" cyangwa intambara bigira ingaruka mbi nyinshi,ari ku byerekeye ubuzima bw'abantu cyangwa uburenganzira bwabo (bamwe barapfa abandi bagafungwa, abandi bagatotezwa) cyangwa ku byerekeye ubuleungu bw'igihugu. Iyi ngingo Abanyarwandabayiboneye ingero nyinshi, kuko intambara yatangiye mu Rwanda mu kwezi k'Ukwakira 1990 yangije byinshi. Tugomba rero kwamagana uwo ari we wese washaka guhirika ubutegetsi akoze "Coup d'Etat" cyangwa akoresheje intambara. Gusimbura leubutegetsi hakoreshejwe demokarasi bijyana n'uko utsinzwe mu matora agomba kubyemera. Ishyaka cyangwa umuntu utsinzwe mu matora agomba kwihatira gukosora ibyatumye adatorwa, akamara imyaka ine cyangwa itanu asobanurira abaturage imigambi ye ategereje ko atsinda ubutaha. Ishyaka cyangwa umuntu utsinzwe amatora kandi agomba kubaha ubutegetsi bwa Leta ntashake kubusuzugura no kububuza gukora nk'uko byagenze muri iki gihe cy'inzibacyuho cyangwa mu bindi bihugu by'Afurika bitaramenya neza demokarasi icyo ari cyo. Kuko igihugu kirimo abaturage batubaha ubutegetsi nta gikorwa. lkindi kandi, tugomba leumenyako muri demokarasi abantu bose badategekera icyarimwe. Amashyaka yatsinze amatora akorera muri Guverinoma. Amashyaka yatsinzwe akorera mu Nteko ishinga amategeko, iyo Abadepite baye batowe mu nzego za Komini no mu baturage. Ni ukuvuga rero ko ikibuga cya politiki kitaba muri Guverinoma gusa. Demokarasi ikeneye n'abakorera politiki hanze ya Guverinoma kugira ngo bafatanye n'abaturage kuyigenzura no kuyicyaha igihe bibaye ngombwa. Amashyaka yose akoreye muri Guverinoma, twaba dusubiye nko mu gihe cy'ishyaka rimwe rukumbi. Demokarasi kandi ijyana n'uko ishyaka cyangwa umuntu utsinze amatora adapyinagaza abo atsinze cyangwa ngo abatoteze, cyane cyane mu byerekeye gutanga akazi ka Leta. 7.3.5. Ubutegetsi buhagarariye abaturage Demokarasi bivuga ubutegetsi bw'abaturage. Ni ukuvuga ko ari bo bushingiyeho kandi akaba ari na bo bubereyeho. Abaturage rero bagomba kugira uruhare runini mu butegetsi bwabo no muri politiki y'igihugu cyabo muri rusange. Muri demokarasi bafite uburyo bubiri bwo gukoresha uburenganzira bwabo. Uburyo bwa mbere ni uguhitamo ababahagararira binyuze mu matora. Mu rwego rubegereye, abaturage batora inzego za Komini zigizwe n'Abaserire, Abajyanama na Burugumesitiri. Mu rwego rwo hejuru, abaturage batora Abadepite babahagararira mu Nteko ishinga amategeko, bakitorera na Perezida wa Repubulika. Itegekonshinga u Rwanda rugenderaho riteganya ko Perezida wa Repubulika ashyiraho Minisitiri w'Intebe na Guverinoma abyumvikanyehon'amashyakayatsinze amatora. Uburyo bwa kabiri abaturage bafite bwo gukoresha uburenganzira bwabo ni ukunyura mu zindi nzira bemererwa na demokarasi kugira ngo bamenyeshe abategetsi ibyifuzo byabo. 65
--- -
- --
--
Izo nzira ziri ukubiri : hari uguhagarika akazi cyangWabakajya mu muhanda bakigaragarnbya. Aha ariko tuributsa ko iteraniro ry'abaturage mu muhanda CYangwaahandi hantu rusange bigomba uruhusa rw'ubutegetsi mu gihe bibaye ngombwa kandi bikaba bigomba kuba mu mutuzo. Inzira ya kabiri ni ukwandikira abategetsi inyandiko zishyizwehoumukono n'abantu benshi bahuje ikibazo, batagombye kubinyuza ku babahagarariye mu Nteko ishinga amategeko cyangwa mu butegetsi bw'ibanze. Izo nzira zombi demokarasi irazemera. Iyo zikoreshejwe abategetsi bagomba kuboneraho bakikubita agashyi bagakosora ibitagenda neza.
7.3.6. Ubutegetsi bugendera ku mategeko Demokarasi nyakuri irangwa n'ubutegetsi bugendera ku mategeko. Itegekonshinga u Rwanda rugenderaho ryemeza ukuntu Ubutegetsi nyubahirizategeko, Ubutegetsi nshingategeko n'Ubucamanza butandukana kandi bukuzuzanya. Ubutegetsi nyubahirizategeko bushingwa Perezida wa Repubulika na Guverinoma igizwe na Minisitiri w1ntebe na ba Minisitiri. Ubutegetsi nshingategeko buhuriweho na Perezida wa Repubulika n'Inteko ishinga amategeko. Abadepite ho mu Nteko ishinga arnategeko bafite inshinganoyo kwemeza niba Guverinoma yubahiriza inyungu za rubanda. Ubutegetsi bw'ubucarnanzabukoreshwa n'inkiko kuva ku Rukiko rw'lkirenga kugeza ku Rukiko rwa Kanto. Muri demokarasi, ubutegetsi shingategeko n'ubucarnanzanta bwo bugomba kuvogerwa n'ubutegetsi nyubahirizategeko nk'uko bigenda ku butegetsi bw'ishyaka rimwe. Muri demokarasi kandi abategetsi barangwa no kubahiriza amategeko bashyiraho, kandi ukoze icyaha agahanwa hakurikijwe ayo mategeko. Ibyo bituma abo bategetsi bubaha ikiremwarnuntun'umutungo wa rubanda baba bashinzwe gucunga. Gukurikiza arnategeko ariko nta bwo bireba abategetsi gusa. Abaturage na bo bagomba kumva ko nta demokarasi ishoboka mu kajagari, buri muntu yikorera icyo ashatse. Demokarasi nyakuri irangwa no kubahiriza amategeko kwa buri muntu. 7.3.7. Kubahana hagati y'abayobozi n'abayoborwa. Nk'uko twabibonye mbere, muri demokarasi ubutegetsi bushingira ku baturage kandi akaba ari bo buberaho. Umutegetsi agomba kubaha umuturage rero kuko ari we akesha ubutegetsi bwe. Abaturage na bo bagomba kubaha ubutegetsi kuko ubwigomeke bukurura ubwicanyi, urugomo, ubujura n'ubunebwe. Akari kera ibyo biranararnbiranamaze igihugu kigasubizwa ku butegetsi bw'igitugu. Gusuzugura abategetsi nta bwo ari demokarasi. Iyo umutegetsi abaye mubi, abaturage bajya inarna bakamuhindura binyuze mu matora, cyangwa se bakoresheje izindi nzira zijyanye n'arnatwara ya demokarasi. Kudasora wibwira ko uhima ubutegetsi si demokarasi, kuko imisoro ifite uruhare runini mu majyarnbere y'abaturage bose. 7.3.7. Gucunga neza ibya rubanda. Demokarasi ijyana no gucunga neza umutungo w'igihugu. Amashyaka ari muri Guverinoma agomba gukora neza kugira ngo abaturage bayagirire icyizere kandi bazongere bayatore. Amashyaka atari muri Guverinoma na yo agomba kugenzura uko amashyaka ari muri Guverinoma akoresha umutungo w'igihugu kugira ngo yereke abaturage ko abahagarariye koko. Ibyo bitandukanye n'ibikorwa ubungubu mu nzibacyuho. Muri iki gihe barnwe mu bahagarariye 66
-----
arnashyaka bumva ko demokarasi ari ugusaranganya ubutegetsi n'umutungo wa Leta hagati yabo ubwabo. lkindi kandi ni uko arnashyaka arnwe yerekanye ko ikiyashishikajeari ugusimbura ubutegetsi bwahozeho mu gihe cy'ishyaka rimwe rukumbi, ariko agakora nka bwo. Ni yo mpamvu usanga kugira ngo ubone akazi mu nzego z'ubutegetsi, mu bige bya Leta, cyangwa se mu mishinga, ugomba kuba ufite ikarita y'ishyaka ryagabanye Minisiteri iyi n'iyi, n'ibindi. Ibyo bituma imicungire y'umutungo w'igihugu itagenda neza.
Ikindi kigomba kumvikana neza ni uko muri demokarasi umutungo wa Leta ugomba gutandukana n'umutungo w'amashyaka ari muri Guverinoma. Naho ubundi koko nta ho byaba bitaniye n'ubutegetsi bw'ishyaka rimwe rukumbi. 7.3.8. Gushishikarira amaiyambereya rubanda rugufi Demokarasi ijyana n'arnajyarnbereya rubanda rugufi. Ni ukuvuga ko abahagarariye arnashyaka batagomba gushyira imbere gusa kugera ku butegetsi. Bagomba gukangurira abaturage ibikorwa by'arnajyambere no kwishakira ubwabo ibisubizoby'ibibazo bahura na byo. Kugira ngo demokarasi ishinge imizi, igomba kujyana n'arnajyarnbereya rubanda. Bitagenze bityo, twaba tugana muri demokarasi yihariwe n'abakire nk'uko bimeze mu bihugu bimwe na bimwe bikiri inyuma mu majyarnbere. Muri ibyo bihugu, usanga abakize ari bo bikorera politiki, maze mu gihe cy'arnatora bagafatiran~ abakene mu bushonji, bakabashukisha inzoga n'udufaranga duke, maze bakagura arnajwi yabo. Nyamara abo bakire nta bwo baba bashishikajweno kuzamura rubanda, akaba ari na yo mpamvu ibyo bihugu bihama mu bukene. 7.3.'1). Ingabo z'Igihugu muri demokarasi Abasirikari, Abajandarume n'Abapolisibafite uruhare runini mu kurinda ubusugire bw'igihugu na demokarasi. Intambara y'Inkotanyi yerekanye ko demokarasi idashobora gushinga imizi iyo abaturage nta mutekano bafite. Ni yo mparnvuinshinganoya mbere ya Leta iyo ari yo yose ku isi, ari ukurinda umutekano w'abaturage. Iyo ikaba ari n'inshinganoya mbere y'Ingabo z'Igihugu. Inshingano yazo ya kabiri, ni ukurinda demokarasi, kugira ngo hatagira udutsiko tw'abantu twahungabanya inzego zishyiriweho n'abaturage, dukoresheje "Coup d'Etat" cyangwa intambara. Twakwibutsa ko kugira ngo zirangize umurimo wazo ukomeye, Ingabo z'lgihugu zisabwa kutinjira mu mashyaka kuko byatuma zibogarna, ntizigere ku nshingano yazo. Icyakora mu bihugu byose, Ingabo z'Igihugu zemerewe gutora, kuko ari abaturage nk'abandi. Mu mirimo ikomeye yo kurinda ubusugire bw'igihugu, umutekano na demokarasi, ingabo z'igihugu zigomba kwiyemeza gukorana n'ubutegetsi ubwo ari bwo bwose buva mu matora hakurikijwe Itegekonshinga n'andi mategeko igihugu kigenderaho. . Mu gihugu kigendera kuri demokarasi kandi, ingabo z'igihugu zigomba kubahiriza amategeko n'arnabwiriza y'inzego z'ubutegetsi zishingiyekuri demokarasi. Ibyo ntibibuza ariko izo ngabo gutanga ibitekerezo zibishyikirizaizo nzego, cyane cyane ku bibazo byerekeranye n'umurimo wazo. Muri demokarasi hagomba n'arnatwara mashya mu mibanirey'abayobozi n'abayoborwa mu ngabo z'igihugu. Abayobozi bagomba kumenya ko kubaha abo bayobora ari byo bituma bitabira akazi kabo kurushaho. Abayobozi bagomba kwihatira kandi gusobanurira abo bayobora inshingano z'ingabo z'igihugu kugira ngo zicyitangire zifite ugushaka guhagije. Abayoborwa na bo bagomba kubaha abayobozi babo, bagakurilcizaamategeko n'amabwirizababaha, kuko disipuline mu ngabo z'igihugu ari nka sima ituma inzu y'amatafari cyangwa amabuye ikomera. Na none, kugira ngo ingabo z'igihugu zirangize inshingano zazo cyane cyane iyo kurengera igihugu no kubumbatira umutekano wacyo, zigomba kubifashwamo n'abaturage bose b'igihugu. Ni 67
-
---
~--~
._~---"'--
- -
--~-------
nayo mpamvu ingabo zigomba kwizerwa n'abaturage bazo. Kugira ngo icyo cyizere kibeho, ingabo z'igihugu zigomba kugira disipuline itajegajega. Zigomba kubaha buri Muturarwanda nta kuvangura, zigomba kurengera buri Muturarwanda n'umutungo we wose. Nta we rero zigomba guhutaza, nta we zigomba kuryoza utwe. Ingabo z'igihugu zigomba kuba intangarugero aho ziri hose, kabone n'iyo ibihe byaba bikomeye. Mu bihe bikomeye ndetse ni bwo ingabo z'igihugu zigomba kwerekana umurava, ubutwari, n'ubudakemwa mu kazi kazo. Ngabo z'igihugu rero, nimubere Abanyarwanda bose indorerwamo y'ubudakemwa; nimugaye kandi murwanye uwabateza urubwa aho yava hose, uko yaba ameze kose, bityo mujye muhora mwizerwa n'abaturage banyu mushinzwe kurengera, nk'uko abenshi muri mwe babyerekanye muri iyi ntambara Igihugu kimazemo imyaka itatu irenga. Iyo ntego y'ubufatanye bw'Ingabo z'lgihugu n'abaturage mu kurengera ubusugire bwacyo ni yo yonyine ishobora gutuma igihugu cyacu kiba umutamenwa, uwo ari we wese ntashobore kukivogera. lkindi kandi na none, kugira ngo Ingabo z'lgihugu zirangize neza inshingano zazo, zigomba gushyira hamwe, zikirinda icyazicamo ibice. Zigomba kwirinda kugwa mu mutego wa bamwe mu banyapolitikibashatse cyangwa bagishaka kuzicamo ibice bagamije inyungu zabo bwite. Ibyo zizabigeraho zikomeza kurwanya nta gusubira inyuma irondakarere n'irondakoko bamwe mu banyapolitikibagize intego yabo. Ingabo z'lgihugu ni iz'u Rwanda n'Abanyarwanda bose nta kureba akarere aka n'aka, nta kureba ubwoko ubu n'ubu. Si iz'umuntu umwe rero nk'uko bamwe bakomeje kubyitwaza bashaka kujijisha Abanyarwanda. Bityo rero Ingabo z'Igihugu zigomba guhora zunze ubumwe, zigamijeumugambi umwe rukumbi, wo kurengera urwababyaye.
UMWANZURO Muri aka gatabo turangije, twabonyemo ibintu byinshibyerekeye igihugu cyacu, amateka yacyo, aho kigeze ubu ndetse ndetse n'uko twifuza ko cyamera. None tugeze aho tugomba kwanzura. Dusigaranye iki rero mu bitekerezo by'ingenzitwasomyemo ku buryo byatubera intango yo gushaka gushyira hamwe koko mu kubaka u Rwanda rwacu mu bumwe buhamye n'amahoro kuri twese . Icya mbere mu by'ingenzi twasigarana ni uko u Rwanda, igihugu cyacu, ari urwacu Abanyarwanda twese uko turi amoko atatu n'uturere twose. Ni akarima Imana yahaye Abanyarwanda ngo ibyo basaruyemo bibatunge bose nta kuvangura. Kuba bamwe baraje mbere cyangwa nyuma ntibigomba kuba impamvu yo gusubiranamo no kuryana. Tugomba kuva ubu, kubana mu bwubahane n'ubumwe kugira ngo tubone uko twigobotora ibibazo bikomeye bitwugarije nk'inzara, indwara z'ibyorezo, ubukene n'ibindi. Tugomba kwihatira gushyira imbere ibiduhuza, ibidutandukanyabikomoka ku mibanire y'amoko mu bihe byahise tukabirenga, maze tugahagurukira twese kubaka urwatubyaye. Abatutsi tuzi ko baje bakiganzura Abahutu, uduhugu twategekwaga n'abahinza bakatubumbira hamwe tukaba u Rwanda. Abo Abazungu baziye na bo, baba Abadage cyangwa Ababiligi, ntibashatse kugira icyo bahindura ku karengane k'amoko yakandamizwaga. Ahubwo ndetse bimwe mu bikorwa bakoresheje Abanyarwanda binyujijwe ku bategetsi b'abatutsi n'imwe mu myifatireyabo byatumye rubanda rugufi rukandamizwa kurushaho. Byatumye Abatutsi muri rusange baba Abanyiginyabari bareguwe ku 68
-
-
-
--
ngoma na Rucunshu, baba Abega bari ku ngoma, bibonamo ko ari bo batorewe gutegeka naho Abahutu bagomba gutegekwa, dore ko hariho n'Abazungu biyubashyebatatinyaga kubihamya no mu nyandiko. Bityo ikibazo cy'amoko gikomeza gukomera kurushaho. Ako karengane rubanda rugufi rwagiriwe imyaka n'imyaka ni ko kaje kurutera kwivumbagatanya mu wa 1959 baharanira kwigobotora mbere na mbere ingoyi ya gihake n'ubutegetsi bw'igitugu bw'Abazungu n'Abatutsi ngo babone uko baharanira ubwigenge bw'igihugu cyabo. Revolisiyo yo mu wa 1959 rero yaje mbere na mbere irwanya ingoma ntutsi yari yarakandamije rubanda rugufi. Abari bayoboye rubanda rugufi muri iyo Revolisiyo basanze ari bwo buryo bunoze bwo gutsinda, maze ibiri amahire, bamwe mu bayobozi ba Kiliziya gatolika ndetse n'ubutegetsi bwa gikolonize bw'Ababiligibarabashyigikira.Nguko uko Repubulika yavutse mu Rwanda isezerera ingoma ntutsi ishingiyeku bwoko na gikolonize yari yifashishije, maze demokarasi yinjira mu gihugu cyacu. Nubwo Repubulika na demokarasi byaje rubanda nyamwinshibabishaka cyane, ubutegetsi bwa Repubulika ya mbere bwahuye n'ingorane zitoroshye zatumye demokarasi idafata ireme nk'uko babyifuzaga. Ingorane ya mbere ikomeye ni intambara yashojwe n'inyenzizarwaniriraga abari bagitsimbaraye ku bya kera bashakaga kwisubiza ubutegetsi bwabo ku ngufu. Iyo ntambara yamaze hafi imyaka itandatu (1962-1967) yatumye amashyaka yose azimira hasigara MDR PARMEHUTU yonyine, ikibazo cy'impunzikirushaho kuba ingutu n'ubwishishanye hagati y'am~ko burushaho kurura.
Aha demokarasi yarahazahariye, maze iza gusongwa n'amakimbiraneyavutse hagati y'abayobozi b'ishyaka MDR PARMEHUTU byaviriyemobamwe guta umurongo mu wa 1968. Demokarasi yaciwe raro n'izo mpamvu zombi, biza kugaragara ko ubutegetsi bwa Repubulika ya mbere butagifite icyÏzere cy'Abanyarwanda bose, ikibazo cy'amoko cyongera kubyuka ndetse n'icy'uturere kirakura, bityo intandaro y'ihirikwa ry'ubwo butegetsi iba irabonetse.
Repubulika ya kabiri yaje yiyemejegusubiza Abanyarwanda icyizere mu butegetsi, gushyigikira ibyiza bya Revolisiyo yo mu wa 1959 no guhamya amahoro n'ubumwe mu bana b'u Rwanda, bityo bagahagurukira amajyambere. Ariko na yo yahuye n'ingorane zitatumye igera ku migambi yayo neza. Demokarasi ishingiyeku ishyaka rimwe MR.NDyaje kugaragara ko idashyitse, kubera ko abaturage batisanzuraga mu bitekerezo kandi guhindura ubutegetsi mu buryo bwa demokarasi nyine ntibishoboke. Indi ngorane ni uko ubwo Repubulika ya kabiri yari mu mishyikirano ishakira umuti ikibazo cy'impunzi, Inkotanyi zo zari mu myiteguro y'intambara zaje gushoza ejobundi mu Kwakira 1990 kandi u Rwanda rwari rumaze kumvikana na Uganda ku itahuka ry'impunzi. Iyo serwakira y'intambara tumazemo imyaka itatu irenga, Inkotanyi zayishoje zitwaje impamvu nyinshi. Iz'ingenzi akaba ari icyo kibazo cy'itahuka ry'impunzinyine no kurwanya ubutegetsi bw'igitugu n'akazu binyunyuzaigihugu kubera kutagira demokarasi. Ariko ibyo byose byaje kugaragara ko ari urw'itwazo, kuko zitera ikibazo cy'itahuka ry'impunzi cyari kimaze kumvikana, ndetse na demokarasi y'amashyaka menshi yari imaze kwemerwa. Impamvu nyayo yatumye zitera rero akaba ari ubutegetsi Abatutsi bambuwe na rubanda rugufi mu wa 1959 bashakaga kwisubiza na n'ubu kandi bakibishaka.
Icyo twakwishimira ni uko muri rusange usanga Inkotanyi zitarashoboye kugera ku mugambi 69
---
---
,~ .~.-
----.
'J 'Ià ..:
_.
.....
wazo wo gufata ubutegetsi n'ubwo zashoboye kwigarurira 4% by'lgihugu bihwanye na za Komini Butaro, Kiyombe, Cyumba na Kivuye. Ibyo tubikesha ahaniniIngabo zacu n'abaturage. Ubundi Inkotanyi zitera, zari zizeye ko abaturage bazazakirana amashyi n'impundu ngo zije kubabohoza. Ariko byaragaragaye ko aho kuzakira no kuzishyigikira,bazamaganiye kure kandi bafatanya n'Ingabo z'lgihugu kuzirwanya.
Ariko iyi ntambara yashenye byinshi n'abantu barapfa, ni yo mpamvu twashyigikiye imishyikirano dushaka ko intambara ihagarara ngo amahoro agaruke, tubone uko dusana ibyangiritse ndetse twongereho n'ibindi.N'ubwo yarangira ariko, ntitwakwirengagiza ko ivuka ry'amashyaka menshi turimo turwana, n'ubwo yari ngombwa kugira ngo demukarasi yongere ishinge imizi, byakuruye ibibazo mu gihugu, bishegesha ubutegetsi, bica intege Ingabo z'lgihugu, maze bisa n'ibitiza umurindi Inkotanyi. Nyamara avuka, Abanyarwanda bagize icyizere ko azatuma inyambara ihagarara vuba, ariko si ko byagenze. Ibyo ari byo byose arakenewe muri demokarasi, tukaba twizera ko uko agenda akura ari na ko azarushaho kunoza polotiki yayo, bityo akarushaho kunogera Abanyarwanda bose mu mahoro. Iyi ntambara rero twizera ko itazongera, yaba irangiye idusigiye inyigisho nyinshi tugomba guhora tuzirikana, kugira ngo tuzarusheho kurengera neza urwatubyaye. Iz'ingenzi muri izo nyigisho twabonye ni izi :
- kurushaho kunoza politiki y'uburengeragihugu buri Muturarwanda
wese akamenya uruhare abifitemo. - Kurushaho gusesengura imiterere y'lgihugu cyacu n'akarere kirimo, kugira ngo turusheho guteganya hakiri kare aho ingorane zaturuka, bityo twitegure kuzirwanya ku buryo bunoze. - Ingabo zigomba gutegurwa, zikigishwa, zigatozwa kandi zikagira ibyangombwa bituma zarushaho gutunganya neza umurimo wazo utoroshye. - Inzego z'iperereza, zaba iza gisirikari, zaba iza gisivili, zigomba kurushaho gukorana ubuhanga n'ubushishozi. Ni ukuvuga ko na zo zigomba guhabwa abantu bajijukiwe uwo murimo n'ibikoresho ngombwa kandi Abanyarwanda bose bagatozwa kurushaho kuzunganira. Aka gatabo kacu twagashoje tugerageza kwerekana u Rwanda rwacu uko twifuza ko rwamera. Mbere na mbere tugomba, mu bikorwa no mu myifatireyacu, kurenga ibibazo by'amoko n'uturere maze tugashyira hamwe ingufu zacu zose mu gushyigikira amahoro no guharanira amajyambere. Ibyo tuzabigeraho nta shiti nidushyigikirademokarasi nyakuri isesuye, bityo abategetsi bagatorwa ku mugaragaro kandi na bo bakihatira gushyiraho amategeko anogeye abaturage bose, atari ayo kurengera ubutegetsi bwabo gusa. Twifuza ko u Rwanda rwazaba igihugu cyubahiriza uburenganzira bwose bw'ikiremwamuntu, amoko akubahana agasabana. Abaturage bagasobanukirwa politiki y'igihugu, bakamenya uburenganzira bwabo n'inshinganoz'abategetsi babo, maze mu bwubahane, mu koroherana no mu bwisesure mu bitekerezo, dushyigikire demokarasi nyakuri, wo muti wonyine w'ibibazo bya politiki dufite. Twifuza kandi ko Ingabo nshya z'lgihugu zazaba Ingabo zubaha ubutegetsi bwatowe n'abaturage muri demokarasi isesuye, kandi zikarengera ku buryo bwose umutekano w'abantu n'ibintu byabo, bityo bikaziviramokubahwa no gukundwa n'abategetsi n'abaturage bose. Ngibyo iby'ingenzi twashatse kubibutsa mu gusoza aka gatabo. Turifuza ko mwagasoma mwitonze, mukagacengera, mukakaganiraho, maze ibitekerezo birimo bikabafasha mu nzira yo gutunganya politiki y'igihugu cyacu mu bihe bizaza.
70
- - -
-
--
--
.
-.---...--..........
.\. ..
'--
4",-1
.~
..'-.
URUGEREKO ABA1\1IB'U RWANDA Umwaka yimitswemo Amazina y'Abami
1. Gihanga 2. Kanyarwanda Gahima Musindi 3. Yuhi 4. ? Rumeza 5. ? Nyarume 6. ? Rukuge Rubanda 7. ? 8. Ndahiro 1 Ruyange Ndoba 9. ? 10. ? , Samembe Samukondo 11. Nsoro 12. Ruganzu 1 Bwimba 13. Cyirima 1 Rugwe 14. Kigeri 1 Mukobanya 15. Mibambwe 1 Sekarongoro Gahima 17. Ndahiro Cyamatare 18. Ruganzu II Ndori 19. Mutara 1 Semugeshi 20. Kigeri II Nyamuheshera 21. Mibambwe II Gisanura 22. Yuhi ID Mazimpaka 23. Karemera Rwaka 24. Cyirima II Rujugira 25. Kigeri ID Ndabarasa 26. Mibambwe ID Sentabyo Gahidiro 27. YuhiIV 28. Mutara II Rwogera 29. Kigeri IV Rwabugiri 30. Mibambwe IV Rutarindwa 31. Yuhi V Musinga 32. Mutara ID Rudahigwa 33. Kieri V Ndahindurwa
Yohani VANSINA
Alegisi KAGAME 959 992 1025 1058 1091 1124 1157 1180 1213 1246 1276 1312 1345 1378 1411 1444 1477 1510 1543 1576 1609 1642
16. Yuhi 1
1386 (20) 1410 ( 18) 1434 ( 16) 1458 ( 14) 1482 ( 12) 1506 ( 10) 1528 ( 12) 1552 ( 14) 1576 ( 16) 1600 ( 18) 1624 ( 22) 1548 (24) 1672 ( 20) 1696 ( 18) 1720 ( 16) 1744(14) 1768 ( 12) 1792 ( 10) 1767 ( 10) 1830 ( 10) 1860 ( 5) 1896 1897 1931 1959
-
1675 1708 1741 1746 ? 1853
-
1895 1931 1959
71
: ----------
- -
-
-
IL
rl "",
"
l~~:.~:...~"'::
