LLCM40AN English Phonetics and Phonology 3. 'Tonicity': where

B: Selena's had a heart attack. .... here, hear /hr/. • hare /her/. • heart /h rt/. • course /k rs/. • poor /pr/. • hire /har/ ... N.B. / r/ as in 'port' and / r/ as in 'part' are.
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LLCM40AN English Phonetics and Phonology Week 10: Intonation II (structure of longer utterances: continued), General American (part I: vowels)

3. ‘Tonicity’: where does the nucleus go?

T. Kamiyama, Université de Marne-la-Vallée 2007-2008

Focus • Focus: the concentration of attention on a particular part of the message. • Broad focus: the whole message is brought into focus. • Narrow focus: one part of the message is selectively focused. • Focus domain: the part of the intonation phrase that is placed in focus. • The nucleus marks the end of a focus domain. 7/04/2008 T. Kamiyama

Wells (2006) 3 LLCM40AN English Phonetics and Phonology 2007-2008 Week 10

Focus • Broad focus: the nucleus goes on the last lexical item: . • A: !What happened? • B: Se!lena’s had a heart attack. • Narrow focus: the nucleus shows the end of the focus domain. • A: !Who brought the wine? • B: Mary brought the wine. 7/04/2008 T. Kamiyama

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Focus

• The place of the nucleus varies depending on the pragmatic context (= what is focused).

Contrastive focus

• She was trying to lose !weight.

• A particular kind of narrow focus is contrastive focus. • The nuclear accent draws attention to a contrast the speaker is making.

(broad focus, neutral; or not lose money)

• She was trying to !lose weight. (not gain weight)

• She was !trying to lose weight. (though without much success)

• A: We !bought it before Christmas.

• She !was trying to lose weight.

• B: !Not be fore Christmas, | after Christmas.

(despite what you say; or but she isn’t now)

• !She was trying to lose weight. 7/04/2008 T. Kamiyama

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(though others may not have been) 7/04/2008 T. Kamiyama

Wells (2006) 6

LLCM40AN English Phonetics and Phonology 2007-2008 Week 10

Intonation: summary • Tones: fall, rise, fall-rise, rise-fall, level • The nucleus bears a tone. • Pitch changes start on the nucleus; rise and fallrise extends to the end of the intonation phrase. • Placement of the nucleus: basically, the stressed syllable of the last content word. It may vary depending on the focus (and other elements).

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LLCM40AN English Phonetics and Phonology Class 7: General American

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• General American (GA) • Relative uniformity of accents across the continent.

General American

Wells 1982, fig. 16

• GA: General American • Considered as ‘standard’, as opposed to Eastern and Southern accents. • Covers a wide area across the continent. • Relative uniformity of accents across the continent, compared to the British Isles (-> history of the diffusion of English).

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Listen to speech samples • 1. • 2.

• 1. Vowels • 2. Consonants • 3. Other phenomena (word stress, intonation, etc.)

Dauer 1993 7/04/2008 T. Kamiyama

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Various transcription systems of GA (+ RP) vowels

1. Vowels

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LLCM40AN English Phonetics and Phonology 2007-2008 Week 10 Adapted from Ladefoged

14 (1993)

Reminder: pronunciation dictionaries Transcription system • Here we adopt the system of LPD (Wells, 2nd edition). • That of Cambridge EPD (Roach, Hartman, Setter, 17th edition) is practically the same.

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GenAm vowels 1

GenAm vowels 1

(#$%) (")

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GenAm vowels 1

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GenAm vowels 2 • hood /h't/

• hit /h"t/ • hurt /h&%t/

(#$%)

• head /hed/

(") • hawed /h$%d/ • saw /s$%/

• had /hæd/ • hut /h#t/

• hot /h(%t/ • father /!f(%)*/

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GenAm vowels 2

• heat /hi%t/

GenAm vowels 2 • who /hu%/ • hoe /ho'/

• hate /he"t/

• height /ha"t/

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GenAm vowels 3: Vowels followed by /r/

• boat /bo't/ • ahoy /*!h$"/ • boy /b$"/ • how /ha'/

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GenAm vowels 3: Vowels followed by /r/ • /"r/ • /er/ • /(%r/ • /$%r/ • /'r/ • /a"r/ • /a'r/

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GenAm vowels 3: Vowels followed by /r/

GenAm vowels 4: Vowels weak vowels

• here, hear /h"r/ • hare /her/ • heart /h(%rt/ • course /k$%rs/ • poor /p'r/ • hire /ha"r/ • hour /a'r/ 7/04/2008 T. Kamiyama

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GenAm vowels 4: Vowels weak vowels

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GenAm vowels 4: Vowels weak vowels

• /*/

• ahoy /*!h$"/,

• /*+/ (/*r/)

• better /!bet*+/ /!bet*r/

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today /t*!de"/,

idea /a"!di%*/

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GenAm vowels: comparison with RP

GenAm vowels: comparison with RP

• /e/

RP /e/

• /æ/

RP /æ/

• /e/ RP /e/ • GA /e/ is lower (has a more open vowel quality): often transcribed with the symbol /,/, as in French ‘mère’ /m,-/.

• /(%/

RP ///

• /æ/

• /o'/

RP /*'/

• In GA /æ/ is more like a vowel between /,/ and /a/ than in RP. Some people pronounce /æ/ which sounds like [,*] or [e*].

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RP /æ/

• /(%/

RP ///

• /o'/

RP /*'/

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GenAm vowels: comparison with RP • • • • • • • • • •

r-colored vowels /"r/ RP /"*/ /er/ RP /e*/ /(%r/ RP /(%/ /$%r/ RP /$%/ /'r/ RP /'*/ /$%/ /a"r/ RP /a"*/ /(%/ /a'r/ RP /a'*/ /&+%/ RP /&%/ /*+/ /*r/ RP /*/

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Length of the tense and lax vowels • /i%/ and /"/: some speakers pronounce the two vowels with similar length.

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Length of the tense and lax vowels • /li%k/ [lik]

/$%/ (thought) - /(%/ (lot) merger

• /l"k/ [l"k]

• Some GA speakers do not distinguish /$%/ as in ‘thought’ and /(%/ as in ‘lot’, except before /r/. • For those speakers ‘collar’ / ‘caller’, ‘stock’ / ‘stalk’ are homophones. • N.B. /$%r/ as in ‘port’ and /(%r/ as in ‘part’ are distinguished. 7/04/2008 T. Kamiyama

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Distribution of /æ/ and /(%/

GA RP /æ/ /æ/ • /æ/ /(%/ • /(%/ /(%/ • /(%r/ /(%/ • /(%/ /// 7/04/2008 T. Kamiyama

•

TRAP (tap, back, badge, scalp, hand, cancel, …) BATH (staff, brass, ask, dance, sample, calf, class, …) PALM (psalm, father, bra, spa, lager, …) START (far, sharp, bark, carve, farm, heart, …) LOT (stop, sock, dodge, romp, possible, quality, …) Wells (1982), Wells (2000) LLCM40AN English Phonetics and Phonology 2007-2008 Week 10

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