LLCM20AN English Phonetics
3. Weak or strong vowel? Unstressed syllables with strong vowels
Week 5: Weak syllables (continued), some more spelling-pronunciation rules T. Kamiyama, Université de Marne-la-Vallée 2007-2008
In the syllable preceding the stress Weak or strong vowel?
• Usually unstressed (o!Oo…).
• Not all unstressed syllables have weak vowels: there are some unstressed syllables with strong vowels.
• Strong vowel before two consonants: ‘Albania’ /æl!be"ni#/, ‘umbrella’ /$m!brel#/, ‘dogmatic’ /d%&!mæt"k/, ‘fragmental’ /fræ&!mentl'/ • Weak vowel before one consonant:
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‘America’ /#!mer"k#/, ‘dramatic’ /dr#!mæt"k/, ‘parade’ /p#!re"d/, ‘necessity’ /n#!ses"ti/, ‘majestic’ /m#!d(est"k/, ‘solidity’ /s#!l"d#ti/, 3/03/2008 T. Kamiyama
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In the syllable preceding the stress
In unstressed syllables between stresses (secondary and primary)
• Usually unstressed (o!Oo…).
• Unstressed (-Oo!Oo…).
• Strong vowel before two consonants: • Weak vowel before one consonant:
• Weak vowel even before two consonants:
• Exceptions:
‘volunteer’ /-v%l#n!t"#/, ‘characteristic’ /-kær#kt#!rst"k/, (‘information’ /-"nf#!me".n''/)
‘admit’ /#d!m"t/, ‘concise’ /k#n!sa"s/ (inseparable prefixes) • Exceptions to these exceptions: ‘outstanding’ /a)t!stænd"*/, ‘translate’ /trænz!le"t/ (digraph) (two consonants) 3/03/2008 T. Kamiyama
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Further weakening of weak syllables • In some words, a word-medial weak syllable has entirely disappeared: ‘business’ /!b"zn#s/, ‘colonel’ /!k+,nl'/
4. Weak vowels in some suffixes
• or may disappear: ‘comfortable’ /!k$mft#bl'/ or /!k$mf#t#bl'/, ‘generous’ /!d(enr#s/ or /!d(en#r#s/, ‘interest’ /!"ntr#st/ or /!"nt#rest/, ‘family’ /!fæmli/ or /!fæm#li/, ‘deliberate’ (adj.) /d"!l"br#t/ or /d"!l"b#r#t/. 3/03/2008 T. Kamiyama
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6
Weak vowels in some suffixes
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Dauer (1993) 9
Weak vowels in some suffixes
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Dauer (1993) 10
Weak vowels in some suffixes
LLCM20AN English Phonetics Class 4: Some more spelling-pronunciation rules for stressed syllables in polysyllabic words
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Dauer (1993) 11
Vowel letters 1. Basic ‘long’ and ‘short’ pronunciations of vowels letters in monosyllabic words (revision)
•
• • , • • 3/03/2008 T. Kamiyama
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‘Long’ and ‘short’ pronunciations
• ‘Long’ < />, as the • ‘Short’ < 1> name of the letter. • /e"/
• /æ/
• /i,/
• /e/
• /a"/
• /"/
• /#)/
• /%/
• /(j)u,/
• /$/
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/ju,/ or /u,/? • Basically, • /u,/ after /r/ /l/ /./ /t./ /d(/ • /ju,/ in all the other cases. • (but /su,t/ is becoming dominant) • (cf. value /!vælju,/) 15
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‘Long’ < /> word-finally with a final ‘silent’
‘Long’ < /> word-finally • ( /e"/ as in /a"/) – /#$/ as in /sp3,/, /br3,/
• /a"/ as in /pa"/, /ra"/
• /i$/ as in /mi,/
• /&'/ as in /t#)/
• /a"/ as in /ha"/, /ka"/
• /(j)u$/ as in /kju,/
• /&'/ as in /s#)/, /&#)/ • /(j)u$/ as in /flu,/, /p#!ru,/ 3/03/2008 T. Kamiyama
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‘Short’ < 1> when followed by one or more word-final consonant letter(s)
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/)/ in some very common words
• /æ/ as in /hæt/ • /e/ as in /pet/ • /"/ as in /k"t/, /d("m/ • /*/ as in /h%p/
• /'/ as in /p)t/, /p)./, /p)ll/, /f)l/, /b)l/, /b)./
• /+/ as in /k$t/ 3/03/2008 T. Kamiyama
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‘Long’ < /> when followed by a consonant letter + word-final ‘silent’
But not in some very common words, many ending in , ,
• /e"/ as in /he"t/
• /æ/ as in /hæv/
• /i$/ as in /pi,t/
• /a"/ as in /l"v/ (cf. adj.)
• /a"/ as in /ka"t/, /ta"p/
• /*/ as in /&%n/
• /&'/ as in /h#)p/
• /+/: , , ,
• /(j)u$/ as in /kju,t/
• /u$/:
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2.1. ‘Long’ < /> in : vowel letter followed by one consonant and a slient
2. ‘Long’ and ‘short’ pronunciations of vowels letters in polysyllabic words 1: word-final stressed syllable
• /e"/ as in , • /i$/ as in , • /a"/ as in , • /&'/ as in , • /(j)u$/ as in , 3/03/2008 T. Kamiyama
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2.1. ‘Long’ < /> in : vowel letter
2.1. ‘Long’ < /> in : vowel letter
followed by one consonant and a slient
followed by one consonant and a slient
• N.B. This is often the case in unstressed syllables.
• Exceptions: • /#$/ as in ,
• /e"/ as in /!fi,me"l/ • /a"/ as in /!pær#da"s/
• /i$/ as in , , , , , , , , , etc.
• /&'/ as in /!æn"kd#)t/
• /+/ as in , , , …
• /(j)u$/ as in /!æt"tju,d/
• /u$/ as in , , …
• /i$/ as in (n.) /!k%*kri,t/
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‘Long’ < /> when followed by one consonant letter + suffixes • /e"/ as in /!le"t#/, /!le"t"st/ • /i$/ as in /d"!li,ts/, /d"!li,t"d/, /d"!li,t"*/
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‘Long’ < /> when followed by one consonant letter + suffixes • /e&/ as in /ke#z/, /ke#d/, /!ke#r"*/
• /a"&/ as in /!ha"#z/, /!ha"#d/, /!ha"#r"*/
• /&'/ as in /!h#)ps/, /!h#)pt/, /!h#)p"*/ 3/03/2008 T. Kamiyama
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• /"&/
• /a"/ as in /!ka"ts/
• /(j)u$/ as in /pr#!dju,s#/
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• /,$/ as in /b4,z/, /b4,d/, /!b4,r"*/ 27
• /(j)'&/ /(j),$/ as in /!kj)#r"*/ /!kj4,r"*/ 3/03/2008 T. Kamiyama
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‘Long’ < /> when followed by one consonant letter + word-final
2.2. ‘Short’ < 1> in : vowel letter followed by one ore more consonants
• /e"/ as in /!le"di/
• /æ/ as in , ,
• /i$/ as in /i,li/
• /e/ as in ,
• /a"/ as in /!ta"ni/
• /"/ as in ,
• /&'/ as in /!k#)zi/
• /*/ as in
• /(j)u$/ as in /!dju,ti/ • N.B. /!st$di/ 3/03/2008 T. Kamiyama
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• /+/ as in , 29
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‘Short’ < 1> when followed by two consonant letters (or more) + suffixes
‘Short’ < 1> when followed by two consonant letters (or more) + suffixes
• /æ/ as in /!fæt#/, /!fæt"st/
• /#$/ as in /!h3,d#/, /!h3,d"st/
• /e/ as in /!fet."z/, /!fet.t/, /!fet."*/
• /-$/ as in /+,d/, /!+,r"*/
• /"/ as in /!b"&#/, /!b"&"st/ • /*/ as in /h%pt/, /!h%p"*/ • /+/ as in /!k$t#/, /!k$t"*/ 3/03/2008 T. Kamiyama
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• /-$/ as in /st+,d/, /!st+,r"*/ • • /-$/ as in /#!k+,d/, /#!k+,r"*/ • N.B. /+/ in /!h$ri/ 3/03/2008 T. Kamiyama
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2.3. ‘Short’ < 1> in : vowel
2.3. ‘Short’ < 1> in : vowel
letter followed by two consonants and a silent
letter followed by two consonants and a silent
• /æ/ as in ,
• Exceptions:
• /e/ as in ,
• /e"/ as in , (), , ()
• /"/ as in , • /*/ as in , • /+/ as in , 3/03/2008 T. Kamiyama
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