LLCM40AN English Phonetics and Phonology
0. Some practical information before we start
Week 1: Revision of the first semester, some phenomena in connected speech T. Kamiyama, Université de Marne-la-Vallée 2007-2008
General instructions
Instructors and groups Instructors • CM: Takeki Kamiyama • TD: Véronique Bourrel, Aurélie Toffolon, and Takeki Kamiyama
• At the university, you are responsible for what you do. Your instructors are NOT your caregivers. • Respect your fellow students and instructors: you are not allowed to talk freely in class. • You must turn off your mobile phone before each class. • Attendance is mandatory (unless registered for «!contrôle terminal!»). 28/01/2007 T. Kamiyama
LLCM40AN English Phonetics and Phonology 2007-2008 Week 1
• Make sure you know which group you are in! (group A/B/C, subgroup a/b) • You are in the same group as the first semester. You cannot change groups at your own will. 3
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When? When?
• CM: Monday 13:30 - 14:30 (weeks 1-9) • TD: depends on your group (weeks 4-12) • Check the timetable of your group: the day and hour have changed for some groups. Weeks 1-3
Weeks 4-9
Exams? • During the examination period (26 May - 6 June). Plus, • Mid-term exam, quiz, or something else, depending on your TD instructor (for those registered for «!contrôle continu!»).
Weeks 10-12
CM only CM + TD TD only 28/01/2007 T. Kamiyama
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Contrôle continu and contrôle terminal
LLCM40AN English Phonetics and Phonology 2007-2008 Week 1
Contrôle continu and contrôle terminal
• Basically, you have to enrol in «!contrôle continu!», unless you can justify the reason.
• Register before the end of the week 3 (15 February):
• Contrôle continu: attendance is mandatory; you will be graded on the final exam, the mid-term exam/quiz, and possibly on other assignments, participation, etc., depending on the TD instructor.
• Write a letter and hand it in at the secretariat.
• Contrôle terminal: you will be graded on the final exam only. 28/01/2007 T. Kamiyama
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What? • See the course syllabus.
1. Revision of the first semester
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/pæk/
/bæk/
1.1 Aspiration and devoicing aspiration upper lip
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devoicing (absence of voicing) voicing) upper lip
lower lip
lower lip
vocal fold vibration
vocal fold vibration
initiation (airstream)
initiation (airstream)
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Voiced and voiceless plosives: Word-initial position
Voiced and voiceless plosives: after /s/
Aspiration • /pæk/ : phonemic transcription
Aspiration
• [p!æk] : narrow (detailed) transcription p!
• [p!e!s] p!
Devoicing: (partial) absence of voicing • /bæk/
No aspiration after /s/
• [b%æk]
• [spe!s]
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/bæk/
LLCM40AN English Phonetics and Phonology 2007-2008 Week 1
• /pe!s/
• /spe!s/ 13
/bæ"/
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Voiced and voiceless plosives: Word-final position Clipping: shortening of the preceding vowel • /bæk/ • [bæ#k] Devoicing (no clipping) • /bæ"/ • [bæ"$]
clipping (preceding vowel shortened ) devoicing (absence of voicing) ) voicing 15 28/01/2007 T. Kamiyama
LLCM40AN English Phonetics and Phonology 2007-2008 Week 1
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/fe!s/
/fe!z/
Voiced and voiceless fricatives: Word-final position Clipping: shortening of the preceding vowel • /fe!s/ • [fe()#s] Devoicing (no clipping) • /fe!z/ • [fe!z%]
clipping (preceding vowel shortened ) devoicing (absence of voicing) ) voicing 17 28/01/2007 T. Kamiyama
/e!t&/ t&
LLCM40AN English Phonetics and Phonology 2007-2008 Week 1
/e!d'/ d'
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Voiced and voiceless affricates: Word-final position Clipping: shortening of the preceding vowel • /e!t#/ • [e()#t#] Devoicing (no clipping) • /e!d$/ • [e!d%']$
clipping (preceding vowel shortened ) devoicing (absence of voicing) ) voicing 19 28/01/2007 T. Kamiyama
LLCM40AN English Phonetics and Phonology 2007-2008 Week 1
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/kræb/
/"ræb/
partially devoiced
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/"l&%s/
voiced
(soft) palate
(soft) palate
tongue
tongue
vocal fold vibration
vocal fold vibration
LLCM40AN English Phonetics and Phonology 2007-2008 Week 1
/kju%t/
/kl&%s/
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partially devoiced 28/01/2007 T. Kamiyama
/tw!n/
voiced
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Approximants: After a plosive • In English, approximants /l r j w/ are often devoiced partially after a voiceless plosive. especially in a word-initial stressed syllable: [l* r% j+ w%], as in /kl&%s/ [kl*&%s], /kræb/ [kr*æb], /kju%t/ [kj+u%t], /tw!n/ [tw%!n].
partially devoiced 28/01/2007 T. Kamiyama
partially devoiced 23
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/kæp/
1.2 Release of word-final consonants
/kæp/
no audible release
release with no voicing upper lip lower lip vocal fold vibration initiation (airstream)
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/læm/
Voiced and voiceless plosives: Word-final position
LLCM40AN English Phonetics and Phonology 2007-2008 Week 1
/æn/
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/k!,/
The release phase of voiceless plosives • /kæp/ • [k'æp] [k'æp-] (no audible release) The release phase of voiced plosives • /kæb/ • [k'æb%] but never [k'æb.] 28/01/2007 T. Kamiyama
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devoicing (absence of voicing) ) voicing 28
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‘clear l’ and ‘dark l’
Nasals: Word-final position
• • • •
• In English, word-final nasals are not accompanied by voicing after the oral release (after the closure in the oral cavity is opened) : /læm/ [læm], but never [læm.].
‘clear l’ Palatalized [l] [l*] /l/V … ou C/l/V ... “lot”, “clear”, etc.
• • • •
‘dark l’ Velarized [l+] ...V/l/, …V/l/C, ou …VC/l/ “feel”, “salt”, “apple”, etc.
palatalization
velarization pharyngealization
• The velar nasal /(/ is NOT pronounced [("] or [(")]: /k!(/ [k!,], but never [k!,.].or [k!,".]. 28/01/2007 T. Kamiyama
LLCM40AN English Phonetics and Phonology 2007-2008 Week 1
‘clear l’ 29
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‘dark l’ Takebayashi (1996)
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Coarticulation 1.3 Coarticulation
• Speech sounds tend to be influenced by the speech sound that surround them. • Coarticulation is the retention of a phonetic feature that was present in a preceding sound, or the anticipation of a feature that will be needed for a following sound. Based on Wells (1990, 2000) 28/01/2007 T. Kamiyama
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/læm/
/æn/
/k((/
Coarticulation: nasalization • A vowel or liquid that is adjacent to a nasal tends to be somewhat nasalized. • Observe the vowel in the following words: /læm/ /æn/ /k!(/ Based on Wells (1990, 2000) 28/01/2007 T. Kamiyama
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LLCM40AN English Phonetics and Phonology 2007-2008 Week 1
Nasals: the case of the bilabial nasal
nasalization 28/01/2007 T. Kamiyama
Nasals: the case of the bilabial nasal
Pharyngeal wall
Pharyngeal wall
Velum
Velum
Upper lip
Upper lip
articulators
articulators Nasalized vowel
Lower lip
/V/ 28/01/2007 T. Kamiyama
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LLCM40AN English Phonetics and Phonology 2007-2008 Week 1
/m/
/V/
LLCM40AN English Phonetics and Phonology 2007-2008 Week 1
Nasalized vowel
Lower lip
t
/V/ 35
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/m/
t
/V/
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Assimilation
1.4. Assimilation
• A sound can be pronounced in a way that is more similar to its neighbours, especially in rapid, casual speech. • How? (in the case of consonants) • - voice • - place • - manner • In English it mainly affects place of articulation. 28/01/2007 T. Kamiyama
1. Assimilation of place I • /n/ can become [m] before /p, b, m/
LLCM40AN English Phonetics and Phonology 2007-2008 Week 1
2. Assimilation of place II • In the same way, /s/ /z/ can become [#] [$] before /#/ or /j/ at the beginning of the next syllable:
/,ten -men/ -> [,tem -men]
/,0!s -#e!p/ -> [,0!& -#e!p]
/-da.n bi%t/ -> [-da.m bi%t]
/,0i%z -#u%z/ -> [,0i%' -#u%z]
• /n/ can become [(] before /k, "/ /,fa!n -"re!d/ -> [,fa!, -"re!d] /!n-kred)bl// -> [!,-kred)bl/] 28/01/2007 T. Kamiyama
N.B. Not all details are described here in [ ] Wells (1990, 2000)39 LLCM40AN English Phonetics and Phonology 2007-2008 Week 1
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/,0!s -ju%n!t/ -> [,0!& -ju%n!t] • N.B. If the following word is you, your, the /j/ may disappear. /,æz ju -si%/ -> [,æ' (j)u -si%] 28/01/2007 T. Kamiyama
Wells (1990, 2000)40
LLCM40AN English Phonetics and Phonology 2007-2008 Week 1
2. Assimilation of place (+ manner): yod coalescence • /t/ or /d/ + /j/ -> [t#] [d$] • Across word boundaries it mainly affects phrases involving you or your. /,let ju -aut/ -> [,let& u -a.t] /,w.d ju -tra!/ -> [,w.d' u -tra!] /,"et j1% -bæ"z/ -> [,"et& 1% -bæ"z]
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3. Assimilation of manner • /0/ in the, this, that, etc. can become nasal before a nasal, especially /n/, as in: /!n /) -stri%t/ -> [!n0 n0) -stri%t] • The nasalized /0/ retains the dental place of articulation: [n4] (dental [n]). • The place of articulation of the preceding nasal /n/ is assimilated to that of /0/: [n4] • Compare: /!n 0) -stri%t/ -> [!n4 n4) -stri%t]
Wells (1990, 2000)41 LLCM40AN English Phonetics and Phonology 2007-2008 Week 1
/!n ) -stri%t/ -> [! n) -stri%t] 28/01/2007 T. Kamiyama
LLCM40AN English Phonetics and Phonology 2007-2008 Week 1
4. Assimilation of voicing • Quite rare in English. • Observe the vowel in the following words: /-blækb1%d/ /-blækb2%d/ /-blækbri/ • Now, compare these words with /bak bl&3/ (‘bac blanc’) 28/01/2007 T. Kamiyama
Wells (1990, 2000)43
LLCM40AN English Phonetics and Phonology 2007-2008 Week 1
2. Some phenomena in connected speech
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Connected speech • In real speech, words are not pronounced in isolation. • They are connected with neighbouring words. • They are not necessarily pronounced in the same manner in isolation in connected speech, especially in rapid, casual speech.
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LLCM40AN English Phonetics and Phonology 2007-2008 Week 1
1. Elision
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Elision: example 1 Elision • Under certain circumstances sounds disappear (are deleted, or have a zero realisation), especially in rapid, casual speech.
Loss of weak vowel after /p t k/ • In words like ‘potato’, ‘today’, the vowel in the first syllable may disappear; • the aspiration of the initial plosive takes up the whole of the middle portion of the syllable. • /p)-te!t)./ -> [p'-t'e!t).] • /t)-m&%t)./ -> [t'-m&%t).] • /p)-hæps/ -> [p'-hæps]
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Roach (1991) 47 LLCM40AN English Phonetics and Phonology 2007-2008 Week 1
• /t)-de!/ -> [t'-de!] 28/01/2007 T. Kamiyama
Roach (1991) 48
LLCM40AN English Phonetics and Phonology 2007-2008 Week 1
Elision: example 2
Elision: example 3
Weak vowel + /n l r/
Avoidance of complex consonant clusters
• Weak vowels + /n/, /l/ or /r/ becomes syllabic consonant. • /t)-na!t/ -> [tn/a!t] • /p)-li%s/ -> [pl/i%s]
/d$1%d$ 0) s!ks1s 1r).n/
• /k)-rekt/ -> [kr/ekt]
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• It has been said that no normal English speaker would ever pronounce all the consonants between the last two words of the following: • ‘George the Sixth’s throne • Though this is not impossible to pronounce, something like … [s!ks7r).n] is more likely.
Roach (1991) 49
LLCM40AN English Phonetics and Phonology 2007-2008 Week 1
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Roach (1991) 50
LLCM40AN English Phonetics and Phonology 2007-2008 Week 1
Elision: example 4
Elision: example 5
Loss of final /v/ in ‘of’
Contractions
• Loss of final /v/ in ‘of’ before consonants • /l5ts )v 0em/ -> [l5ts ) 0em] • /we!st )v m6ni/ -> [we!st ) m6ni]
• Contractions of grammatical words might also be regarded as examples of elision (though it is difficult to know if it is the case): • ‘had’ ‘would’ -> [d] • ‘have’ -> [v] (after vowels), [)v] (after consonants) • ‘not’ -> [nt] (after vowels), [n/t] (after consonants) etc.
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Roach (1991) 51
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Roach (1991) 52
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