English or French? Rhythm and intonation • Demonstration • Synthesis based on English or French?
Instrumental phonetics “SL444” Varieties of English
Varieties of English
KAMIYAMA Takeki
Synthesis produced by Cédric Gendrot (Paris III) with Mbrola 13/04/2011 T. Kamiyama
Variétés de l'anglais
2
Various accents of English
Dialects and accents
Various accents of English
• Can you figure out where the speaker originally comes from?
• Dialects: varieties distinguished from each other by differences of grammar and vocabulary. • Accents: refers to variation in pronunciation.
• 1. Suffolk, England
• 5. Beaumont, Texas
1.
5.
• 2. Glasgow, Scotland • 6. Brisbane, Australia
2.
6.
• 3. Kilkenny, Ireland
3.
7.
• 4. Fresno, California
• 7. Nice, France
4. The Speech Accent Archive http://accent.gmu.edu/
Hughes, Trudgill and Watt 1979/2005, p.2 13/04/2011 T. Kamiyama
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4
“Reference” accents
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5
• RP: received pronunciation (in the 19th century sense ‘accepted in the most polite circles of society’). Hughes, Trudgill and Watt 1979/2005, p.2-3
• "National" standard
• Some other related terms: BBC English, SSB (Standard Southern British), Estuary English.
• International standard: RP and GA 13/04/2011 T. Kamiyama
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7
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6
Received Pronunciation (UK)
Received Pronunciation (UK)
• The norm, standard and the model of (foreign) language teaching and learning.
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8
• RP: spoken by 3-5 % population of England -> minority accent. • However, • High prestige: has long been perceived to be the ‘best’, clearest accent. • BBC radio and television: the most widely understood of all accents, the best chance of being understood. • The most thoroughly described of British accents. Hughes, Trudgill and Watt 1979/2005, p.3 13/04/2011 T. Kamiyama
Variétés de l'anglais
9
English Consonants - voice, place, manner?
English Consonants - how can we classify them? RP 1. Consonants
Three main properties:
• VOICE • PLACE of articulation • MANNER of articulation
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11
Variétés de l'anglais
Cf. English and French /t/
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Variétés de l'anglais
/p p!"/
Straka (1965)13
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/p!"/
aspiration upper lip
aspiration 13/04/2011 T. Kamiyama
devoicing (absence of voicing) voicing 16)
Variétés de l'anglais
Kelly (2000)12
• Observe the consonant at the beginning of the following words: • #p p!"# • /b b!"/ • Then compare them with the consonant at the beginning of the following words in French: • /p pak/ (« Pâque ») • /bak/ (« bac ») 15
Voiced and voiceless plosives
/b b!"/
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Voiced and voiceless plosives: Word-initial position
Alveolar, tongue front raised
Alveo-dental
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/b b!"/
Voiced and voiceless plosives: Word-initial position
devoicing (absence of voicing) voicing) upper lip
lower lip
lower lip
vocal fold vibration
vocal fold vibration
initiation (airstream)
initiation (airstream) Variétés de l'anglais
Variétés de l'anglais
17
Aspiration • /$!"/ : phonemic transcription • [p p!!"] : narrow (detailed) transcription Devoicing: (partial) absence of voicing • /%!"/ • [b b! " "] 13/04/2011 T. Kamiyama
Variétés de l'anglais
18
/p p'!&/
Voiced and voiceless plosives: Word-medial position
/&p p'!&/
Voiced and voiceless plosives: after /s/
• Observe the voiced bilabial plosive /p/ in the following words: • /p p'!&/ • /&p p'!&/
Aspiration • /p p'!&/ • [p p!'!&] No aspiration after /s/ • /&p p'!&/ • [&p p'!&]
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Variétés de l'anglais
aspiration
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no aspiration
Variétés de l'anglais
20
Voiced and voiceless plosives: Word-initial/medial position
• In English, voiceless plosives /p t k/ are aspirated [p p! t! t! k! k!], especially in wordinitial position before a stressed vowel (/$!"/ [p p!!"]). • But it is not the case before or after /s/ (/&$'!&/ [&p p'!&], /(!"&/ [(!k k&]), or immediately after another plosive (/"!")#/ ["!"tt#]).
• In English, voiced plosives /b d g/ are totally or partially devoiced [b b" d" d" g$ g$] in wordinitial position. • Word-medially they can be partially devoiced. • In any case, they are not aspirated.
22
Variétés de l'anglais
/bæk k/
/bæg g/
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Variétés de l'anglais
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21
Voiced and voiceless plosives: Word-final position
Voiced and voiceless plosives: Word-initial/medial position
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Voiced and voiceless plosives: Word-final position
• Observe the consonant at the end of the following words: • /bæk k/ • /bæg g/ • Then compare them with the consonant at the beginning of the following words in French: • /bak k/ (« bac ») • /bag g/ (« bague ») 13/04/2011 T. Kamiyama
Variétés de l'anglais
24
Voiced and voiceless plosives: Word-final position
Clipping: shortening of the preceding vowel • /bæk/ • [bæ#k]
• In English, a vowel is clipped (shortened) when followed by a voiceless plosive (//p t k/) in the same syllable: /bæk/ [bæ æ#k].
Devoicing (no clipping) • /bæg/ • [bæg g$] clipping (preceding vowel shortened ) devoicing (absence of voicing) voicing 25) 13/04/2011 T. Kamiyama
Variétés de l'anglais
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26
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27
Voiced and voiceless plosives: Word-final position • In English, voiced plosives /b d g/ are devoiced totally or partially in word-final position (especially in utterance-final position) [b b" d" g$ g$]. g$], as in /bæg/ [bæg • But the explosion noise tends to be smaller than that of voiceless ones (//p t k//) in the same position. • The preceding vowel is not clipped. 13/04/2011 T. Kamiyama
/('!s s/
/('!z z/
clipping (preceding vowel shortened ) devoicing (absence of voicing) voicing 31) 13/04/2011 T. Kamiyama
Variétés de l'anglais
#%,$)#
#%!-#
#%!)#
What happens to the following words? + #%,$-# + #%,$)# + #%!-# + #%!)#
28
Variétés de l'anglais
#%,$-#
N.B. Clipping and long/short vowels
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/tt%'!*/
aspiration (long hissing noise) 13/04/2011 T. Kamiyama
29
Variétés de l'anglais
clipping (preceding vowel shortened ) 13/04/2011 T. Kamiyama
/d d&'!*/
Variétés de l'anglais
/'!tt%/
devoicing (absence of voicing) voicing 32)
Variétés de l'anglais
30
/'!d d &/
clipping (preceding vowel shortened ) devoicing (absence of voicing) voicing 33) 13/04/2011 T. Kamiyama
Variétés de l'anglais
The vowels in RP Full vowels • • • •
RP Vowels
Long vowels Short vowels Diphthongs (Triphthongs)
Kelly (2000) 13/04/2011 T. Kamiyama
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35
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36
Monophthongs
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based on Kelly (2000) 37
Which vowels do not occur at the end of a word without a coda (final) consonant?
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Short vowels
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Variétés de l'anglais
based on Kelly (2000) 40
38
Kelly (2000)
Variétés de l'anglais
Centring diphthongs
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Closing diphthongs II (toward /"/)
Variétés de l'anglais
Variétés de l'anglais
based on Kelly (2000) 43
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Variétés de l'anglais
based on Kelly (2000) 41
Vowels
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ahoy : interjection (oldfashioned) used by sailors to get someone’s attention or greet them
Variétés de l'anglais
Variétés de l'anglais
44
based on Kelly (2000) 42
Stressed and unstressed syllables
Acoustic correlates of stressed syllables? How are they different from unstressed syllables? • Louder • Longer • Full vowel • Pitch: pitch movements often start at the stressed syllable.
P. Ladefoged
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based on Kelly (2000) 39
Closing diphthongs I (toward /!/)
(-# + .8/%0'1@) + ./%0'1)%#0,,$)# + ;/%077-%#0( #0* *$)# + .0) + 2adver*tisement 13/04/2011 T. Kamiyama
week*end (at)
• • • • • •
*detail / RP
la*boratory ad*dress
/ RP
Variétés de l'anglais
102
• weekend • garage • detail • laboratory • address
Variétés de l'anglais
104
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Suffixes ‘-ary’, ‘-ory’ /eri/ /&#ri/
*garage
/ RP
Variétés de l'anglais
Stress
weekend garage detail laboratory address advertisement
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Stress / RP
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• advertisement 103
Variétés de l'anglais
• *weekend (on)
101
/*a$+,/ /*na$+,/
- ‘herb’ ‘tomato’ 13/04/2011 T. Kamiyama
Variétés de l'anglais
Stress
• either / neither /*i#+"/ /*ni#+"/ RP
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ad*vertisement 106
• • • • • •
Variétés de l'anglais
105
Suffixes ‘-ary’, ‘-ory’ /eri/ /&#ri/
necessary secretary ordinary obligatory mandatory observatory
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107
necessary secretary ordinary obligatory mandatory observatory
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/ / / / / /
RP RP RP RP RP RP
Variétés de l'anglais
108
Some other cases
Some other cases
Some other cases • can’t /kænt/
• can’t /kænt/
• can’t • saint
• saint /se$nt/ as in
• saint /se$nt/ as in
/se$nt *pi#t"zb'#=/
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109
Variétés de l'anglais
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Intonation: some characteristics of GenAm
Variétés de l'anglais
110
RP
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111
• 1. She took her aunt for a drive. • 2. He wants to come and see us at home. • 3. Why am I too late to see him today? • • • •
GA
Figure from Michael Gasser’s web page
/se$nt *pi#t"zb'#=/
Transcribe phonemically the following words and sentences
• Widespread use of creaky voice (esp. utterance-finally).
• Yes-no questions: high head + low rise, or fall-rise is quite rare.
/k)#nt/, as in
/s,n(t)/ (weak form), as in
RP
Voice quality
• Rarer use of rise-fall tone.
RP
• cf. RP
4. phonology 5. international 6. grammatical 7. Saint Petersburg
http://www.indiana.edu/~hlw/PhonProcess/accents.html 13/04/2011 T. Kamiyama
Variétés de l'anglais
112
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Phonemic transcription
Variétés de l'anglais
115
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114
Some more sentences + ./%#9#)%#C%H=%%!*%")$%)=$%"@,$&#A!B*)E,# + 2/%#1!C%"0!-%#%"%!-%""7(E-%(-%I#%"E!&) "J@,$%-%"('$@%"-'!G# + 3/%##*%1!%"(,$E%#%"E!)E0%")1!@-#
• 1. • 2. • 3.
4/%#(#"**$E#-.,# 5/%#/F*)-"*!,#*E0# 6/%#>@#"D!)!"E0# 8/%#&'!*)%"$,$)-G%1$>#
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Some more sentences
+ ./%#,,%")("%A0B-%"!*)%(-%#%"-@1!C# + 2/%#0,%"9*$*)&%)#%"")D%#*%"&,$%#&%#)%"07(D# + 3/%#"91!%#D%1!%")=$%"E'!)%)#%"&,$%!D%)#"-'!# + + + +
Variétés de l'anglais
Variétés de l'anglais
116
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Lexical sets of English vowels • • • • • • • • • •
Other varieties of English North America (Southern, Eastern US, Canada), British Isles (London, Northern England, Scotland), Australia, New Zealand, Indian, …
• • • •
KIT big, build, women, busy DRESS met, friend, head TRAP cat, back, hag, hand LOT gone, rob, wash STRUT bun, Doug, come, blood FOOT put, woman, could, full BATH class, laugh, glance, answer CLOTH soft, cross NURSE turn, bird, earth, serve FLEECE deed, beat, shield, machine, receive FACE bake, gay, raid, reign, great PALM bra, father, spa, lager, psalm THOUGHT taut, caught, jaw, hawk GOAT robe, so, though
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• General American (GA) • Relative uniformity of accents across the continent.
Variétés de l'anglais
• Southern • Non-rhotic • PRICE (GA /a!/): [1$] before voiced consonants as in “time”, “five”.
Variétés de l'anglais
121
North America
Southern and Eastern
Wells 1982, fig. 16
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• GOOSE food, use, move, who, flu, beauty, tune (with / without /j/) • PRICE time, lie, buy, light • CHOICE boil, boy, Freud • MOUTH bound, how, house • NEAR beard, fierce, weird • SQUARE care, chair, bear, their • START dark, large, sergeant • NORTH sort, hoard, war • FORCE port, floor • CURE lure, tour, boor, Europe (with/ without /j/) Weak (unstressed) vowels • COMMA sofa, China, about, banana • LETTER dinner, beggar, martyr, visor • HAPPY silly, Tony, merry 119
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Canada • Generally resembling GA • Raising of MOUTH (GA /a"/) and PRICE (GA /a!/) before voiceless obstruent: [)(] [#!]
• Eastern (New York, New England) • Non-rhotic (or variably rhotic)
Variétés de l'anglais
122
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123
Diphthong shift in London
The British Isles London • • • • • • Hughes et al. (2005) 13/04/2011 T. Kamiyama
Variétés de l'anglais
124
/h/ dropping Glottal stop th (/! "/) fronting : [f v] suffix “ing” /!2/ -> “in’ ” /!*/ /l/ vocalization Diphthong shift
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125
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• Kerswill et al. (2008: 482) 126
Variétés de l'anglais
TRAP and BATH vowels Scotland
North of England
• Rhotic: there /I3@/ • FLEECE (RP /,$/) and KIT (RP /!/), GOOSE (RP /=$/) and FOOT (RP /"/) not distinguished • FACE (RP /'!/) and GOAT (RP /#(/): monophthongs /e/ and /o/ • /$/ as in “which”, as opposed to /w/ as in “witch”
• STRUT (RP /%/) and FOOT (RP /"/) not distinguished : ["] • TRAP (RP /æ/) and BATH (RP /*$/) not distinguished : [æ] • Some /h/ dropping
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127
Variétés de l'anglais
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Hughes et al. (2005) 128
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129
Rhoticity in the British Isles Australia and New Zealand • • • •
India
Closer to RP than to GA Diphthong shift in Australian /æ/ higher High Rising Terminal (HRT)
• • • • •
Retroflex obstruents for alveolars: /t/ [&]; /d/ [']; /s/ [(]; /z/ [)] /!/ [t *]; /"/ [d*] /v/ and /w/ not distinguished : [+] widespread use of rise-fall
• High /e/ in DRESS in NZ
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Variétés de l'anglais
Hughes et al. (2005) 130
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131
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