UMUTWE WA fi U RWANDA :MBEREY' ABAZUNGU (KUVAMUNTANGIRIRO KUGEZA 1899).
Iyo usuzumye neza imitegekere yari iriho mu Rwanda mbere y'Abazungu, usanga hari ibyiciro bitatu by'ubutegetsi: hari ingoma z'Abahutu za kera, ingoma nyiginya-ntutsi n'ingoma mputu zaje nyuma zo mu majyaruguru kimwe n'ingoma zo mu burengerazuba bw'epfo. 2.1. Ingoma z'Abahutu za mbere Mu mwaka wa 1943, Padiri AlegisiKagame yanditse mu gitabo cy,ecyitwa Inganji Kalinga ko kenshi usanga abantu°bamwemu Rwanda bakeka ko Abanyiginyaari bo Batutsi badutse mu Rwanda bwa mbere na mbere. AlegisiKagame mu nyandiko ze yagerageje nyine kwemeza rubanda ibinyuranye n'ibyo abantu bari bakunze guhamya : mu ntangiriro y' iki kinyejana cya makumyabiri, imvugo yari yiganjemu gihugu yerekeye amoko y'abami bategekaga "ibihugu" mbere y'umwaduko w'Abanyiginyan'Abega,ni uko abo bami bari Abahutu. Alegisi Kagame we yakomeje gutsindagira ko bari Abatutsi bagufi (boroheje), ko batari Abahutu na buhoro. Nyamara ubushakashatsi aho bugeze ubu buragaragaza neza ko ingoma zabanjirije ingoma y'u Rwanda rw'Abanyiginyazategekwaga n'Abahutu. Yewe no mu ntangiriro y'iki kinyejana abamisiyoneri gatolika nka Padiri Brard (Terebura) zimwe muri izo ngoma bazishyira mu zategekwaga n'Abahutu. Ndetse nka Ludoviko de Lacger, umupadiri w'umuhanga mu by'amateka kandi wakoze ubushakashatsi ku mateka y'u Rwanda mbere ya 1940, yanditse akurikije ibyo yabwiwe icyo gihe, ahamya ko nk'Ababanda bategekaga Nduga bari Abahutu. Turebe izo ngoma duhereye ku bwoko bw'abazitegekaga. 2.1.1. Abenengwe Ingoma yabo yitwaga Nyamibande. Bategekaga u Bungwe. Ni igihugu cyabumbaga u Busanza bw'amajyepfo, u Bufundu, Nyaruguru, Bashumba, Nyakare, u Buyenzi. lkiranga bwoko cyabo cyari ingwe. Umwami wari uriho ku mwaduko w'Abanyiginyayari Rwamba akaba yari atuye mu bya Nyakizu muri Butare. Hari abamukomokaho bitwa Abenerwamba. Undi mwami w'umwenengwe wategekaga igihugu cye kijya gutsindwa n'u Rwanda ni Samukende, umugabo wa Nyagakecuru ko mu Bisi bya Huye. Umuhungu w'uwo Samukende, ari we Rubuga, yaratsinzwe maze igihugu cye kigarurwa n'u Rwanda.
2.1.2. Abasinga Ingoma yabo yitwaga Mpatsibihugu. Bakunze kuvuga ko akarere bari barimo kari kagari cyane. Twibuke ko Abasinga bari ugutatu: ab'ibanze ari bo Basinga b'abasangwabutaka, hakaba n'abandi baje nyuma y'Abanyiginya, ari bo
Abanukamishyon'Abagahe.
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Abo Basinga b'abasangwabutaka banabitaga "Ababyarabami",kuko abami ba mbere barindwi b'u Rwanda bikurikiranyijebavuka ku Basingakazi. Umwe mu bami babo w'igihangange ngo yitwaga Rurenge. 10
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Ibyo byatumye bamwe banabita Abarenge: ni ukuyuga ariko inzu ivamo abami babo nk'uko tuwga Abahindiro (Abanyiginya). 19ihe cy'umwaduko w'Abanyiginya,umwami vÎ'umusingayari Jeni rya Rurenge. Mu by'ukuri bamuwgaho byinshi bisa n'imigani.Icyakora ngo yari atuye ku Rwerere rw'i Bugoyi. Mbese yari akubye ubutaka bungana na Perefegitura ya Gisenyi,iya Kibuye, Bunyambiriri muri Gikongoro. Abasinga b'icyo gihe bari basakaye no mu zindi ntara zo muri Cyangugu y'ubu : Biru, Cyesha, Mpara, Busozo, Bukunzi. Mu karere k'amajyaruguruya Kivu, hari intara zari ziganjemo Abasinga : Bwishya, Jomba, Gisigari,Bwito, Gishari, Byahi na Kamuronsi. Abasinga babarizwaga no mu Burwi (Mvejuru na Buhanga-Ndara muri Butare y'ubu). Nta gitangaje rero kuba abitwa Abasinga kuri iki'gihe an .bobenshi mu moko yu Rwanda mu ijanisha. 2.1.3. Abazigaba Ingoma yabo yari Sera. Umwami wabo ku mwaduko w'Abanyiginyayari Kabeja, akaba umwami wo mu Rweya (abandi bati : wo mu Mubari). Bavuga ko Abazigaba baje baturuka mu by'ikiyaga cya Victoria (Vigitoriya). Twibuke ko no mu burengerazuba bwa Tanzaniya hari Abazigaba batari bake, cyane mu bya Karagwe. 2.1.4. Abagesera Ingoma yabo yari Rukurura . Igihugu bategekaga ni Gisaka (Gihunya, Mirenge na Migongo). Izina ryabo rifitanye isano n'iry'ikiyagacya Mugesera. Hari n'abavuga ko u Bugesera bwigeze gutegekwa n'Abagesera. Icyitonderwa Mu Basinga, mu Bazigaba no mu Bagesera hari Abatutsi. Ariko rero n'ubwo bashyikiranye kera cyane n'Abanyiginyan'Abega, abitwa Imfura bo muri aya moko a~iri ya nyuma ntibabura guhamya ko abo Batutsi b'abasinga,b'abazigaba n'abagesera mu by'ukuri ari Abahutu. Beningoma nyiginyabagize abo Bahutu "abase" babo, ndetse bakwirakwiza ko ayo moko uko ari atatu (Abazigaba, Abagesera n'Abasinga) ari yo avamo "abase" b'andi moko yose. Nyamara si ko bimeze mu majyaruguru yu Rwanda, nko muri Perefegitura ya Ruhengeri Abungura bashobora kuba "abase" b'Ababacyaba,Ababanda bakaba "abase" b'Abasinga. N.B : "abase" bari abantu b'abanyacyubahiro,bakora imihango yo gutanga ikibanza, kuzirura, kweza iyo usanzwe ubigenewe yabuze. 2.1.5. Abacyaba Ingoma yabo yari Rugara. Igihugu bategekaga kitwaga Bugara kikabumba amahugu akikije ibiyaga bya Burera na Ruhondo, kigashora kuri Mukungwa na Base. Hari n'akarere kagiye mu ruhande rwa Uganda. Umwami wamamaye wabo ni Nzira ya Muramira umwami w'u Bugara wahiritswe ku mayeri na Ruganzu Ndori wigize "Cyambarantama". Izina "Cyambarantama" turisanga no mu migani y'u Burundi bita "ibitito" : uwo Cyambarantama w'i Burundi akora ibintu byamayeri nk'ibyo buvuga kuri Ruganiu Ndori. Ntibyoroshye rero kumenya ukuri kw'itsindwa ry'icyo gihugu cyu Bugara. Abacyaba babarirwa kandi mu moko ya kera cyane mu Bugesera, nk'Abasinga, Abazigaba n'abandi.
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2.1.6. Abongera
Ingoma yabo y'ingabe yitwaga Kamuhagama. Nta wuzi igihugu batwaraga uko cyitwaga n'aho cyagarukiraga. Ariko ikidashidikanywani uko icyo gihugu cyari kigizwe n'utu turere : Bumbogo, Buriza, Busigi, Bwanacyambwe. Birashoboka ko Abongera bategekaga n'igice cy'u Buganza ndetse n'u Rukaryi rutarigarurirwa n'Abahondogo bo mu Bugesera. 2.1.7. Ababanda Ingoma yabo y'ingabe yitwaga Nyabahinda. Igihugu cy'Ababanda cyitwaga Nduga. Bakundaga kuwga ngo "Nduga ngari ya Gisari na Kibanda". Gisari ni muri Komini Ntongwe naho Kibanda iri muri Komini Nyamabuye."Nduga ngari" yari ibumbye uturere twose twa Perefegitura ya Gitarama, ukongeraho Komini Nyabisindu (Busanza-Nord), Shyanda, Ntyazo na Muyira zo muri Butare. Ababanda bigeze no kwambuka Nyabarongo, bagura igihugu batera u Rwanda ku bwa Mibambwe l Mutabazi, bayobowe na Ngoga mwene Mashira umwami w'i Nduga. Buhiraga inka zabo mu Muhima wa Kigali ngo "Abahima ntibahakandire !" Umwami uheruka wabaye ikirangirire ni Mashira wa Nkuba ya Sabugabo, nta bwo Mashira yari mwene Sabugabo nk'uko bamwe na bamwe babivuga ubu. Mashira bamushyize no mu mandwà'baramubandwa, cyane cyane abo mu Nduga nyine ukuyemo "imfura". Yari afite ingo enye zikomeye aha hakurikira : Kibanda muri Komini Nyamabuye, Cyubi muri Komini Rutobwe, Kigina cya Ndiza buguti y'isoko y'umugezi wa Nyakabanda uri hafi y'ibiro bya Komini Nyakabanda, na Nyanza muri Komini Nyabisindu.
Mu Burundi harl umuryango w'Ababanda ubarirwa mu Batutsi b'indobanure, nyamara kandi hari abitwa "Abashira" ngo bakomoka kuri Mashira, ariko bo bakaba Abahutu. lkizwi ni uko mu Rwanda hambere aha bakunze kuvuga ko nta Mubanda w'umututsi ubaho : ibyo bivugwa ahanini biturutse kuri bamwe mu Babanda bitwa Abatutsi, cyane muri Nyaruguru ho muri Gikongoro. Dore muri make uko Ababanda bari batuye mu Rwanda mu mwaka wa 1960 : ahanini ni igipande gihurutuye kuva mu Rwankeri (Ruhengeri) kikamanuka gisesa mu Marangara (Gitarama) unyuze mu Buhoma, mu Bushiru bw'iburasirazuba, mu Bukonya, mu Cyingogo,
Ndiza.Muri icyogipandehari "moyenne"ya31,17%y'Ababandaku bahatuyebose.
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Twongereh6 ko Amarangara yo muri Gitarama yategekwaga n'umwami w'umubanda witwaga Nkoma ya Nkondogoro, bakongeraho ngo "ikirozi cyo mu Marangara kitarogera ubusa nk'aba none". Mu by'ukuri Amarangara yari afite ubwigenge bucagase, ariko abami baho bakagengwa n'umwami w' i Nduga mwene wabo. Bawgaga hambere aha ko Ababanda badutse mu Rwanda bibungererana inka zabo. Ibyo ntibiwga ko kubera iyo mpamw, bari Abatutsi; Ababanda benshi bakunze kugira inka z'imbata nyinshi. Agasigisigi k'ubwo bukire bw'inka nyinshini iz'umugabo w'i"Gakoma k'Ababanda muri Komini Muyira witwaga Senteteri warl utunze inka nyinshi mu bya 1940 ku buryo bazitaga "Urukubazuba" (ngo aho izuba rigera hose urazihasangal). Senteteri uwo kandi yarl Umuhutu birazwi.
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2.1.8. Bite n'Abahondogo bo mu Bugesera? Mu bihugu byabanjirijeu Rwanda rw'Abanyiginya,A.Kagame nta mwanya yazigamiye u Bugesera bw' Abahondogo. Ibyo birumvikana kuko kuri we uwahanze ingoma y'u Bugesera ari we Kanyabugesera, ari mwene Gihanga; bityo rero akaba umuvandimwe wa Kanyarwanda, akabarirwa muri bene wabo b'Abanyiginya.Izina ry'ubututsi rya Kanyabugesera ni Mugondo. Ingoma y'ingabe y'Abahondogo yitwaga Rukombamazi, naho imfiziy'ubwami ikitwa Rushya. Byombi byatwawe n'Abanyarwanda mu mpera z'ikinyejanacya XVIll, ku ngoma ya Mibambwe ID Sentabyo. Abahondogo bari mu Rwanda ubu ni mbarwa. Ni Abatutsi gusa. Abahondogo bo mu Bugesera hafi ya bose biyita Abashambo. A.Kagame avuga ko Abahondogo ari ubwoko, narinda bafite ikirangabwoko: ishwima. Mariseli d'Hertefelt (Deritefeliti) we yemeza ko kubera ubuke bwabo, Abahondogo atari ubwoko; ahubwo ari inzu yari ku butegetsi kimwe n'Abahindiro b'i Rwanda. Yohaiû Vansina we avuga ko byaba byiza gushakira igisubizo nyacyo mu Burundi, kuko ari ho hari Abahondogo benshi cyane. Tumenye kandi ko Abahondogo babarirwa mu miryango ine abami b'i Burundi bashakagamo abageni. lmiryango itatu yindi ni Abanyakarama Mfyufyu, Abenengwe n'Abanyagisaka. Iyo miryango uko ari ine ibarirwa mu y'Abatutsi b'izina (ni ukuvuga bo mu rwego rwo hejuru), ari bo "Abanyaruguru". 2.1.9. Umwanzuro ku ngoma z'Abahutu.
" Padiri Léon Delmas (Delimasi)wabaye i Nyanza ibwami akora ubushakashatsi mu bya 1940, ahamya mu gitabo cye "Généalogie" (Jeneyaloji) ko abagabo bajijukiye ibya kera yabajije bemeza nta shiti ko ku mwaduko w'Abanyiginyan'Abega (bombi bitwaga Ibimanuka), nta Batutsi bandi bari batuye mu Rwanda; igihugu cyose cyari gituwe n'Abahutu gusa, uretse ko ashobora kuba yaribagiwe Abatwa nk'uko bikunze kumera. lkindi ni uko Abami b'abahutu bari bafite ibirangabwami: imbuto : iz'ingenzi z'umuhango kandi z'ingirakamaro icyo gihe zari enye: uburo, amasaka, isogi n'inzuzi z'imyungu; 'izo ni zo "mbuto nkuru" z'i Rwanda. Urusengo : ifirimbiy'ibumba. Ingoma y'Ingabe : (amazina amwe yazo twayabonye) Inyundo : yari ifite umwanya ukomeye kubera ubucuzi. Kandi rero kuva kera kugeza ubu, umwuga w'ubuçuzi ni uw'Abahutu. Gihanga babyitirira bamwita Umututsi ntiyaba yarananiwe kwigisha iyo tekiniki Abatutsi, ngo maze arenge ayihishurire Abahutu bonyine! Inyundo yitwaga Nyarushara.
~ : hamwe na hamwe nko mu Nduga, iyo nyamaswa yari ngombwa. No ku ngoma nyiginya, abami biswe "abambarangwe".Ingwe yarangaga ububasha bukomeye; kandi ikaba ikimenyetso ko abaturage barinzwe n'ingwe (= umwami) nta cyo bagomba kwikanga. Ibyo birangabwami byatumaga umwami (bitaga n'umuhinza) yamamara agatinywa ndetse akubahwa. Ni we watangaga uburumbuke bw'imYaka.lkindi ni uko yategekanaga n'umugabekazi, akunganirwa n'Abiru bari bashinzwe kumenya ingoma no kuboneza imihango mu ibanga. Bityo ubwami bwari bubumbye inzego ebyiri:urwa politiki n' urw'imihango cyangwa 13 ---
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iyobokamana. Bene ubwo butegetsi abahanga babwise "royauté sacrée" mu rurimi rw'igifaransa. Ingoma nyiginyayatangiye yigana bymshimu byari ibirangabwami by'Abahutu, yiyongereraho ibyayo buhoro buhoro. 2.2. Ingoma nyiginya (Ingoma ntutsi) Iyo ngoma umuntu yayivugaho byinshi,ariko turibanda ku bintu bitatu:
- Ukuntu ingoma nyiginyayagiye yaguka kuva ku Rwanda rwa Gasabo
kugera ku itsindwa
ry'i Gisaka. - Ibiranga ingoma ya cyami. - Ibyerekeye Rucunshu bibarirwa mu ntambara.z'ingoma,
2.2.1. Kuva ku Rwanda rwa Gasabo kugera mu wa (1450-1895) Ijambo "Rwanda" ryaba rituruka ku nshinga ya kera "kwanda" bivuga gukwira hirya no hino. Izina "Rwanda" riranga ahantu urisanga mu ntara ya Busoga iri mu burasirazuba bwa Uganda, kimwe no muri Ankole. Mu gihugu cyacu rero hakaba Rwanda rwa Binaga ho mu Rweya (Mutara), Rwanda rwa Gasabo (banahita Rwanda rwa Ndanyoye) iri muri Komini Gikomero; hari na Rwanda rwa Kamonyi (Komini Taba); ndetse hari na Rwanda yo mu bya Kalemi (Zayire) mu burengerazuba bw'ikiyaga cya Tanganyika.Uwashaka kandi yakongeraho Luanda yo muri Angola kuko idatandukanye cyane mu mvugo na Rwanda! A.Kagame mu "Nganji Kalinga" avuga ko Abanyiginyabagitangira kwigarurira ibihugu, umusozi batsinze wose wazaga usanga Rwanda (rwa Gasabo). Aho kuri Rwanda ngo ni ho babyariye (biciye) imfiziya Gihanga y'Ubwami Rugira, n'insumbayayo Ingizi. Ngiyo rero "Rwanda rugari rwa Gasabo" ngo bavuga batyo umutima w'Umunyiginyaugatengurwa n'ibyishimo.Ndetse bakongeraho ngo "Rwanda rwa Gasabo, urwo mvuga mvumera iwacu". Mbese ni mu ngobyi y'ubwami bw'Abanyiginya.
2.2.1.1. Kuva kuri Ruganzu 1Bwimba kugera kuri Mibambwe 1 1 Mutabazi 1
Sekarongoro
Umwami wa mbere wimye i Gasabo uzwi mu bitekerezo ni Ruganzu 1 Bwimba; icyo gihe Gisaka yari ikomeye kurusha u Rwanda. Umwami w'i Gisaka yari Kimenyi Musaya warongoye Robwa, mushikiwa Ruganzu 1 Bwimba. Ruganzu 1Bwimba yishwe n'ingabo z'iGi.saka.Bimaze kuba, ngo uwo Robwa yaba yarisekuye ku nkota kugira ngo umwana atwite atazavamo umwami w'i Gisaka. Niko babivuga. Ibyo ari byo byose, Ruganzu 1 Bwimba na mushiki we Robwa babarirwa mu batabazi bitangiye ingoma nyiginya. Ku ngoma y'uwakurikiyeho, ari we Cyirima1 Rugwe, u Rwanda rwiyongereyeho u Buriza n'u Bwanacyambwe. Ku ngoma ya Kigeri 1Mukobanya (hari abemeza bakurikije imvugo ya rubanda ko uwo Mukobanya na murumuna we Sekarongoro bari ibikomangoma by'i Bugesera, bakaba rero bari Abahondogo) ni ho habaye igitero cya 1 cy'Abanyoro (baturutse mu Bunyoro ho muri Uganda; bari bakomeye cyane kandi bagirije u Rwanda bikabije) bayobowe n'umwamiwabo Cwa 1.Ubwo ni mu bya 1520. Muri icyo gitero ni ho Mibambwe 1 Sekarongoro 1yakomerekejwe n'umwambimu gahanga, bamuhimba igisingizo cya "Mutabazi." 2.2.1.2.
Igitero cya fi cy'Abanyoro n'itsindwarya Nduga 14 ---
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Mu myaka yakurikiye urwimo rwe, Mibambwe lSekarongoro 1Mutabazi 1 yihatiye kwigarurira Nduga (ubundi yari atuye Gasabo,nyuma ajya mu Bumbogo). Nduga y'Ababanda iranga imubera ibamba. Ku Mugina wa Jenda, mu Kona ka Mashyoza n'i Kigorora (hose ni ku Mayaga), mu rugamba rumwe hagwa Abacengeri b'URwanda "batabarika". Bavuga ko uwo Mibambwe I yakoranyije ingabo agatera i Nduga hakamunanira neza. Arongera agabayo abatabazi b' abacengeri : Gatambira ka Mibambwe I nyine aza ari we, agwa mu Rugondo rwa Tambwe, ho mu Nduga.
Ibyo ari byo byose Mashira nawe yohereje ibitero mu Rwanda byambuka Nyabarongo. Hari n'icyari kigabwe n'umuhungu we witwaga Ngoga, kigera mu Muhanda wa Nzovi, hasi ya Nyamweru (muri Komini Shyorongi). Uwo Ngoga ngo yaharanduye ikimana (ikivumu cy'umuterekero) cyo gutsinda Nduga Mibambwe 1yari yarahateye. Mashira amaze kunanirana, Mibambwe I Sekarongoro arazibukira iby'imirwano aba abishyize iruhande, maze ingoma y'Ababanda irasugira. Nibwo rero Mibambwe 1yigiriyeimigambiyo kugirana imimaro (amasezerano yo kutarwana) na Mashira; biremezwa Mashira aba umwami wa Nduga. Nyuma y'aho imishyikirano yarakomeye, ndetse haziraho no gushyingirana.Nuko Mashira arongora Nyirantorwa, umukobwa wa Mibamwbe 1, Mibambwe uwo nawe, ari we "Semutakirwa Semutambanashakwe, umwami w'i Mbirima na Matovu Il(ho muri Komini Musasa), arongora "Bwiza 8wa Mashira budashira irora n'irongorwa": ngo yari mwiza atagira uko asa; naho Gahindiro ka Mibambwe 1 arongora Nyankeri ya Mashira (twibuke ko habayeho ba Gahindiro 3 bakomoka kuri ba Mibambwe l,n,III). Nyuma y'ubwo busabane buvanzemo politiki, ni ho hadutse igitero cya kabiri cy'Abanyoro. Mibambwe 1yagerageje kwitabaza Bugesera, Gisaka na Nduga, ibyo bihugu byanga kumutabara. Nuko Mibambwe abonye yagirijwe n'Abanyoro kandi u Rwanda rwe rumaze gusibama, ahitamo guhunga, ahungana n'ingabo n'abaturage ndetse n'amatungo, berekeza mu Bushi(mu bya Bukavu y'ubu). Mu mirwano arahagwa Forongo mwene Mibambwe 1, maze abarirwa mu batabazi. Abanyoro batera n'i Gisaka, ariko ntibyakomera; batera u Bugesera umwami Sangano arahagwa. Bakurikirana Mibamwbe I ariko bagenda intage ari nako bacunga iminyago. Udusigisigi twabo dutura mu majyepfo y'i Nduga, ahahindutse Indara (=Indarirane z'Abanyoro; ndetse aho hari n'inzu ubu yitwa"Abanyoro", ikomoka kuri abo). Mibambwe I n'Abanyarwanda be bumviseko Cwa I, umwami w'Abanyoro yapfuye, barahunguka. Mu ihunguka Mibambwe I yagiye asubira mu mararo ye y'igihe yahungaga : ava i Remera rya Kabagari (Komini Masango), anyura i Gitwe agera i Nyamagana (Komini Tambwe). Arakomeza ajya kwagira sebukwe akaba n'umukwe we Mashira wari utuye i Nyanza icyo gihe. Mashira rero yaje gusanganira sebukwe, ntacyo yikeka : arazimana. 19ihebigeze hagati, baramufata, Mibambwe I aramwica, amutsinda aho ngaho i Nyanza. Ibyo kwa Mashira birarimbuka, i Nduga itsindwa itsinzwe noneho. Nuko bene Mashira barahashirira, n'ubwo ubungubu hakiri abamwiyitirira.
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Icvitonderwa : * Ibyatumye Nduga itsindwa :
-Ukwirarara hamwe n'icyizere ngo kiraza amasinde. Mu by'ukuri bivanze n'ubupfayongo. Dore nawe, Mashira ntiyari abuze ingabo zikomeye kandi nyinshi, ariko we yahugiye mu byo kubana neza no gushyingirana, mu gihe Mibambwe 1hamwe n' Abatutsi n'Abahutu b'abagaragu babo (ngo abenshi bari Abasinga) bo bari bagamije politiki: ni ukuvuga iyi idatinya kwica amasezerano, umubano no gutsemba isano. - Ubugambanyi bwa Munyanya. Munyanya yavaga indimwena Mashira mwa se wabo ; Mibambwe 1mu kwica Mashira.
yifatanyije na
* Inkurikizi z'itsindwa rya"Nduga :
-Itsindwa rya Nduga ni intambwe ikomeye cyane mu mateka
y'u Rwanda. Ibyo byatumye u Rwanda rubona aho ruhera hagaragara, rutera utundi duhugu. Nduga yari isanganywe ubutegetsi bufutuye, bukomeye. - A~yanduga bakomeje gushyamirana n'Abanyiginya. Uburangare ntibwabaye ubwa bose. Mu bitongero by'imihangobagerageje kunga Nduga n'abayigaruriye bavuga ngo : " tuza... nk'inono " y'Abasindina Kibanda " Ni ukuvuga ngo : worohe nk'ifu y'inono ihuza Abasindi (ni ukuvuga Abanyiginya) na Kibanda y'Ababanda. Mu by'ukuri ngo no mu bya 1930, Ababanda bo mu Nduga bari bagicyurirana n'Abanyiginya.Naho inshyuro z'Abanyiginyahamwe n'Abasinga zigaragarira mu bisigo byo ku ngoma ya CyirimaII Rujugira bibwirwa Muhabura, umusizi w'umubanda. - Hari Ababanda benshi batotejwe, maze bamwe mu batapfuye barahunga bagana mu Buriza, mu majyaruguru y'u Rwanda, n'ahandi.Hari abimukanye amazina y'aho baturutse : Marangara (muri Komini Nyamutera) Jenda (muri Komini Nkuri); hari na Jenda bimukanye mu Bunyambiriri (Gikongoro).
- Nduga yabayeumutimaw'u Rwandarw'Abanyiginya:abami barahikunze baharemaimirwamyinshi,nyumaibitero byinshibyakwiriyeimpandezose z'u Rwanda rw'icyogihe, byitwagako bigabwen'Abanyanduga,baba Abatutsibaba Abahutu. - AbanyandugabanzekwibagirwaMashirawabo : baramuterekereye, birarimbabamushyiramu mubare w'imandwa,nahoAbatutsin'abagaragubaba bagumya kumusebya,bagabanyaagaciroke. Nyamarayari igihangangegishishikajweno kwagura igihuguno kugitegeka neza. - U Bwanacyambwe bwigaruriwe n'Abagesera Abazirankende : Mibambwe 1 amaze guhunga Abanyoro no kwica Mashira yatuye mu Nduga. U Bwanacyambwe bwari bwarometswe ku Gisaka mu gihe cy'abamibane bo mu Rwànda : Yuhi II Gahima, Ndahiro II Cyamatare, Ruganzu II Ndori, Mutara 1 Semugeshi. Icyo gihe cyose, urubibi rw'i Gisaka rwari umugezi wa Nyabugogo n'uruzi rwa Nyabarongo mu majyaruguru y'u Bwanacyambwe. Byageze n'abo umwami w'i Gisaka, Kimenyi II Shumbusho, aza gutura leumurwa wa Kigali. Abami b'u Rwanda babonye ko 16 --
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badafite amaboko yo kurwanya Gisaka, (mu bya 1770).
barekera iyo kugeza kuri Kigeri II Nyamuheshera
2.2.1.3 Uko u Rwanda rwaguwe kuva kuri Yuhi II Gahima Kigeri IV Rwabugiri (+1895)
kugera kuri
YUHI II GAHIMA (1552) Yuhi II Gahima bakunze kumuranga bamusingiza ngo : "Yuhi ryo mu Karambo ka Rukore" (aho ni mu Busigi, hakurya ya Rulindo). Bavuga ko se Mibambwe 1 wari utuye i Remera ryo mu Buriza hateganye n'u Busigi.ari ho, ariko yari atungiye Shetsa umugore we w'inkundwakazi, yageze aho akajya mu Karambo ka Rukore, akarongora Matama ya Bigega ariko rwihishwa! Nibwo Matama uwo abyaye Gahima wabaye Yuhi II. Yuhi Gahima yatangiye ashimangira ubutegetsi bw'abatutsi mu Nduga. Hanyuma yatangiye kugaba ibitero byo kunyaga inka n'abagore mu burengerazubabw'u Rwanda rw'ubu : yashinze umurwa i Nzaratsi mu Nyantango hafi ya Nyabarongo, asingira u Bwishaza ndetse agera no mu Rusenyi. Abo hose baramurwanya ntiyahamara kabiri. Mu burasirazuba haba ibitero byo kunyaga mu Buganza bureba Mubari. Mu majyepfo yateye u Bungwe ntibyamuhira. NDAHIRO II CYAMATARE (1576) Mu bana ba Yuhi II Gahima, hari Bamara ,Cyamatare, Juru, Bwimba, Karangana, Mutezi, ~akaba na Binama nyina yari yarabyaye kuri Samukende, umwami w'u Bungwe. Yuhi II Gahima yamaze gutanga, abo bana be barwanira ingoma banga kuyoboka Ndahiro wa II Cyamatare, u Rwanda rucikamo ibice bibiri : Juru yigarurira igice cyo hakurya ya Nyabarongo (u Buriza), naho uburengerazuba buyoboka Ndahiro. Juru amaze gupfa, kimwe na Mutezi na Bwimba, Bamara ashaka gusimbura uwo Juru : kugira ngo abigereho, yiyemeza gutatira abavandimwe, yitabaza Nsibura Nyebunga, umwami w'umushi wari umaze kwigarurira Ijwi. Nsibura Nyebunga atera u Rwanda rwa Ndahiro II Cyamatare, urugamba rw'injyanamuntu ruremera i Gitarama (ho muri Komini Kibirira). Ndahiro wa II Cyamatare arugwamo ahitwa Rugarama, yambutse umugezi wa Kibirira. Abo ni ho bise "i Rubi rw' i Nyundo" Kuva ubwo, kwambuka uwo mugezi biba umuziro ku witwa umwami wese. Umugabekazi n'abaja n'abandi bagore barafatwa bicwa urubozo, kuva ubwo aho biciwe hitwa Il Mu miko y'abakobwa ". Ingoma y'Ingabe Rwoga ababisha barayivugana. Ubwo u Rwanda rwasaga nk'urugiye kuzima, amacakubiri yo kurwanira ubwami atuma abantu basigaye bacura imiborogo, amapfa aracana, ibintu biradogera, ngo ndetse inka ntizaba zikibyara, inkoko ntizaba zigituraga. RUGANZU II NDORI . (1600) Ruganzu II Ndori bamuvugaho byinshikandi kwinshi. Bamwe bati ni mwene Ndahiro II Cyamatare, akaba yaragiye kubundira kwa nyirasenge Nyabunyana wari warashatswe na Karemera Ndagara ya Ruhinda, umwami w'i Karagwe k'Abahinda. Ngo maze mu gihe u Rwanda rwari rugeze mu kaga rugeze aharindimuka, arahagoboka Kavuna Karyankuna wemeye kwitangira igihugu, agenda ararika abantu b'ingenzi bari hirya no hino ngo bamufashe kujya gushaka uwakura u Rwanda habi, hose akagenda avuga ati:"...sindushye, ndashonje". Nuko bakamuzimanira. Amaherezo Kavuna agera i Karagwe, atekerereza Ndori uko u Rwanda rwononekaye, amubwira ko hari abiteguye kumwakira. Amaherezo Ndori arabunduka (ava aho yari yarabundiye: mu rwihisho) yambuka Akagera. Naho Kavuna wari warasigaye inyuma, ageze ku ruzi asanga Ndori yarabwiye abasare ngo ntibazamwambutse. Kavuna nawe abibonye atyo, yibuka umuruho yagize, afata umuheto we n'imyambiabivunira ku ivi agira ati "Uyumuruho nagize ugapfa ubusa, abagabo b'i Rwanda bazawuruhe, abagore n'abakobwa 17 -
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bazawuruhe, ababungu bazawuruhel"..Ngaho abo byawye kuwga ngo "kuruha uwa kavuna" (= kuruhira ubusa nta nyiturano). Abandi bati : Ruganzu n Ndori ni Umuhinda wateye u Rwanda rwaragirijwe, ararwigarurira, ariko bitamworoheye. Bityo yadukana inzu nshya ya kabiri y'ubwami iturutse ishyanga nk'uko Kigeri 1Mukobanya na Mibambwe1 Sekarongoro Mutabazi bari
Abahondogo.
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Icyakora, imwgo yamamaye ndetse n'ibwamimu biru, mu batekereza, mu basizi no mu bacurabwenge ngo " Ndori yabundiye kwa nyirasengeNyabunyana, umugore wa Karemera Ndagara ya Ruhinda" ntishyitse : ahubwo irimo ikinyoma. Uti bite? Dore nawe, iyo ugereranyije ibisekuru by'abo bami bombi b'i Karagwe, usanga Ruganzu n Ndori waba yarimitswemu wa 1600(+ cg - 18) (Kagame we, -amushyiramu wa 1510) adashobora kuba yarabayeho mu gihe cya Karemera Ndagara. Tuzi neza ko uwo Karemera Ndagara yari se wa Rumanyika bakunze no kuwga muri rubanda ngo : Rumanyika rwa Ndagara. Kandi akaba yaragenderewe n'Abazungu bitwa Speke na Grant mu wa 1861. Abakurikiranye amateka y'Akaragwe, bahamya ko Karemera Ndagara, se wa Rumanyika akaba na mwene Ruhinda, yayoboye icyo gihugu hagati ya 1820 na 1855. Kuwga rero ngo Ndori yabundiye kwa Karemera Ndagara ya Ruhinda, ni ikinyoma.Ni ibyo bamwitirira nk'ibindi byinshi : ngiryo ibuye rya Bagenge (Komini Nyarutow), ngiryo iteme ry'amakoro kuri Rusizi, ngibyo ibibugurizo ku bitare (ibisoro), ngayo amajanjay'imbwa za Ruganzu, n'ibindi bitabarika. BamWitirirabyinshi, ndetse biruta ibyo bitirira Gihanga.N'ibihugu bawga ko yagaruye akabyomeka ku Rwanda, ahari ni icyitiriro gusa. Ngo yatsinze ibi bikurikira : ibihugu biri hagati ya Crête Zaïre-Nil n' ikiyaga cya Kiw kugera ku mugezi wa Rusizi (Cyangugu); Ijwi (ngo yanateye mu Bushi, ariko ntiyabugaruye); u Bugoyi hamwe n'ibihugu biri inyuma y'ibirunga; u Bugara aho yishe umwami Nzira ya Muramira hamwe n'umugabekazi wabo; u Burwi aho yishe Nyaruzi rwa Haramanga mu Mukindo wa Malewaza,Nyaruzi aba atyo umwami wa nyuma w'ingoma y'Abarenge. Ibyo ari byo byose icyo gihangange Ruganzu cyiwganywe n'Abahutu b'i Bwishaza. Abandi bavuga ko yarasiwe mu Rusenyi. Ibyo ari byo byose, bamurashe umwambi w'ingobe wahuranya ijisho, nuko abantu baramuheka bamugeza mu Matyazo ya Nyantango (muri Kibuye). Ngo abo hari hatuye abacuzi bashoboye gukuramo uwo mwambi, ariko Ruganzu n Ndori agwa abo. Aho yaguye hitwa "ku Muciro wa Rusenge" (aho yaciriye). Umuryango w'abamukuyemo umwambi witwa "Abakuro".(abakuye umwambi), bakaba Abatsobe. Uwo Rusenge yari umugaragu wa Ruganzu Ndori kandi yari Umuhutu. Ngo yarahiyahuriye yanga gukomeza kubabo kandi shebuja amaze gupfa. Uko kwiyabura gutyo bakuwga no ku ngabo z'intwari z'uwo mwami zicanye zisogotana amacumu zitwaga Ibisumizi : zaguye mu Butansinda bwa Kigoma na Muyange muri Gitarama. Izo ngabo zabarirwaga hamwe n'izindi zitwaga Ingangurarugo, Udusambi, Abaganda (ni ukuwga abacura). Ruganzu uwo bawga ko ari we wahanze ingoma y'Ingabe Karinga ngo isimbure Rwoga yari yaratwawe na Nsibura nk'uko twabibonye haruguru. Banawga ko igihe cye ari ho imandwa zadutse mu Rwanda ziyobowe na Ryangombe umukuru wazo. Nyamara imandwa zigomba kuba zari zisanzwe. Ruganzu wa II Ndori ngo bamutabaje i Butangampundu mu Buriza (Kigali) hari hagenewe abami baguye ku rugamba cyangwa bakindutse. MUTARA 1 SEMUGESm (1624) Abiru bemeza ko ari we mwana wenyinewa Ruganzu n Ndori. Ngo yabanje kwima nabi nabi mu buryo budakurikije amategeko kandi yitwa Bicuba (izina rye ry'ubwami). Ngo hanyuma umwiru witwa Mpande ya Rusanga (wawtse iruhande rw'imfiziy'ibwami yitwaga 18
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Rusanga) aza kumwimika neza noneho umwami yitwa Mutara 1 Semugeshi. Birumvikana ko hari ikintu cy'igihu kitumvikana iyo umuntu ashatse kumenya ukuntu yagiye ku ngoma. y ometse ku Rwanda igihugu cy'Abenengwe cyari kigizwe n'u Bungwe, u Bufundu n'igice cya Busanza. KIGERI n NYAMUHESHERA (1648) Yabaye umurwanyi cyane hamwe n'ingabo ze zitwaga Inkingi. Byatumye yungura u Rwanda yigarurira uturere dukurikira : Kinyaga cya Bukunzi na Busozo; u Bwanacyambwe bwari bwarajyanywe na Gisaka (Ndorwa yari yarateye i Gisaka ikiganziriza ku Muzizi wa Ryamanyoni muri Komini Rukara; maze Kigeri n arwanya Ndorwa arayinesha iva mu Gisaka, inyiturano iba ko i Gisaka cyashubije u Rwanda u Bwanacyambwe bwarwo); yigaruriye n'u Buberuka hamwe n'uturere turi inyuma y'ibirunga. . . MIBAMBWE n SEKARONGORO n GISANURA (1648) Nta gihugu yongeye ku Rwanda. Ahubwo azwiho ubwitonzi, kugira ubuntu, guha amata abakene begereye ibwami. Ibyo byatumye bamuhimba igisingizobamwita "Rugabishabirenge". Azwiho no kuba umucamanza utabera kandi wangaga ibihano bidakwiriye umuntu. Umunsi umwe, Gisanura yabajije abatware be igihano gisumbye ibindi, buri we~e agenda avuga icye. Umwami asanze bakabije, buri wese amuhanisha icyo yagiye avuga. Nguko uko umwe wari watahuye ko igihano cyiza ari ugusambura inzu ziri hafi,bagacaniriza urutare iyo sakamburiro kugeza aho urutare rutukura,noneho umugome bakarumushyiraho agashirira. Ibyo byahimbwen'umutware witwaga Kamegeri. Umwami yasanze nta muntu mubi (w'umugome) kurusha Kamegeri. Nuko aca iteka ko uwo Kamegeri bamuhanisha icyo gihano kibi yahimbiyeabandi. Noneho baramuboha bamujugunya ari muzima ku rutare bacaniriye rwatukuye. Urutare ruramukaranga agenda arwibirinduraho. Ngibyo iby'urutare rwa Kamegeri (ruri munsi y'umuhanda hagati ya Ruhango n'ibiro bya Komini Kigoma). YUHI ID MAZIMPAKA (1696) na KAREMERARWAKA (1728) Ku ngoma yabo bombi nta gihugu kizwi cyongewe ku Rwanda rw'icyo gihe. CYIRIMA n RUJUGIRA (1744) Uwo mwami yabaye umutegetsi uhamye n'umuyobozi w'ingabo nyakuri. Yagaragaje ubuhanga bwo gukingira igihugu, akabuza ababisha kukivogera. Amaze gutsinda abaharaniraga ingoina, yagize ikibazo gikakaye : u Burundi, u Bugesera, i Gisaka n'i Ndorwa byibumbiye hamwe ngo byagirize u Rwanda. Dore uko yabigenjeje : icya mbere ni uko yumvishijerubanda ko bagomba kurinda ubusugire bw'igihugu. Kagame ubwe ahamya ko CyirimaII Rujugira yumvise neza agaciro n'akamaro ka rubanda, maze abashyira mu ngabo ari benshi. Icya kabiri ni uko urwo ruhare yahaye rubanda rwatumye ashobora kurema imitwe y'ingabo cumi n'umwe kandi ihamye, ayikwirakwiza ku mupaka w'u Rwanda n'u Burundi. Dore zimwe mu ngerero yashyizeho : ingabo zitwaga Indara, Irnvejuru, Inyakare, Inyaruguru, zahaye amazina yazo uturere zari zirindiyemo; mu bya Gakoma hari Ababanda, i Mututu hakaba Abarima. Hari n'izindi ngabo yari afite : Ababito, Intarindwa, Abadahemuka, 19icikiza,Imanga, Abakemba, Indirira. Bityo yashoboye guhigika u Burundi, hanyumaingabo ziyobowe n'umuhungu we Sharangabo zitera i Gisaka naho Ndorwa iterwa n'iziyobowen'undi rnuhungu we Ndabarasa, wahateye ataraba umwami akanahagarura amaze kwima. Kuva ku ngoma ya CyirimaII Rujugira niho 19 - - -
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imwgo yakwiriye ngo " u Rwanda ruratera ntiruterwa". KIGERI III NDABARASA (1768) Itsindwa rya Mubari (mu Mazinga : muri pariki Akagera) Igihugu cy'u Mubari cyatsinzwe nka Nduga, kuko hombi habaye ubucuti bw'amayeri, gushyingirana no kurwanisha intwaro. Kigeri III yijeje ubucuti Biyoro, umwami w'u Mubari, kandi amushyingira umukobwa we witwaga Nyabugondo. Bukeye Kigeri III atumira umukwe we Biyoro na Nyirabiyoro. Mu gihe bagiye kumureba, bagwa mu gico cy'abo kwa Kigeri III, Nyirabiyoro arafatwa, Biyoro ashobora kubacika ahungira i Karagwe. Kigeri III ni bwo yihanijeumwami w' Akaragwe, nuko uwo mwami atanga Biyoro; Kigeri III yica Biyoro n'um~gabekaziNyirabiyoro. Itsindwa rya Ndorwa y'Abashambo Kigeri III Ndabarasa yamaze gutsinda Ndorwa (akoresheje intambara), maze arahaba biratinda, ari ukugira ngo Ndorwa itabyutsa umutwe. Uwo mwami yaguye ku itabaro (yabaye nk'ukinduka, urwo yazize ntibaruwga).
~AMBWE
III MUTABAZI III SENTABYO (1792)
Ku ngoma ye itararengeje imyaka 5, ni ho u Bugesera bwatsindinzwe. U Burundi bwateye u Bugesera, butwara igice kimwe, u Rwanda na rwo ruratera, rutwara igisigaye, nuko ingoma ylAbahondogo iganzwa ityo. MUTARA II RWOGERA (1830) Mu rwimo rwe ingabo z'u Burundi zateye u Rwanda zirutunguye zinjira bikabije mu gihugu mu Mvejuru. Abanyarwanda bazitaye mu rukubo barazitsemba. Igitero cya Mutara II Rwogera cyarwanyije abo Barundi bacyise "Igitero cya Rwagetana" (kugeta biwga gutema ugakuraho). Na none ku ngoma ya Rwogera, ni ho i Gisaka (cyari gitinyitse kugeza icyo gihe) cyagaruwe nlu Rwanda mu bya 1850.lryo tsindwa ryaturutse ku mpamw ebyiri : iya mbere ni umwiryane mu bikomangoma by'i Gisaka watumye icyo gihugu cyicamo ibice bitatu : Migongo, Gihunya na Mirenge. Impamw ya kabiri ni ubuhanga bwo kuboneza imirwano bwa Mutara II Rwogera : gutera intara za Gisaka imwe imwe, gutegura no kugaba igitero mu ibanga no kohereza yo ingabo zlindobanure: Ababito, Abashakamba, Imvejuru, Intaganzwa, Inzirabwoba, Urukamba . n'Uruyange. KIGERI N RWABUGIRI (1860) Uwo mwami yimye akiri muto (hagati y'imyaka7 na 10) ni yo mpamw ibitero by'ibanze ari nyinaNyirakigeri Murorunkwere wabiyoboraga. Ku ngoma ye habaye ibitero byinshi, ahanini byari bigamije guhamya ubutegetsi ahari hagaruwe wba; dore ingero : Ijwi, Ndorwa, Gisaka. Ikindi ibyo bitero byari bigamije ni ukwagura u Rwanda (ariko nta cyiyongereyeho) no kunyaga inka n'abaja. Bimwe mu by'ingenzi biranga ingoma ye ni ibi : gukaza intambara zo kurengera no kwagura u Rwanda (yakundaga intambara, ku buryo mu bisingizo bye harimo icy' "Inkotanyi cyane" na "Rukayababisha"; gutunganya ubutegetsi bw'igihugu : imirwa hirya no bino; kudatinya kwica abakomeye kabone n'aho baba ari ibikornangornanka Nkoronko; kwegera rubanda akabatoramo abatware b'abatoni no kugabira intwari iminyago. 20
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2.2.2. Ibiranga ingoma nyiginyan'ibishyitsibyayd Turasuzuma muri make bimwe na bimwe by'ingenzibyerekeye ibimenyetso by'ubwami n'ibishyitsiby'ubutegetsi bwa cyami. Ubwami n'umwami : Ubwami ngo bukomoka kuri "Gihangacyahanze inka n'ingoma". Dukurikije ibivugwa mu migani ku mavu n'amavuko y'Abatutsi (imiganibise ibirari) bavuga ko abasekuruza ba Gihanga bakomoka kuri Kigwa (ngo wamanutse mu ijuru). Birumvikana ko bashatse guha ubwami icyubahiro kinini cyane babuha inkomoko yo mu ijuru. Naho umwami ngo si umuntu ni imana, kandi ngo Rurema ni yo imuhitamo.Hari n'amazina y'ibisingizo bamuhaga. Amwe ni aya : Umugabe (nyina akitwa umugabekazi), Nyiringoma, Nyirigihugu, Nyiringabo, Nyirinka, Nyabami (umwami w'abami), Nyagasani (utanga ihiIWecg umugisha), Sugu (mu bisigo, bivuga usumba byose), Nyamugirubutangwa (uca urubanza rudakuka). Umwami yagombaga gutegekana na nyina; nyina yaba atakiriho akagira umusimbura akaba nyina mu bwami (bigomba kuba byarabaga igihe cy'iyimikwagusa, kuko Murorumkwere, nyina wa Rwabugiri, yapfuye ntihagire umusimbura). Ibimenyetso , by'ubwami (babyitaga"Inyonga") Ikirangabwami cy'ibanze cyari ingoma y'ingabeKaringa. Ngo ikirangabwami cy'ibanze ku ngoma ya Gihanga cyari inyundo, hanyuma kuri iyo ngoma himikwa urusengo ( nka bene izi bavuza) lWitwaga Nyamiringa. Mu bya 1950, UIWOrusengo rwari rukiriho ibwami. Nyuma Y'UIWO rusengo, ngo Gihangayimitse ingoma Rwoga aba ari yo iba ingabe. Ibyo byose ariko ni ukubyitirira Gihanga; dore nawe : Rubunga igisekuruza cy'abiru b'Abatege b'i Remera rya Kabagari ni igisekuruza cya 16 cya Sezibera, umwami uherutse w'abo biru wari ukiriho mu bya 1970. Ntaho ahuriye na Gihangarero, n'ubwo bavuga ko ari we wahishuriye Gihanga ubwiru bwo mu Basinga n'ibyerekeyeingoma z'ingabe nka Rwoga. Iyo Rwoga yatwawe n'Abashi igihe Ndahiro TICyamatare yishwe. Hanyuma hima ingabe Karinga bitirira Ruganzu II Ndori. Muri politiki y'ibwami, ingoma y'ingabe nka Karinga yasumbaga byose , igasumba n'umwami, kuko yagombaga kuyitabarira byaba ngombwa akayipfira. Ibindi bimenyetso by'ubwami ni Inyundo (yo gucurisha) n'Umuriro. Ku byerekeye Inyundo, banavugaga ngo hariho "Inyundo yacuze Abami". Naho Umuriro wo wagombaga guhora ucanye, kuko washushanyaga "uburame" bw'ubwami. Mu mihango yo kwimika, umwami n'umugabekazi baherezwaga Inyundo, Karinga, Nyamiringa, ubushingo bwo gucana Umuriro, kandi bakibutsa ko ubwo ari we wavukanye Imbuto (za zindi 4 : Uburo, Amasaka, Isogi n'Inzuzi), agomba kugwiza uburumbuke mu gihugu. Ibishyitsi by' ubutegetsi bwa cyami Ibishyitsi (inkingi) by'ingenzi by'ubwamibw'Abanyiginyani bitanu. Muri ibyo turi bwibande cyane cyane ku murongo wa politikiya cyami. Igishyitsi cya mbere ni inka : kuva kera cyane, zongeraga abagaragu (ubuhake), bityo ingabo zikiyongera, bigatuma nyirazo agira amaboko. Icya kabiri ni ingabo zigomba kuba nyinshi;zigomba no kuba ziyemeje gupfira Karinga. Icya gatatu ni ikoro ryari rifite akamaro ku buryo bubiri : hari ugutunga 21 -
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abadahinga...bagashobora guhugukira politiki, imyidagaduro n'intambara kandi rigatuma abakobwa n'abagore blimfurabadakora imirimoivunany~nko guhinga, kuvoma n'ibindi; hari no kugaragaza ko abatangaga ikoro bayobotse maze umwami akagabura ibya rubanda, maze agakunda akitwa "umunyabuntu". Icya kane ni ububasha bwo kwica ugakiza : umwami n'umugabekazi bari bafite uburenganzira bwo kwica no kuzimya inzigo. Igishyitsi cya gatanu ni umurongo wa politiki ya cyami.
Umurongo wa politiki ya cyami Ku byerekeye ubwami Ububasha n'ubutegetsi bwa cyami buri mu ngoma ylingabeKaringa : bityo rero Karinga isumba umwami. Umwami si umuntu nk'abandi : ari ukwe kuko aba yaratowe na Rurema. Umwami asimburwa n'umhungu we gusa kandi akava mu bwoko bw'Abanyiginya; banabita Abasindi ahari kuko bakomoka kuri Yuhi 1 Musindi, cyangwa Abaroba kuko bakomoka ku mwami Ndoba. Ku byerekeye igihugu Igihugu kigomba kwagurwa byanze bikunze. Iryo ni ryo shingiro rylibitero bigenewe kwagur~igihugu. Mu by'ukuri kwari ugushaka gubiranya igihugu kigari cya Gihanga cyari kigizwe ni u Rwanda, u Burundi, u Bushi, u Bugoyi, i Ndorwa, i Gisaka, u Bushubi,... bikabumbirwa hamwe, maze bigatwarwa n'umwuzukuruza wa Kanyarwanda ka "Gihanga Ngomijana". Bityo rero, "igihugu ni icy'umwe" (iyo yari imvugo yo mu bwiru). Imirimo y'ingenzi y'ubwami Iyo mirimo yari igamije gutunganya ibi bikurikira : icya mbere ni uburumbuke bwlimyaka n' ubwororoke bw'abantu n'ubw'amatungo. Ibyo bikaba byari bishinzwe abami bitwa Mutara na Cyirima; icya kabiri ni uburame bw'ubwamibwagaragazwaga n' umuriro: umuhango wo gucana umuriro wari ushinzwe abami bitwaga Yuhi; icya gatatu ni itabaro ( ni ukuvuga kugaba ibitero no kurwana ku gihugu cyatewe): uwo wari umurimo w'abami bitwa Kigeri cg Mibambwe (kera Ndahiro na Ruganzu babarirwaga muri abo). Umurongo wa politiki nyabami Uwo murongo wagombaga kwamamazwa no gukwirakwizwa ibwami no muri rubanda. Ibwami wR}11amarizwaga mu bitekerezo, ubwiru, ubucurabwenge, ubusizi, n'ibindi. Ibitekerezo : Byavugaga amateka uko agomba gukurikirana, cyane amazina y'abami (ay'abatabashimishije ntabarirwemo : byagaragaye kuri Karemera Rwaka, sekuruza w Abaka, no kuri Mibambwe IV Rutarindwa waguye ku Rucunshu). Ubwiru : Bwari ubuhanga n'ubugenge bwo kugena politiki hamwe n'imihango ibushyigikira. Ubwiru kandi bwari ibanga rikomeye, bigatuma rubanda rwumirwa, rugashya ubwoba. Abiru barimo Abatutsi n'Abahutu. Abakijijwe cyane n'uwo mwuga, bakongeraho kuba intwari ku rugamba, baragororewe birabakiza, bityo begera imfura, ndetse bashyingiran'umwami. Ikindi ni uko abiru bose batareshyaga. Ubucurabwenge : 22
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Bwarimo leurondora udasobwa amaseleuruzay'abami (izina ry'ubwami n'irye bwite) n' ay'abagabekazi bakanawga ubwoko bw'abo bagabekazi n'ubwa banyina. Baheraga leumwami uriho bakarangiriza leuriNkuba (ari we Shyerezo) bagira bati: "ngaho iyo mwama muleuruwa Samukondo mu mizi yanyu mikuru". Yohani Vansina ubucurabwenge yabwise "Gotha" yo mu Rwanda: ni nk'igitabo gihuriza hamwe imiryango ikomoka leubami n'iy'ababashyingiye(ni yo bitaga iy'ibikomangoma, imfura cyangwa Abatutsi b'izina). Biragaragara ko ubucurabwenge bwarimo politiki yo kwironda no kwimenya.Na none abami batashimishaga barahanagurwaga, kuko Abatekereza b'ibwami bakuraga bene abo bami mu murongo wemewe, bagasa n'abatarigeze bategeka u Rwanda. Ubusizi : Bwabarirwaga mu bwoko bw'imiwgo yari igenewe gusingiza umwami (ibisigo), inka (amazina y'inka), intambara (ibyiwgo n'indirimboz'ingabo). Muri ubwo bwoko bw'ibyiwgo, ubw'ingenzi mu gukwirakwiza ibitekerezo by'umurongo wa politiki ni ubw'ibisigo. Reka tubitindeho gato rero. Mu magambo make, gusingiza umwamiuhagaze n'abo yasimbuye kimwe n'ingoma Karinga,byagendaga ahanini mu buryo bukurikira (ni zimwe mu ngingo dusanga mu bisigo) : iyimikwa ry'umwami rirogezwa; - imirwa y'abami ikaratwa; - ababangamiye umwami mu Rwanda bakamaganwa (ngo:"urabice mbigambe!"); - ikinhyego gihebya ababisha (b'ishyanga); - akamaro kagizwe kandi kagomba kugirwa n'abatabazi n'abacengeri; - umutsindo w'u Rwanda iyo rwateye amahanga; amatileu, amahugu y'inka cyangwa inzuri n"amagomerane y'abantu umwe umwe cyangwa imiryango, ibyo byose byabaye impamw (intandaro) yo gusiga.
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Umusizi yari umukozi w'ibwami wemewe. Kubera ibyo, akagira umwanya umugenewe mu mutambagiro wo mu mihango y'ubwiru ( nko mu muhango wo kwimika umwami). Muri rubanda, umurongo wa politiki wamamarizwaga mu migani no mu butegetsi bw'igihugu. Muri ubwo butegetsi, umwami yari afite abatware bamuhagarariye. Akenshi abatware bo mu rwego rwo hejuru (umutware w'ubutaka, umutware w'umukenke n'umutware w'ingabo) babaga ari Abatutsi. Ariko rero leungoma ya Rwabugiri, uwo mwami yagiye ashyiraho n'Abahutu yasangaga ari ingirakamaro leuberaubutwari cyangwa ikindi gikorwa gikwiriye ishimwe.
Muri abo batware b'Abahutu bo rwego rwo hejuru kandi babaye abatoni leungoma ya Rwabugiri, twawga aba : Bisangwa na murumuna we Sehene, Bikotwa, Runiga na mwene wabo Nyiriminega, Seruteganya, Nzigiye n'umuhungu we Rwatangabo, Rusine n'umuhungu we Rubindo, Ndarwubatse n'umuhungu we Kanyonyomba, Kazanenda, Ndongozi, Runyange, Mugenzi, Rubago, Ntamuhanga ( i BWishainyumay'ibirunga). Abo bose bakwirakwizaga icyubahiro n'ishema bikwiriye umwami. 2.2.3 Intambara y'ingoma : Rucunshu (1896) 2.2.3.1 Intambara y'izungura Uwaleubeshyayaleubwirako iyo umwami yatangaga (biwga: gutanga ingoma, 23
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kuyihereza undi), uwamusimbuye yahitaga ategeka nta nkomyi. Mu by'ukuri, ubwami bwakunze kugira ubwiko (urwangano rw'abavandimwe).Kurwanira ingoma ni umuco mubi wokamye abana b'ingoma nyiginya.Impamw ni uko biniwe mu bibazo by'ingenzi muri politiki ari ukugena imitunganyirize y'ikibazo cy'umusimbura.Mu butegetsi bwa cyami, gutangira gutegeka by'umwami babyita "k:wima"biwga "kwima ingoma undi" uwo ari we wese, wowe umaze kuyihabwa. Urugero : barawgaga bati "Umwogabyano ahaye Rwogera". Bityo uwabaga agiye ku ngoma, ku butegetsi (bwa cyami), iyo yayimaragahoigihe nta wukimurwanya ku mugaragaro ngo abe yamutsimbura, bawgaga nyine ko "yimyeingoma". Iyo mwgo iratwumvisha ukuri ku ikiranura ry'ikibazo cyo kuzungura, cyawyemo ikibazo cy'intambara y'izungura. Dore bamwe mu bami bimye bamaze kurwanira ingoma, cyangwa bayirwaniye bamaze kuyihabwa :
- Yuhi II Gahima : yabanje kurwana na bene se, ari bo bene
Shetsa, umugore 1 Mutabazi (nyina wa Yuhi II Gahima yari
w'inkundwakazi wa Mibambwe 1 Sekarongoro Matama ya Bigega). - Cyirima II Rujugira : yabanje gushyamiranana mwene se Karemera 1 Rwaka, kimwe na Nama wishwe ari uko yari ashyigikiyeBicura. - Mibambwe III Sentabyo : yimitswena se Kigeri III Ndabarasa, ariko hanyuma ntibyamubujije kurwanira ingoma na Gasenyi mwene se na Gatarabuhura wari ushyigikiwe na Rukari, umutoni wa Kigeri III Ndabarasa. - Kigeri IV Rwabugiri: yishe benshi bo mu muryango we, ariko nta wareka kuwga abamurwanyije ngo bamukure ku ngoma. Umuntu yawga nka Nyamwesa wa Mutara II Rwogera.
2.2.3.2 Rucunshu (Ugushyingo cg Ukuboza 1896) Byatangiriye i Ngeri muri Nyaruguru. Rwabugiri yateganyije umusimbura. Uwo yahisemo ni umwe mu bana be b'icyitiriro : Rutalindwa. Ni bwo Kigeri IV Rwabugiri amwimitse, imihango yose irubahirizwa, aherezwa "inyonga" ari byo bimenyetso by'ubwami, yitwa Mibambwe IV Rutarindwa. Rutarindwa kimwe na Baryinyonza, Karara na Burabyo, bari abana b'abazanano. Rwabugiri yacyuyeNyiraburunga (umukonokazi) wari mubyara we, atwara n' abo bana abita abe nk'uko yari asaniwe abigira. Se w'abo bana, Gacinya ka Rwabika rwa Gahindiro, araceceka ngo atahagwa. Rutarindwa yimitswe afite imyaka nka 22 kandi afite abana 3 : Nyamuheshera, Sekarongoro na Rangira. Hari ku wa 22 Ukuboza 1889 (ubwirakabiri).
Irage ry'abami n'umurage w'ingoma (ni ibicebiri muri bine byari bigize ubwiru), Rwabugiri .
abishingaAbiru b'inkoramutima: abaribarimuriiryoyimikwani nkaBisangwaw'Umuhutuna murumuna we Sehene na Mugugu w'Umututsi akaba n'umutware w'ingabo Abarasa; abashinga kuzashyigikira Mibambwe IV Rutarindwa , anabaraga iby'izungura. Nyina wa Rutarindwa ari we Nyiraburunga yari yarishwe na Rwabugiri mu mubare w'abo yishe ahorera nyina Murorunkwere. Ibyo byatumye Rwabugiri aha Mibambwe IV Rutarindwa "umugabekazi w'umutsindirano" ari we Kanjogera bamwe bitaga Kanzogera. Abiru n'abasizi bahise babwira Rwabugiri ko arikoze, ko ashoje intambara. Dore impamw : itegeko ry'ubwiru ryangengaga izungura ryagenaga ko ubwami mu 24 ---
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by'ukuri budahabwa umwana w'umwami uzungura, ahubwo buhabwa bumwe bumwe (bakurikije umwuka wa politiki n'inyungu z'Abiru) mu bwoko bwitwa Ibibanda : ni ukuwga amoko yavagamo abagabekazi ari yo : Abaha, Abakono, Abega (ni yo y'ingenzi) n'Abagesera (ubu bwoko bwiyongereyeho mu buryo butunguranye). Umugabekazi w'umugeserakazi ni umwe rukumbi, ari we Nyirakigeri III Rwesero nyinawa Kigeri III Ndabarasa : Rujugira yamukuye mu Bagesera Abazirankende b'i Gisaka, aho yari yarahungiye ubusazi bwa se, Yuhi III Mazimpaka. Ibibanda bikomeye rero ni bitatu. Kugeza igihe Rutarindwa yimikiwe na Rwabugiri, ubwoko bw'Abakono bwari bukomeye kuko bwawyemo abagabekazi batatu ari bo Nyirakigeri 1 Nyankuge nyina wa Mukobanya, Nyirayuhi ID Nyamarembo nyina wa Mazimpaka, Nyirakigeri IV Murorunkwere nyina wa Rwabugiri. Nyina wa Rutarindwa, ari we Nyiraburunga, na we yari Umukonokazi, ariko yarapfuye . Umugabekazi w'icyitiriro Nyiramibambwe IV Kanjogera yari Umwegakazi kandi uwo mwene Rwakagara (igisekuru cy'Abakagara)akaba inkundwakazibikabije ya Rwabugiri. Amakosa bashyira kuri Rwabugiri ni aya : irya mbere ni ugutsindira umwami amuha Kanjogera ho umugabekazi badafite aho bahuriye, kandi n'uwo mukobwa akomoka mu bwoko butanga abagabekazi kandi bukomeye; irya kabiri kuba uwo NyiramibambweIV Kanjogera na we yari afite umuhungu w'ubura bwe yabyaranye na Rwabugiri : Musinga. Abega babonye Rwabugiri akoze ibyo, bariyamirirabati " ni mumureke ingoma itashye i Bwega, igisigaye ni uguhirika Rutarinclwa, hakima umwana wacu ari we Musinga ". Uwo mugambi wacuzwe ahanini na Kanjogera na basaza be : Kabare na Ruhinankiko n'umuhungu wabo Rwidegembya rwa Cyigenza cya Rwakagara. Uburyo bwo gukuraho umwami Rutarindwa
Icya mbere : kumwomoraho amaboko ya bamwe mu bamushyigikiyeari bo : Bisangwa, Sehene, Mugugu wa Shumbusho na Muhamyangabo. Bisangwa yoherejwe i Shangi kurwanya abasirikaribari barawye muri Kongo yari ubukonde bwa Lewopolidi TI,umwami w'Ababiligi,bayobowe na Liyetona Sandrart. Bisangwa arahagwa mu gihe bamwe bahungaga barimo bene Rwabugiri, we ati "mpunze mva mu mahanga ngana i Rwanda, byakumvikana; none ubwo ndi mu Rwanda ahandi nahunga ngana ni he? Nuko yanga guhemuka, yiyahurà asatira Umubiligiliyetona Sandrart, amukubita isasu mu gahanga, Bisangwa agwa aho, amaze no kuwga ati "uwanyoye amata y'ibwami ayishyuza amaraso". Yari umutware w'lngangurarugo.
Sehene wari umaze kugabana ibya mukuru we Bisangwa, agira inama Mibamwe IV Rutarindwa yo kwikiza Musinga amwica, kugira ngo ijuru ry'ibwami ryari ryuje ibihu by'inzangano n'ubutiriganya ritamuruke, ariko biba kugosorera mu rucaca : Mibambwe IV Rutarindwa yumvaga atatinyuka kwica murumuna we. Ingenza ntizatinze kubigeza ku Bega. Ni bwo Kabare ateze umutego Sehene, aramushukashuka amujyana ahiherereye, nuko amuteza abo yararitse, baramusingira baramuniga, Sehene apfa atyo nta rusaku. Mugugu wa Shumbusho : Kanjogera, Kabare na Ruhinankiko babanje kumwangisha umwami Rutarindwa, Rutarindwa nawe yemera amabwirekandi mu by'ukuri bari bagamije kumuwtsa amaboko ya Mugugu wari umukomeyeho anamushyigikiye.Abo Bega banashakaga kumutwara intara 2 yategekaga : Gihunya na Mirenge mu Gisaka, 25
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akahategekeshaabamuhagarariye,ariko we agaturamu Burima (Nduga). Abo Bega rero bohereza ingabo zo kumutsinda iwe. Nawe ageragezakwirwanaho, abonye byanze asezerera bamwe, Abatwa be bo bamukomeraho, abonye"yagirijweyanga kugwa mu maboko y'Abega, nuko yitwikira mu nzu hamwe n'aben'abavandimwebe : Semakambana Karwanyi. Mugugu yari umutware w'Abarasa.
Muhamyangaboyari mweneByabagaboakabaUmunyiginyaw' umugunga.Ni we wari ushinzweurugo rw'umwamirw'i Kigali rwacungwaganaMusomanderamukaRutarindwa. Uwo mugore yagiranye amatiku na Muhamyangabo, yumvishaumugabo we ko Muhamyangabo agomba gupfa. Koko Rutarindwa atanga uwo mutware, atangwa hamwe n'umuvandimwe we Ndabahimye n'umuhungu we Majuguri. Muhamyangabo mu gihe bamujyanye bajya kumwica ni bwo avuze irijambo ati IIndiamakoma, ngiye gusasira amakombe". Yari azi ko Mibambwe IV Rutarindwa wari umaze kumutanga, azamukurikira bidatinze hamwe n'ibindi bikomerezwa. Icya kabiri : gushaka amaboko (abashyigikiraMusinga) Kanjogera, Kabare na Rukinankiko nta cyo batakoze kugira ngo umugambi wabo wo kwica Rutarindwa utabapfubana, cyane cyane ubwo byari bimaze kugaragara ko ibwami hari amacakubiri. Dore rero abo babanje kwiyegereza : ~ene Rwabugiri batagize amahirwe yo guhabwa Karinga: kubumvisha ko nta byo bagomba kwivangamo, ko niba badashyigikiyeMusinga, byibuze batagira aho babogamira. Abo ni: Nshozamihigo, umutware mu Marangara; Sharangabo, umutware mu Buganza; Cyitatire, umutware mu Bwanamukari ngo kandi agakundwa na Musinga na Baryinyonza murumuna wa Rutarindwa, wibeshye akemera amabeshyo y'Abega, agatatira umuvandimwe we yibwira ko we nta cyo azaba. Muhigirwa we yemeye kubogamira kuri Musinga abigize rwihishwa. Mu Biru : kubera ko Abiru bari bubashywe na rubanda, byari ngombwa kwiyegereza bamwe. Ibyo byatumye Abega biyegereza umutware w'Abiru bose, ari we Rukangirashyamba rwa Kanyamuhungu. Ni we wari ufite umwanya wa kabiri mu cyubahiro nyuma y' "abami" (ni ukuvuga umwami n'umugabekazi). Rukangirashyambayari Umutsobe w' umugarura. Abatsobe hafi ya bose babogamiye muri urwo ruhande. Rukangirashyamba yahise agabana Mirenge yo mu Œsaka. Mu batware: Rutishereka (Umunyiginyaw' umwenegitore). Icyo gihe yari akomeye ibwami kandi yari inshuti ya Kabare. Bari indatana z'inyabubiri(Muhigirwa yari yaragiriye inama Mibambwe IV Rutarindwa yo kwica Kabare na Rutishereka, ariko aranga). Abandi batware ni Rwangampuhwe na Rubasha, bakaba Abakono. Babaye nk'abagambanyi. Ariko rero hari n'Abiru bari mu ruhande rwa Mibambwe IV Rutarindwa, nka Rutikanga rwa Nkuriyingoma (Umusindi w'umutege), umuhanga mu ntekerezo z'ubwiru. Icya gatatu : gushoza urugamba Abega n'abanyamugambibabo bashoboraga gufata inzira yo kuroga cyangwa guhotora Rutarindwa bamutaye mu gico; bahisemo inzira y'imirwano. Ibwami bari bacumbitse i Rukaza ku musozi witwa Rucunshu (KominiNyamabuye : nko mu bya Km 5 mu majyepfo ya Kabgayi); mu gihe bagitegereje ko urugo rw'i Rwamiko (hepfo ya Shyogwe ) rwuzura. Impamvu ingana ururo : bamwe bavuga ko kurwana byaturutse ku bana barwanaga, 26 --
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abandi ngo ni ku nzuki zasandajwe. Ibyo ari byo byose, impande zombi zari ziteguye kurwana, zisanganywe intwaro. Urugamba rwamaze kurema, abarwanira Mibambwe N Rutarindwa, baba basatiriye inzu y'umugabekazi ari kumwe na Musinga, ari nako bayikikiza, bayimereye nabi ku buryo Kanjogera yashatse kwiyahura hamwe n'umuhungu we, maze Kabare arababuza. Ubwo umugambi w'Abega wari ubapfanye iyo atahagoboka Rwamanywa rwa Mirimo (akaba Umwega w'umuhenda) ari kumwe n'ingabo ze zitwa Abatanyagwa (Abahutu) baturutse mu Budaha. Ingabo zo kwa Kabare na Musinga zibasamira hejuru, kandi bo bari baje bavunnye umwami. Ingabo zo kwa Rutarindwa zari zinaniwe, ziganzwa n'izo mu ruhande rwo kwa Musinga zari zivanzemo abafite amavamuhira. Ingoro ya Rutarindwa irakikizwa, abo kwa Musinga barayisatira, umwami abona ko byamurangiriyeho, yinjira mu nzu, abari abe barayitwika. Mibambwe IV Rutarindwa arahagwa hamwe n'umugore we Kanyonga, n'abahungu be batatu,n'abayoboke bamwe. Kabare byose abikorana ibakwe ridasanzwe, aterura Musinga amushyira hejuru, abwira imbaga ihagaze mu mirambo ati " Rubanda, dore umwami w'ukuri Rwabugiri yaraze ingoma , ni Yuhi Musinga, naho Rutarindwa yari yarigize icyigomeke cyihayeingoma". Bamubwiye ko ingoma z'ingabe zahiye, Kabare arasubiza ati "haguma umwami, ingoma irabazwa". Ngibyo muri make ibyo ku Rucunshu : haguye abantu benshi, ari umwami, ari ibikomangoma, ari na rubanda. Nuko Abega barategeka barica barakiza. 2.2.3.3 Inkurikizi za Rucunshu ~a mbere : Karinga yataye agaciro. Twabonye ko ingoma Karinga yasumbaga umwami, igahabwa icyubahiro cyihariye.Kabare we akora Revolisiyo ikomeye mu murongo wa politiki y'ubwami, ubwo yiyamiriragaati "haguma umwami ingoma irabazwa". Ni ukuvuga ko ikiri ngombwa ari ukubona umusimbura, umwami (umuntu), naho ingoma ni igiti, bashobora kubaza indi. Iya kabiri : havutse impaka zerekeye ukuri ku bwami bwa Yuhi Musinga cyane cyane byari biturutse no ku mazina ya cyami. Ubundi byari biteganyijwe ko izina Yuhi rikurikira irya Mibambwe. Kuba rero abishe Mibambwe IV Rutarindwa barahaye Musinga izina ry'u- bwami rya Yuhi, ni ukuvuga ko bemeye ko nta kundi byagenda, Rutarindwa yari umwami wemewe n'amategeko y'ubwiru. Rubanda rwo ntirwigeze rubishidikanya. Iya gatatu : kugororera abayoboke bashyigikiyeYuhi Musinga. Ukurikije ubwoko usanga abahazamukiye cyane ari Abega n'Abatsobe; abandi ni Abanyiginyabatitabiriye gushyigikira Rutarindwa. Abakono bo babaye nk'ibicibwamu Rwanda. Kandi koko muri bo hari abahungiye muri Uganda. Mu wa 1910, Abega bavugwaga bafite imisozi hirya no hino ni aba: hari Kabare, Rwidegembya, Kayondo, Rwubusisi, Mpetamacumu, Nyirinkwaya. Iya kane : gutsembatsemba abagome. Kuva mu wa 1896 kugeza mu wa 1908 Abanyiginya barishwe, abandi baranyagwa (Abakusi mu wa 1905, Rwabirinda 1905), abandi bagirirwa nabi nka Kayijuka bashiririje amaso. Nuko urwango rw'Abega n'Abanyiginya rusa n'urubaye akaramata, ruba iciro ry'umugani. Iya gatanu : ibwami havutse imitwe ibiri ishyamiranyecyane izwi mu mateka y'u Rwanda. Iyo mitwe yaranzwe n'amazimwe,ubutiriganya n'inzangano z'urunuka. Dore uko yari iteye : Kabare hamwe na Rutishereka; Ruhinankiko hamwe na Karira (wongeyeho Baryinyonza wari warabandishijwe na Ruhinankiko). Karira yari mwene Rwogera, aba Nyirabukwe wa Rutarindwa, ariko akaba n'inshuti ya Kanjogera (bari indatana ). Iya gatandatu : Rucunshu yabaye urugero rw'urwikekwe n'ubugome bugamije gufata 27
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no kwiharira ubutegetsi n'amaronko, itera igisare kinini kandi kirambye mu bikomangoma : ku ruhande rumwe Abega banganye n'Abanyiginya,ku rundi Abega bazirana urunuka n'Abakono. 2.3. Ingoma z'Abahutu za wba : mu majyaruguru no mu burengerazuba bw'epfo 2.3.1. Izo mu maiyaruguru (Kuva mu kinyejana cya 17) Ingoma (ibihugu) zo mu majyaruguru tuwga, ni izari ziri mu maperefegitura abiri y'ubu : Ruhengeri na Gisenyi.Uwawga ngo Abatutsi bategetse u Rwanda rwose uko turuzi ubu, yaba abeshya, kuko mu by'ukuri ibihugu byo mu majyaruguru y'u Rwanda tuzi neza ko Abatutsi bahategetse ari uko bahoherejwe na Musinga (nyuma, na Rudahigwa) bashyigikiwe n'Ababiligi. Ubundi ibyo bihugu byategekwaga n'abarÏûbabyo bageze aho bitwa gusa "abahinza". Ni byiza gusuzuma izo ngoma izo ari zo; imirimoy'abami bazo; ukuntu abatware ba mbere b'Abatutsi bagiye gutegeka bahoherejwe n'Abazungu mu gihe cy'ubukolonize.
2.3.1.1 Ibihugu by'abamibyo mu maiyaruguru Ni ngombwa kwibuka ibintu bibiri : icya mbere ni uko izo ngoma zahanzwe n'Abahutu nyuma y'uko ingoma nyiginyayigarurira Nduga; ikindi ni uko izo ngoma ziri mu turere
tugengv{a , - kubyekeyeubutaka- n' umucow'ubukonde,mu giheahandinko mu burasirazuba no mu majyepfo y'u Rwanda, ubutegetsi bwari bushingiyeku gikingi (kijyana n'inka). Ibyo bihugu ni ibi : hari Bushiru, Kingogo, Bugamba - Kiganda, Bwanamwari, Bukonya, Buhoma, Kibari, Rwankeri y'Abarindi, Rwankeri y'Abaguyane na Ruhengeri. BUSHIRU (Gisenyi) U Bushiru bwategekwaga n'abami b' Abagesera; ingoma y'ingabe yabo ikitwa Nkundabashiru. Aho bari batuye ubu habarirwa muri Komine Karago. Ubundi bemeza ko bakomoka ku Bagesera - Bazirankende bo mu Gisaka. Birashoboka kuko mu Gisaka higeze impamw zatumye imiryango myinshiihunga cyangwa isuhuka. Abagesera benshi aho bari hose bakunze kuwga ibisekuru byabo, bakagusha kuri "Kimenyicya Ruregeya, Umuzirankende" . CYINGOGO (Gisenyi) Abami bacyo ni Abazigaba. Ingoma y'ingabe yabo ikitwa Simugomwa (ni yo ikunze kuwgwa), hakaba Ndabasumba kuva ku mwamiBwoya. Babarizwa muri Komini Gaseke na Satinsyi. Babaga Hindiro (Satinsyi) na Kabuye. BUGAMBA - KIGANDA (Gisenyi)
Abami bari Abagesera. Ingoma y'ingabe yabo ikitwa Kayenzi. Nyuma yaje kuba Irawmera ku bwa Nkwakuzi 1 Ruwgamake. Bari batuye imisoziiri muri Komini Kibirira. BWANAMWAR! (Gisenyi) Abami bari Ababanda. Nta ngoma y'ingabe izwi. Abo bami aho bari batuye ubu ni muri Komini Giciye.
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BUKONY A (Ruhengeri) Abami babo bari Ababanda. Ingoma y'ubwamiyari Rubuga na Ruvugamahame; umurwa wabo abo wari uri ubu ni muri Komini Gatonde. BUHOMA (Ruhengeri) Abami bari Ababanda. Ingoma yabo ntabwo izwi ubu. Abo bari batuye ubu ni muri Komini Nyamutera. KIBARI (Ruhengeri) Abami bari Abega . Ingoma ntizwi ubu, umurwa wabo wari Gihinga cya Nyarutovu (Komini Nyarutovu). RWANKERI Y'ABARINDI (Ruhengeri) Abami bari Ababanda. Ingoma y'ubwamiyitwaga Kabuce. Imisozi bari batuyeho ubu iri muri Komini Nkuri. RWANKERI Y'ABAGUYANE (Ruhengeri) Abami bari Ababanda. Ingoma ni Ndahaze. Abo bari batuye ni muri Komini Nkuri. RUHENGERI (Ruhengeri) Abami bari Abasindi. Ingoma yari Bazaruhagaze. Abo bari batuye, ubu ni muri Komini Kigombe na Kinigi. 2.3.1.2. lmirimo y'abo bami b'Abahutu Umwami w'umunyiginyaw'u Rwanda yari ategetswe kwagura igihugu, kabone n'ubwo yaba ashinzwe inka nka Cyirima. Naho umwami w'umuhutu mu bihugu tumaze kubona, imirimo yose yari ashinzwe yagushaga ku kintu kimwe cy'ingenzi : kwita ku burumbuke bw'imyaka n'ubwororoke bw'abantu n'amatungo. Ibyo byagendaga mu nzira eshatu : iya mbere yari iyo kuboneza umuhango wo gutera imbuto (iyo ari amasaka n'uburo, bamwe bavugaga umuhango w'ikibibiro); iya kabiri yari iyo kuvuba : kumanura imvura bikajyana n'ububasha bwo kuzimya amapfa; iya gatatu yari iyo . kuvuma: kwica cyangw~ kwirukana udusimba twangiza imyaka, nk'inzige... Iyo mirimo yo kumenya uburumbuke yatumye bene uwo mwami banamwita umuhinza. 2.3.1.3. Abatware ba mbere b'Abatutsi Muri utwo turere twa Gisenyina Ruhengeri, Abatutsi ba mbere na mbere bavugwa, bahinjiye buhoro buhoro biragiriye inka zabo bikubitiyeho no guhungisha ubuzima bwabo. Abo ni nk'Abagogwe bagiye gutura mu Bigogwe na za Kinigi ku bwa Ndahiro II Cyamatare. Ibisekuru byabo bibiri by'ingenzi ni: Mucocori w'umunyiginyana Bigirimanaw'umukono. Abo bose nta bwo bagiye mu byo gutwara. Hari n'abandi bameneye abatware, nka Rusimbi wateye u Bukonya ku ngoma ya Cyirima II Rujugira, agamije inyungu ze, zirimo no gushakira uwo mwami inzira yo kumukundisha mu Bukonya. Hari n'abatware b'Abatutsi bagiye bitirirwa ibihugu byo mu 29
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majyaruguru, ariko ntibakoze yo ikirenge kubera ko abaturage b'utwo turere batashakaga abategetsi baturutse hanze. Umwami wa mbere wagerageje guha ubutegetsi bw'aho Abatutsi ni Yuhi IV Gahindiro. Umutoni we w'imena Rugaju rwa Mutimbo ni we wagabanye u Murera: uwo Rugaju yakoreshaga abakuru b'imiryango bakamushyikirizaamakoro nta kindi. Rugaju ntiyigeze ahatura. Rwogera nawe yohereje Bihabanyi (Umunyiginya,umwuzukuru wa CyirimaRujugira) mu Cyingogo, Itare, Bugamba na Kiganda. Bihabanyi (igisekuru cy'inzu y'Abahabanyi)yitwaye neza mu baturage. Abahabanyi bazwiho kuba barategetse nta kuvunda. lkindi ni uko Mutara II Rwogera yinjije mu ngabo ze Abagogwe, ari Abacocori, ari n'abo kwa Bigirimana kandi abaka ikoro. Mutara II Rwogera yohereje n'Abatutsi mu Bukonya biyongereye ku bari bahasanzwe ku bwa Cyirima II Rujugira. Mu mpera z'ingoma ye, ingoma nyiginyayari imaze kumenyekana mu majyaruguru y'u Rwanda, ariko abategetsi b'abatutsi ari icyitiriro : abami b'abahutu bakomeje gutegeka nka mbere, ariko bagatanga ikoro. Kigeri IV Rwabugiri we yashyizeho igitugu, ashaka ko bose bamuyoboka nta shiti : yagabiye abagomba kumuhagararira, abaturage bamwe abashyira mu ngabo ze (abarashi bo mu Gahunga, Komini Nkumba, abagira Ingangurarugo); Yahanze ingo ze ebyiri : Kigarama mu Murera na Kageyo mu Cyingogo. Mu mpera z'ingoma ye yari yarashoboye kubumbira hamwe uturere twose tuvuga ikinyarwanda. Icyikonderwa : hari n'utundi duhugu twagize abami mu majyaruguru y' u Rwanda nk'u Bugoyi. 2.3.~. Izo mu burengerazuba bw'epfo : Bukunzi na Busozo BUKUNZI "Igihugu" cy'u Bukunzi kiri muri Perefegitura ya Cyangugu. Imbibi zacyo zageraga ku Busozo mu burasirazuba, ku Mpara mu majyaruguru no mu burengerazuba, ku Biru no ku Burundi mu majyepfo. Nubwo umwami wa mbere w'u Bukunzi ari we Kija l yaje mu Rwanda akomoka mu Bushi ahitwa Lwindi, we n'abamukomokaho babarirwa mu Bahutu. Ingoma y'u Bukunzi yabayeho mbere y'uko Abatutsi n'ubutegetsi bw'ingoma nyiginyabatura mu Kinyaga. Uwo mwami Kija yari umuvubyi. We n'abami bamuzunguye babaye ibyamamaremu mwuga w'ubuvubyi, bituma bubahwa kandi bagabirwa imisozi n'abami b'u Rwanda; bavubiraga u Bukunzi n'u Rwanda rwose. U Bukunzi bwari bufite ubwigenge bucagase, bugatura umwamiw'u Rwanda, ariko na we agatanga amasororo. Ubwo bwigenge bucagase bwatumye Abazungu batiyumvishaukuntu u Bukunzi butayoboka Musinga, umwami w'u Rwanda, ngo abe ari we uha amategeko Abanyabukunzi. Ibyo byatumye Abadag~ boherezayo abasirikaringo bahagandure, ariko biba iby'ubusa. Mu 1920, Ababiligi bagerageje kuguyaguya Ndagano Ruhagata, umwami w'u Bukunzi, ariko na bo ntibyabahira. Nyama y'aho uwo Ndagano yaje gupfa ku ya 30 Werurwe 1923 azize urw'ikirago. Ababiligi babonye ko icyo gihugu kidashaka amategeko yabo yose, maze bagaba yo igitero cy'abasirikari cyakambitse mu Bukunzi mu wa 1924 na 1925. Ngoga Bihigimondo, umwami wa nyuma w'u Bukunzi, bamushyize muri gereza kuva mu wa 1923 kugera mu wa 1925, ari bwo aguye muri gareza i Kigali. Muri uwo mwaka 1925, ni ho Ababiligiu Bukunzi babweguriye Umututsi Rwagataraka, Umwega w'umwakagara. Nuko ingama y'u Bukunzi izima ityo. BUSOZO "Igihugu" cy'u Busozo na cyo kiri muri Perefegitura ya Cyangugu. Gihana imbibi n'u Bukunzi mu burengerazuba; mu majyepfo hari u Burundi, naho mu burasirazuba no mu majyaruguru hakaba 30
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ishyamba rya Nyungwe. N'ubwo hariho abavuga ko umwami wa mbere w'u Busozo akomoka mu Gisaka kandi akaba Umugesera, hari n'abandi bahamya ko yaje ari Umurundi akomoka mu Burundi. Ibyo ari byo byose u Busozo, kimwe n'u Bukunzi, bwagize abami babwo mbere y'uko Abatutsi bajya gutegeka mu Kinyaga (ubwo ni ku ngoma ya Kigeri ID Ndabarasa). Icyo gihugu na cyo cyari icy'abami b'abavubyi. Abo bami, kimwe n'ab'u Bukunzi, bohererezaga umwami w'u Rwanda abantu bo kuviba imvura, bakanohereza abagaragu n'abaja. Umwami w'u Rwanda na we akabaha inka n'ibindi. Umwami uherutse w'u Busozo ni Buhinga II. Yazunguye se Nyundo wapfuye mu wa 1904. U Busozo bwigaruriwe n'Ababiligibuyoborwa n'abasirikaribahakambitse bakanahategeka kuva mu wa 1925 kugera mu wa 1926, ari nabwo umwamiRuhinga TIAbabiligibamukuye mu gihigu ke bakamucira ahandi. Kimwe n'u Bukunzi, u Busozo Ababiligibabugabiye Umututsi Rwagataraka, wategetse ibyo bihugu byombi nk'uwishyira akizana ariko buri gihe ashyigikiwe n'Ababiligi.Nguko uko ubwami bw'u Busozo bwazimye, Abahutu bakimukira Abatutsi mu butegetsi. Mbere y'umwaka wa 1925, nta Mututsi wari utuye mu Bukunzi no mu Busozo.
UMUTWE WA ID UBUTEGETSI BW'ABAZUNGU (1899 - 1959) Ayo matariki dore icyo avuga: 1899 ni ho Umudage Bethe (Bete) yabwiye umwami w'u Rwanda, Yuhi V Musinga ko Ubudage buzategeka u Rwanda bufatanyije n'umwami Musinga (Protectorat). Naho 1959 ni intangiriro ya Revolisiyo ya rubanda, nyuma y'urupfu rw'umwami Mutara TIIRudahigwa n'ishyirwaho ry'umwamiKigeri V Ndahindurwa, warahiriye kuba umwami ugendera ku Itegekonshinga. Turareba muri make iby'igihecy'Abadage n'ubutegetsi bw'Ababiligi. 3.1. Ingoma ndage (1899-1916) 3.1.1. Uko biniiye mu Gihugu Umudage wa mbere wabonanye n'umwamiw'u Rwanda Kigeri IV Rwabugiri, ni Comte Von Gôtzen mu wa 1894 asanze umwami i Kageyo (KominiRamba) amuyoboweho na mwene Rwabugiri, Sharangabo yari akuye mu Buganza (Rwamagana). Nyuma y'aho Abadage bakomeje kuzenguruka u RwandlJ,bakora ubushakashatsi nka Kandt (bise Kanayoge) wabaye Rezida wa mbere w'umudage mu Rwanda, agataha umurwa wa Kigali mu wa 1908; abandi bahazaga baturutse i Bujumbura, bazanywe no gutanga umutekano w'abivumbagatanyabadashaka Musinga. Mu wa 1900 kandi ni ho Abapadiri ba mbere b'Abagatolika baje mu Rwanda. Ni abo mu muryango w'Abapadiri bera. Batashye i Save bavuye kuhasaba ibwami. Abamisiyoneriba mbere b'Abaporoso baje mu Rwanda mu wa 1907 : ni abo mu itorero rya Luteri. Ni bo bashinze za Misiyoni zikurikira : Kirinda, Rubengera na Remera rya Rukoma. Bavuye mu Rwanda mu wa 1916, bene wabo, Abadage baneshejwe n'Ababiligi mu Rwanda. Nyuma, Misiyoni yabo yaje kuvamo Itorero ry'Abaperesipiteriyani mu Rwanda. 3.1.2. Umupaka w'amaiyaruguru Mu mwaka wa 1910, i Buruseli mu Bubiligihabaye inama yari irimo Abongereza, Abadage 31
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