INTER NAT10NAL EXPRESS PRE- INTER ME DIATE
pocket Book
LizTaylor
OXFORD U N I V E R S I T Y PRESS
GRAMMAR
CONTENTS Grammar
Student’s Book unit 6 I0 I1
4 4 I0
3, 7
5
List of grammar terms
List of grammar terms ........................................... p age Comparative and superlative adjectives .......... . . 1st Conditional ............................................................................ 2nd Conditional ......................................................................... Future: going to + infinitive ........................................... Future: Present Continuous .......................................... Future: will + infinitive ........................................................ Irregular verbs .............................................................................. Mass and count nouns: sornelany, a lot of1
lots ofJmuchlmany, a littlela few
...............................
Modal verbs ................................................................................... The Passive ...................................................................................... Past Simple ....................................................................................... Present Continuous ................................................................ Present Simple .............................................................................. Present Simple: frequency adverbs ........................ Present Perfect Simple .......................................................... Present Perfect Continuous............................................... Prepositions: time, place, and direction ........... Question words .......................................................................... since and for ...................................................................................
I
An adjective
describes a noun - people, places, things, events, etc. a beautiful city, an enjoyable holiday interesting people, terrible news
An adverb
adds information, for example, about when, where, or how something happens. She wrote the report yesterday. He’s waiting outside. Please drive slowly.
An adverb of frequency
describes how often something happens. I always play tennis in the summer. I’m rarely late for work.
An auxiliary verb
(be, do, and have) is used with other verbs to make tenses and passive forms. She is working in Geneva. Where did you go? The window has been broken.
The infinitive
is the base form of the verb (see,buy, etc.). It is used with or without to. It’s good to meet you. I’d like to introduce you to a friend. I must go now.
A modal verb
is a verb like might, can, and should. We use them to express possibility, ask permission, give advice, etc. She might arrive late. Can I use your phone? You should see a doctor.
A noun
is a person, place, thing, or idea. a journalist, an ofice, books, beauty
A preposition
indicates place, time, direction, etc. I live in a flat. He walks to his office every day. They begin work at 8 o’clock.
A pronoun
takes the place of a noun.
2
2
3 4 5 5 6
7 8 9 10
II I2
I2 I3
14 I5
I6
16
Social and functional English I0
Asking for information
5 At a. restaurant .
.......................................................
17
17 8 Invitations ......................................................................................... I 8 6 Making arrangements ............................................................ I 8 I8 I Meeting people ............................................................................ 9 Offers and requests ................................................................. 20 7 Opinions and suggestions ................................................ 20 2I I 2 Saying goodbye ........................................................................... 2I I1 Social responses .......................................................................... 4 Staying at a hotel ........................................................................ 22 22 2 Telephoning .................................................................................... . . 3 Welcoming a visitor ................................................................ 2 3 ..............................................................................
Other useful information
American English ...................................................................... Asking for help ............................................................................. Countries and nationalities ............................................ Emails, faxes, and letters ..................................................... . . Grammar timelines ................................................................. Mathematical terms ............................................................... Phonetic symbols .......................................................................
24 25 26 26 28 29 29
The restaurant is very good but it is expensive. Do you know Sue? I saw her at the theatre last night. A verb
expresses an action or state. He writes for a magazine. I speak French. She didn’t enjoy the film.
1
Comparative and superlative adjectives ADJECTIVE
C 0 M PA R A T I V E
Regular (1syllable)
small near big
smaller nearer bigger
(2 syllables ending in -y)
easy happy
easier happier
(2 or more syllables)
efficient important
Irregular
good bad far muc h/man y little
SUPERLATIVE
the
happiest
the least most better worse farthedfurther more less
{
smallest nearest biggest
S H O R T ANSWER
If you ask him, will he give you the information?
Yes, he will.
WilI she change her job if she gets the chance?
best worst the most least
USE
EXAMPLES
We use than after a comparative adjective.
London is bigger than Madrid.
We use much or a lot before a comparative to show a bigger difference.
Tokyo is a lot more expensive than Rome.
No, she won,t.
USE
EXAMPLES
Future possibilities and their results
If we invest in a new system, we’ll solve our problems. You won’t pass the exam if you don’t study.
{ efficient important
The if clause can come before or after the main clause. When the if clause comes first, we usually put a comma between it and the main clause. I f they agree to our requests, we’ll sign the contract. We’ll sign the contract if they agree to our requests. For things we are certain will happen, we use when not if. When Iget the information, I’ll send it to you. (I know I’ll get the information.)
2nd Conditional i f + Past Simple, wouldcould + infinitive (without to)
We use the before a superlative adjective. China has the biggestpopulation.
POSITIVE
NEGATIVE
Spelling
If I had more time, I’d learn anorher language.
If you didn’t work so hard, you’d be happier.
Our cities would be more pleasant if there was less traffic,
I wouldn’t buy that car if I were you.
QUESTION
S H O R T ANSWER
If you became a millionaire, would you stop working?
Yes, I would.
Would they start a business if they had the money?
No, they wouldn’t.
One-syllable adjectives with one short vowel and ending in one consonant usually double the consonant: hottest hot hotter biggest big bigger
1st Conditional i f + Present Simple, will + infinitive (without to) POSITIVE
accept it. You’ll have to work hard if you want to succeed.
2
QUESTION
NEGATIVE
USE
EXAMPLES
Unreal or imaginary situations and their probable results
If public transport were free, there’d be no traffic problems in cities. I f I didn’t need a car, 1wouldn’t have one.
your plane. He won’t v sit us if he’s very busy.
3
The if clause can come before or after the main clause. When the if clause comes first, we usually put a comma between it and the main clause. I f they produced better quality goods, they’d be very successful. They’d be very successful if they produced better quality goods. With I , he, and she, we can use was instead of were in the if clause, especially in informal spoken English. I f it was easier, I’d study Japanese.
Could is both the Past and Conditional of can. He could walk to work when he lived close to the office. (Past = it was possible) He could walk to work if he had more time. (Conditional = it would be possible)
With come and go, we normally use the Present Continuous. They’re coming to see us soon. Are you going abroad next summer?
going to can also be used for fixed future arangements. I’m going to play tennis this afternoon.
Future: Present Continuous (For Present Continuous form see p.
I I .)
USE
EXAMPLES
Fixed future arrangements
They’re arriving at 10 a.m. tomorrow. He isn’t coming to the meeting next week. What time are you leaving?
In a 2nd Conditional sentence the Past Simple does not refer to past time. It refers to an unreal situation. I f I were the Prime Minister ... (but I’m not).
Future: will+ infinitive
Future: going to + infinitive
NEGATIVE I
I
4
USE
EXAMPLES
Future plans, intentions, and decisions
I’m going to change my job.
Future actions we feel certain about because of what we can see now
It’s going to rain very soon. Look out! That car’sgoing to hit you!
USE
EXAMPLES
Future situations and actions
The situation will be worse in future. The work won’t start next year.
Decisions and offers made at the time of speaking
I’ll email you the results tomorrow.
Offers
Shall 1order a taxi for you? 5
Mass and count nouns
Irregular verbs I N F I N I T I V EPAST be become begin break bring build buy catch choose come cost cut do draw drink drive eat fall feel find fly forget freeze get give go grow have hear hit keep know leave lend
waslwere became began broke brought built bought caught chose came cost cut did drew drank drove ate fell felt found flew forgot froze got gave went grew had heard hit kept knew left lent
PARTIc I P L E
I N F I N I T I V EPAST
been become begun broken brought built bought caught chosen come cost cut done drawn drunk driven eaten fallen felt found flown forgotten frozen got given gone grown had heard hit kept known left lent
lose make mean meet Pay Put read ride ring rise run say see sell send show shut sing sit sleep speak spend stand steal swim take teach tell think understand wake wear win write
lost made meant met paid Put read rode rang rose ran said saw sold sent showed shut sang sat slept spoke spent stood stole swam took taught told thought understood woke wore won wrote
PARTIc I P L E lost made meant met paid Put read ridden rung risen run said seen sold sent shown shut sung sat slept spoken spent stood stolen swum taken taught told thought understood woken worn won written
Mass nouns USE
EXAMPLES
Mass nouns do not have a plural form.
I’d like some information, please.
We use them with a singular verb form.
Relaxation is good for you.
We do not use a or a n with them.
I enjoy good music.
Count nouns USE
EXAMPLES
Count nouns have a singular and plural form.
This book is interesting.
We use them with a singular or plural verb form.
These books are expensive.
We use a or a n with them.
Would y o u like an apple?
Mass/Count nouns
Some nouns are mass and count. USE
EXAMPLES
Mass (general meaning)
James writes about wine. She has a lot of experience in sales.
Count (specific meaning)
He’s writing a book about Italian wines. She’s had some strange experiences in her life.
some/any, a lot of/lots of,much/many, a little/a few USE
some
With mass and count nouns in I bought some c0ff.e. positive sentences You’ve got some letters. In requests and offers
arty
6
EXAMPLES
Could I have some fruit? Would you like some biscuits?
With mass and count nouns in I didn’t b u y any tea. negative sentences and in W e didn’t have any uisitors. questions Do y o u have any luggage? Are there any questions?
7
a lot of/ With mass and count nouns lots of in positive sentences
There’s a lot of traffic today. There are a lot of cars in the city centre. Lots of people came to our party.
much
With mass nouns in negative sentences and in questions
W e didn’t do much work. H o w much money did you spend?
many
With count nouns in negative sentences and in questions
There weren’t many people at the meeting. H o w many suitcases are there?
In positive sentences
Many companies are doing well right now.
a little
With mass nouns in positive sentences
I drank only a little wine.
a few
With count nouns in positive sentences
W e had a few problems.
In positive sentences we use a lot of/lots of more often than many. We use lots of mostly in spoken English. We can use a lot ofllots of, a little, and a few in negative sentences and in questions.
The form of these modal verbs is the same for all persons. We don’t add -s to the 3rd person singular. I/You/He/S h e/It/ We/They may arrive late. H e can speak German. We don’t use to after these verbs. I should go now.
*
To make the negative, we add not or n’t. We don’t use don’t or doesn’t. She cannot/can’t speak French. You should notlshoulddt use first names. He may not understand very well. We can’t add n’t to may. H e w q + & understand very well. We put can, could, may, might, should before I/you/he, etc. to make a question. Can I leave now? Should I email you the information tomorrow? have to
The form of have t o changes in the same way as the verb have. We use has for the 3rd person singular. She has to work on Saturdays.
Modal verbs
8
can, could, may, might, should
USE
EXAMPLES
Advice
should/shouldn’t You should be punctual for meetings. You shouldn’t use first names.
Possibility
may, might, can They may smile when they don’t want t o give an answer. They might think you are rude. Decisions can take a long time.
Permission
can, could Can I borrow your dictionary? Could I use your computer?
Ability
can, could Can you speak German? Could you ski when you were six?
Necessity
have to/don’t have to You have to get permission first. You don’t have to make an appointment.
We use do/does/did to make questions and don’t/doesn’t/didn’t to make negatives. Do you have to work overtime? They didn’t have to get permission.
The Passive to be + past participle (produced,built, found, etc.)
een published. next year. 9
We often use the Past Simple with finished time phrases like yesterday, last week,
a year ago, in 1998.
Spelling For regular verbs ending -e, add -d: live - lived, close - closed. - in a short vowel and one consonant, double the consonant and add -ed: travel - in
travelled, plan - planned. + -y, change the -y t o -i and add -ed: study - studied, try
- in a consonant
We use the Passive when the person o r thing that does the action isn’t important, or when we don’t know who does it. If we want to say who does the action we use by. Active
Passive
The Mayan people used rubber 2,500 years ago.
Rubber was used 2,500 years ago by the Mayan people.
-
tried.
Present Continuous
Past SimpIe
working.
(See Irregular verbs p. 6 and Past Simple timeline p. 2 8 . )
QUESTION
SHORT A N S W E R
Am
Are
z y
working? ~
Is i .
10
USE
EXAMPLES
Finished actions and situations in the past
They lived in Australia for three years. He flew t o Japan t w o days ago. W e didn’t have a holiday last summer. H o w long did you stay in N e w York?
USE
EXAMPLES
Activities happening now
She’s talking to a visitor at the moment.
Temporary situations and activities
Which hotel are you staying at?
Present trends
People are living longer.
Fixed future arrangements
They’re awiving at 10 a.m. tomorrow.
A dictionary tells you when the final consonant doubles (travel, travelling), and when we leave out the final e (make,making).
11
I
Present Simple
Present Perfect Simple (See Irregular verbs p. 6 and Present Perfect Simple timelines p. 28.)
S H O R T ANSWER
USE
EXAMPLES
USE
EXAMPLES
Long-term situations
She lives in Brazil. Where do you work?
Routine activities
I often make business trips. H o w often do you play tennis?
Situations and actions that happened in a period of time from the past to the present
The company has grown a lot since 1998. We’ve recently reduced costs. Have you had a holiday this year?
Feelings and opinions
Do you like your job? I agree with you.
Finished experiences in your life until now
He’s worked for t w o foreign companies. She’s never studied a foreign language. Have you ever lived abroad?
Facts
T h e journey takes an hour. Prices increase every year.
Situations that began in the past and continue up to the present
She’s been a doctor for ten years. The family has had the business since 1990.
H o w long have you known her?
Frequency adverbs
(09
never
rarely
sometimes
often
usually
always
@
gone t o or been to? Ann’s gone to N e w York, means she’s in New York now, or she’s on her way there. Ann’s been to N e w York, means she’s not in New York now. Her visit is over. Contracted forms In spoken English, we usually say I’ve, you’ve, he’s, etc. In formal, written English we normally use I have, you have, he has, etc. For information on the use of the Present Perfect Simple/Past Simple in British and American English, see p. 24.
12
13
.
Present Perfect Continuous
Prepositions: time, place, and direction
(See Present Perfect Continuous timeline p. 28.)
Prepositions of time
in
month/season/year/century June winter
in
I996
the zI st century
at
time/mealtime six o’clock lunchtime midnight
at
part of the day the morning the afternoon the evening period of two or three days the weekend Christmas Easter
day/date Tuesday 6 December Easter Monday on Christmas Day Friday morning Wednesday evenings Prepositions of place and direction
USE
EXAMPLES
Activities that began in the past and continue up to the present
We’ve been producing wines for t w o hundred years. He’s been living in Finland since last year. H o w long have you been studying English?
Activities that began in the past and have just stopped
He’s hot because he’s been jogging. You look tired. Have you been working a lot?
We normally use the continuous form to focus on the activity rather than the result. I’ve been writing emails. (I haven’t finished yet.) I’ve written ten emails. (I’ve finished now.)
i
undedbelow
across
behind
ovedabove
on
between
in
out of
into
in front of
besidehext to
UP
through
around
on the right
on the left
We use the Present Perfect Continuous to say h o w long. He’s been talking on the phone all morning. She’s been interviewing people since 8 a m . We use the Present Perfect Simple t o say h o w many.
He’s made fifteen phone calls. She’s done six interviews. 14
15
SOCIAL A N D F U N C T I O N A L ENGLISH
Question words Where d o they live? What do you do at weekends? When does he start work? Which newspaper do you read? How d o y o u travel to work? How often d o you study English? Whose dictionary is this? Who (Whom) d o you work with? Who arrives at work first?
In Milan.
I go cycling. A t 8 a.m. The Independent. B y car. Twice a week. I t S mine. A team of six people. T h e manager does.
Asking for information Asking
I’d like some information about ... (flights to Paris). I’d like to know ... (how long it takes). Do you know ... ( w h e n the train arrives)?
I
Could Can
Whom is very formal, and is not often used.
since and for (See since and f o r timeline p. 2 8 . ) since USE
EXAMPLES
With a point of time
since
7 a m . today
yesterday last week I zJanuary
you tell me ... ( h o w often the trains leave)?
Showing understanding
Checking
I see. Right, I’ve got that. So, ... (the next train’s in half a n hour).
Let me check. I’ll look that up.
Asking for repetition
Apologizing
Could you repeat that, please? Could you say that again?
I’m afraid I don’t have any information about ... (domestic flights).
2001
At a restaurant
he left university
Recommending
Offering
What d o you recommend? The ... ( m e a t )is usually excellent here. I recommend the ... (beef).
Do have some more ... ( w i n e ) . What about ... ( a dessert)? How about ... (somestrawberries)? Would you like ... ( a coffee)?
Ordering
Accepting
for USE
EXAMPLES
With a period of time
for
ten hours five days a month two years a long time ages
We’ll ”I1
We’d
1 I
Yes, I’d like that. have ... (duck and red cabbage). Yes, that would be very nice. like ... (cold cucumber soup).
Declining
Thank you, but I couldn’t eat any more. No, thank you.
Could we have ... ( a bottle of mineral water)? Thanking and responding
I
16
17
Excuse me, are you ... (Duncan Ross)? Hello, you must be ... (Luigi Bastini).
Invitations Inviting
Accepting
I’d like to invite you to ... (have dinner with me). Would you join us ... (for a game of tennis)? Would you like to ... ( c o m eswimming)? (have lunch with Why don’t YOU How about ... (joiningus)?
Thank you. I’d be delighted to accept. Thank you. I’d love to. Thank you. I’d enjoy that.
introduce you to ... (Tony White).
+ 4
Declining
4 Then you
I’d love to, but ... (I’mafraid I can’t). Thanks a lot, but ... (I’ve made another arrangement).
Making arrangements
must call me ... (Monique).
Greetings
.
Hello, ... (Roberto). Nice Good
When What time
1
like to Let me
1
to see you again.
I
morning. afternoon. evening.
would be convenient for you? could we meet? are you free? would suit you?
Good
We only say Good night when we are leaving. We don’t use it as a greeting. I look forward to meeting you on ... (Wednesday). See you ... ( n e x t week). Changing an appointment
Goodbyes
I must go now. We really must leave now. I must be off.
I’m very sorry I have to cancel the appointment on ... (Friday). I’m afraid I can’t manage our meeting ... (tomorrow). Could we arrange another time?
meeting you, too.
... (and the same to you).
Meeting people Introductions
I I
My name’s ... (lames Turner). May I introduce myself? I’m ... (Monique Bresson). Can
May I introduce a good friend of mine? This is ... (Roberto Angelini). Can
I
18
+I hope so, too. I look forward to ... (seeing you again). I’m looking forward to ... (our next meeting).
See you
next week.
flight back.
I soon. 19
Offers and requests
Making suggestions
Offering
Accepting
Shall I ... (openthe window)? Do you want me to ... (post the letter for you)? If you like, I can ... (give you some help). Would you like me to ... (arrangea meeting)?
Yes, please. Thank you. That’s very kind of you. Thank you. I’d appreciate that. Declining
Thanks, but please don’t bother. Thanks, but that won’t be necessary. That’s very kind of you, but ... ( I can manage).
I suggest ... (wemeet at the hotel). Yes, that’s a good idea. How about ... (going by plane)? Yes, let’s d o that. What about ... (giving a talk)? Why don’t we ... (have a meeting)? Rejecting suggestions Why not ... (finish with a party)? Yes, but ... (it’stoo far away). We could ... (arrangea tennis tournament). I’m not Sure about that. I’m afraid I don’t like that idea.
Saying goodbye
Thank you Requesting
Accepting suggestions
Agreeing
for inviting us. for everything. very much for your hospitality.
We’ve had a wonderful time. It was really enjoyable. I really appreciated it.
Responding to thanks
Would you mind ... (checking it)? Do you mind ... (checking it)?
I’m glad you
Not at all. No, of course not.
could come. enjoyed it. found it interesting. liked it.
Refusing
Social responses
I think that will be difficult ... (There isn’t enough time). I’m afraid not ... (I’m very busy). I’m sorry, but that’s not possible ... (I’m leaving now). I’m afraid not.
Thanking
Opinions and suggestions Apologizing
Asking for opinions
Giving opinions
What d o you think about ... (the design)? What’s your opinion of ... (the quality)? How d o you feel about ... (theprice)?
In my opinion ... (it’s excellent). I think ... (it’s rather expensive).
Agreeing
Disagreeing
Asking for repetition
I agree. I certainly agree with that. I agree completely.
I’m afraid I don’t agree. I’m sorry, but I disagree.
Sorry? Pardon?
Could you repeat that, please? I’m sorry, I didn’t catch ... (your name).
Asking and giving permission Asking for suggestions
Do you have any suggestions for ... (the agenda)? Any ideas on ... (theparking problem)? 21
I’m calling about ... ( t h e letter I sent y o u ) . Hold the line, please.
Refusing permission
( M r B r o w n ) is in a meeting at the moment. (he)’sbusy at present. (she)isn’t here.
I’m sorry, ... I’m afraid ...
Giving and passing things
Can I
take a message? leave a message?
Expressing surprise
Could you take a message? Could you Responding to good news
Could you spell ... (your n a m e ) , please? What’s your number, please?
I’ Responding to bad news
Welcoming a visitor
Responding to good wishes
Staying at a hotel Booking a hotel
1
1
single I’d like to book a double room for 4 April. Arriving at a hotel
I have a reservation.
Making requests
I’d like a room, please. Could I have an early morning call, at 6.30? Could I have my bill, please? Can I pay by credit card?
The journey here
The visitor
Did you have a good journey? H ow was your flight? Did you have any problems finding us? H ow did you get here? Are you here on business?
Where d o you live? Which part of the country/city is that?
Work
First impressions
What d o you think of ... ( t h e n e w airport)? What d o you do? Where d o you work? Is this your first visit to ... (Barcelona)? What are you working on currently? H o w long are you here for? Sports and leisure
The weather
What was the weather like in
...
(London)?
What d o you do at the weekends? Do you play any sports?
Telephoning
Travel and holidays
News
Making contact
Do you travel a lot? Which countries do you visit? Where did you spend ...
What’s the latest news on ... ( t h e election)? Is there any news about ... (the
Hello. This is ... Uames Turner).
22
ask ... (her)to call ... (Luigi Bastini)? tell ... (him) that ... (Duncan Ross) called?
conference)?
(your last holiday)?
23
m
OTHER USEFUL INFORMATION
Dates (written)
British 2.11.04 2 November 2004
American English This section describes some differences between American and British English. The differences are not very great, and they may vary between regions across the USA. have/have got
American 11/2/04 November 2 2004
Dates (spoken)
British She started work on the second of November, two thousand and four.
American She started work on November second, two thousand and four.
To express possession, British people often say have got. BritisWAmerican
British
I have an Italian car. Yes, I do. Yes, I have Do you have any children? Have you got a fax machine? No, I don’t. No, I haven’t.
a German car. I’ve got -
The difference is only in the Present Simple. There is no difference in other tenses. When we use the verb have for an action, there is no difference between American and British English.
British/American I have a n English lesson every week.
Do you have coffee for breakfast?
Yes, I do. No, I don’t.
Present Perfect Simple/Past Simple
Where British English uses the Present Perfect, American English often uses the Past Simple.
British I’ve just finished the report. Have you seen her yet? I haven’t finished the work yet. We’ve already met.
American I just finished the report. Did you see her yet? I didn’t finish the work yet. We already met.
24
British flat car taxi chemist lift autumn tap ground floor motorway petrol post cinema trousers wallet railway toilet return ticket pavement tu be/underground holiday
American apartment automobile cab drugstore elevator fall faucet first floor freeway gas mail movie theater pants pocketbook railroad restroom round trip ticket sidewalk subway vacation
Asking for help
Prepositions
British at the weekend five minutes past two ten minutes to six write to me meet someone stay at home Tuesday to Saturday visit somebody
Vocabulary
American on the weekend five minutes padafter two ten minutes to/of six write me meet with someone stay home Tuesday through Saturday visit with somebody
Sorry, I don’t understand.
I don’t know what ... (‘currently’) means. What does ... (‘working knowledge’) mean? What do you call this in English? H ow d o you say ... (‘Je voudrais une chambre’) in English? Could you say that again, please? Could you repeat that, please? Could you speak more slowly, please? Could you spell that, please? Could you write that down, please?
25
Ending
Countries and nationalities Country
Nationality
Country
Nationality
America (the USA) Australia Austria Belgium Brazil Canada China the Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Great Britaidthe UK Greece Hungary India
American Australian Austrian Belgian Brazilian Canadian Chinese Czech Danish Finnish French German British Greek Hungarian Indian
Ireland Italy Japan Mexico the Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Slovakia Spain Sweden Switzerland Thailand Turkey
Irish Italian Japanese Mexican Dutch Norwegian Polish Portuguese Romanian Russian Slovak/Slovakian Spanish Swedish Swiss Thai Turkish
I look forward to (welcomingy o u Please contact me again (if y o u need Hoping (tosee y o u soon). any more information). Let me know (if y o u need anything else). See you (inPrague).
...)
Sample business letter
26, Trent Rd, Bicester. Oxon OX6 8RN Tel: 01869 204950 Fax: 01869 204900 info@cu nninq ham.corn w w w.cunn ingham .corn ,
22 February 2004 Jean Paul Leclerc ZigZag SA
74. rue Jules Ferry 75116 Paris Dear M r Leclerc
Emails, faxes, and letters Opening
Dear Sir/Madam Dear M r Murphy/Ms White Dear Andrea Hi Jon
Thank you for your letter of 15 January. I apologize for not replying sooner.
Closing -+ Yours faithfully
+Yours sincerely
+Best wishes/Best regarddyours -+ See you soon
I am writing to confirm that I will be in Paris on 7 March and will be very happy to meet you for lunch and visit your factory in the afternoon, as you suggest. Unfortunately I will not be able to attend your company dinner as I am flying to Rome in the evening.
Could you please send me your catalogue and price list as I would like to show it to my colleagues at our meeting next week.
Starting
Attaching documents (email)
Following ( our phone conversation today ...) In reply to (your fa. received ...) Thank you for (your fa. of ...) Thanks for (your email ...)
I attach (twofiles ...)
Saying why you’re writing
I am sorry (to inform y o u ...) Unfortunately (Iwill not be able to ...)
I am writing (toenquire about ...) I am pleased (to confirm ...) This letter is (to thank y o u ...) This fax is (togive y o u details o f . . .) This email is (toget i n touch ...) Requesting
Could you please (reserve ...) Would you please (tell me ...) Please fax/email me (your mobile phone no.) 26
Enclosing documents (letter)
I enclose a printout oFour latest design, which I hope will be of interest. I look forward to meeting you next month. Please let me know if you would like me to bring any samples of merchandise.
I enclose ( a copy o f . . .) Giving bad news
Yours sincerely
Manager
Apologizing
I apologize for (the delay ...) I’m sorry about (the mistake ...) Sorry ( I didn’t get back to y o u earlier ...)
enc.
When you open the letter with Dear Sir or Dear Madam, use Yours faithfully. When you open the letter with the receiver’s family name (e.g. Dear M r Leclevc), use Yours sincerely. For a close business contact or friend, use Best wishes, Best regards, Yours.
M s can replace Mrs and Miss. It doesn’t indicate if a woman is married or not. 27
I
Gram mar t imelines
Mathematical terms
Past Simple
+
Present Perfect Simple
x =
%
Fairtrade started in the UK in 1992.
3 + 5 =8 7 - 1=6 20
t 2 = 10
3 x 3 =9 I + 4= 5 75% '14 r/3
'I2
She's been a doctor for 1 0 years. Now
I
314
I '/I
three plus five is eight seven minus one is six twenty divided by two is ten three timeslmultiplied by three is nine one plus four islequals five seventy-five per cent
a quarter a third a half three quarters one and a half
Phonetic symbols Present Perfect Simple
Vowels
Present Perfect Continuous
1:
I
e a: a: D
Saint-Gobain has been making glass since 1665.
3: U U: A
i
as in as in as in asi n as in as in asi n as in as in as in as in
see /si:l sit /srt/ ten /ten/ hat / h a d arm /a:& got /gDt/ saw / s d put /put/ too /tu:/ cup /kAp/ happy I'hzpil
U
3: a
er 3U
a1 au 31
13
ea ua
as in as in as in as in as in as in as in as in as in as in as in
situation /,sItju'erJn/ fur /f3:(r)/ ago /a'gau/ page /perd3/ home /haurn/ five /farv/ now /nau/ join /d331n/ near /nra(r)/ hair /hea(r)/ pure /pjua(r)/
as in as in as in as in as in as in as in as in as in as in as in as in
so I s a d zoo /zu:/ she /Ji:/ vision /'vi3n/ how /haul man / m a d no /nau/ sing / s q / leg /leg/ red /red/ yes /jes/ wet /wet/
Consonants Present Perfect Simple
p b t d
since and for
k since
You've written a lot of books about the business world.
since last month
since Monday
+ + + 2003
g
tj. d3
f V
for a long time
6
for 2 years
i)
asi n asi n as in asi n asi n asi n asi n asi n asi n as in asi n asi n
pen /pen/ bad /ba:d/ tea Itid did /drdl cat /ka:t/ got /gDt/ chin /tJrn/ June /d3u:n/ fall If3:Il voice /v3Is/ thin /6In/ then /ben/
S 2
s 3 h m n !I
1 r 1 W
for 2 weeks
28
29
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Illustrations by: Mark Bryan
