KAMIYAMA Takeki
French and Japanese vowel inventories
/i/ /y/
/u/ /o/
/e/ /ø/
/$/ /œ/ /%/ /a/ /&/
Close-mid and openmid vowels
• 5 vowels in Tokyo Japanese
/i/
( ~ [+ ,])
/u/ [)] less rounded (and less back) than the French [u]
Nasal vowels
KAMIYAMA Takeki
/o/ /a/
/'(/ /o(/ Phonology Forum Japan 2010
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e.g./u/ phonetically
French and Japanese /u/ /bu˘mu/ different
– 2.1. Acoustic data – 2.2. Identification by native listeners of French 2
KAMIYAMA Takeki
Phonology Forum Japan 2010
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Perceptual difficulties of the French vowels by Japanese-speaking learners R é p o n s e 2) Close-mid and open-mid vowels (28%)
3) /u/ /y/ /ø/ (17%)
5
1) (stimuli of) Nasal vowels (33% of the confusions) 5 listeners x 8 tokens (= (2 female + 2 male spk.) x 2 repetitions) KAMIYAMA Takeki
Phonology Forum Japan 2010
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French /u/ /y/ /ø/: a native speaker
/u/ phonetically different
/u/
Focal vowels: grouping of formants -> reinforcement of energy
/u/ fr Acoustically central
F1/F2
KAMIYAMA Takeki
Loanword adaptation of the French /u y ø/ in Japanese
French and Japanese /u/: /ø/ Locuteur natiftongue position and lips
Japanese /u/ /basude/
French /u/
23/08/2010
• Experiments : 2. production of /u y ø/ by Japanese-speaking learners
• /u/ > /u/ ｢ウ｣ : e.g. « Ourcq » /u!k/ > /uruku/ (「ウルク」) • /y/ > /ju/ ｢ユ｣ : e.g. « Hugo » /y"o/ > /ju(R)"oR/ (「ユゴー／ユーゴー」) • /ø/ > /u/ ｢ウ｣ : e.g. « Eugène » /ø#$n/ > /u(R)zjeRnu/ (「ウジェーヌ／ウージェーヌ」)
/u/ [)*]
/e/
Phonology Forum Japan 2010
– 1.1. Perception of phones around the French /u/: differences between Japanese-speaking and French-speaking listeners – 1.2. Discrimination of /u y ø/ by Japanesespeaking learners
Stimuli
• 13 vowels in
• Background • Experiments : 1. perception of /u y ø/
• To elucidate the difficulties in perception and production of vowels that could be considered as phonemically and/or phonetically “new” or not in a foreign language: the case of French close and close-mid rounded vowels /u y ø/ in isolation, learnt by Japanese-speaking learners.
KAMIYAMA Takeki Laboratoire de Phonétique et Phonologie (UMR7018) / Paris 3
[email protected]
Front rounded French vowels Parisian
Outline
Objective
Pronunciation of French vowels by Japanese speakers learning French as a foreign language: back and front rounded vowels /u y ø/
/y/
/ø/
Non-focal vowel: no grouping of formants (acoustically central) F2/F3 F3
F2 > 1000 Hz
F2 F1/F2 F1 • Wioland (1991)
KAMIYAMA Takeki
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KAMIYAMA Takeki
• Uemura (1990) Phonology Forum Japan 2010
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KAMIYAMA Takeki
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Combination of the features [back] and [round]: loanword adaptation of French /y/ in Japanese and Korean
“new” and “similar” phones
Acquisition of the French /u y ø/ by Japanese-speaking learners: perception
• "New" L2 phones have no counterpart in the L1 and so, by definition, differ acoustically from phones found in L1. ex. French /y/ to (American) English speakers
• Goodness of discrimination expected by PAM (Perceptual Assimilation Model); Best et al. (1995)
/u/-/y/
/y/-/ø/
• "Similar" L2 phones, on the other hand, differ systematically from an easily identifiable counterpart in L1. ex. French /u/ to English speakers
/u/-/ø/
• … equivalence classification limits the extent to which L2 learners approximate L2 phonetics norms for "similar" L2 phones judged to be realizations of a category in L1 (e.g. French /u/ by AmE /u/). KAMIYAMA Takeki
Phonology Forum Japan 2010
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/u y ø/ in L2 French and the phonemic counterparts in L1 (American) English and L1 Japanese
L1 Japanese
F1/F2 < 1000 Hz
«!similar!»!: acoustically central vowel, F2 > 1000 Hz
/y/
F2/F3 around 1900 Hz
/ø/
Acoustically central vowel, with F2 around 1500 Hz
«!??!»: no phonemic counterpart (assimilated to /-/)
KAMIYAMA Takeki
«!new!»!: no phonemic counterpart (adapted as /ju/)
Difficulty?
Flege 1987
Difficulty?
L1 English «!similar!»: /u/ F2 > 1000 Hz, diphthongised
«!new!»: no phonemic counterpart (assimilated to /ju/)
«!??!»!: no phonemic counterpart (adapted as /u/ [)]) Lévy (2009)
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Articulatory synthesis (VTCalc)
Phonology Forum Japan 2010
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KAMIYAMA Takeki
Difficulty in production
23/08/2010
• 1. Perception: /u/-/ø/ difficult to distinguish • 2. Production : /u/ difficult to produce
Difficulty in production
Phonémiquement Phonemically identique equivalent identique (same bundle of features) Phonétiquement Phonetically (acoustically) (acoustiquement) similar similaire KAMIYAMA Takeki
/u/ fr
Phonology Forum Japan 2010
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jp
KAMIYAMA Takeki
• Wioland (1991) KAMIYAMA Takeki
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/ø/: /ø/: native speaker
Acoustically central
•
17
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/u/ pronounced by a Jp learner
/ø/ fr
• Uemura (1990) • Wioland (1991) Phonology Forum Japan 2010 23/08/2010
Phonology Forum Japan 2010
/u/: native speaker /u/: Jp learner
F1/F2
16
Flege 1987 12
Phonology Forum Japan 2010
Hypotheses
French and Japanese /u/, French /ø/: tongue position and lips
• Input : 7 articulatory parameters (Maeda 1982) - jaw position Tongue - tongue body position position - tongue shape - tongue tip position - lip aperture Lips - lip protrusion - larynx height Démonstration KAMIYAMA Takeki
Phonology Forum Japan 2010
• Supposed degrees of difficulty
L2 French
Difficulty
/u/
KAMIYAMA Takeki
F2 > 1000 Hz
• /u/ pronounced by a • /ø/ pronounced by Japanese-speaking learner. a native speaker. 18 KAMIYAMA Takeki Phonology Forum Japan 2010 23/08/2010
/u/ pronounced by a native speaker.
3 series of stimuli VTCalc:
modal responses given by Japanese- and French speaking listeners 16 Jp-speaking listeners
Ordre: en fonction de réponse
16 Fr-speaking listeners
/u/ [!] jp
Perception of /u y ø/ by Japanese-speaking learners (discrimination AXB) /u/ /y/ /ø/
/ø/ fr /u/ fr
Acquisition of French /u y ø/ by Japanese-speaking learners: perception • How do Japanese-speaking learners perceive the French /u/ and /ø/?
- advanced + advanced learners
difficulty in perceptual distinction
/œ/ fr
Phonology Forum Japan 2010
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Production of /u y ø/ by 47 Japanese-speaking learners
8 responses x 7 learners x 2 levels (of learning experience) for each vowelKAMIYAMA pair. 20 Takeki Phonology Forum Japan 2010 23/08/2010
/u/
Production of /u y ø/ by 40 female Japanesespeaking learners
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Production of /u/ by 40 female Japanese-speaking learners
- 4 groups of learners - 2 native speakers of French Carrier sentence : «!Je dis /V/ comme dans …!»
• /y/ : 20 learners produced it with close F2/F3 at least once.
fr
/ø/ F1
/y/
• /ø/ : 31 learners produced an acoustically central vocoid, with F2 around 1500 Hz, at least once.
F2
F2
Carrier sentence : «!Je dis /V/ comme dans …!» 22 Phonology Forum Japan 2010 23/08/2010
KAMIYAMA Takeki
/u/ pronounced by 5 Japanese-speaking learners perceived by 16 French listeners (x 4 repetitions)
KAMIYAMA Takeki
fr Forum Japan 2010 Phonology
fr 23/08/2010
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KAMIYAMA Takeki
Acquisition of French /u y ø/ by Japanese-speaking learners: production
Phonology Forum Japan 2010
23/08/2010
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Conclusion • “phonemically equivalent” but “phonetically new” phones would be difficult to learn to pronounce correctly (the French /u/ for Japanese-speaking learners).
• How do Japanese-speaking learners produce the French /u/?
Fr /u/ produced by 2 jp learners (female) female)
F2
/u/-/ø/
Carrier sentence: «!Je dis /V/ comme dans …!»
• /u/: only 4 learners (out of 47) produced it with close F1/F2 under 1000 Hz.
Fr /u/ produced by 3 jp learners (male)
KAMIYAMA Takeki
/y/-/ø/
F3
KAMIYAMA Takeki
/u/-/y/
others
/u/
/ø/
/ø/
• /u/ is also difficult to distinguish perceptually from /ø/.
difficulty in production
/u/
/ø/
/y/
/u/
F2 of the stimuli KAMIYAMA Takeki
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KAMIYAMA Takeki
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KAMIYAMA Takeki
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