Objects, Projects and People An introduction to design Part 5: People Version 1.1 24.10.2011
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PEOPLE
Objects, projects and people – An introduction to design
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What is a designer?
Objects, projects and people – An introduction to design
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A designer: Brunel
Objects, projects and people – An introduction to design
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A designer: Gustave Eiffel
Objects, projects and people – An introduction to design
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A designer: Lloyd Wright
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A designer: Le Corbusier
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A designer: Kelly Johnson
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A designer: Qian Xueshen
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A designer: Sergei Korelev
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A designer: Werner von Braun
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A designer: other cases Person
Role
Main artefact
Da Vinci
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Scientist , artist, designer
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Only designs.dwarings No realisations
Tsiolkowski
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Russian scientist
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Established key elements of rocket flight and space exploration No realisations
Wright brothers
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Bike manufacturers Designed , realised and demonstrated the first flying aerplane
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The first flying plane
Spivak
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Chief engineer
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XB-70 Valkyrie, an experimental Mach 3 bomber
Hilliker
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Chief engineer
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F-16 Fighting Falcon, a very successful fighter airplane
Designers are mostly known in limited circles and rarely enjoy universal recognition Objects, projects and people – An introduction to design
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What is a designer? • An engineer? • An architect?
Narrow definition – Designer is not a function: it is a role in a project – A designer is somebody who designs
• An artist? • An inventor? • A scientist? • An adviser? • A manager? • An entrepreneur?
Broader definition – Successful designers are more that designers in the strict sense. They have multiple capabilities: • (Helping) in actually realising the artefact • Managing a team • Understanding the technicalities of design • Bringing people together to work towards a single goal
• • Objects, projects and people – An introduction to design
Understanding the real needs of users Convincng sponsor and stakeholders
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What does a designer?
Objects, projects and people – An introduction to design
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Design processes as done by the designer (1) The external/functional view: executing the design task – Planning • Objectives • Scope • Deliverables • Timing • Themes
Sponsors, other stakeholders
Start
Stop
Time
– Monitoring • Progress • Content – Level of detail – Consistency – Adequacy as to the requirements & constraints – Remains to be done
Design process (as a black box)
Design results
Costs
– Producing the final results
In reality, there is a lot of turbulence when designing Objects, projects and people – An introduction to design
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Design processes as done by the designer (2) • This type of design process description describes – the WHAT – but not the HOW – The sequence of the steps to be undertaken
• It is often subject to a lot of interpretation
• It does require a lot of knowledge
• It can usefully serve to check completeness of the design, if not, the progress. Objects, projects and people – An introduction to design
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Design processes as done by the designer (3) The designer The internal view on the design process Expression processes
Cognitive processes Processes . Activation of cognitive content (long-term memory) . Transformation of activated content . Conflict resolution (problem solving) . Evaluation (according to personal & external criteria)
Difficulties . Incompatibility of viewpoints . Language (proper to each domain) . Tensions and pressures between Objects, people projects and people – An introduction to design
Modes . Verbalisation . Sketching . Design notes . Design reports . Drawings . Mock-up/prototype
Interaction processes Interaction with . Documents (e.g. design notes & results, ….) . Data-bases . Objects (five senses) . People (stakeholders, colleagues, experts) Version 1.1 24.10.2011
Media . Own body . Paper . Whiteboard . Computer
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Design processes as done by the designer (4): cognitive Project intent (refinement)
Artefact type
Requrements
Functionality/ utility/services provided
Constraints
Embodiment
Applicable standards
Anticipation of artefact life-cycle
Realisation
Implement-ation
Use Operation Maintenance
Supervision
Cognitive strategies
Working memory/ Design space Activation, projection & enrichment Long-term
Transformation
memory
Evaluation Expression
Constructs &clusters
Design records Re-integration/learning Cognitive processes are governed, amongst other factors, by cognitive economy: identifying for an activity, the cost of the effort to be done against reward of successful completion Objects, projects and people – An introduction to design
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Disposal
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Design processes as done by the designer (5): cognitive Cognitive strategies: – Are about accessing the content of the long-term memory
Possible strategies – Using a specific method – Random access (free-wheeling)
External information resources – Historical research (in the company’s records) – Literature surveys – Mathematical models – Consultations with industry and other companies with related and/or experience
– Brainstorming around certain themes – Recalling design situations (even on the basis of affects/emotions: what was righth? What went wrong? – Recalling situations where associated with relevant artefacts – Association by analogy e.g. sensing objects And…. – Solving an unrelated problem in parallel
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How to represent the (individual) design process? t1
t2
t3
t…
t…
Design as Populating, organising and verifying the design space
Design task
Objects, projects and people – An introduction to design
Evaluating the content of design space
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Who is a designer?
Objects, projects and people – An introduction to design
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The designer as an individual • Profile – Scientist – Engineer (see Vincenti) – Artist
• Characteristics – Competence: 10.000 hours – Passion – Persistence
Objects, projects and people – An introduction to design
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What makes a good designer? • Imaginative • Opportunistic: focused on the goals
Of course, there are different types of designers – More rational (engineers) – More intuitive (artists)
• Drive: a designer is do-er
– In between (architects)
• Persistence (obsession?) • Innovative/creative: inventing • Interest for realisation
It is said takes 10.000 hours before being excellent in a domain of pratice Objects, projects and people – An introduction to design
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Summary: the main concepts • What is a designer? • What does a designer? – Cognitive processes – Interaction processes – Expression processes
• Who is a designer?
Objects, projects and people – An introduction to design
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