Digital communication J.-M Friedt Introduction Radiofrequency (RF) components

Digital communication

Modulations Channel sharing CDMA: example of GPS Pulse compression Link budget

J.-M Friedt FEMTO-ST/time & frequency department

Channel capacity Antenna Digital stream synchronization

[email protected] slides and references at jmfriedt.free.fr

Software processing of radiofrequency signals Bibliographie

March 8, 2018

1 / 116

Digital communication

Objective of this presentation

J.-M Friedt Introduction Radiofrequency (RF) components Modulations Channel sharing CDMA: example of GPS Pulse compression

• Receiving (digital) signals transmitted on a radiofrequency carrier • Characterizing complex signal characteristics defining their modulation scheme • Using software defined radio for receiving analog and digital signals

Link budget Channel capacity Antenna Digital stream synchronization Software processing of radiofrequency signals Bibliographie

Signal source

Souce encoding

Channel encoding

camera microphone sensor

(sampling) compression encryption

error control interleaving

Signal output

Souce decoding

Channel decoding

Modulator AM, FM, PM ...

link budget

Demodulator

decompression

2 / 116

Digital communication

Objective of this presentation

J.-M Friedt Introduction Radiofrequency (RF) components Modulations Channel sharing CDMA: example of GPS

• Receiving (digital) signals transmitted on a radiofrequency carrier • Characterizing complex signal characteristics defining their modulation scheme • Using software defined radio for receiving analog and digital signals s(t) = A(t) cos (ω(t) · t + ϕ(t))

Pulse compression Link budget Channel capacity Antenna Digital stream synchronization Software processing of radiofrequency signals

⇒ AM, FM, PM Tools: • terrestrial digital video broadcast (DVB-T) television receiver RTL2832U + R820T(2) • 25-1750 MHz, 4,2 m −20 0

20

40

60

80

100 68 / 116

Digital communication

Link budget (ground)

J.-M Friedt Introduction Radiofrequency (RF) components Modulations Channel sharing CDMA: example of GPS Pulse compression Link budget

• reflections/multiple paths (destructive interferences, fading) • Fresnel zone (volume in which reflections interfere) q 1 ·d2 r = nλ·d d1 +d2 , n ∈ N (n = 2p additive interferences, n = 2p + 1 destructive interferences) √ • r < λD/2 if D = d1 + d2 (cf near field v.s. far field) • absorption by the environment (water, ground soil)

Channel capacity Antenna

v

Digital stream synchronization Software processing of radiofrequency signals Bibliographie

P

90−θ

v θ

H’

H

R R+r Terre r orbite

Distance d at which an emitter at altitude r can communicate with a receiver: R sin(θ) = r +R and d = R × (π/4 − θ)   R ⇒ d = R arccos r +R where R ' 6400 km (LEO: r = 800 km ⇒ d ' 3000 km) (ISS: r ' 400 km ⇒ d ' 2200 km) (Puy de Dome: r ' 1.5 km ⇒ d ' 140 km) 69 / 116

Digital communication J.-M Friedt

Link budget (ground)

Introduction Radiofrequency (RF) components Modulations Channel sharing CDMA: example of GPS Pulse compression Link budget

• reflections/multiple paths (destructive interferences, fading) • Fresnel zone (volume in which reflections interfere) q 1 ·d2 r = nλ·d d1 +d2 , n ∈ N (n = 2p additive interferences, n = 2p + 1 destructive interferences) √ • r < λD/2 if D = d1 + d2 (cf near field v.s. far field) • absorption by the environment (water, ground soil)

Channel capacity Antenna Digital stream synchronization Software processing of radiofrequency signals Bibliographie

Distance d at which an emitter at altitude r can communicate with a receiver: R sin(θ) = r +R and d = R × (π/4 − θ)   R ⇒ d = R arccos r +R where R ' 6400 km (LEO: r = 800 km ⇒ d ' 3000 km) (ISS: r ' 400 km ⇒ d ' 2200 km) (Puy de Dome: r ' 1.5 km ⇒ d ' 140 km) 70 / 116

Digital communication J.-M Friedt Introduction Radiofrequency (RF) components Modulations Channel sharing CDMA: example of GPS

Beyond the horizon: tropospheric scatter Eiffel Tower: 324 m-high emitter ⇒ 66 km communication range. How to link two transceivers at distances > 100 km ?

Pulse compression Link budget Channel capacity Antenna Digital stream synchronization Software processing of radiofrequency signals

Troposphere: VHF-SHF ( VLF interacting with ionosphere)

Bibliographie

Effective Earth radius increases due to refraction of electromagnetic beam. T.M. Rienzi, Vietnam Studies – Communications Electronics 1962–1970, Department of the Army, 1972 71 / 116

Digital communication J.-M Friedt Introduction Radiofrequency (RF) components Modulations Channel sharing

Beyond the horizon: tropospheric scatter Eiffel Tower: 324 m-high emitter ⇒ 66 km communication range. How to link two transceivers at distances > 100 km ?

CDMA: example of GPS Pulse compression Link budget Channel capacity Antenna Digital stream synchronization Software processing of radiofrequency signals

Standard atmosphere (lower Ns in cold regions): Ns ' 300 ⇒ R ' 8500 km ⇒ d ' 88 km Ns ' 400 ⇒ R ' 11000 km ⇒ d ' 110 km

Bibliographie

Used during the Cold War for long range communication (Alaska, Siberia), made obsolete by satellite communications

Navelex 0101,112, Naval Shore Electronics Criteria – Line of Sight Microwave and Tropospheric Scatter Communication Systems, Department of the Navy (May 1972)

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Alice_Communications_System archive.org/details/land- of- white- alice- 1960 trrlsever.org/SEVER/SV- NOS/sv- nos.html

72 / 116

Digital communication

Channel capacity

J.-M Friedt

18

Introduction Radiofrequency (RF) components

1

Noisy measurement of the signal carrying the information: ∆V

Modulations

2

Amplitude of the received signal: A

CDMA: example of GPS

3

Discrete levels measured: 1 + A/∆V

Pulse compression

4

Transmission bandwidth (Nyquist): 2 · B

Channel sharing

Link budget

Hartley: C = 2B ·log2 (1+A/∆V ) Shannon: C = B · log2 (1 + SNR) (amplitude → power)

Channel capacity Antenna Digital stream synchronization Software processing of radiofrequency signals

Communication bandwidth of GPS (1 MHz bandwidth, -30 dB SNR) 1

SNR = −30 dB = 10−3

2

log2 (1 + SNR) ' SNR if SNR  1

3

106 × 10−3 = 1000 b/s 50 b/s

Bibliographie

18 ocw.mit.edu/courses/electrical-engineering-and-computer-science/ 6-450-principles-of-digital-communications-i-fall-2006/ 73 / 116

Digital communication

Channel capacity

J.-M Friedt Introduction Radiofrequency (RF) components

1

Noisy measurement of the signal carrying the information: ∆V

Modulations

2

Amplitude of the received signal: A

CDMA: example of GPS

3

Discrete levels measured: 1 + A/∆V

Pulse compression

4

Transmission bandwidth (Nyquist): 2 · B

Channel sharing

Link budget Channel capacity Antenna Digital stream synchronization Software processing of radiofrequency signals Bibliographie

Hartley: C = 2B ·log2 (1+A/∆V ) Shannon: C = B · log2 (1 + SNR) (amplitude → power) http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-30746650 : “At a distance of 5bn km and with a 15-watt transmitter, New Horizons will downlink its information at 3,000 bits per second - at best. If you can bear to recall the bad old days of dial-up internet, you’ll realise this is painfully slow.” (9 January 2015, BBC : ’Planet’ Pluto comes into view) 18 18 http://www.mike-willis.com/Tutorial/PF13.htm & http://propagation. ece.gatech.edu/ECE6390/project/Fall2010/Projects/group4/comm.html 74 / 116

Digital communication

Channel capacity

J.-M Friedt Introduction

1

Radiofrequency (RF) components Modulations Channel sharing CDMA: example of GPS

2 3 4

Pulse compression

Noisy measurement of the signal carrying the information: ∆V Amplitude of the received signal: A Discrete levels measured: 1 + A/∆V Transmission bandwidth (Nyquist): 2 · B Hartley: C = 2B ·log2 (1+A/∆V ) Shannon: C = B · log2 (1 + SNR) (amplitude → power)

Link budget Channel capacity Antenna Digital stream synchronization

1

Software processing of radiofrequency signals

2

Bibliographie

3

4 5 6

10 log10 (15 W ) = 42 dBm emitted @ 10 GHz
2 = 20 log10 (d) + 20 log10 (f ) − 147.55 dB in SI FSPL = 4π·d·f c units, so FSPL=306 dB PR = −306 + 42 + 77 = −187 dBm for a 77 dB gain parabola
(70 m diameter dish – G = 4πA/λ2 → 10 · log10 (πD/λ)2 ) Sky background noise: kB T = 1.38 · 10−23 · 20 K = −186 dBm/Hz B×PR R For small SNR, log(1 + SNR) ' SNR ⇒ C ' B×k = kBP·T ∀B B ·T -187-(-186)=-1 dB → 0.8 b/s 75 / 116

Digital communication

Channel capacity

J.-M Friedt Introduction

1

Radiofrequency (RF) components Modulations

2

Channel sharing

3

CDMA: example of GPS

4

Hartley: C = 2B ·log2 (1+A/∆V ) Shannon: C = B · log2 (1 + SNR) (amplitude → power)

Pulse compression Link budget Channel capacity Antenna Digital stream synchronization Software processing of radiofrequency signals

Noisy measurement of the signal carrying the information: ∆V Amplitude of the received signal: A Discrete levels measured: 1 + A/∆V Transmission bandwidth (Nyquist): 2 · B

1 2

3

Bibliographie

4 5 6

10 log10 (15 W ) = 42 dBm emitted @ 10 GHz
2 FSPL = 4π·d·f = 20 log10 (d) + 20 log10 (f ) − 147.55 dB in SI c units, so FSPL=306 dB PR = −306 + 42 + 77 = −187 dBm for a 77 dB gain parabola
(70 m diameter dish – G = 4πA/λ2 → 10 · log10 (πD/λ)2 ) Sky background noise: kB T = 1.38 · 10−23 · 20 K = −186 dBm/Hz B×PR R For small SNR, log(1 + SNR) ' SNR ⇒ C ' B×k = kBP·T ∀B B ·T Addtionnal information: HGA is 2.1 m parabola=47 dBi gain @ 10 GHz ⇒ C = −1 + 47 = 46 dB ⇒ 1046/10 = 40000 bps (3000 bps) 76 / 116

Digital communication J.-M Friedt Introduction Radiofrequency (RF) components Modulations Channel sharing CDMA: example of GPS Pulse compression

Antenna • radiating element replacing the cable between the emitter and the receiver • characteristic dimensions: λ/2 or, if a conducting plane is present, λ/4 by using mirror charges, • characteristics: impedance, directivity, polarization (NEC2, www.nec2.org)

Link budget Channel capacity Antenna Digital stream synchronization Software processing of radiofrequency signals Bibliographie

77 / 116

Digital communication

Antenna

J.-M Friedt Introduction Radiofrequency (RF) components Modulations Channel sharing CDMA: example of GPS Pulse compression

• radiating element replacing the cable between the emitter and the receiver • characteristic dimensions: λ/2 or, if a conducting plane is present, λ/4 by using mirror charges, • characteristics: impedance, directivity, polarization (NEC2, www.nec2.org)

Link budget Channel capacity Antenna Digital stream synchronization Software processing of radiofrequency signals Bibliographie

• Linear polarization (horizontal, e.g. TV) • Linear polarization (vertical, e.g. FM) • Circular polarisation (moving target, e.g. satellite) • Circular polarisation (RHCP v.s LHCP) • linear polarization errror ⇒ PR ∝ cos(ϑ)2 78 / 116

Digital communication

Antenna

J.-M Friedt Introduction Radiofrequency (RF) components Modulations Channel sharing CDMA: example of GPS Pulse compression Link budget Channel capacity Antenna Digital stream synchronization Software processing of radiofrequency signals Bibliographie

• radiating element replacing the cable between the emitter and the receiver • characteristic dimensions: λ/2 or, if a conducting plane is present, λ/4 by using mirror charges, • characteristics: impedance, directivity, polarization (NEC2, www.nec2.org) • Linear polarization (horizontal, e.g. TV) • Linear polarization (vertical, e.g. FM) • Circular polarisation (moving target, e.g. satellite) • Circular polarisation (RHCP v.s LHCP) • linear polarization errror ⇒ PR ∝ cos(ϑ)2 79 / 116

Digital communication

Dipole antenna basics

J.-M Friedt Introduction Radiofrequency (RF) components

Software processing of radiofrequency signals

From the transmission line to the dipole radiating element 18 • Field lines cancel along the λ/2 I transmission line I0 • Field lines add in the radiating element • Maximum current at the feed ligne de transmission point and nul at the end of the radiating element λ/2 • Wire length λ/4 for a dipole of length: λ/2) I = I0 • Linear polarization

Bibliographie

dipole

Modulations Channel sharing CDMA: example of GPS Pulse compression Link budget Channel capacity Antenna Digital stream synchronization

• Z = 73 + j · 42, 5 Ω – shorten dipole to cancel imaginary part

18 C.A. Balanis, Antenna Theory, Analysis and Design, 3rd Ed., Wiley Interscience (2005) 80 / 116

Digital communication

Dipole basics

J.-M Friedt

From the ideal to the real dipole Introduction

140

Radiofrequency (RF) components

120

Modulations

100

115 Re(Z) free space (Ω)

CDMA: example of GPS

’dipole_rayon_freespace.txt’ u ($1*0.1):3

120

Re(Z) (ohms)

Channel sharing

125

’t’ u ($4/$3):5

80 60 40

Pulse compression

110 105 100 95 90 85

20 80

Link budget 0

Channel capacity

75 0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1 h/λ

Antenna

Bibliographie

1.4

1.6

1.8

2

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

rayon (mm) 137 MHz

• Z depends on the radius of the radiating wire and its distance to ground • Simulation example using NEC2:

Digital stream synchronization Software processing of radiofrequency signals

1.2

CM CE GW GE GN EX FR RP EN

dipole : GN=1 pour gnd plane, -1 pour free space 3 1 1 0 0 0

51 -5.4745E-01 0.00E-01 0.1E01 5.47450E-01 0.00E-01 0.1E01 0.1E-2

3 26 0 1.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 1 0 0 1.37000E+02 1.00000E-00 72 72 0 0.00000E+00 0.00000E+00 5.00000E+00 5.00000E+00 81 / 116

Digital communication

Dipole basics

J.-M Friedt Introduction Radiofrequency (RF) components Modulations

Radiation diagram of a dipole (viewed using xnecview) • Free space: null along the dipole axis

Channel sharing CDMA: example of GPS Z Z

Pulse compression

3

Link budget Channel capacity Antenna Digital stream synchronization X

Software processing of radiofrequency signals Bibliographie

Y

Y X

f = 424 MHz

maxgain = 2.18 dBi

vgain = -0.37 dBi

82 / 116

Digital communication

Dipole basics

J.-M Friedt Introduction Radiofrequency (RF) components Modulations Channel sharing CDMA: example of GPS

Radiation diagram of a dipole (viewed using xnecview) • Ground plane: interference fringes ⇒ number of petals = 2·height/λ+1 • Nulls induce signal loss in some directions

Pulse compression Z

Link budget Channel capacity Antenna Digital stream synchronization Software processing of radiofrequency signals Bibliographie X

Y

X

f = 424 MHz

maxgain = 8.38 dBi

vgain = -6.08 dBi

f = 424 MHz

maxgain = 7.87 dBi

vgain = -1.62 dBi

83 / 116

Digital communication

From the ideal dipole to the real dipole

J.-M Friedt Introduction Radiofrequency (RF) components

• impedance matching with a transmission line of characteristic real impedance Z0 ' 50 Ω • Im(Z ) > 0 is inductive, & inductance ∝ length ⇒ shorten the dipole • ground creates a capacitor with the dipole wires

Modulations Channel sharing CDMA: example of GPS Pulse compression

300

Link budget

Antenna

250 200

Re(Z)

Channel capacity

150 100 50

Digital stream synchronization

01 0.8

1.3 0.6

Software processing of radiofrequency signals

altitude

1.2 1.1

0.4 1

0.2

0.9

ratio a lambda/4

0 0.8

Bibliographie

400 300

Im(Z)

200 100 0 -100 -2001 0.8

1.3 0.6

altitude

1.2 1.1

0.4 1

0.2

0.9

ratio a lambda/4

m=1; L =0.175 for long =0.8:0.05:1.2 n =1; f o r a l t i =1e − 2 : 0 . 0 1 : 1 f=f o p e n ( ’ fichier . nec ’ , ’w ’ ) ; f p r i n t f ( f , " CM dipole \ n " ) ; f p r i n t f ( f , " CE \ n " ) ; f p r i n t f ( f , " GW 3 51 -% f 0.00 E -01 % f % f 0.00 E -01 % f → ,→1.00 E -03\ n " , L∗l o n g , a l t i , L∗l o n g , a l t i ) f p r i n t f ( f , " GE 1\ n " ) ; f p r i n t f ( f , " GN 1\ n " ) ; f p r i n t f ( f , " EX 0 3 26 0 1.0 0.0\ n " ) ; f p r i n t f ( f , " FR 0 1 0 0 4.34 E +02 3.0\ n " ) ; f p r i n t f ( f , " RP 0 144 144 0 0.0 0.0 2.5 2.5\ n " ) ; f p r i n t f ( f , " EN \ n " ) ; fclose ( f ) ; s y s t e m ( ’ nec2c -i fichier . nec -o sort . out ’ ) ; s y s t e m ( ’ grep - A2 OHMS sort . out | tail -1 > res ’ ) ; load res i m p e d a n c e r e e l ( n ,m)=r e s ( 7 ) ; i m p e d a n c e i m a g ( n ,m)=r e s ( 8 ) ; n=n+1 end m=m+1 end

0 0.8

84 / 116

Digital communication

Antenna

J.-M Friedt Introduction Radiofrequency (RF) components Modulations Channel sharing CDMA: example of GPS Pulse compression Link budget Channel capacity

• a radiating element replaces the cable between the emitter and the receiver • characteristic dimensions: λ/2 or, over a conducting plane, λ/4 by using mirror charges, • impedance, directivity, polarization (NEC2, www.nec2.org) # freq. Zr Zi SWR gain f/b phi theta 220 26.1 2.2 1.9 10.47 0 76.5  2 PR SWR−1 RE = SWR+1

Antenna Digital stream synchronization

X

Z

Software processing of radiofrequency signals Bibliographie

X f = 220 MHz maxgain = 10.47 dBi vgain = -5.85 dBi

f = 220 MHz maxgain = 10.47 dBi vgain = -1.91 dBi

85 / 116

Digital communication J.-M Friedt Introduction Radiofrequency (RF) components

Optimizing antenna geometry Let us assume that we are not aware of parabola characteristics ... how can we optimize the position of the feed ? 19

240 f u n c t i o n maxgain=p a r a b o l e o p t i m ( y d i p o l e ) 207 206 208 205 209 f r e q =1500; % f r e q u e n c y i n MHz 176 178 210 204 180 174 211 172 203 lambda =300/ f r e q ; 182 173 170 171 212 175 184 169 177 168 Channel sharing p = 0 . 3 ; % f o c a l p o i n t p o s i t i o n 1/(4∗ p ) 128 167 130 179 132 213 186 126 166 181 165 124 134 214 125 123 122 188 d t h e t a =10; 136 183 121 163 164 129 82 127 80 120 119 215 131 84 CDMA: example d r = 0 . 1 ; 190 185 138 117 118 78 162200 133 86 187 140 76 77 75 73 74 115 116 161 192 135 88 199 79 32 189142 193 72 71 160 90 81 34 of GPS 137 69 139 92 146 70 n =13; % p o i n t s / s e g m e n t 114159 198 85 8338 36 195 29 30 194 191 67 28 26 158 144141 2725 87 4240 148 68 113 157 197156 23 94 2422 112 145 91 21 150 31 44 196 89 33 111 98 19 35 66 143 96 93100 37 149 152 147 43 46 155 6564109 154 20 r a d=lambda / 1 0 0 ; 110 39 45 97 5095 48 102 153 63 471 3101 241 17 16186162 108 99 52 49 12 151 15 107 Pulse 54 5 81041011 51 106 13 1459 60 9103 4 6 53 56 7 55 58 57 105 r =[ d r : d r :1− d r ] ; t h e t a = [ 0 : d t h e t a :360− d t h e t a ]∗ p i / 1 8 0 ; compression x1=r ’∗ c o s ( t h e t a ) ; y1=r ’∗ s i n ( t h e t a ) ; r 1=a b s ( x1+i ∗y1 ) ; z1=p∗r 1 . ˆ 2 ; Y X t h e t a =[ d t h e t a : d t h e t a : 3 6 0 ] ∗ p i / 1 8 0 ; Link budget x2=r ’∗ c o s ( t h e t a ) ; y2=r ’∗ s i n ( t h e t a ) ; r 2=a b s ( x2+i ∗y2 ) ; z2=p∗r 2 . ˆ 2 ; Channel capacity r =[ d r+d r : d r : 1 ] ; t h e t a = [ 0 : d t h e t a :360− d t h e t a ]∗ p i / 1 8 0 ; x3=r ’∗ c o s ( t h e t a ) ; y3=r ’∗ s i n ( t h e t a ) ; r 3=a b s ( x3+i ∗y3 ) ; z3=p∗r 3 . ˆ 2 ; Antenna t h e t a =[ d t h e t a : d t h e t a : 3 6 0 ] ∗ p i / 1 8 0 ; x4=r ’∗ c o s ( t h e t a ) ; y4=r ’∗ s i n ( t h e t a ) ; r 4=a b s ( x4+i ∗y4 ) ; z4=p∗r 4 . ˆ 2 ; Digital stream f=f o p e n ( ’ entree . nec ’ , ’w ’ ) ; synchronization [ u , v ]= s i z e ( x1 ) ; f p r i n t f ( f , " CM parabole \ n " ) ; Software f p r i n t f ( f , " CE \ n " ) ; processing of i n c =1; radiofrequency f o r k =1:u−1 signals f o r l =1: v f p r i n t f ( f , " SP 0 3 % f % f % f % f % f % f \ n " , x1 ( k , l ) , y1 ( k , l ) , z1 ( k , l ) , x2 ( k , l ) , y2 ( k , l ) , z2 ( k , l ) ) ; Bibliographie

Modulations

... s y s t e m ( ’/ usr / bin / nec2c -i input . nec -o output . out && cat output . out | tail -186 | head -180 |→ ,→ cut -c 1 -46 > output . octave ’ ) ; x=l o a d ( ’ output . octave ’ ) maxgain=max ( x ( : , 3 ) ) maxgain =1/ maxgain ;

19 J.-M Friedt, Mod´ elisation et utilisation d’une parabole : application au wifi, Opensilicium 20 pp.44–55 (2016)

86 / 116

Digital communication

optimizing antenna geometry

J.-M Friedt Introduction

NEC2 for optimizing the radiating element (feed) position ?

20

25

Radiofrequency (RF) components

init=4 m init=1.4 m

Modulations 20

Channel sharing 240 207

Pulse compression Link budget Channel capacity

206 208 205 209 176 178 210 204 180 174 211 172 203 182 173 170 171 212 175 184 169 177 168 128 167 130 179 132 213 186 126 166 181 165 124 134 214 125 123 122 188 183 136 121 163 127 164 129 82 120 80 119 215 131 84 190 185 138 117 118 78 162200 133 86 187 140 76 77 75 73 74 115 116 161 192 135 88 199 79 32 189142 193 72 71 160 90 81 34 137 69 139 92 146 70 114159 198 85 8338 36 195 29 30 194 191 67 28 26 158 144141 2725 87 4240 148 68 113 157 197156 23 94 145 91 21 150 3533 31 44 196 111112 98 19 24 22 66 143 9689 37 147 46 155 93 65 43 154 20 110 100 39 45 152 97 50 64109 95 48 102 153 63 471 149 241 17 16186162 108 99 52 49 12 5 810410151 15 107 543101 51 106 13 1459 11 60 9103 4 6 53 56 7 55 58 57 105

gain max (dB)

CDMA: example of GPS

15

10

Y

Antenna

X

5

Digital stream synchronization 0

Software processing of radiofrequency signals Bibliographie

0

2

4 ordonnee du dipole (m)

6

8

f r e q =1500; % f r e q u e n c y i n MHz % f r e q =10000; % f r e q u e n c y i n MHz lambda =300/ f r e q ; p = 0 . 3 ; % f o c a l p o i n t p o s i t i o n 1/(4∗ p ) d t h e t a =10; dr =0.1; n =13; % p o i n t s / s e g m e n t X0 = 1 . 4 ; % y d i p o l e i n i t i a l i z a t i o n Xopt=f m i n s e a r c h ( ’ parabol e_optim ’ , X0 ) ; p r i n t f ( " optimization =% f theory =% f \ n " , Xopt , 1 / ( 4 ∗ p ) )

20 J.-M Friedt, Mod´ elisation et utilisation d’une parabole : application au wifi, Opensilicium 20 pp.44–55 (2016)

87 / 116

Digital communication

Dipole basics

J.-M Friedt Introduction Radiofrequency (RF) components Modulations Channel sharing CDMA: example of GPS Pulse compression Link budget Channel capacity Antenna Digital stream synchronization

From linear to circular polarization: two crossed dipoles phase shifted by 90◦ . • One of the transceiver is mobile (drone, satellite ...), • the power exchanged by the two transceivers in linear polarization depends on relative angle ϑ as cos(ϑ)2 , • hence, loss of signal if polarizations are orthogonal.

Software processing of radiofrequency signals

hans.mayer.tv/html/ crossdipole137.html

Bibliographie

A, B, C, D: 510 mm E: 50 Ω, 361 mm F: 75 Ω × 2, 361 mm G: 50 Ω

http://jcoppens.com/ant/qfh/img/noaa17qfh.jpg

88 / 116

Digital communication

The monopole

J.-M Friedt

• Mirror charge principle : a radiating element located over a conducting plane is equivalent to this radiating element + its copy mirrored by symmetry wrt metallic plane, meeting the conditions for a cancellation (zero) of the electric field in the metal • monopole = radiating element over a ground plane ... • taking advantage of the virtual mirror charges to convert the monopole into a dipole • radiating element in horn antennas 21

Introduction Radiofrequency (RF) components Modulations Channel sharing CDMA: example of GPS Pulse compression Link budget Channel capacity

1

1

Antenna Digital stream synchronization Software processing of radiofrequency signals

+Q

0.5

+Q

0.5

+Q

+Q 0

0

−Q

−Q +Q

Bibliographie

−0.5

−Q

−0.5

+Q

conducteur

−1

−1 −1

21 J.D.

−0.5

0

0.5

1

−1

−0.5

0

0.5

1

Kraus & K.R. Carver, Electromagnetics, McGraw-Hill (1981), p.295 89 / 116

Digital communication

Antennas in complex media

J.-M Friedt Introduction Radiofrequency (RF) components Modulations Channel sharing CDMA: example of GPS Pulse compression Link budget Channel capacity Antenna Digital stream synchronization Software processing of radiofrequency signals

• NEC2 can only handle wire-antennas in air √ • homogeneous dielectric media: scale by n = εr • heterogeneous media or radiating surfaces: FDTD (Finite Difference–Time Domain) • excitation of the radiating element by a broadband pulse and system response obtained by FFT (time domain response) • free software implementation: GPRMax 3D (www.gprmax.com/) #t i t l e : Bowtie antenna #domain : 0 . 1 0 0 . 0 5 0 0 . 2 0 0 #d x d y d z : 0 . 0 0 1 0 . 0 0 1 0 . 0 0 1 #t i m e w i n d o w : 60 e−9 #waveform : g a u s s i a n 1 1 e9 m y p u l s e #t r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e : z 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 2 5 0 . 1 0 0 73 m y p u l s e

Bibliographie #t r i a n g l e : 0 . 0 0 6 2 5 0 . 0 2 5 0 . 0 2 5 0 . 0 9 3 7 5 0 0 . 0 2 5 0 . 0 2 5 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 2 5 0 . 1 0 0 0 p e c #t r i a n g l e : 0 . 0 0 6 2 5 0 . 0 2 5 0 . 1 7 5 0 . 0 9 3 7 5 0 0 . 0 2 5 0 . 1 7 5 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 2 5 0 . 1 0 1 0 p e c #p l a t e : 0.049 0.025 0.09 0.051 0.025 0.100 pec #p l a t e : 0.049 0.025 0.101 0.051 0.025 0.11 pec #g e o m e t r y v i e w : 0 . 0 0 1 0 . 0 2 0 0 . 0 2 0 0 . 1 0 0 . 0 2 5 0 . 1 8 0 0 . 0 0 1 0 . 0 0 1 0 . 0 0 1 a n t e n n a w i r e d i p o l e f s f

90 / 116

Digital communication

Digital stream synchronization

J.-M Friedt Introduction Radiofrequency (RF) components Modulations Channel sharing

1

Synchronizing LO on RF: demodulation

CDMA: example of GPS

2

Nominal datarate generated by a remote oscillator on the emitter ⇒ synchronization of the sampling times on the receiver

3

Startup sequence (“start bit”): ACARS 16-char long pre-key

4

Feedback on bit transitions (clock recovery)

Pulse compression Link budget Channel capacity Antenna

Emitter

Digital stream synchronization Software processing of radiofrequency signals Bibliographie

Receiver

bits

bits ? Tbits

T =Tbits ?

RF

LO=RF ?

91 / 116

Digital communication

Digital mode demodulation: ACARS (prototyping)

J.-M Friedt Introduction Radiofrequency (RF) components Modulations Channel sharing

How to convert the raw signal to a useful information

22

?

CDMA: example of GPS ACARS

Pulse compression

250

Link budget

200

Antenna Digital stream synchronization Software processing of radiofrequency signals Bibliographie

signal apres AM demod.

Channel capacity 150

100

50

0 571400

571600

571800 572000 temps (48000 points/s)

572200

572400

22 J.-M Friedt, G. Goavec-M´ erou, La r´ eception radiofr´ equence d´ efinie par logiciel (Software Defined Radio – SDR), GNU/Linux Magazine France 153 (Octobre 2012), pp.4-33, available at http://jmfriedt.free.fr/lm_sdr.pdf 92 / 116

Digital communication

Digital mode demodulation: ACARS (prototyping)

J.-M Friedt Introduction Radiofrequency (RF) components Modulations Channel sharing

• Description of the modulation: www.radioscanner.ru/files/download/file4094/acars.pdf

CDMA: example of GPS Pulse compression Link budget Channel capacity Antenna

• Modulation:

Digital stream synchronization Software processing of radiofrequency signals Bibliographie

R1

0 Rsin(2πt) · sin(πt) ∝ 01 (cos(3πt) − cos(πt)) = (sin(3π)−sin(0))−(sin(π)−sin(0)) = 0

•

but R1

0 Rsin(2πt) · sin(2πt) ∝ 01 (cos(4πt) − cos(0)) = (sin(4π) − sin(0)) + (1)) 6= 0

93 / 116

Digital communication

Digital mode demodulation: ACARS (prototyping)

J.-M Friedt Introduction Radiofrequency (RF) components Modulations Channel sharing

• Description of the modulation: www.radioscanner.ru/files/download/file4094/acars.pdf

CDMA: example of GPS Pulse compression Link budget Channel capacity Antenna

• Encoding:

Digital stream synchronization Software processing of radiofrequency signals Bibliographie

•

Application of two convolutional filters, one centered on 2400 Hz and the other on 1200 Hz ⇒ most probable bit value found by threshold (Octave’s conv())

94 / 116

Digital communication J.-M Friedt Introduction Radiofrequency (RF) components Modulations Channel sharing CDMA: example of GPS Pulse compression

Digital mode demodulation: ACARS (gnuradio)

Beyond using available processing blocks: use GNURadio’s basic blocks (demodulation) and add custom functionnalities: 1

record demodulated as (binary audio) baseband file

2

prototype signal processing algorithms in an interpreted language (GNU/Octave, SciPy)

3

convert functional algorithms to C(++) : accumulate enough samples and process the usable fraction (rotating FIFO buffer)

4

comply with gnuradio-companion architecture

Link budget Channel capacity Antenna Digital stream synchronization Software processing of radiofrequency signals Bibliographie

95 / 116

Digital communication J.-M Friedt Introduction Radiofrequency (RF) components Modulations Channel sharing CDMA: example of GPS Pulse compression

Digital mode demodulation: ACARS (gnuradio) Beyond using available processing blocks: use GNURadio’s basic blocks (demodulation) and add custom functionnalities: 1

record demodulated as (binary audio) baseband file

2

prototype signal processing algorithms in an interpreted language (GNU/Octave, SciPy)

3

convert functional algorithms to C(++) : accumulate enough samples and process the usable fraction (rotating FIFO buffer)

4

comply with gnuradio-companion architecture

Link budget Channel capacity Antenna Digital stream synchronization Software processing of radiofrequency signals Bibliographie

96 / 116

Digital communication

Constellation diagram

J.-M Friedt Introduction Radiofrequency (RF) components Modulations Channel sharing CDMA: example of GPS Pulse compression Link budget Channel capacity Antenna Digital stream synchronization

• I/Q coefficients represented in the complex plane (e.g. QPSK • AM = distance from origin, PM = angle with respect to X-axis • Vizual clue of the ability to separate symbols in a noisy communication channel • Importance of synchronizing bit-generator (emitter) and sampling (receiver) clocks: rotation of the constellation if synchronization is not achieved

23

)

Software processing of radiofrequency signals Bibliographie

23 Balint’s

4th tutorial on YouTube

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JMEyN_lvaiE

97 / 116

Digital communication

Constellation diagram

J.-M Friedt Introduction Radiofrequency (RF) components Modulations Channel sharing CDMA: example of GPS Pulse compression Link budget Channel capacity Antenna Digital stream synchronization

• I/Q coefficients represented in the complex plane (e.g. QPSK • AM = distance from origin, PM = angle with respect to X-axis • Vizual clue of the ability to separate symbols in a noisy communication channel • Importance of synchronizing bit-generator (emitter) and sampling (receiver) clocks: rotation of the constellation if synchronization is not achieved

23

)

Software processing of radiofrequency signals Bibliographie

23 Balint’s

4th tutorial on YouTube

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JMEyN_lvaiE 98 / 116

Digital communication

Constellation diagram

J.-M Friedt Introduction Radiofrequency (RF) components Modulations Channel sharing CDMA: example of GPS Pulse compression Link budget Channel capacity Antenna Digital stream synchronization Software processing of radiofrequency signals Bibliographie

No Costas

Costas

Costas+noise 99 / 116

Digital communication J.-M Friedt

Constellation diagram

Introduction Radiofrequency (RF) components Modulations Channel sharing CDMA: example of GPS Pulse compression Link budget Channel capacity Antenna Digital stream synchronization Software processing of radiofrequency signals Bibliographie

100 / 116

Digital communication J.-M Friedt

Data stream synchro. (RDS)

Introduction Radiofrequency (RF) components Modulations Channel sharing CDMA: example of GPS Pulse compression Link budget Channel capacity Antenna Digital stream synchronization Software processing of radiofrequency signals Bibliographie

Practical demo on Radio Campus, 102.4 MHz: filter and digital stream synchro. 101 / 116

Digital communication J.-M Friedt

Data stream synchro. (RDS)

Introduction Radiofrequency (RF) components Modulations Channel sharing CDMA: example of GPS Pulse compression Link budget Channel capacity Antenna Digital stream synchronization Software processing of radiofrequency signals Bibliographie

RDS: 57 kHz sub-carrier, 1187.5 bps, differential Manchester. 102 / 116

Digital communication

Software defined radio (SDR)

J.-M Friedt Introduction Radiofrequency (RF) components Modulations Channel sharing CDMA: example of GPS Pulse compression Link budget

• gnuradio and its associated graphical environment gnuradio-companion provide the basic tools for signal prcessing prototyping (acquisition, filters, demodulation, audio and file outputs). • EZCAP 25 based on E4000 and R820T frontends (≤20 $ DVB-T receiver on USB thanks to the RTL2832U) is a general purpose radiofrequency receiver with(out) IF, providing a dual 2.5 MS/s ADC. 24

Channel capacity Antenna Digital stream synchronization Software processing of radiofrequency signals Bibliographie

24 gnuradio.org 25 J.-M Friedt, G. Goavec-M´ erou, La r´ eception radiofr´ equence d´ efinie par logiciel (Software Defined Radio – SDR) GNU/Linux Magazine France 153 (Octobre 2012), pp.4-33, jmfriedt.free.fr/lm_sdr.pdf 103 / 116

Digital communication

Hardware → software

J.-M Friedt Introduction Radiofrequency (RF) components Modulations Channel sharing CDMA: example of GPS Pulse compression

• • • • •

VCO → NCO (sin(2 · π · f · t) → sin(ϕ) o` u ϕ = 2 · π · f · t[2π]) mixer → × (low pass) filter → FIR rectifier → abs() P convolution : x(k) · motif (n − k) = iFFT (FFT (x) · FFT (motif ))

Link budget Channel capacity Antenna Digital stream synchronization Software processing of radiofrequency signals Bibliographie

Flexible, reconfigurable, stable

104 / 116

Digital communication

FM demodulation (PLL) 

J.-M Friedt



• y (t) = sin 2π · fc · t + 2πf∆

Introduction Radiofrequency (RF) components

• si x(τ ) = cos(2π · fm t): 

Modulations Channel sharing

y (t) = sin 2π · fc · t +

CDMA: example of GPS

• modulation index kf =

Pulse compression

message 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 0.002

0.004 0.006 time (s)

0.008

0

0

0.004 0.006 time (s)

0.008

0.01

%C r e a t e t h e m e s s a g e s i g n a l f 1 =100; % Modulating frequency msg=s i n (2∗ p i ∗f 1∗t ) ;

1 0.5

kf =.0628; % Modulation index S=e x p ( j ∗(2∗ p i ∗ f ∗t+2∗ p i ∗k f∗cumsum ( msg ) ) ) ; C=e x p ( j ∗(2∗ p i ∗ f ∗t ) ) ;% Unmodulated c a r r i e r

0 -0.5 -1

0.002

0.004 0.006 time (s)

0.008

0.01

0

Phase detecter output

0.002

0.004 0.006 time (s)

0.008

0.01

kp = 0 . 1 5 ; k i = 0 . 1 ; % Loop P & I c o n s t a n t s p h i ( 1 ) =30; e ( 1 ) =0; phd ( 1 ) =0; v c o ( 1 ) =0;

Unmodulated Carrier 1 Amplitude

1 Amplitude

0.002

VCO Output (PLL tracking)

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 -0.2 -0.4 0

Bibliographie

f =1000; % Carrier frequency f s =100000; % Sample f r e q u e n c y N=1001; % Number o f s a m p l e s t = [ 0 : 1 / f s : ( N/ f s −1/ f s ) ] ;

-0.5

0.01

Amplitude

Amplitude

Software processing of radiofrequency signals



: kf  1 ⇒NFM, kf > 1 ⇒WBFM

0.5

PLL Integrator Output

Digital stream synchronization

cos(2πfm t)

-1 0

Antenna

x(τ )dτ

1 Amplitude

Amplitude

Channel capacity

0

FM modulated carrier

1

Link budget

f∆ fm f∆ fm

Rt

0.5 0 -0.5 -1

0.5 0 -0.5 -1

0

0.002

0.004 0.006 time (s)

0.008

0.01

0

0.002

0.004 0.006 time (s)

0.008

0.01

f o r n =2: l e n g t h ( S ) % PLL i m p l e m e n t a t i o n v c o ( n )=c o n j ( e x p ( j ∗(2∗ p i ∗n∗ f / f s+p h i ( n−1)) ) ) ; phd ( n )=imag ( S ( n )∗v c o ( n ) ) ; % VCO x S i n p u t e ( n )=e ( n−1)+(kp+k i )∗phd ( n )−k i ∗phd ( n−1) ;% P I p h i ( n )=p h i ( n−1)+e ( n ) ; % Update VCO end ;

26 26 http://fr.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/24167- simple- pll- demostration/content/simple_PLL.m 105 / 116

Digital communication

FM demodulation

J.-M Friedt Introduction Radiofrequency (RF) components

Baseband (RF mixer output) I/Q signal is Z

then

Pulse compression

Xn ·

Link budget

∗ Xn+1

Z

Bibliographie

m(τ )dτ n·Ts

and

Digital stream synchronization Software processing of radiofrequency signals

!

(n+1)·Ts

= A · exp j∆ω · Ts + jD

Channel capacity Antenna

m(τ )dτ −∞

Channel sharing CDMA: example of GPS

t

X (t) = A · exp(j∆ω · t + jϕ(t)) with ϕ(t) = D

Modulations

Z

(n+1)·Ts

m(τ )dτ ' Ts · m(n · Ts ) (rectangle) n·Ts

so that 1 ∗ arg(Xn · Xn+1 ) = ∆ω · Ts + D · Ts ·m(n · Ts ) which is multiplied with | {z } | {z } Ts offset

gain

This is the quadrature FM demodulator implementation of GNURadio

27

27 D. Bederov, Arithmetic based implementation of a quadrature FM Demodulator, ` a https://fosdem.org/2015/schedule/event/sdr_arithmetic/ 106 / 116

Digital communication

FM demodulation (without PLL)

J.-M Friedt

1

Radiofrequency (RF) components Modulations

message

Introduction

0.5 0 -0.5 -1

Channel sharing

0 CDMA: example of GPS

Link budget

Software processing of radiofrequency signals Bibliographie

0.008

0.01

0.006

0.008

0.01

0.006

0.008

0.01

0.5 0 -0.5 -1

S(2:end).*conj(S(1:end-1))

Digital stream synchronization

0.006

1

Channel capacity Antenna

0.004 time (s)

FM signal

Pulse compression

0.002

0

0.002

0.004 time (s)

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 -0.2 -0.4 0

0.002

0.004

f =1000; f s =100000; N=1001; t = [ 0 : 1 / f s : ( N/ f s −1/ f s ) ] ; f 1 =100; % Modulating frequency msg=s i n (2∗ p i ∗f 1∗t ) ; kf =.0628; % Modulation index S=e x p ( j ∗(2∗ p i ∗ f ∗t+2∗ p i ∗k f∗cumsum ( msg ) ) ) ; p l o t ( a n g l e ( S ( 2 : end ) .∗ c o n j ( S ( 1 : end −1)) ) )

time (s)

• FM demodulation is achieved with a single line of code ! • Issue with computing the angle function which requires trigonometric functions. 107 / 116

Digital communication

FM demodulation (without PLL)

J.-M Friedt

1

Radiofrequency (RF) components Modulations

message

Introduction

0.5 0 -0.5 -1

Channel sharing

0 CDMA: example of GPS

Link budget

Software processing of radiofrequency signals Bibliographie

0.008

0.01

0.006

0.008

0.01

0.006

0.008

0.01

0.5 0 -0.5 -1

S(2:end).*conj(S(1:end-1))

Digital stream synchronization

0.006

1

Channel capacity Antenna

0.004 time (s)

FM signal

Pulse compression

0.002

0

0.002

0.004 time (s)

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 -0.2 -0.4 0

0.002

0.004

f =1000; f s =100000; N=1001; t = [ 0 : 1 / f s : ( N/ f s −1/ f s ) ] ; f 1 =100; % Modulating frequency msg=s i n (2∗ p i ∗f 1∗t ) ; kf =.0628; % Modulation index S=e x p ( j ∗(2∗ p i ∗ f ∗t+2∗ p i ∗k f∗cumsum ( msg ) ) ) ;

time (s)

• FM demodulation is achieved with a single line of code ! •

dXn dt

·Xn∗ = jA2 (2π∆f + D · m(nTs ))

p l o t ( imag ( d i f f ( S ( 1 : end ) ) .∗ c o n j ( S ( 1 : end −1)) ) )

https://video.fosdem.org/2015/devroom-software_defined_radio/sdr_arithmetic.mp4 108 / 116

Digital communication J.-M Friedt Introduction Radiofrequency (RF) components

Limitations of the software approach

Modulations Channel sharing CDMA: example of GPS Pulse compression Link budget Channel capacity Antenna Digital stream synchronization Software processing of radiofrequency signals Bibliographie

• limitation on the sampling rate (measurement bandwidth) • sound card ≤ 192 kS/s (16 bits), DVB-T ≤ 2,3 MS/s (8 bits), fast ADC (250–310 MS/s) • processing bandwidth (RAM to CPU transfer, processing by the CPU) • measurement dynamic range (8 bits=48 dB, 10 bits=60 dB, 16 bits=96 dB): a signal below the quantization resolution cannot be retrived during post-processing but once these limitations are identified, flexibility in prototyping and implementing radiofrequency processing algorithms.

109 / 116

Digital communication J.-M Friedt Introduction Radiofrequency (RF) components Modulations Channel sharing CDMA: example of GPS Pulse compression Link budget Channel capacity Antenna Digital stream synchronization Software processing of radiofrequency signals

Radiofrequency communication • high power consumption ⇒ consider power saving strategies ⇒ data storage and compression • lower reliability than wired links • various technologies depending on the objectives: radiomodems, wifi, bluetooth/zigbee • selecting the right technology depends on the purpose. Consider redunduncy (local storage). • variable performances whether the system is static or mobile • the lower the carrier frequency, the longer the communication range but the larger the antenna • security ?

Bibliographie

110 / 116

Primary FIXED Capital Letters

Secondary Mobile 1st Capital with lower case letters

DESCRIPTION

This chart is a graphic single-point-in-time portrayal of the Table of Frequency Allocations used by the FCC and NTIA. As such, it does not completely reflect all aspects, i.e. footnotes and recent changes made to the Table of Frequency Allocations. Therefore, for complete information, users should consult the Table to determine the current status of U.S. allocations.

National Telecommunications and Information Administration Office of Spectrum Management

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

August 2011

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone toll free (866) 512-1800; Washington, DC area (202) 512-1800 Facsimile: (202) 512-2250 Mail: Stop SSOP, Washington, DC 20402-0001

THIS CHART WAS CREATED BY DELMON C. MORRISON JUNE 1, 2011

Standard Frequency and Time Signal Satellite (space-to-Earth)

30GHz SPACE

(active)

Radio location

Space research (active) (space-to-Earth) (Earth-to-space)

FIXEDSATELLITE (space-to-Earth) RESEARCH SPACE

satellite Mobile-

(space-to-Earth)

FIXED-SATELLITE (space-to-Earth)

MOBILE-

(space-to-Earth) SATELLITE

AMATEUR

FIXED

MOBILE**

FIXED FIXED

MOBILE EARTH EXPLORATIONSATELLITE (passive)

MOBILE

AMATEUR-SATELLITE

FIXED FIXED FIXED FIXED

MOBILE MOBILE MOBILE

FIXED

MOBILE

FIXED

ISM - 61.25± 0.25 GHz

FIXED

MOBILE SATELLITE (space-toEarth)

FIXEDSATELLITE FIXED (space-toEarth) MOBILE Space research (space-toEarth)

BROADCASTING SATELLITE

BROADCASTING

FIXEDFIXEDSATELLITE SATELLITE (Earth-to-space) (Earth-to-space)

ASTRONOMY (Earth-to-space)

MOBILESATELLITE

Space research (space-to-Earth)

FIXED

MOBILE

FIXED RADIO ASTRONOMY

RADIOLOCATION

SPACE RESEARCH (passive)

RADIO ASTRONOMY SPACE RESEARCH (active)

RADIOLOCATION MOBILE

MOBILE EARTH EXPLORATIONSATELLITE (active)

FIXED

EARTH EXPLORATIONSATELLITE (passive) RADIO ASTRONOMY

RADIO

RADIOLOCATION

ASTRONOMY RADIO

RADIONAVIGATION

RADIOLOCATION

RADIONAVIGATIONSATELLITE

ISM - 122.5± 0.500 GHz

INTERRADIOSATELLITE NAVIGATIONSATELLITE

Radio astronomy MOBILE FIXED

FIXED

SPACE RESEARCH (passive)

(space-to-Earth)

SATELLITE

FIXED-

SPACE RESEARCH (Passive) SPACE RESEARCH (passive)

Standard frequency and time signal satellite (Earth-to-space)

Inter-satellite

MOBILE

RADIOLOCATION

ISM - 245.0± 1 GHz

FIXED FIXED

Mobile

3 GHz FIXED-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space)

INTER-SATELLITE

Mobile-Satellite (Earth-to-space)

Mobile

SPACE RESEARCH

Mobile

(space-to-Earth)

FIXED-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space)

INTER-SATELLITE

FIXED

Inter-satellite

ISM - 2450.0± .50 MHz

MOBILE

FIXED FIXED-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space)

RADIO ASTRONOMY

(Earth-to-space)

Space research (passive)

MOBILE-SATELLITE

Earth explorationsatellite (passive)

RADIO ASTRONOMY

EARTH EXPLORATIONSATELLITE (passive)

RADIO ASTRONOMY

EARTH EXPLORATION SATELLITE (space-to-Earth)

AMATEUR-SATELLITE AMATEUR EARTH EXPLORATION(passive) SATELLITE (passive)

ISM - 40.68 ± .02 MHz

SPACE RESEARCH

MOBILE except aeronautical mobile

MOBILE

FIXED FIXED

FIXED

LAND MOBILE MOBILE

AMATEUR SATELLITE

LAND MOBILE FIXED FIXED

AMATEUR

MOBILE except aeronautical mobile

STANDARD FREQ. AND TIME SIGNAL (2500kHz)

AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R)

MOBILE except aeronautical mobile

NOT ALLOCATED

FIXED

LAND MOBILE

MARITIME MOBILE

MOBILE except aeronautical mobile

FIXED

FIXED

Federal TIS operates at 1610 kHz.

RADIONAVIGATION-SATELLITE

MOBILE except aeronautical mobile

LAND MOBILE

MARITIME MOBILE

BROADCASTING

RADIO ASTRONOMY

FIXED

MARITIME MOBILE (telephony)

MARITIME MOBILE (telephony)

MOBILE (distress and calling)

MARITIME MOBILE

MARITIME MOBILE

AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION

(radiobeacons)

MARITIME RADIONAVIGATION

Maritime Radionavigation (radiobeacons)

(radiobeacons)

Aeronautical Radionavigation

Aeronautical Mobile

AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION

Aeronautical Mobile

RADIO NAVIGATION MOBILE FIXED

MOBILE except aeronautical mobile

AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION

RADIOASTRONOMY

ISM –FIXED 24.125 ± 0.125

Amateur

ISM - 27.12 ± .163 MHz

Radioastronomy

FIXEDSATELLITE (space-to-Earth)

Amateur-satellite

Radio astronomy

RADIOLOCATION

FIXED

MOBILE

INTER-SATELLITE RADIOLOCATION-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space) FIXED-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space) FIXED-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space) INTER-SATELLITE Mobile

(line of sight only)

FIXED

FIXED

Radiolocation

Mobile except aeronautical mobile (R)

FIXED

FIXED

FIXED

RADIONAVIGATION

INTER-SATELLITE

RADIONAVIGATION

Amateur

FIXED

AMATEUR SATELLITE AMATEUR STANDARD FREQ. AND TIME SIGNAL (25 MHz) LAND MOBILE

MARITIME MOBILE

MOBILE except aeronautical mobile

MOBILE

RADIOLOCATION RADIOASTRONOMY

EARTH EXPLORATIONSATELLITE (passive)

Radiolocation

Earth exploration satellite (active)

MOBILE

MOBILE EARTH EXPLORATION SATELLITE - (passive)

Amateur-SATELLITE

Earth explorationsatellite (active)

FIXED-SATELLITE (space-to-Earth)

EARTH EXPLORATIONSATELLITE (Passive)

FIXED

ISM - 13.560 ± .007 MHz

FIXED

FIXED

RADIOLOCATION

FIXED

AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (OR)

MOBILE except aeronautical mobile

RADIORADIONAVIGATION NAVIGATIONSATELLITE

MOBILE

Amateur

(passive)

RADIO Space Research ASTRONOMY (passive)

BROADCASTING SATELLITE

BROADCASTING SATELLITE

FIXED MARITIME MOBILE MOBILE

FIXED

Radiolocation

EARTH

RADIO ASTRONOMY

SATELLITE

INTER-SATELLITE

MOBILE

MOBILE

FIXED

Radiolocation

MARITIME MOBILE

MOBILE

MOBILE MOBILE**

MARITIME MOBILE

AMATEUR

RADIOLOCATION

MARITIME MOBILE

FIXED

FIXED

MOBILE

Space Research (passive)

FIXED FIXED

MOBILE**

FIXED FIXED FIXED

RADIO ASTRONOMY

EXPLORATION-

RADIO ASTRONOMY

RADIO ASTRONOMY

ISM - 915.0± .13 MHz

SPACE RESEARCH (passive)

FIXED SPACE RESEARCH (passive)

(active)

SPACE RESEARCH

FIXEDSATELLITE (Earth-to-space)

MOBILE

EARTH EXPLORATIONSATELLITE (passive)

AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION

MOBILE

Mobile

AMATEUR SATELLITE FIXED

BROADCASTING

AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R)

AMATEUR

FIXED

STANDARD FREQUENCY AND TIME SIGNAL (20 MHz)

FIXED

FIXED

FIXED

Standard frequency and time signal satellite (space-toEarth)

RADIO ASTRONOMY

EARTH EXPLORATIONSATELLITE (space-to-Earth) (space-to-space)

SPACE RESEARCH (space-to-Earth) (space-to-space)

RADIONAVIGATIONSATELLITE

MOBILE

FIXED

FIXED

MARITIME MOBILE

FIXED

BROADCASTING

MARITIME MOBILE

AMATEUR SATELLITE

FIXED

AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (OR)

AMATEUR

Mobile

MARITIME MOBILE

FIXED-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space)

FIXED FIXED-SATELLITE (space-to-Earth)

EARTH EXPLORATIONSATELLITE (Earth-to-space) (space-to-space)

SPACE RSEARCH (Earth-to-space) (space-to-space)

MOBILE-SATELLITE (space-to-Earth)

(line of sight only)

EARTH EXPLORATION MOBILE SATELLITE (passive)

FIXED

MOBILE

Space Research (passive)

MOBILE-SATELLITE (space-to-Earth)

FIXED-SATELLITE (space-to-Earth) FIXED-SATELLITE (space-to-Earth) FIXED-SATELLITE (space-to-Earth)

Amateur

Space research (active)

MOBILE SATELLITE

EARTH EXPLORATIONSATELLITE (passive)

EARTH EXPLORATIONSATELLITE (passive)

EARTH EXPLORATIONSATELLITE (passive)

INTERSATELLITE

(active)

EARTH EXPLORATION SATELLITE (passive)

STANDARD FREQUENCY AND TIME SIGNAL (60 kHz)

FIXED

INTERSATELLITE

Space research

FIXED-SATELLITE (space-to-Earth)

RADIOLOCATION

SPACE RESEARCH (passive)

Radiolocation

Radiolocation

(active)

FIXED

RADIO-

RADIO ASTRONOMY

RADIOLOCATION

RADIOLOCATION

Space research (deep space)(Earth-to-space)

LOCATION

FIXED-SATELLITE (space-to-Earth)

BROADCASTING

Radiolocation

RADIONAVIGATION

Earth explorationsatellite (active)

FIXED-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space)

SPACE RESEARCH (active)

FIXED-SATELLITE (space-to-Earth)

EARTH

FIXED

SATELLITE

BROADCASTING-SATELLITE

EXPLORATION-

FIXED-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space)

FIXED

MARITIME MOBILE BROADCASTING AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R)

MOBILE

FIXED

SPACE RESEARCH (passive)

RADIOLOCATION

Radiolocation

Radiolocation

Radiolocation

Mobile

MARITIME MOBILE

Space Research (passive)

RADIOLOCATION

INTERSATELLITE

INTERSATELLITE

SPACE RESEARCH (passive)

AERONAUTICAL RADIO NAVIGATION

EARTH EXPLORATIONSATELLITE (passive)

Mobile

MOBILE

EARTH EXPLORATION SATELLITE (passive) FIXED-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space)

AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION

EARTH EXPLORATIONSATELLITE (active)

MOBILE

SPACE RESEARCH SPACE RESEARCH

AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION

FIXED

BROADCASTING

BROADCASTING

SPACE RESEARCH (passive)

FIXED

Research RADIO ASTRONOMY Space(passive)

Space research

Space research

Mobile-satellite FIXED-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space) (Earth-to-space)

Mobile

Mobile

except aeronautical mobile (R)

except aeronautical mobile (R)

AMATEUR

AMATEUR SATELLITE

except aeronautical mobile (R)

BROADCASTING

FIXED

AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (OR)

STANDARD FREQUENCY AND TIME SIGNAL (15 MHz)

MOBILE

FIXED

FIXEDSATELLITE (space-to-Earth)

RADIO ASTRONOMY

SPACE RESEARCH (passive)

Mobile Fixed

FIXED

AMATEUR

FIXED

RADIO ASTRONOMY

STANDARD FREQUENCY AND TIME SIGNAL (20 kHz)

Radiolocation

INTERSATELLITE

MOBILE

MOBILE-

MOBILE

SATELLITE

FIXED

(space-to-Earth)

FIXED

RADIONAVIGATION

FIXED-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space)

FIXED

MARITIME MOBILE

FIXED

BROADCASTING

AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (OR)

AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R)

1 605 1615 1705 1800 1900 2000 2 065 2107 2 170 2173.5 2190.5 2194 2495 2505 2850 3000

FIXED

EARTH EXPLORATIONSATELLITE (passive)

FIXEDSATELLITE (space-to-Earth)

FIXEDSATELLITE (space-to-Earth)

Radio location

RADIOLOCATION

Radio-

RADIOLOCATION

Standard frequency and time signal satellite (Earth-to-space)

FIXED-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space)

Space research

EARTH EXPLORATIONSATELLITE (passive)

location

Space research

EARTH EXPLORATIONSATELLITE (passive)

Space research

FIXEDSATELLITE (Earth-to-space)

MOBILESATELLITE (space-to-Earth)

Earth

RADIO ASTRONOMY

(active)

RADIO ASTRONOMY

satellite

RADIO ASTRONOMY

SPACE

FIXED MOBILE

(active)

FIXED MOBILE

RADIO -

SPACE RESEARCH (passive)

exploration -

Mobile

FIXED FIXED

LOCATION

FIXED MOBILE Fixed

RESEARCH

Fixed

(active)

Mobile-satellite (Earth-to-space)

(active)

Mobile-satellite (space-to-Earth)

EARTH

RADIO MOBILE ASTRONOMY

SPACE RESEARCH (active)

AMATEUR - SATELLITE

MOBILE

FIXED-SATELLITE (space-to-Earth)

SATELLITE

Space research

Space research (active)

Amateur Amateur - satellite

FIXED BROADCASTING-SATELLITE

Aeronatuical Radionavigation

FIXED-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space)

RADIO -

LOCATION

satellite

AMATEUR

FIXED FIXED-SATELLITE (space-to-Earth)

Earth

exploration -

satellite

RADIO

FIXED EARTH EXPLORATION-SATELLITE (passive)

AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (OR)

AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R)

AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION

AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION (radiobeacons)

MARITIME MOBILE

MOBILE (distress and c alling)

MOBILE

MARITIME MOBILE (ships only)

BROADCASTING (AM RADIO)

ASTRONOMY

SPACE RESEARCH (passive)

RADIO ASTRONOMY SPACE RESEARCH (passive) EARTH EXPLORATION-SATELLITE (passive)

EXPLORATION -

Amateur

Amateur

MARITIME MOBILE

RADIONAVIGATION

300 325 335 405 415 435 495 505 5 10 525 535

FIXED

RADIO LOCATION

RADIO ASTRONOMY EARTH EXPLORATIONSATELLITE (passive) EARTH EXPLORATIONSATELLITE (passive)

(active)

Earth

exploration -

EARTH RADIO EXPLORATIONSATELLITE ASTRONOMY (active)

RADIO-

SPACE RESEARCH (passive)

SATELLITE

RADIO ASTRONOMY

LOCATION

SPACE RESEARCH (passive)

SPACE RESEARCH (active)

Radiolocation

(active)

MARITIME MOBILE

Radio astronomy

MOBILE

EARTH

INTER-SATELLITE

FIXED

Space

MOBILE

(active)

Meteorological Aids Radiolocation

ISM - 6.78 ± .015 MHz

SPACE RESEARCH (passive)

RADIO-

research (active)

Radiolocation

(radiobeacons)

AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION

FIXED

INTERSATELLITE

SATELLITE

Radiolocation

RADIOLOCATION

BROADCASTING

FIXED

AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (OR)

AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R)

FIXED STANDARD FREQUENCY AND TIME SIGNAL (10 MHz) AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R) AMATEUR

Non-Federal Travelers Information Stations (TIS), a mobile service, are authorized in the 535-1705 kHz band.

FIXED

LOCATION

EXPLORATION

Radiolocation Amateur Amateur-satellite

FIXED

Aeronautical Radionavigation

Aeronautical Mobile

Aeronautical Mobile

MARITIME MOBILE

FIXED MOBILE

SPACE RESEARCH (active)

Earth

EARTH EXPLORATIONSATELLITE (passive)

EARTH

exploration -

RADIO ASTRONOMY

(active)

Radiolocation Radiolocation Radiolocation

Space research (active)

satellite

RADIOLOCATION

Earth

SPACE RESEARCH (passive)

SPACE RESEARCH (space-to-Earth) FIXED RADIOLOCATION Radiolocation exploration -

RADIONAVIGATION

Radiolocation

RADIOLOCATION

EXPLORATION-

AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION

satellite

MARITIME RADIONAVIGATION

RADIOLOCATION

RADIOLOCATION

EARTH EXPLORATIONSATELLITE (active)

RADIOLOCATION

LAND MOBILE

FIXED

SPACE RESEARCH (active)

FIXED

AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION

EARTH EXPLORATIONSATELLITE (passive)

FIXED

Earth explorationsatellite (active)

MOBILE

Fixed

FIXED

FIXED

Space research (active)

MOBILE

FIXED FIXED

Mobile-satellite (Earth-to-space) (no airborne) Mobile-satellite (Earth-to-space) (no airborne)

BROADCASTING (TV CHANNELS 14 - 20)

RADIO ASTRONOMY

FIXED

Mobile-satellite (Earth-to-space) (no airborne)

FIXED

Space research (deep space)(space-to-Earth)

BROADCASTING (FM RADIO)

RADIO ASTRONOMY

Mobile-satellite (space-to-Earth)

Mobile-satellite (space-to-Earth)

FIXED FIXED SATELLITE (Earth-to-space)

FIXED-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space)

FIXED-SATELLITE EARTH EXPLORATION(Earth-to-space) SATELLITE (space-to-Earth)

SPACE RESEARCH (deep space)(space-to-Earth)

Mobile

SPACE RESEARCH (passive)

SATELLITE

AMATEUR BROADCASTING

MARITIME MOBILE

MARITIME MOBILE

except aeronautical mobile (R)

SPACE RESEARCH (passive)

METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITE (space-to-Earth)

METEOROLOGICALSATELLITE (space-to-Earth)

EARTH EXPLORATIONSATELLITE (space-to-Earth)

(space-to-Earth)

EARTH EXPLORATION-SATELLITE (space-to-Earth) FIXED

Fixed

FIXED

RADIO ASTRONOMY

FIXED-SATELLITE (space-to-Earth)

FIXED-SATELLITE (space-to-Earth) Mobile-satellite (space-to-Earth)

FIXED-SATELLITE (space-to-Earth)

FIXED-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space) MOBILE-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space)

METEOROLOGICAL-

FIXED

FIXED

FIXED

FIXED

(TV CHANNELS 38-51)

MOBILE

FIXED

SPACE RESEARCH (Earth-to-space)

BROADCASTING

FIXED

FIXED

MOBILE

FIXED-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space)

SPACE RESEARCH (deep space)(Earth-to-space)

FIXED

FIXED-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space)(space-to-Earth)

MOBILE

FIXED FIXED

BROADCASTING (TV CHANNELS 5-6)

RADIO ASTRONOMY

(Earth-to-space)

FIXED-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space) FIXED-SATELLITE

MOBILE MOBILE

FIXED-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space)(space-to-Earth)

FIXED-SATELLITE (space-to-Earth) MOBILE-SATELLITE (space-to-Earth)

BROADCASTING (TV CHANNELS 2-4)

RADIO ASTRONOMY

Amateur

MOBILE

Amateursatellite

AMATEUR

except aeronautical mobile (R)

RADIO ASTRONOMY

Amateur-satellite AMATEUR

RADIO Amateur ASTRONOMY RADIO Amateur-satellite Amateur ASTRONOMY

FIXEDSATELLITE (space-toEarth)

RADIO ASTRONOMY

MOBILE

RADIOLOCATION

FIXED AMATEUR SATELLITE

except aeronautical mobile (R)

MOBILE

AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (OR)

AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R)

MARITIME MOBILE

BROADCASTING

FIXED

AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (OR)

MOBILE

except aeronautical mobile (R)

FIXED

RADIOLOCATION

Amateur

Amateur

FIXED SATELLITE (Earth-to-space)

FIXED-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space)

(space-to-Earth)

MOBILE

300 MHz

Space research (space-to-Earth)

FIXED

FIXED MOBILE

AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R)

FIXED

STANDARD FREQUENCY AND TIME SIGNAL (5 MHz)

FIXED

except aeronautical mobile (R)

Maritime Radionavigation (radiobeacons)

Fixed

Space research (space-to-Earth)

RADIOLOCATION RADIOLOCATION

MOBILE

FIXED

72.0 MOBILE FIXED 73.0 RADIO ASTRONOMY 74.6 FIXED MOBILE 74.8 AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION 75.2 MOBILE FIXED 75.4 MOBILE FIXED 76.0 88.0 108.0 1 17.975 AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R) 121.9375 AERONAUTICAL MOBILE 1 23.0875 AERONAUTICAL MOBILE 123.5875 AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R) 128.8125 AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R) 132.0125 AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R) 136.0 AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R) 137.0 MOBILE-SATELLITE SPACE RESEARCH SPACE OPERATION MET. SATELLITE (space-to-Earth) (space-to-Earth) (space-to-Earth) (space-to-Earth) 1 37.025 SPACE RESEARCH SPACE OPERATION MET. SATELLITE Mobile-satellite (space-to-Earth) (space-to-Earth) (space-to-Earth) (space-to-Earth) 137.175 MOBILE-SATELLITE SPACE RESEARCH SPACE OPERATION MET. SATELLITE (space-to-Earth) (space-to-Earth) (space-to-Earth) (space-to-Earth) 137.825 Mobile-satellite SPACE RESEARCH SPACE OPERATION MET. SATELLITE (space-to-Earth) (space-to-Earth) (space-to-Earth) (space-to-Earth) 138.0 FIXED MOBILE 144.0 AMATEUR AMATEUR- SATELLITE 1 46.0 AMATEUR 148.0 MOBILE-SATELLITE MOBILE FIXED (Earth-to-space) 149.9 MOBILE-SATELLITE RADIONAV-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space) 150.05 FIXED MOBILE 150.8 LAND MOBILE FIXED 152.855 LAND MOBILE 154.0 LAND MOBILE FIXED 156.2475 MARITIME MOBILE 156.725 MARITIME MOBILE (distress, urgency, safety and calling) 1 56.8375 MARITIME MOBILE 157.0375 MARITIME MOBILE 157.1875 MOBILE except aeronautical mobile 1 57.45 LAND MOBILE FIXED 161.575 MARITIME MOBILE 161.625 LAND MOBILE 161.775 MOBILE except aeronautical mobile 161.9625 MARITIME MOBILE (AIS) 161.9875 MOBILE except aeronautical mobile 162.0125 MARITIME MOBILE (AIS) 163.0375 MOBILE FIXED 1 73.2 FIXED Land mobile 173.4 FIXED MOBILE 174.0 216.0 MOBILE except aeronautical FIXED Land mobile Fixed mobile 2 17.0 MOBILE except FIXED Land mobile FIXED aeronautical mobile 219.0 MOBILE except Mobile FIXED aeronautical mobile Amateur Fixed 220.0 FIXED LAND MOBILE 222.0 AMATEUR 225.0 300.0

AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (OR)

MOBILE

3.0 3.155 3 .23 3.4 3 .5 4.0 4.063 4 .438 4 .65 4.7 4.75 4.85 4.995 5.005 5.06 5.45 5.68 5.73 5 .59 6.2 6.525 6 .85 6.765 7.0 7.1 7.3 7.4 8.1 8.195 8 .815 8.965 9.04 9.4 9.9 9.995 1.005 1 .01 10.15 11.175 1 1.275 11.4 11.6 12.1 12.23 13.2 13.26 13.36 1 3.41 13.57 13.87 14.0 14.25 14.35 14.99 15.01 15.1 15.8 16.36 17.41 17.48 1 7.9 17.97 18.03 18.068 18.168 18.78 18.9 19.02 19.68 19.8 1 9.99 20.01 21.0 2 1.45 21.85 21.924 2 2.0 22.855 23.0 23.2 23.35 24.89 24.99 25.01 25.07 25.21 25.33 25.55 25.67 26.1 26.175 26.48 26.95 26.96 27.23 27.41 27.54 2 8.0 29.7 29.8 2 9.89 29.91 30.0

FIXED

Space research RADIOLOCATION (space-to-Earth)

INTERSATELLITE

Amateur

RADIOLOCATION

MARITIME RADIONAVIGATION

Amateur-satellite

METEOROLOGICAL AIDS

MOBILE

MOBILE

FIXED

MARITIME MOBILE

AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R)

MOBILE

FIXED

except aeronautical mobile (R)

FIXED

MARITIME MOBILE

Space research (space-to-Earth)

RADIO NAVIGATION

SPACE RESEARCH RADIO NAVIGATIONSATELLITE

ISM – 5.8 ± .075 GHz MARITIME RADIONAVIGATION

(active)

RADIOLOCATION

(active)

MOBILE-

(active)

RADIOLOCATION

Space research

MOBILE **

MARITIME

RADIONAVIGATION

RADIOLOCATION

RADIOLOCATION

EARTH EXPLORATIONSATELLITE (active)

INTERSATELLITE

RADIONAVIGATION

INTERSATELLITE

(active) SPACE RESEARCH

INTERSATELLITE

AERONAUTICAL

(active)

INTERSATELLITE

Space research

MOBILE SATELLITE

INTERSATELLITE RADIOLOCATION

EARTH EXPLORATIONSATELLITE (passive)

RADIONAVIGATION

SPACE RESEARCH (passive)

Radiolocation

Space research

Earth explorationsatellite (active)

FIXED

Radiolocation

Space research

SPACE RESEARCH (passive)

SPACE RESEARCH SPACE RESEARCH SPACE RESEARCH

RADIOLOCATION

EARTH EARTH EARTH EARTH EXPLORATION- EXPLORATION- EXPLORATION- EXPLORATIONSATELLITE SATELLITE SATELLITE SATELLITE (active) (active) (active) (active)

EARTH EXPLORATION-SATELLITE (passive)

Radiolocation

(active) Earth explorationsatellite (active)

EARTH EXPLORATION-SATELLITE

Earth explorationsatellite (active)

SPACE RESEARCH (passive)

EARTH EXPLORATION-SATELLITE (passive)

SPACE RESEARCH (passive)

EARTH EXPLORATION-SATELLITE (passive)

(active)

INTERSATELLITE

FIXED Earth explorationsatellite (active)

RADIOLOCATION

BROADCASTING (TV CHANNELS 21-36)

FIXED

(active)

RADIOLOCATION

LAND MOBILE

AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (OR)

AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R)

RADIONAVIGATION

MOBILE**

(active)

SPACE RESEARCH (passive)

FIXED

FIXED

LAND MOBILE

MOBILE

except aeronautical mobile (R)

300

285

275

200

190

160

130

110

90

70

61

59

20.05

19.95

14

9

3

J.-M Friedt

MOBILE

MOBILE

SPACE RESEARCH (passive)

Radiolocation

EARTH EXPLORATION-SATELLITE (passive)

Space research

EARTH EXPLORATION-SATELLITE (passive)

SPACE RESEARCH

INTERSATELLITE

Earth explorationsatellite (active)

INTER- SATELLITE

FIXED-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space)

MOBILE

LAND MOBILE

LAND MOBILE

AMATEUR

SPACE RESEARCH (passive)

MOBILE MOBILE** RADIONAVIGATION-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space)

Space Research (Passive) RADIONAVIGATION-SATELLITE (space-to-Earth)(space-to-space)

AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION

MOBILE

MOBILE

MOBILE

LAND MOBILE

LAND MOBILE LAND MOBILE MOBILE FIXED

30.6 30.56 32.0 33.0 3 4.0 35.0 36.0 37.0 3 7.5 38.0 38.25 3 9.0 40.0 42.0 43.69 4 6.6 47.0 49.6 50.0 54.0

MOBILE

MOBILE

FIXED FIXED RADIO ASTRONOMY AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION

MOBILE

except aeronautical mobile

RADIOLOCATION

MOBILE LAND MOBILE

LAND MOBILE

3MHz

FIXED

FIXED

FIXED

FIXED

Radio astronomy

RADIO ASTRONOMY

FIXED

FIXED

FIXED

FIXED

FIXED

FIXED

FIXED

FIXED

EARTH EXPLORATION-SATELLITE (passive)

FIXED

MOBILE

FIXED-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space)

(EARTH-to-space)

FIXED-SATELLITE

MET. SAT. (S-E)

300 kHz

MOBILE

FIXED-SATELLITE (space-to-Earth)

SPACE RESEARCH (passive)

MOBILE

MOBILE SATELLITE (Earth-to-space)

Space Opn. (S-E)

3 kHz

FIXED-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space)

MOBILE

FIXED-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space)

FIXED

FIXED-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space)

(S-E)

SPACE RES.

NOT ALLOCATED

MOBILE-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space)

MOBILE SAT (S-E)

Maritime Mobile

RADIONAVIGATIONMOBILE-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space) SATELLITE RADIOMOBILE-SATELLITE NAVIGATIONMOBILE (Earth-to-space) SATELLITE

FIXED

Aeronautical Radionavigation

MOBILE-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space)

MOBILE

AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION FIXED

FIXED

FIXED

RADIO ASTRONOMY

MOBILE FIXED

BROADCASTINGSATELLITE

Fixed FIXED Mobile MOBILE

BROADCASTING

BROADCASTING

FIXED

FIXED

(Earth-to-space)

SATELLITE

EARTH EXPLORATION

fixed

BROADCASTINGSATELLITE

Earth exploration satellite (space-to-Earth)

MOBILE

FIXED-SATELLITE (space-to-Earth)

FIXED-SATELLITE (space-to-Earth)

FIXED-SATELLITE (space-to-Earth)

MOBIL-ESATELLITE

MOBILE**

MET. AIDS (Radiosonde)

Meteorological Satellite (space-to-Earth)

BROADCASTING

EARTH EXPLORATION SATTELLITE (active)

FIXED-SATELLITE (space-to-Earth)

EARTH EXPLORATION SATELLITE (passive)

SPACE RESEARCH (space-to-Earth)

FIXED-SATELLITE (space-to-Earth)

MOBILE

300.0 328.6 3 35.4 399.9 400.05 400.15 401.0 Met-Satellite Earth Expl Sat MET-SAT. EARTH MET. AIDS SPACE OPN. EXPL (E-S) (E-S) (E-S) (Radiosonde) (S-E) SAT. (E-S) 402.0 MET-SAT. EARTH EXPL Earth Expl Sat MET. AIDS Met-Satellite SAT. (E-S) (E-S) (Radiosonde) (E-S) (E-S) 4 03.0 METEOROLOGICAL AIDS (RADIOSONDE) 406.0 MOBILE SATELLITE (Earth-to-space) 406.1 RADIO FIXED MOBILE ASTRONOMY 410.0 SPACE RESEARCH FIXED MOBILE (space-to-space) 420.0 RADIOLOCATION Amateur 450.0 LAND MOBILE 4 54.0 LAND MOBILE FIXED 455.0 LAND MOBILE 456.0 FIXED LAND MOBILE 460.0 LAND MOBILE FIXED 462.5375 LAND MOBILE 462.7375 LAND MOBILE FIXED 467.5375 LAND MOBILE 4 67.7375 LAND MOBILE FIXED 470.0 512.0 608.0 LAND MOBILE (medical telemetry and RADIO ASTRONOMY medical telecommand) 614.0 6 98.0 BROADCASTING FIXED MOBILE (TV CHANNELS 52-61) 763.0 FIXED MOBILE 775.0 FIXED MOBILE BROADCASTING 7 93.0 FIXED MOBILE 805.0 MOBILE FIXED BROADCASTING 806.0 LAND MOBILE 809.0 FIXED LAND MOBILE 8 49.0 AERONAUTICAL MOBILE 851.0 LAND MOBILE 854.0 LAND MOBILE FIXED 894.0 AERONAUTICAL MOBILE 896.0 LAND MOBILE FIXED 901.0 MOBILE FIXED 902.0 RADIOLOCATION 928.0 FIXED 929.0 LAND MOBILE FIXED 930.0 MOBILE FIXED 931.0 LAND MOBILE FIXED 932.0 FIXED 935.0 LAND MOBILE FIXED 9 40.0 FIXED MOBILE 941.0 FIXED 944.0 FIXED 9 60.0 1164.0 RADIONAVIGATION-SATELLITE AERONAUTICAL (space-to-Earth)(space-to-space) RADIONAVIGATION 1215.0 RADIONAVIGATION SATELLITE (space-to-Earth) (space-to-space) 1240.0 1300.0 AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION Radiolocation 1350.0 RADIOLOCATION MOBILE FIXED 1390.0 MOBILE ** Fixed-satellite (Earth-to-space) FIXED 1392.0 MOBILE ** FIXED 1395.0 LAND MOBILE (medical telemetry and medical telecommand) 1 400.0 EARTH EXPLORATION - SATELLITE SPACE RESEARCH RADIO ASTRONOMY (passive) (passive) 1427.0 Fixed LAND MOBILE LAND MOBILE (medical telemetry and (telemetry) (telemetry and telecommand) medical telecommand FIXED (telemetry and 1 429.5 LAND MOBILE (telemetry & telecommand) telecommand) FIXED (telemetry and 1430.0 Fixed-satellite LAND MOBILE (space-to-Earth) (telemetry & telecommand) telecommand) 1432.0 FIXED MOBILE ** 1 435.0 MOBILE (aeronautical telemetry) 1525.0 MOBILE SATELLITE (space-to-Earth) 1559.0 RADIONAVIGATION-SATELLITE AERONAUTICAL AERONAUTICAL (space-to-Earth)(space-to-space) RADIONAVIGATION 1610.0 RADIODETERMINATIONAERONAUTICAL MOBILE SATELLITE SATELLITE (Earth-to-space) RADIONAVIGATION (Earth-to-space) 1610.6 RADIO MOBILE SATELLITE RADIODETERMINATIONAERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION (Earth-to-space) SATELLITE (Earth-to-space) ASTRONOMY 1613.8 MOBILE SATELLITE AERONAUTICAL Mobile-satellite RADIODETERMINATION (Earth-to-space) (space-to-Earth) SATELLITE (Earth-to-space) RADIONAVIGATION 1626.5 MOBILE SATELLITE(Earth-to-space) 1660.0 MOBILE SATELLITE RADIO ASTRONOMY (Earth-to-space) 1660.5 SPACE RESEARCH (passive) RADIO ASTRONOMY 1668.4 METEOROLOGICAL AIDS RADIO ASTRONOMY (radiosonde) 1670.0 FIXED MOBILE ** 1675.0 METEOROLOGICAL AIDS METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITE (space-to-Earth) (radiosonde) 1700.0 METEOROLOGICAL Fixed FIXED SATELLITE (space-to-Earth) 1710.0 FIXED MOBILE 1755.0 SPACE OPERATION (Earth-to-space) MOBILE FIXED 1850.0 MOBILE FIXED 2000.0 MOBILE SATELLITE MOBILE FIXED (Earth-to-space) 2020.0 FIXED MOBILE 2025.0 SPACE OPERATION (Earth-to-space) (space-to-space) 2110.0 MOBILE FIXED 2 180.0 MOBILE SATELLITE MOBILE FIXED (space-to-Earth) 2200.0 SPACE OPERATION (space-to-Earth) (space-to-space) 2290.0 SPACE RESEARCH (space-to-Earth) FIXED MOBILE** (deep space) 2 300.0 Amateur 2305.0 Amateur RADIOLOCATION MOBILE** FIXED 2310.0 RadioRADIOLOCATION MOBILE FIXED Mobile Fixed location 2320.0 BROADCASTING - SATELLITE Radiolocation Fixed 2345.0 RadioRADIOLOCATION MOBILE FIXED Mobile Fixed location 2360.0 RADIOLOC ATION Fixed MOBILE 2390.0 MOBILE AMATEUR 2395.0 AMATEUR 2417.0 Amateur Radiolocation 2450.0 Radiolocation MOBILE FIXED 2483.5 RADIODETERMINATIONMOBILE SATELLITE SATELLITE (space-to-Earth) (space-to-Earth) 2495.0 RADIODETERMINATION- MOBILE SATELLITE MOBILE** FIXED SATELLITE (space-to-Earth) (space-to-Earth) 2500.0 MOBILE** FIXED 2655.0 2690.0 SPACE RESEARCH (passive) 2700.0 AERONAUTICAL Radiolocation METEOROLOGICAL AIDS RADIONAVIGATION 2900.0 3000.0 FIXED

AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION

RADIONAVIGATION SATELLITE

STANDARD FREQUECY AND TIME SIGNAL - SATELLITE (400.1 MHz)

30 MHz

FIXED

RADIOLOCATION

Radiolocation RADIO LOCATION

SPACE RESEARCH (passive)

RESEARCH

SPACE RESEARCH (space-to-Earth)

Earth exploration sattellite (active)

SPACE RESEARCH (deep space) (Earth-to-space)

Radiolocation

RADIONAVIGATION

Radiolocation

3.0 3.1 3.3 3 .5 3.6 3.65 3.7 4.2 4.4 4.5 4.8 4.94 4.99 5.0 5.01 5.03 5.15 5.25 5.255 5 .35 5 .46 5 .47 5 .57 5.6 5.65 5 .83 5.85 5.925 6.425 6.525 6 .7 6.875 7.025 7.075 7.125 7.145 7.19 7.235 7.25 7.3 7.45 7.55 7.75 7.85 7.9 8 .025 8.175 8.215 8.4 8 .45 8.5 8.55 8.65 9.0 9.2 9 .3 9.5 9.8 10.0 10.45 10.5 1 0.55 10.6 10.68 10.7 11.7 12.2 1 2.7 13.25 1 3.4 13.75 14.0 14.2 14.4 14.5 14.7145 14.8 15.1365 15.35 1 5.4 15.43 15.63 1 5.7 16.6 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.7 17.8 18.3 18.6 18.8 19.3 19.7 2 0.2 21.2 21.4 22.0 22.21 22.5 22.55 23.55 23.6 24.0 24.05 24.25 24.45 24.65 24.75 25.05 25.25 25.5 27.0 27.5 2 9.5 30.0 Radiolocation

MARITIME MOBILE

BROADCASTING SATELLITE

3GHz

FIXED

Earth explorationsatellite (active)

AMATEUR

FIXEDSATELLITE (space-to-Earth)

NON-GOVERNMENT EXCLUSIVE FIXED

MOBILE

ALLOCATION USAGE DESIGNATION Radiolocation

STANDARD FREQUENCY AND TIME SIGNAL SATELLITE

FIXED

GOVERNMENT/NON-GOVERNMENT SHARED

MOBILE

MOBILE SATELLITE

MOBILE

GOVERNMENT EXCLUSIVE STANDARD FREQUENCY AND TIME SIGNAL

MOBILE

MOBILE Radiolocation

SPACE RESEARCH

Radiolocation

SPACE OPERATION

METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITE

Radiolocation

METEOROLOGICAL

EARTH EXPLORATION SATELLITE

Amateur

BROADCASTING SATELLITE

Aeronautical Mobile

MOBILE

EXAMPLE RADIONAVIGATION SATELLITE

RADIOLOCATION

FIXED SATELLITE MARITIME RADIONAVIGATION

RADIOLOCATION

FIXED RADIONAVIGATION

FIXED-SATELLITE (space-to-Earth)

BROADCASTING MARITIME MOBILE SATELLITE

RADIOLOCATION

AMATEUR SATELLITE

RADIOLOCATION

RADIOLOCATION SATELLITE

RADIOLOCATION

MARITIME MOBILE

Radiolocation

RADIOLOCATION

AMATEUR

RADIOLOCATION

RADIODETERMINATION SATELLITE

LAND MOBILE SATELLITE

Space research (active)

LAND MOBILE

FIXED

ACTIVITY CODE MARITIME RADIONAVIGATION

AERONAUTICAL MOBILE SATELLITE

AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION (radiobeacons)

FIXED-SATELLITE (space-to-Earth)

SERVICE RADIO ASTRONOMY

MOBILE

except aeronautical mobile

AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION (ground based)

Bibliographie INTER-SATELLITE

Radiolocation

RADIO SERVICES COLOR LEGEND

AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION (ground based)

Software processing of radiofrequency signals AERONAUTICAL MOBILE

32.3 3 3.0 33.4 34.2 34.7 35.5 36.0 37.0 37.5 38.0 38.6 39.5 40.0 40.5 4 1.0 42.0 4 2.5 43.5 45.5 46.9 47.0 47.2 48.2 50.2 50.4 51.4 5 2.6 54.25 55.78 56.9 57.0 58.2 5 9.0 59.3 64.0 65.0 66.0 7 1.0 7 4.0 76.0 77.0 77.5 78.0 81.0 84.0 86.0 92.0 94.0 94.1 95.0 100.0 102.0 105.0 109.5 1 11.8 114.25 116.0 122.25 123.0 130.0 134.0 136.0 141.0 148.5 1 51.5 155.5 158.5 164.0 167.0 174.5 174.8 1 82.0 185.0 190.0 191.8 200.0 209.0 217.0 226.0 231.5 232.0 235.0 238.0 240.0 241.0 2 48.0 250.0 252.0 265.0 275.0 300.0

THE RADIO SPECTRUM MARITIME RADIONAVIGATION (radiobeacons)

Space research (deep space) (Earth-to-space)

30.0 31.0 31.3 31.8

ALLOCATIONS

MOBILE

Digital stream synchronization

EARTH EXPLORATION SATTELLITE (passive)

Antenna

MOBILE SATELLITE (Earth-to-space)

Channel capacity

FREQUENCY

RADIONAVIGATION

Link budget Aeronautical Radionavigation (radiobeacons)

INTER-SATELLITE

Pulse compression

UNITED STATES

FIXED

CDMA: example of GPS

SPACE RESEARCH (passive)

Channel sharing

FIXED SATELLITE (Earth-to-space)

Modulations

SPACE RESEARCH (deep space) (space-to-Earth)

Radiofrequency (RF) components

RADIONAVIGATION

Introduction

RADIO ASTRONOMY

Digital communication

Emission regulations

Include • the allocated frequency band (ISM: 13.56, 433.9 and 2440 MHz), • radiated power, • duty cycle, type of signal28 ...

MOBILE

300 kHz

FIXED

3 MHz

BROADCASTING (TV CHANNELS 7 - 13)

30 MHz

FIXED

MOBILE**

300 MHz

Radiolocation

RADIOLOCATION

MARITIME RADIONAVIGATION

3 GHz

30 GHz

** EXCEPT AERONAUTICAL MOBILE * EXCEPT AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R)

PLEASE NOTE: THE SPACING ALLOTTED THE SERVICES IN THE SPECTRUM SEGMENTS SHOWN IS NOT PROPORTIONAL TO THE ACTUAL AMOUNT OF SPECTRUM OCCUPIED.

300 GHz

111 / 116

Digital communication

Emission regulations

J.-M Friedt Introduction Radiofrequency (RF) components Modulations Channel sharing

Include • the allocated frequency band (ISM: 13.56, 433.9 and 2440 MHz), • radiated power, • duty cycle, type of signal28 ...

CDMA: example of GPS Pulse compression Link budget Channel capacity Antenna Digital stream synchronization Software processing of radiofrequency signals Bibliographie

...

Being able to emit at 915 MHz does not means we are allowed to do so in Europe (for example).

28 ETSI EN 300 220, available at https://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_en/ 300200_300299/30022001/02.04.01_40/en_30022001v020401o.pdf 112 / 116

Digital communication

Emission regulations

J.-M Friedt Introduction Radiofrequency (RF) components Modulations Channel sharing CDMA: example of GPS Pulse compression Link budget Channel capacity Antenna Digital stream synchronization Software processing of radiofrequency signals Bibliographie

Include • the allocated frequency band (ISM: 13.56, 433.9 and 2440 MHz), • radiated power, • duty cycle, type of signal28 ... • sensitivity to supply voltage/noise (mains supply voltage noise) • avoid distrurbing other circuits (noise generated on the mains supply) • avoid unwanted radiated signal (frequency band • be resistant to jamming signals (provide the expected Being able to emit at 915 MHz does not means we are allowed to do so functionality even if another in Europe (for example). emitter complying with regulations is emitting) • ESD (4-8 kV) on case and connectors 28 ETSI

EN 300 220, available at https://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_en/

113 / 116

Digital communication

Practical applications

J.-M Friedt Introduction Radiofrequency (RF) components Modulations Channel sharing CDMA: example of GPS Pulse compression Link budget Channel capacity Antenna Digital stream synchronization Software processing of radiofrequency signals Bibliographie

• Getting familiar with GNURadio thanks to GNURadio Companion • Commercial broadcast FM • 200 kHz-wide channels, 88-108 MHz carrier

• POCSAG reception • • • •

FSK±4.5 kHz 25 kHz-wide channels 1200 or 2400 bauds multiple channel decoding

• using an external tool for decoding sentences (multimon-ng) • GPS decoding

114 / 116

Digital communication

Bibliography

J.-M Friedt Introduction

1 T. McDermott, Wireless Digital Communications : Design and Theory, Tucson

Amateur Packet Radio Corporation – TAPR (1997)

Radiofrequency (RF) components Modulations Channel sharing CDMA: example of GPS

2 J.G. Proakis, D.K. Manolakis, Digital Signal Processing, Prentice Hall (2006) 3 R.G. Lyons, Understanding Digital Signal Processing, Prentice Hall (2004) 4 A.V. Oppenheim, R.W. Schafer, Discrete-Time Signal Processing (3rd Edition),

Pulse compression Link budget

5

Channel capacity Antenna

6

Digital stream synchronization Software processing of radiofrequency signals

7 8

Bibliographie

9 10

Prentice-Hall Signal Processing Series (2009), and videos of his lectures at ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-6-007-signals-and-systems-spring-2011/ video-lectures/lecture-1-introduction/ K. Borre, D.M. Akos, N. Bertelsen, A Software-Defined GPS and Galileo Receiver: A Single-Frequency Approach, Birkh¨ auser (2007) E.D. Kaplan, C. Hegarty, Understanding GPS: Principles and Applications, 2nd Ed., Artech House (2005) C.A. Balanis, Antenna Theory, Analysis and Design, Wiley Interscience (2005) Principles of Digital Communications course at ocw.mit.edu/courses/electrical-engineering-and-computer-science/ 6-450-principles-of-digital-communications-i-fall-2006/ video-lectures/ Balint videos at www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL618122BD66C8B3C4 and www.youtube.com/watch?v=1bgC3AjCnA4 Tom Rondeau’s presentations, for example gnuradio.org/redmine/projects/ gnuradio/wiki/Guided_Tutorial_PSK_Demodulation and www.youtube.com/watch?v=_hGNT1w-jig 115 / 116

Digital communication

POES satellites

J.-M Friedt Introduction

http://homepage.ntlworld.com/phqfh1/status.htm

Radiofrequency (RF) components SECTION 1: POLAR APT/LRPT REPORT

18th January 2016.

Modulations Satellite Frequency (MHz) Status Image Quality Channel sharing CDMA: example of GPS Pulse compression Link budget

NOAA 15 137.620 (APT) on good NOAA 18 137.9125 (APT) on good NOAA 19 137.100 (APT) on good 2. 3. 4. 5.

NOAA NOAA NOAA NOAA

14 12 17 16

was was was was

decommissioned decommissioned decommissioned decommissioned

on on on on

23rd May 2007. 10th August 2007. 10th April 2013. 9th June 2014.

Channel capacity Antenna Digital stream synchronization

Pass prevision: wxtoimg, predict (Sattrack is obsolete and requires correcting a Y2K bug when compiled)

Software processing of radiofrequency signals Bibliographie

116 / 116