TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME I 1.1 OBJECTIVE OF THE LESSON 1.2 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT 1.2.1 Background 1.2.2 Organization of Project 1.2.2.1 RESEARCH TEAM 1.2.3 Project Schedule 1.2.4 Project Objectives
1 1 1 6 6 9 11
1.3 SUMMARY OF RELIABILITY CONSIDERATION 1.3.1 Overview of a Probability-Based Specification
14 14
1.4 OVERVIEW OF THE CALIBRATION PROCESS 1.4.1 Outline of the Calibration Process 1.4.2 Development of a Sample Bridge Database 1.4.3 Extraction of Load Effects 1.4.4 Development of the Simulated Bridge Set 1.4.5 Calculated Reliability Indices and Selection of Target Value 1.4.6 Load and Resistance Factors 1.4.6.1 LOAD FACTORS 1.4.6.2 RESISTANCE FACTORS 1.4.6.3 RECOMMENDED LOAD AND RESISTANCE FACTORS
24 24 24 28 29 29 30 30 32 33
REFERENCES
37
2.1 OBJECTIVE OF THE LESSON
1
2.2 LOCATION FEATURES
1
2.3 FOUNDATION INVESTIGATIONS
2
2.4 DESIGN OBJECTIVES 2.4.1 Safety 2.4.1.1 LIMIT STATES Service Limit States Fatigue and Fracture Limit States Strength Limit States Extreme Event Limit States Limit States Design Equation Ductility Redundancy Operational Importance 2.4.1.2 LOAD FACTORS AND LOAD COMBINATIONS 2.4.2 Serviceability 2.4.3 Constructibility 2.4.4 Bridge Aesthetics
2 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 6 7 7 11 13 13
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) 2.4.5 Hydrology and Hydraulics 3.1 OBJECTIVE OF THE LESSON
13 1
3.2 DEVELOPMENT OF LRFD LIVE LOAD MODEL 3.2.1 Background 3.2.2 Selection of a Basis for Developing a Model 3.2.3 Candidate Notional Loads 3.2.4 Statistical Basis of Live Load Model 3.2.4.1 INTRODUCTION 3.2.4.2 TRUCK SURVEY DATA 3.2.4.3 MEAN MAXIMUM TRUCK MOMENTS AND SHEARS 3.2.4.4 ONE-LANE MOMENTS AND SHEARS 3.2.4.5 GIRDER DISTRIBUTION FACTORS 3.2.4.6 TWO-LANE MOMENTS AND SHEARS
1 1 3 11 22 22 23 23 32 39 42
3.3 LIVE LOADS 3.3.1 Notional Live Load Model 3.3.2 Multiple Presence of Live Load 3.3.3 Application of Design Vehicular Live Loads 3.3.4 Fatigue Requirements 3.3.5 Tire Pressure 3.3.6 Live Load Deflection Criteria 3.3.7 Dynamic Load Allowance 3.3.8 Miscellaneous Live Loads
43 43 44 45 46 46 47 47 54
QUIZ 1 WORK PERIOD #1: Live Loads on Multi-Span Bridges 4.1 OBJECTIVE OF THE LESSON
1
4.2 ICE LOADS 4.2.1 General 4.2.2 Design for Ice 4.2.3 Static Ice Loads on Piers 4.2.4 Hanging Dams and Ice Jams 4.2.5 Vertical Forces due to Ice Adhesion 4.2.6 Ice Accretion and Snow Loads on Superstructures
1 1 2 4 4 4 5
4.3 EARTH LOADS 4.3.1 General 4.3.2 Compaction 4.3.3 Earth Pressure 4.3.3.1 AT-REST PRESSURE COEFFICIENT, ko 4.3.3.2 ACTIVE PRESSURE COEFFICIENT, ka 4.3.3.3 EQUIVALENT FLUID PRESSURE 4.3.4 Presence of Water 4.3.5 Surcharge 4.3.6 Effect of Earthquake 4.3.7 Reduction due to Earth Pressure 4.3.8 Downdrag 4.3.9 Design of a Cantilever Retaining Wall Solution: Step 1: Calculate the Unfactored Loads with q = 1.0
6 6 12 14 15 16 22 23 24 26 29 30 30 31 31
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Step 2: Determine the Appropriate Load Factors Step 3: Calculate the Factored Loads
36 37
REFERENCES
39
5.1 OBJECTIVE OF THE LESSON
1
5.2 FORCE EFFECTS DUE TO SUPERIMPOSED DEFORMATIONS 5.2.1 Uniform Temperature 5.2.2 Temperature Gradient 5.2.3 Differential Shrinkage 5.2.4 Creep 5.2.5 Settlement
1 1 2 8 8 9
5.3 OTHER LIVE LOAD EFFECTS 5.3.1 General 5.3.2 Centrifugal Force 5.3.3 Braking Force 5.3.4 Vehicular Collision Forces
6.3 PRINCIPLES OF MATHEMATICAL MODELING 6.3.1 Structural Material Behavior 6.3.2 Geometry 6.3.2.1 GENERAL 6.3.2.2 APPROXIMATE METHODS 6.3.2.3 REFINED METHODS 6.3.3 Modeling Boundary Conditions
2 2 3 3 4 5 5
6.4 STATIC ANALYSIS 6.4.1 The Influence of Plan Geometry 6.4.2 Approximate Methods for Load Distribution 6.4.2.1 DECK SLABS AND SLAB-TYPE BRIDGES 6.4.2.2 BEAM SLAB BRIDGES 6.4.2.2.1 General 6.4.2:2.2 Influence of Truck Configuration 6.4.2.2.3 Findings Level 3 Methods: Detailed Bridge Deck Analysis Level 2 Methods: Graphical and Simple ComputerBased Analysis Level 1 Methods: Simplified formulas 6.4.2.2.3a Simplified Formulas for Beam-and-Slab Bridges
6 6 7 7 7 7 11 12 12 12 13 13
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Moment Distribution to Interior Girders, Multi-Lane Loading Moment Distribution to Exterior Girders, Multi-Lane Loading Moment Distribution to Interior Girders, Single-Lane Loading Moment Distribution to Exterior Girders Shear Distribution Correction for Skew Effects 6.4.2.2.3b Simplified Formulas for Box Girder Bridges Moment Distribution to Interior Girders Moment Distribution to Exterior Girders Shear Distribution Correction for Skew Effects 6.4.2.2.3c Simplified Formulas for Slab Bridges Moment Distribution, Multi-Lane Loading Moment Distribution, Single-Lane Loading Correction for Skew Effects 6.4.2.2.3d Simplified Formulas for Multi-Beam Decks which are Sufficiently Interconnected to Act as a Unit Moment Distribution to Interior Girders, Mufti-Lane Loading Moment Distribution to Interior Girders, Single-Lane Loading Moment Distribution to Exterior Girders Shear Distribution Correction for Skew Effects 6.4.2.2.3e Simplified Formulas for Multi-Beam Decks which are not Sufficiently Interconnected to Act as a Unit 6.4.2.2.3f Simplified Formulas for Spread Box Beam Bridges Moment Distribution to Interior Beams, Multi-Lane Loading Moment Distribution to Interior Beams, Single-Lane Loading Moment Distribution to Exterior Girders Shear Distribution Correction for Skew Effects 6.4.2.2.3g Response of Continuous Bridges 6.4.2.3 TRUSS AND ARCH BRIDGES 6.4.2.3.1 General 6.5 REFINED 6.5.1 6.5.2 6.5.3 6.5.4 REFERENCES
METHODS Deck Slabs Beam Slab Bridges Example of Modeling Errors Other Types of Bridges
APPENDIX A Acceleration Coefficient Maps 9.1 OBJECTIVE
1
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) 9.2 INTRODUCTION
1
9.3 LIMIT STATES 9.3.1 Service Limit State 9.3.2 Fatigue Limit State 9.3.3 Strength Limit State 9.3.4 Extreme Event Limit State
1 1 2 4 5
9.4 FLEXURE 9.4.1 Limits of Reinforcement 9.4.1.1 MAXIMUM REINFORCEMENT 9.4.1.2 MINIMUM REINFORCEMENT 9.4.2 Stress in Prestressing Steel at Nominal Flexural Resistance 9.4.2.1 COMPONENTS WITH BONDED TENDONS 9.4.2.2 COMPONENTS WITH UNBONDED TENDONS 9.4.3 Flexural Resistance 9.4.4 Crack Control
5 5 5 6 7 7 8 9 11
9.5 STRUT-AND-TIE MODEL 9.5.1 Structural Modeling 9.5.2 Proportioning Compressive Struts 9.5.2.1 STRENGTH OF STRUTS 9.5.2.2 EFFECTIVE CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA OF STRUTS 9.5.2.3 LIMITING COMPRESSIVE STRESS IN STRUTS 9.5.3 Proportioning Tension Ties 9.5.3.1 STRENGTH OF TIES 9.5.3.2 ANCHORAGE OF TIES 9.5.4 Proportioning Node Regions 9.5.5 Crack Control Reinforcement
11 11 12 12 12 13 14 14 15 15 16
9.6 PRESTRESSING 9.6.1 Introduction 9.6.2 Stress Limitations for Prestressing Tendons 9.6.3 Stress Limitations for Concrete 9.6.4 Loss of Prestress 9.6.4.1 GENERAL 9.6.4.2 INSTANTANEOUS LOSSES 9.6.4.2.1 Anchorage Set 9.6.4.2.2 Friction 9.6.4.2.3 Elastic Shortening 9.6.4.3 TIME-DEPENDENT LOSSES 9.6.4.3.1 Simplified Lump Sum Estimate 9.6.4.3.2 Refined Itemized Estimate 9.6.4.3.2a Shrinkage 9.6.4.3.2b Creep 9.6.4.3.2c Relaxation 9.6.4.3.3 Rigorous Analysis
9.7 SHEAR AND TORSION 9.7.1 Introduction 9.7.2 Sectional Model 9.7.2.1 MODIFIED COMPRESSION FIELD THEORY 9.7.2.2 NOMINAL SHEAR RESISTANCE
29 29 30 30 31
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) 9.7.2.2.1 General 9.7.2.2.2 Simplified Procedure for Non-prestressed Sections 9.7.2.2.3 General Procedure 9.7.2.3 LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT
31 32 33 37
9.8 DURABILITY
37
9.9 DESIGN EXAMPLE - PRESTRESS CONCRETE 12BEAM
38
10.1 OBJECTIVE 10.2 SPECIFIC PROVISIONS FOR VARIOUS TYPE OF STRUCTURES 10.2.1 Beams and Girders 10.2.2 Segmental Construction 10.2.3 Arches 10.2.4 Slab Superstructures 10.2.4.1 CAST-IN-PLACE SOLID SLAB SUPERSTRUCTURES 10.2.4.2 CAST-IN-PLACE VOIDED SLAB SUPERSTRUCTURE 10.2.4.3 PRECAST DECK BRIDGES 10.2.5 Culverts
1 1 1 7 21 23 24 24 27 29
10.3 SPECIFIC MEMBERS 10.3.1 Deep Members General Diaphragms Brackets and Corbels Beam Ledges 10.3.2 Footings 10.3.3 Piles 10.3.4 Provisions for Structure Types Beam and Girder Bridges
13.2 FACTORED RESISTANCE 13.2.1 General 13.2.2 Slip Resistance 13.2.3 Shear Resistance 13.2.4 Bearing Resistance 13.2.5 Tensile Resistance 13.2.6 Resistance to Combined Shear and Tension 13.3 BOLTED SPLICE DESIGN EXAMPLE
2 2 3 7 8 10 11 12
14.1 OBJECTIVE OF LESSON
1
14.2 SPREAD FOOTING FOUNDATION DESIGN 14.2.1 General Design Considerations 14.2.2 Design Procedure 14.2.3 Movement and Bearing Pressure at Service Limit State 14.2.3.1 ANALYSIS OF FOOTING MOVEMENTS 14.2.3.2 MOVEMENT CRITERIA 14.2.4 Bearing and Sliding Resistance at the Strength Limit State 14.2.4.1 RESISTANCE FACTORS 14.2.4.2 BEARING RESISTANCE
1 1 2 4 4 6 7 7 8
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) 14.2.4.3 LOAD ECCENTRICITY 14.2.4.4 SLIDING RESISTANCE 14.3 DRIVEN PILE FOUNDATIONS DESIGN 14.3.1 General Design Considerations 14.3.2 Design Procedure 14.3.3 Movement at the Service Limit State 14.3.3.1 ANALYSIS OF PILE DISPLACEMENTS 14.3.3.2 TOLERABLE MOVEMENT CRITERIA 14.3.4 Resistance at the Strength Limit State 14.3.4.1 RESISTANCE FACTORS 14.3.4.2 AXIAL LOADING 14.3.4.3 LATERAL LOADING 14.3.4.4 BATTER PILES 14.3.4.5 GROUP BEHAVIOR 14.3.4.6 STRUCTURAL DESIGN REFERENCES 15.1 OBJECTIVE OF LESSON
16 18 20 20 20 22 22 25 25 25 26 30 31 31 33 35 1
15.2 CONVENTIONAL RETAINING WALL AND ABUTMENT DESIGN 15.2.1 General Design Considerations 15.2.2 Design Procedure 15.2.3 Movement at the Service Limit State 15.2.3.1 ANALYSIS OF WALL DISPLACEMENTS 15.2.3.2 TOLERABLE MOVEMENT CRITERIA 15.2.4 Resistance at the Strength Limit State 15.2.4.1 RESISTANCE FACTORS 15.2.4.2 LOAD FACTORS 15.2.4.3 OVERALL STABILITY 15.2.4.4 LOCATION OF RESULTANT FORCE 15.2.4.5 BEARING RESISTANCE 15.2.4.6 SLIDING RESISTANCE 15.2.4.7 CONTINUATION OF RETAINING WALL DESIGN EXAMPLE 15.2.4.8 STRUCTURAL DESIGN
1 1 1 3 3 3 3 4 5 6 6 7 7
15.3 ANCHORED RETAINING WALL DESIGN 15.3.1 General Design Considerations 15.3.2 Design Procedure 15.3.3 Movement at the Service Limit State 15.3.3.1 ANALYSIS OF WALL DISPLACEMENTS 15.3.3.2 TOLERABLE MOVEMENT CRITERIA 15.3.4 Resistance at the Strength Limit State 15.3.4.1 RESISTANCE FACTORS 15.3.4.2 ANCHOR PULLOUT 15.3.4.3 PASSIVE AND BEARING RESISTANCE 15.3.4.4 STRUCTURAL RESISTANCE OF VERTICAL WALL ELEMENTS 15.3.4.5 FACING ELEMENTS 15.3.4.6 OVERALL STABILITY
16 16 17 19 19 20 20 21 21 24
7 15
24 25 26
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) 15.4 MECHANICALLY-STABILIZED EARTH RETAINING WALLS 15.4.1 General Design Considerations 15.4.2 Design Procedure 15.4.3 Movement at the Service Limit State 15.4.3.1 ANALYSIS OF WALL DISPLACEMENTS 15.4.3.2 TOLERABLE MOVEMENT CRITERIA 15.4.4 Resistance at the Strength Limit State 15.4.4.1 RESISTANCE FACTORS 15.4.4.2 SAFETY AGAINST SOIL FAILURE 15.4.4.3 INTERNAL STABILITY OF REINFORCEMENTS Inextensible Reinforcements Extensible Reinforcements 15.4.4.4 PULLOUT OF REINFORCING ELEMENTS 15.4.4.5 DESIGN LIFE 15.4.4.6 STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF FACE PANEL 15.4.5 Example Problem - Mechanically Stabilized Earth (MSE) Wall
26 26 28 30 30 30 31 31 32 34 34 36 37 39 41 42
REFERENCES
63
WORK PERIOD #2 - CONCRETE BOX CULVERTS 16.1 OBJECTIVE OF THE LESSON
16.3 OVERVIEW OF BRIDGE JOINTS 16.3.1 General 16.3.2 Selection 16.3.3 Design Requirements 16.3.4 Joint Types
43 43 45 46 47
16.4 OVERVIEW OF BEARINGS 16.4.1 Load and Movement Capabilities 16.4.2 Forces in the Structure Caused by Restraint of Movement 16.4.3 Overview of Special Design Provisions for Bearings 16.4.3.1 METAL ROCKER AND ROLLER BEARINGS 16.4.3.2 PTFE SLIDING SURFACES 16.4.3.3 BEARINGS WITH CURVED SLIDING SURFACES 16.4.3.4 POT BEARINGS 16.4.3.5 STEEL REINFORCED ELASTOMERIC BEARINGS 16.4.3.6 ELASTOMERIC PADS
48 48 50 50 50 51 53 53 54 61
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) 16.4.3.7 BRONZE OR COPPER ALLOY SLIDING SURFACES 16.4.3.8 DISC BEARINGS 16.4.3.9 GUIDES AND RESTRAINTS 16.4.3.10 OTHER BEARING SYSTEMS
62 63 63 63
17A.1 OBJECTIVE OF THE LESSON
1
17A.2 STRESS-LAMINATED DECK EXAMPLE
1
17B.1 OVERVIEW OF VESSEL COLLISION PROVISIONS 178.1.1 Background Information on the Development of Vessel Collision Guidelines 17B.1.2 Background Information on the Main Factors Affecting the Vessel Collision Problem 17B.1.2.1 VESSEL CHARACTERISTICS 17B.1.2.1.1 Ships 17B.1.2.1.2 Barges 17B.1.2.2 WATERWAY CHARACTERISTICS 17B.1.2.3 BRIDGE CHARACTERISTICS 17B.1.3 Initial Planning 178.1.4 General Provisions 17B.1.4.1 OBJECTIVE OF SPECIFICATIONS 17B.1.4.2 FLOW CHART FOR THE DESIGN OF BRIDGE COMPONENTS FOR VESSEL COLLISION 17B.1.4.3 APPLICABILITY OF SPECIFICATIONS 17B.1.4.4 DATA COLLECTION 17B.1.5 Minimum Impact Requirements 17B.1.6 Design Vessel Selection 17B.1.6.1 ACCEPTABLE ANNUAL FREQUENCY OF BRIDGE ELEMENT COLLAPSE 17B.1.6.2 ANNUAL FREQUENCIES OF BRIDGE ELEMENT COLLAPSE 17B.1.6.2.1 General Remarks 1713.1.6.2.2 Vessel Traffic Distribution, N 17B.1.6.2.3 Probability of Aberrancy, PA 17B.1.6.2.4 Geometric Probability, PG 178.1.6.2.5 Probability of Collapse, PC 17B.1.7 Vessel Collision Loads 17B.1.7.1 DESIGN VESSEL VELOCITY 17B.1.7.2 VESSEL COLLISION ENERGY 17B.1.7.3 SHIP COLLISION FORCE ON PIER 17B.1.7.4 SHIP BOW DAMAGE LENGTH 1713.1.7.5 SHIP COLLISION FORCE ON SUPERSTRUCTURE 17B.1.7.6 BARGE COLLISION FORCE ON PIER 178.1.7.7 APPLICATION OF IMPACT FORCES 17B.1.8 Bridge Protection
1
9 10 10 11 15 17 17 17 18 18 19 19 20 22 25
17B.2 EXAMPLE BRIDGE DESCRIPTION
25
APPENDIX A Typical Ship Characteristics APPENDIX B Typical Barge Characteristics
A.1 Input menu . ... A.3 Output menu. ... and stability in geotechnical engineering projects. The simple graphical input procedures enable a quick generation of ...
In this Section the Hardening-Soil model is subjected to simulations of various laboratory tests on sand in order to ... Extensive lab tests were performed on loose .... equilibrium, an initial pressiometer pressure of 180 kPa (load B) is applied.
CS-CEB90.RMD contains all necessary formulas and tables for the creep & shrinkage ... RMD contains all materials according to AASHTO. This selection of ...
this clay layer there is a stiffer sand layer which extends to a large depth. Figure 4.1 .... Table 4.1. Material properties of the sand and clay layer and the interfaces.
A small negative value for Ï is only realistic for extremely loose sands. For further information about the link between the friction angle and dilatancy, see Bolton ...
Please refer to the manual âRM2000 user guideâ for further details! ..... Ultimate Load Check: consider the initial strain of pre- or post-tensioned tendons.
Jun 24, 2003 - shall be staggered. .... launching gantry, beam and winch, truss or similar ...... Figure 11.7.3-2 - Staggered Layout of Prestressing Bars in End ...
The properties of the concrete diaphragm wall are entered in a material set of the ... Table 6.1. Soil and interface properties. Parameter. Name. Fill. Sand. Loam.
GIPAC - Gabinete de Informática e Projecto Assistido por Computador, Lda. Rua Carlos ...... abscissa (horizontal ordinate) and must be told Å via âFormula' ...
proprietary and copyrighted products. Ownership ...... Within a scope, only part of the commands are available. ..... GROUP ânameâ DATA maxD reimax reiminA reiminF ...... entries. Within this sub-scope, the following commands are available:.
survey, an interviewer records answers provided by the respondent. With the latter .... twentieth century with the advent of the Rivers and Harbours Act 1902 which required that ..... in Table 2.1. Forecasting Future Traffic Flows 21 ...... in favour
If you are viewing this tutorial manual as a .pdf file, we strongly recom- mend that you ... The lower right corner shows the current unit selection. Figure 2 shows .... The Proper- ties of Object pop-up box for frames will appear as shown in Figure.
head in the sand layer follows the river water level variation closely. Figure 5.1 Geometry ... Material properties of the river embankment and subsoil. Parameter.
Differences between Garlanger's and Buisman's forms are modest. The engineering strain ε is replaced by void ratio e and the consolidation time tc is replaced ...
the effective Young's modulus, E', and the effective Poisson's ratio, ν'. In the remaining .... in which Kw is the bulk modulus of the water and n is the soil porosity.
As it involves only two input parameters, i.e. Young's modulus, E, and Poisson's ratio, ... soil elasticity; Ï and c for soil plasticity and Ï as an angle of dilatancy.
Internet: http://www.tda-as.no. Support in Portugal and Spain: GIPAC - Gabinete de Informática e Projecto Assistido por Computador, Lda. Rua Carlos Seixas ...
the behavior of the function ζ(s) = 1 + 1/2s + 1/3s + 1/4s + ... called the Riemann Zeta function. The Riemann hypothesis asserts that all nontrivial solutions of the ...
Jul 6, 2002 - Table: Area Local Axes Assignments 2 - Advanced. Page 12 of 1474. Field: Area .... element used for calcualting the membrane stiffness for full-shell and .... The Ct factor used in calculating the building period (in English units). ...
