PORT & HARBORs and RIVERs in JAPAN COUNTRY REPORT
TAKESHI OKI ＪＦＥ STEEL Corporation
Outline of Presentation General review on Port & Harbor and Rivers Introduction of Steel Structure in Port & Harbor and Rivers New design standards for Port & Harbor Technical subject issues Development of Anti-corrosion methods Large-sized development project Further expansion for Tokyo International Airport
General review on port & harbors Location of port & harbors in Japan
Total number = 1,650(2007) Total length of major container berth = 14.054km (2007)
Characteristics of Port & Harbor in Japan Japan relies on marine transport to move the majority of the goods. About 99.7% goods involved in foreign trade pass through Japan’s Port & Harbor Marine transport amounts for 38.7% of all domestic cargo distribution.
General review on rivers Location of major rivers in Japan
Total length of major rivers = 143,606km (2007)
Characteristics of Rivers in Japan The rivers are prone to flooding ←flow rapidly due to the steepness of slopes The water level rises and falls very quickly The river regime coefficient・・the ratio of the maximum discharge to minimum discharge is between 200 and 400 10times larger than continental rivers
Domestic demand for Steel pipe piles used for Port & harbors and Rivers （×1000ｔ）
Bridge or building foundation etc
700 600 500 400 300 200 100
River
0
Port&Harbor 00
01
02
03 Year
04
05
06
07
Introduction of Steel structure in Port & Harbor Pier
Sectional view and plane figure 34500
φ1300
Existing piled pier
φ1300 φ1300
Cellular sheet pile quaywall
Under constructing Cellular sheet pile (flat-type sheet pile)
Jacket Structure
Introduction of Steel structure in Rivers Coastal revetment
Steel sheet pile
Countermeasure Countermeasure against against Dike Dike Destruction Destruction
Great Abukuma River Improvement Project （1998∼2000)
Countermeasures against liquefaction Sheet pile Method
Without countermeasure
Riverbank Ex)Yodo river・Edo river・Sirakawa river
Railroad embankment EX)Tokaidou-Line
Introduction of new design standards for Port & Harbor New Standards(2007) First standard was established in １９７９ Revised every 10 years (1) Performance based code (2) Reliability design method (3) New earthquake concept
Hierarchy of design code Objective Objective Compulsive
ISO
JSCE Ministry, etc
Required performance Required performance Performance Performance requirement requirement
Performance Performance verification verification
Background of design code ISO2394 :General principles on reliability for structures Eurocode0: Basis of Design Eurocode1: Basis of design and actions on structures Eurocode3: Design of Steel Structures (building,bridge,tower,tank,etc) Eurocode8: Earthquake resistant design of structures
New design standards
Design Condition and Required Performance for Facility Design condition
Definition
Permanent state
Main action condition: Permanent action (dead weight, earth pressure, etc.) Variable action (wave, level 1 seismic motion, etc.) Accidental action (level 2 seismic motion, tsunami, etc.)
Variable state
Accidental state
Required performance Serviceability
Serviceability
Serviceability, restorability, safety
Current problems of new Standards • Assessment of required performance is difficult. Mutual understanding between clients and contractors or designers has not yet been attained. • Few design engineers understand the new Standards, because the method of computation is highly advanced. • Verification of performance-based design is difficult for both the public and private sectors, and it is impossible to trace incorrect calculations. Examination by a independent organization is needed. • Methods of verification are diverse, thus making it difficult to judge which design method is better to adopt.
Technical subject issues on Port & Harbors 1.Super hub port Project 2.Anti-earthquake measures 3. Protection functions against tsunami, storm surge, etc. 4. Recycling technology 5. Asset management for facilties
Anti-earthquake measures Earthquake-proof Berth Improvement
Improvements Port & harbor to completed be improved Transport of emergency 147 berths materials, etc
International sea container terminal
14 berths
Hub international harbors and core international harbors in tree major bays (Tokyo,Oosaka,Ise bay）
Progress Report on Earthquake-proof Berth improvements
Tsunami and storm surge protection station
Tsunami Barrier
Flap Gate against Tsunami and storm surge protection station
Recycling technology Technology for monitoring or maintenance waste disposal site in Coastal Areas
Technology for asset management Background
Infrastructure constructed during period of high economic growth z
z z
More than 40 years passed Maintenance costs will rapidly increase Necessary to implement planned maintenance
LCM is a technique of :
Effective utilization of existing facilities Prolonging service life by appropriate maintenance
Future
LCM of Port and Harbor * Concept
Start
passing of years Inspection, surveys
Database Examination and proposal of countermeasures Remaining years of service life
Assessment of retained qualities
Optimization of maintenance
Design conditions Environmental conditions Estimate progress of deterioration Estimate service life Performance Time Current state
Optimization of LCC and maintenance/repair
Future
LCM of Port and Harbor * Subject Methods for inspecting and diagnosing port&harbor facilities while in service Development of high precision models for forecasting the future progress of deterioration and demand Methods for assessing the cost and performance of countermeasures Database
Development of Anti-corrosion methods
Mechanisms of Corrosion Environment and corrosive tendency * In marine atmosphere Depth
M.H.W.L
Splash zone Tidal zone Submerged zone Sea bottom
Corrosion Rate
Japanese Design Standards for corrosion velocity Environment Upper Ｈ．Ｗ．Ｌ
Corrosion velocity(mm/y) 0.3
H.W.L∼L.W.L –1.0m
0.1∼0.3
In the Seawater
0.1∼0.2
In the mud
0.03
Research of Corrosion Research by Dr. OSAKI *
* Kozai Kurabu
Prominent among surveys that constitute the basis of anticipate corrosion Test pile ：L-100×100 1962∼66 installed
Welding 10 site Measurement 126 total 15m zone 2nd,5th,10th 10cm withdrawn Red paint
Research of Corrosion 0.10
Corrosion rate tends to decrease as time passes
Annual 0.08 corrosion 0.06 rate mm/year 0.04 0.02
Maximum rate Average rate 0.01mm/y 0
20 15 10 Number of years elapsed
Research of Corrosion Long-term exposure test at Hazaki Began in 1984∼and currently in its 23st year
Study a variety of corrosion protection methods
Corrosion Protection Methods Classified according to the corrosion mechanism (1) Electrochemical protection z
Cathodic protection
(2)Surface treatment z
z
Metalic coating･･･ e.g. Zinc coating Non-metalic coating･･･ e.g. Paint and coating（lining）
(3)Environmental protection
Galvanic anode method
M.L.W.L Corrosion current
Coating Aluminium alloy anode Steel pipe pile
Painting or Coating method Methods
Materials
Thickness Work (mm)
Painting
Tar epoxy
0.475
Epoxy
0.475
Polyethylene
2.5
Extrusion
Urethane elastomer
2.5
Painting
Inorganic Cement mortar coating
100
Molding
Metal Titanium Clad Surfacing Seawater-Resistant
1.0 0.4
Welding
Organic coating
Stainless steel
Painting
Polyethylene coating（Organic coating）
Ｓｅａwater-Resistant Ｓｔaｉｎless ｓｔｅｅｌ Ｌｉｎｉｎｇ Ｏｏｉ Container Terminal （Jacket-Type）
Characteristics of each materials Materials
Merits
Demerits
Tar epoxy
1.Easy to handle and repair 2.Economical
1.Weak resistance to impact 2. Not very durable
Polyethylene
Mass produced and cheap
New structures only
Polyurethane elastomer
High durability
Basically new structures
Cement mortar
Many types available
Weak resistance to impact
Steel + cement mortar
Very high durability
Expensive
Metal Surfacing
Very high durability
Very Expensive
Epoxy
Introduction of large-sized development project Further Expansion for Tokyo International Airport (Haneda Airport) 2006-2009
Image picture of new runway
Summary of new Runway Structure
【Combination of reclamation and bridge】 Reclamation zone
Bride zone Jacket structure:220,000t Steel pipe pile:70,000t
Connecting Taxiway Jacket structure:20,000t Steel pipe pile: 70,000t Bridge : 55,000t
Details of Jacket Structure Jacket zone:W1,079.1m×L320m (520.000㎡) Total number of jacket:198 T am a R iv e r W63m×L45m×H35m Weight : 1,600t Pipe length:70m
Management of Flow obstruction in Tama river ３０ｍ
1,000ｍ ４ｍ
m Ta
a
ri v e
r
Small influence for river flow
Calculation of flow obstruction Ratio of flow obstruction ＝ ６％ ＜ ８％ ＯＫ
Corrosion system
SeawaterResistance stainless steel lining Galvanic anode method
Connecting Taxiway Existing airport facilities
Jacket zone
Bridge zone
Jacket zone
Ship lane
天端高A.P.+6.0
Ship lane width
Steel pipe sheet piles foundation
New runway
Conclusion A lot of steel structures were used in Port & harbor and rivers in Japan. Steel structure is effective against earth quake Anti-corrosion method is important for designing Steel structure. We must study and use for LCM method.
