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NWFP Report 2012
Gambia
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http://www.fao.org/forestry/nwfp/78836/en/gmb/ Food and Agriculture Organization, FOPP
Hugo Lehoux & Anis Chakib
1. This document is still under construction, please don’t consider it as an official FAO publication.
TABLE DES MATIÈRES
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Table des matières 1 Plants 1.1 Food . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 Fodder . . . . . . . . . 1.3 Medecines . . . . . . . 1.4 Colorants and dyes . . 1.5 Ustensiles, artisanat et 1.6 Ornemental plants . . 1.7 Exudates . . . . . . .
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2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4
2 Animals 2.1 Living animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 Honey and bee-waxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 Bush meat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4 4 4 5
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PLANTS
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Context The population of Gambia is estimated around 1.751 million people in 2010 [FAOSTAT] . The total area of the country is 11 300 km2 with around 480 000 hectares of forests in 2010 [FAO, 2010].
Introduction Main Non Wood Forest Products Honey, bushmeat, medicinal plants, fruits and edible roots are the most important non-wood forest products (NWFP) exploited in Gambia. Other NWPF that are found in the country are fodder (Pterocarpus erinaceus), bamboo (Oxytenanthera abyssinica), rattan (Calamus deeratus), fibres (Borassus aethiopum) and dyes.
General informations NWFP in their various forms and quantities can be found in many places across the country, either for direct consumption or for sale. Their value and demand are incresasing all over the country. The bulk of these products are consumed and traded locally. In a few isolated cases there is some cross-border trade along the border with Senegal [FAO and BOJANG, 1999].
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Plants Food
Wild plants in the forest are important sources of food security for many Gambians especially for those living in the countryside. Fruits from trees, roots, tubers, fresh nuts, seeds and tender leaves represent an essential part of the diet. They serve as vegetables and enrich meals prepared from the main staples rice, corn or millet. Fruits and nuts are important commodities on the local market. Teas, prepared from dry leaves and fruits that are normally collected by children, constitute additional food. Spices and sauces prepared with palm oil and peppers are part of nearly every meal. Fruits are important components in the population’s diet. Important fruits include Anacardium occidentale, Adansonia digitata, Annona senegalensis, Balamites aegyptiaca, Borassus aethiopium, Ficus gnaphalocarpa, Parinari excelsa, Parkia biglobosa, Parinari macrophylia, Sclerocarya birrea, Spondias mombin, Tamarindus indica, Ziziphus mauritiana, Detarium senegalensis and Dialium guineensis. Some are eaten raw or dried while others are used in different dishes. For instance, the fruits of Ficus gnaphalocarpa are cooked in soups and the fruits of Parinari excelsa are pounded and
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PLANTS
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cooked as porridge. Beverages are made from the pulp of some fruits (Balanites aegyptiaca, Borassus aethiopium, Parkia biglobosa, Ziziphus mauritiana, Detarium senegalensis). Palm wine is obtained from the base of the fruit or terminal bud of Elaesis guinensis. Its seeds are eaten raw or used in the production of palm oil, which is extracted from the seed (palm kernel oil). Young fresh leaves from Adansonia digitata are cooked as a vegetable. Its leaves, when dry, are pounded to get a powder which is used in soups and also mixed with sorghum. They are also use in sauces. The tender leaves and the young flowers of both Bombax costatum and Ceiba penlandra can be dried and pounded. The leaves of Ceiba penlandra are also cooked and used as soup. The tender fresh leaves of Dialium guinensis are chewed. Though an exotic species, Moringa oleifera is widely planted in Gambia. Its leaves are cooked for soups while the young leaves and fruits are prepared as vegetables. The cashew nut from Anacardium occidentale is roasted and the kernel is extracted and eaten. The same is done with the nuts from Balanites aegyptiaca. The nut in the seed of Parinari macrophylla is eaten raw. The young fresh shoots/roots of Borassus aethiopium are eaten raw or cooked. 2
1.2
Fodder
No data available.
1.3
Medecines
In Gambia, medicinal plants are more important than any other NWFP, since hunger plays a minor role compared to the health of the population, especially in the rural areas. The knowledge of medicinal plants and their uses are vast in villages. Most of the trees and shrubs found in the Pirang forest are used for medicinal purposes in one way or another [Sumser, 1988].
1.4
Colorants and dyes
No data available.
1.5
Ustensiles, artisanat et matériaux de construction
Fibres and dyes are gathered for handicraft and household uses. The Rhun palm (Borassus aethiopium) is commonly found across the country and is primarily used domestically for the construction of roofs and fences. But there is also a national market for this product. That is why a project of FAO focused in community forestry enterprises selected it as a key product to reduce poverty and enhance economic activity in many poor rural areas [FAO et al., 2005]. 2. Source manquante pour tout ce paragraphe
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ANIMALS
1.6
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Ornemental plants
No data available.
1.7
Exudates
No data available.
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Animals
2.1
Living animals
No data available.
2.2
Honey and bee-waxes
Honey and wax are important commodities in the rural areas. Honey is used for the treatment of various diseases, especially baby stomach pain, and because of its antiseptic properties to heal wounds [Bojang, 1992]. The product is also used by poor people as a sweetener instead of sugar. The production of honey and wax by honey hunters belongs to the traditional activities in addition to game hunting, fishing and gathering. These offseason traditional economic undertakings are complementary and are often combined. The small-scale structures of honey production have not been able to satisfy the local market nor to compete with the big and highly specialized producers in other parts of the world. The producers themselves consume good part of their production and the surplus is sold locally. The continuous supply of honey to the local market is problematic since its flow is seasonal (dry season) and there are no appropriate storage facilities to bridge the seasonal gaps. The table 1 shows annual honey production during the years 1996-1998. In Gambia honey is measured in volume (1 litre = 1.5 kg). 1996 1997 1998
40 48 60
tonnes tonnes tonnes
Table 1 – Annual honey harvest in Gambia 1996-1998 [FAO and BOJANG, 1999]
Rural people are not engaged in honey production for profit maximization but for risk minimization for survival. For many small-scale farmers, the production of honey is the only source of off-farm cash income. Therefore, honey hunting and beekeeping play significant roles in the rural household economy. The average producer price for honey is Gambian Dalasi (GMD) 20 per kg. Honey hunting is widely practised all over the country mostly by
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ANIMALS
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men who go and look for bee-colonies in their natural habitats (hollow trees, branches and termite hills). Honey hunters kill the colony by smoking out the nests and burning the bees with fire. The use of fire by honey hunters is an important cause for bush fires. Beeswax production continues to be seen as a secondary objective by the majority of Gambian beekeepers. Even though the majority of those involved in beekeeping is now aware of the commercial value of beeswax, the majority of them produces only the quantity of wax necessary for their new hive frames. Those who produce more than their domestic requirement sell some of it at the local markets. The marketing of beeswax remains localized and uncoordinated. Eighty percent of the wax produced in the country is traded locally within the production site and 15 percent is sold at the weekly markets ("Lumo") across the country. Beeswax cannot meet local demand. At present, only one person is specialized in wax utilization for making shoe-polish and for the production of various medicines that are sold locally [FAO and BOJANG, 1999].
2.3
Bush meat
The importance of bushmeat is decreasing with the decline of the species as a result of habitat destruction. Yet, bushmeat is a very important source of protein in the diet. The source of bushmeat can be divided into three categories : terrestrial, primates and avi-fauna. See table 2. Terrestrial Primates Warthog / bushpig Red patas monkey Antelopes (sitatunga, duikers etc.) Equana lizard Canecutter rat, porcupine, jackal,
Birds Pigeons Marabout stalk Geese/ducks Bustards Bush fowl/francolim Guinea fowl Water fowl Horn bills (black and white and yellow-billed) Rupian vultures
Table 2 – Most common bushmeat [FAO and BOJANG, 1999]
RÉFÉRENCES
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Références F. Bojang. National progress report 1989-91 : The gambia, 1992. FAO. Forest Ressources Assessment. FAO, 2010. URL http://www.fao. org/forestry/fra/fra2010/en/. FAO and L. BOJANG. Country brief on NWFP : Gambia. FAO, 1999. FAO, Wolfgang, and Kanimang. Community Forestry enterprises. A case study of the Gambia. FAO, 2005. FAOSTAT. URL http://faostat3.fao.org/home/. M. Sumser. Traditional use of forest products. H. Ellenberg et al. Pirang : Ecological investigations in a forest island in the Gambia, 1988.
Global Report on Non Wood Forest Products COUNTRY
CLASS SPECIES
YEAR
PRODUCTION unit
VALUE unit
EXPORT uni t
VALUE unit
IMPORT unit
VALUE uni DETAIL t
COMMENT
Gambia 12
Honey
1996
40 t
-
1997
48 t
-
1998
60 t
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NWFP Classes : 1 Food 2 Fodder 3 Raw material for medicine and aromatic products 4 Colorants and dyes 5 Raw material for utensils, handicrafts and construction 6 Ornamental plants 7 Exudates 8 Other plant products 10 Living animals 11 Hides, skins and trophies 12 Wild honey and bee-wax 13 Bush meat 14 Raw material for medicine 15 Raw material for colorants 16 Other edible animal products 17 Other non-edible animal products 20 Mushrooms
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