NWFP Report 2012
Malawi
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http://www.fao.org/forestry/nwfp/78836/en/ Food and Agriculture Organization, FOPP
Hugo Lehoux & Anis Chakib
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This document is still under construction, please don’t consider it as an official FAO publication
CONTENTS
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Contents 1 Plants and plant products 1.1 Food . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 Fodder . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 Medicines . . . . . . . . 1.4 Colorants and dyes . . . 1.5 Utensils, handicrafts and 1.6 Ornamental plants . . . 1.7 Exudates . . . . . . . .
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2 Animals and animal products 2.1 Living animals . . . . . . . . 2.2 Honey and bee-wax . . . . . . 2.3 Bush meat . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4 Other edible animal products
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CONTENTS
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Context The population of Malawi is estimated around 15.692 million people in 2010 [FAOSTAT]. The total area of the country is 118,480 km2 with around 3,237 hectares of forests in 2010 [FAO, 2010].
Introduction Main Non-Wood Forest Products Wild animal food like honey, caterpillars, termites and bushmeat are the most important non-wood forest products (NWFP) in Malawi. Mushrooms and fruits are the most important plant products. Other NWFP are fodder, fibres, resins and medicinal plants.
General information The importance of NWFP differs in various regions : • In northern Malawi, bushmeat is recorded to be the most important NWFP followed by honey, termites, caterpillars and various plant products • In southern Malawi, termites are the most important NWFP followed by bushmeat, honey, caterpillars and plant-based NWFP • In central Malawi, mushrooms and fruits are documented to be the most important NWFP, followed by various others. According to Ngulube [Ngulube, 1999], the Miombo woodlands are the most important sources of non-wood forest products in Malawi. People living in and around these ecosystems are still using a variety of these products and services for their domestic needs and trading some of them to get cash incomes. In Malawi self-consumption is more important than the sale of NWFP. Especially honey, fruits, mushrooms, game, medicinal plants, as well as grass for thatch, constitute important sources of income for the rural communities in the country [Nyirenda, 1993]. For example, a project of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) and German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ) implemented in the Lisungwi Valley, Neno District, has contributed to develop NWFP valorization and then increase population incomes from NWFP. The production of baobab (Malambe, Andansonia digitata) and tamarin (Bwemba, Tamarindus indica)[FAO, 2010] fruit juices and honey is now sold in supermarkets, service station shops and similar 414 establishments. Commercialization of NTFPs has increased
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PLANTS AND PLANT PRODUCTS
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household per capita income from about US$43.00 in 1996 to US$130.00 in 2006 [Mauambeta, 2008]. In Malawi, Fisher [Fisher, 2004] uncovered indications of high levels of dependence on forests for income in 3 villages, with sample households deriving approximately 30% of their incomes from forests (of which a part from NWFP trade), on average.
1 1.1
Plants and plant products Food
Fruit trees (e.g. Uapaca kirkiana, Tamarindus indica, Strychnos spinosa) are important sources of food supplements. Fruits improve the nutritional content of staple foods and the nutritional status especially in times of food emergency and have been used for a long time to supplement dietary needs. They contain vital nutrients and essential vitamins, which are important especially for growing children, who often suffer from malnutrition and related diseases. Nutritional studies have shown that Parinari curatellifolia, Strychnos cocculoides and Azanza garkeana contain more than 30 percent fat and about 45 percent of crude fibre and total carbohydrates, while Trichilia emetica and Annona senegalensis are important source of protein [Saka and Msonthi, 1994]. The miombo woodland is an important source of indigenous fruits (Uapaca kirkiana, Parinari curatellifolia, Strychnos cocculoides, Flacourtia indica). Indigenous fruit trees of the miombo are also used to generate income (both in cash and barter) through the sale of fruits and fruit products [Clarke et al., 1996]. The same is the case for other fruits, e.g. Uapaca kirkiana, that are widely traded and offer a supplementary income generating activity [Clarke et al., 1996]. Uapaca kirkiana makes a good wine. Most of these fruit trees are found only in natural stands [Ngulube, 1999]. In the Kasungu District, 20 species of fruit trees have been identified [Clarke et al., 1996]. The Wildlife Society of Malawi (WSM) is implementing a project named sustainable management of indigenous forests (SADC/FSTCU-GTZ Project) in Mwanza east. It is a communitybased project. Through this initiative, some local communities are enjoying the benefits derived from the sale to the People Trading Centre (PTC) of juices made from Tamarindus indica and Adansonia digitata fruits. The production of these juices (together with honey) is now sold in supermarkets, service station shops and similar 414 establishments. Commercialization of NTFPs has increased household per capita income in the region from about US$43.00 in 1996 to US$130.00 in 2006. Most of these fruit trees are found only in natural stands and are threatened by deforestation [?]. Wines are commonly made from the following indigenous and exotic fruits of Malawi: katope (Syzygium owarience) in December-January, guava (Psidium guajava) in January-April, chidede (Hibiscus sabdariffa) in June-September, bwemba (Tamarindus indica) in July-October and mango (Mangifera indica)
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PLANTS AND PLANT PRODUCTS
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in September-January (FAO, 19962 ). Currently, efforts are under way to domesticate the most preferred indigenous fruit tree species. The table below presents the top ten priority species for domestication in Malawi [Simons]. Ranking 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Species name Uapaca kirkiana Parinari curatellifolia Strychnos cocculoides Flacourtia indica Azanza garckeana Annona senegalensis Vangueria infausta Syzygium owariense Adansonia digitata Ficus sycomorus
Number 99 70 41 37 26 24 24 17 15 14
Table 1: Top ten fruit species of Malawi [Malembo et al., 1998] *The number of households out of the 128 sampled that included the species as one of their top ten.
Mushrooms have always been known to provide supplementary food especially during the rainy season [Chipompha, 1985]. The utilization of 60 species of edible mushrooms is documented and these are widely sold along roadsides during the rainy season, particularly by women and children. Most of these wild edible mushrooms grow on dead wood and leaf litter normally found in indigenous woodlands [Clarke et al., 1996]. A wide range of indigenous vegetables is available in Malawi [Kwapata, 1991; Williamson, 1974]. Many of these vegetables are rich in vitamins, essential minerals and oils. Young tender leaves of certain trees such as Adansonia digitata and Afzelia quanzensis are cooked and used as relish [Mauambeta].
1.2
Fodder
The most important fodder species used in Malawi have been documented by Clarke et al. [Clarke et al., 1996]. See table 2.
1.3
Medicines
The predominant medical system in use in Malawi is that of traditional medicine, especially in the rural areas [Maliwich]. Limitations to Government health services due, i.e., to drug shortages and insufficient number of hospitals, 2
Missing source
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PLANTS AND PLANT PRODUCTS
Species
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Ranking
Beckeropsis uniseta Cynodon dactylon
1 1
Eriosema ellipticum Vernonia adoensis Bauhinia thonningii Dichrostachys cinerea Droogmansia pterpus Mucuna stans Cussonia arborea Hyparrhenia filipendula Julbernardia paniculata Ficus sycomorus Phragmites mauritianus Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia Steganotaenia araliacea Strychnos spinosa
1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4
Ectadiopsis oblongifolia
5
Zanha africana
5
Preferred eating season Nov. to April Throughout the year Nov. to March Nov. to March Jul. to Nov. Jul. to Nov. Sept. to March Sept. to March Sept. to March Nov. to April Sept. to Nov. Oct. to Nov. Nov. to April Sept. to March Sept. to March Sept. to March
Throughout the year Sept. to March
Parts eaten (above ground) All All Leaves Leaves Fruits only Fruits only Leaves Leaves Leaves Fruits All Juvenile leaves All Leaves Leaes and fruits Cattle eat fallen leaves and goats whole leaves Leaves Leaves
Table 2: Preferred graze and browse species collected from a woodland transect walk and their seasonal occurrence. Ranked by palatability for cattle as assessed by 6 herders at Chimaliro Study Site [Abbot and Lowore, 1995]
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ANIMALS AND ANIMAL PRODUCTS
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as well as an unfavorable western doctor to patient ratio of 1:50 000, have contributed to the reliance on traditional medicine. The Government is reported to recognize the contribution of traditional medical practitioners to the nation’s health care and the benefits of collaboration between the modern and traditional medical communities [Hauya, 1997]. Some traditional medicine associations exist, the largest of which is the Herbalists’ Association of Malawi with about 2 000 members [Maliwich]. A variety of medicinal plants are used. Most of them are traded locally. However, exports of Jateorhiza bukobensis is observed particularly to neighbouring countries such as Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique and South Africa. A total of 44 plant species were observed at the Limbe market in Blantyre being packaged for a South African client [Maliwich]. The utilization of medicinal plants has an ecological impact. The supply of Pterocarpus angolensis is affected by competing uses such as timber logging. Local over-exploitation of Dioscorea sylvatica, Cassia spp., Erythrophleum suaveolens and Erythrina abyssinica is an emerging problem.
1.4
Colorants and dyes
No data available.
1.5
Utensils, handicrafts and construction materials
Traditional houses, animal huts and tobacco sheds are thatched using grass. Thatch may be obtained from the forest reserves. Most of the thatch, however, is obtained from fallow and estate land .The most favoured species is Hyparrhenia rufa [Williamson]. Grass is an important seasonal source of income, especially among the poorest sectors of the community. Headloads of thatch grass are sold between villagers and at times collected communally by a clan to assist those who are re-roofing or building new houses [Abbot, 1996].
1.6
Ornamental plants
No data available.
1.7
Exudates
No data available.
2 2.1
Animals and animal products Living animals
No data available.
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ANIMALS AND ANIMAL PRODUCTS
2.2
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Honey and bee-wax
In Malawi, some 8 000 beekeepers produce 1 000 t/a of honey and 150 t/a of beeswax. This quantity corresponds to the capacity of the local industry [Anonymous]. 80 percent of the honey consumed and 95 percent of the beeswax marketed within the country are imported [Brigham and Chihongo, 1996]. However, due to the existing demand for these products, efforts are under way to involve more people into honey production. A number of beekeeping clubs have been formed in Mzuzu, Chimaliro and Blantyre and several beehives have been placed in the woodlands of these areas. It is estimated that a single beehive can produce 20-30 kg of honey under favourable climatic conditions.The Taoloka beekeeping club, for example, sells its honey to the Beekeeping Association of Malawi, which processes, packs and sells it to main chain stores within the country, such as the People Trading Centre (PTC) [Chanyenga and Lowore, 1999].
2.3
Bush meat
Bushmeat is an important source of food especially in areas close to natural forests. People in northern Malawi, where a considerable forest area exists, do a lot of hunting. However, bushmeat is becoming scarcer due to over-hunting. Efforts are under way trying to domesticate wild birds such as guinea fowls. They constitute a good business since a bird can be sold at a price as high as K200 (approximately US$4.5-5).
2.4
Other edible animal products
Fourteen species of edible caterpillars are exploited in the Kasungu District [Clarke et al., 1996]. Approximately 170 people participated in the legal harvest of caterpillars during the 1991 season gathering close to 1 850 kg which were sold at US$2-7 per kg. Each person earned nearly US$50 from the sale of these insects [Brigham and Chihongo, 1996; Cunningham, 1997]. Higher termite species (Macrotermes) are a source of useful protein in Malawi. At the onset of the rainy season, alates (locally known as ngumbi or inswa) are trapped in their dispersal flight and are processed and eaten as relish or snacks. However, the quantities consumed or traded are unknown. Termites are obtained from natural forests, plantations and other areas.
REFERENCES
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References J. Abbot. Rural subsistence and protected areas: Community use of the miombo woodlands of Lake Malawi National Park. PhD thesis, University College London. University of London., 1996. P. Abbot and J. Lowore. Livestock grazing in chimaliro forest reserve: Preliminary results and implications for the management of brows resources., 1995. Anonymous. T. Brigham and E. Chihongo, A .and Chidumayo. Trade in woodland products from the miombo region. In The miombo in transition: Woodlands and welfare in Africa. CIFOR, Bogor, 1996. T Chanyenga and J. Lowore. The composition, stocking and abudance of sterculia quinqueloba at kamwamba in mwanza east. Technical Report 99004, FIRM, 1999. N.W.S. Chipompha. Some mushrooms of malawi. In Forestry Research Record, number 63, 1985. J. Clarke, W. Cavendish, and C. Coote. Rural households and miombo woodlands: Use, value and management. In The miombo in transition: Woodlands and welfare in Africa. CIFOR, Bogor, 1996. A.B. Cunningham. An africa-wide overview of medicinal plant harvesting, conservation and health care. Global Initiative for Traditional Systems of Health & FAO eds. Medicinal plants for forest conservation and health care, 11:„ 1997. FAO. Forest Ressources Assessment. FAO, 2005. FAO. Forest Ressources Assessment. FAO, 2010. URL http://www.fao. org/forestry/fra/fra2010/en/. FAOSTAT. URL http://faostat3.fao.org/home/. M. Fisher. Household welfare and forest dependence in southern malawi. In Environment and Development Economics, volume 9, pages 135–154, 2004. J. Hauya. Traditional healers important - govt. In Searching for a cure: Conservation of medicinal wildlife resources in east and southern Africa. TRAFFIC International., Cambridge, 1997. The Nation (Malawi), 11 September 1997.
REFERENCES
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M.B. Kwapata. Genetic diversity of indigenous fruits and vegetables in malawi. In Conserving Malawi plant genetic resources, 1991. Proceedings of the First National Workshop on Plant Genetic Resources and Biotechnology held from 25 February to 1 March 1991. L. Malembo, T. Chilanga, and C. P. Maliwich. Indigenous miombo fruits selected for domestication by farmers in malawi. In ICRAF, editor, Selecting indigenous trees for domestication in southern Africa: Priority setting with farmers in Malawi, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe. Maghembe, J. and Simons, A. and Kwesiga, F. and Rarieya, M., 1998. C.P. Maliwich. Trade in wildlife medicinals in east and southern africa malawi component. report prepared for traffic east/southern africa. Searching for a cure: Conservation of medicinal wildlife resources in east and southern Africa. Cambridge. TRAFFIC International. D.D. Mauambeta. Utilization and commercialization of non-timber forest products as a tool for sustainable management of indigenous forests. Paper presented at a coordination unit for the rehabilitation of the environment meeting held at Shire Highlands Hotel, 27 November 1998. D.D. Mauambeta. Commercialisation of ntfps in malawi. In 5th International Symposium on New Crops and Uses: their role in a rapidly changing world, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK, 3-4 September 2007., 2008. Ngulube. The utilization of non-timber forest products from the miombo woodlands of malawi: a case study. communitybased management of miombo woodlands in malawi., 1999. URL http://ovidsp.tx.ovid.com/sp-3.2.4a/ovidweb.cgi?&S= LKHHFPOCEMDDHPJENCCLADOBJAEOAA00&Complete+Reference=S.sh.15% 7C2%7C1. Proceedings of a National Workshop, Sun and Sand Holiday Resort, Mangochi, Malawi, 27-29 September 1999. R.W.S. Nyirenda. Nwfp development in malawi. In Commonwealth Science Council and FAO, editors, Non-wood forest products: A regional expert consultation for English-speaking African countries,, 1993. 17-22 October 1993, Arusha, Tanzania. J.D. Saka and J.D. Msonthi. Nutritional value of sixteen edible wild fruits growing in malawi. In Forest Ecology and Management, volume 64, pages 245–248, 1994. G. Simons. Identification of marketable non-timber forest products (ntfps) and problems associated with marketing. Paper presented at the first Information exchange workshop on "Sustainable Management of Indigenous Forests" under the SADC-FSTCU/GTZ Project AAA.5.20.
REFERENCES
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J. Williamson. Useful plants of malawi. Technical report, University of Malawi. Revised and extended edition. Limbe, Malawi. Montfort Press. J. Williamson. Useful plants of malawi. Technical report, University of Malawi. Zomba., 1974.
Global Report on Non Wood Forest Products COUNTRY
CLASS SPECIES
YEAR
PRODUCTION unit
VALUE unit
EXPORT uni t
VALUE unit
IMPORT unit
VALUE uni DETAIL t
COMMENT
Malawi 12
Honey Wax
1 000 t
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150 t
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NWFP Classes : 1 Food 2 Fodder 3 Raw material for medicine and aromatic products 4 Colorants and dyes 5 Raw material for utensils, handicrafts and construction 6 Ornamental plants 7 Exudates 8 Other plant products 10 Living animals 11 Hides, skins and trophies 12 Wild honey and bee-wax 13 Bush meat 14 Raw material for medicine 15 Raw material for colorants 16 Other edible animal products 17 Other non-edible animal products 20 Mushrooms
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