Dolmabahçe Palace Dolmabahçe Palace (Turkish: Dolmabahçe Sarayı, IPA: [doɫmabahˈtʃe saɾaˈjɯ]) located in the Beşiktaş district of Istanbul, Turkey, on the European coastline of the Bosphorus strait, served as the main administrative center of the Ottoman Empire from 1856 to 1922, apart from a 22-year interval (1887–1909) in which Yıldız Palace was used.

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Location

Abdülmecid I Close-up view of the palace from the Bosphorus

The site of Dolmabahçe was originally a bay on the Bosphorus which was used for the anchorage of the Ottoman fleet. The area was reclaimed gradually during the 18th century to become an imperial garden, much appreciated by the Ottoman sultans; it is from this garden that the name Dolmabahçe (Filled-in Garden) comes from the Turkish dolma meaning “filled” and bahçe meaning “garden.” Various small summer palaces and wooden pavilions were built here during the 18th and 19th centuries ultimately forming a palace complex named Beşiktaş Waterfront Palace. The area of 110,000 m² is confined by Bosphorus on the east side, while a steep precipice bounds Facade of the Selamlık it on the west side, such that after the building of the new 45,000 m² monoblock Dolmabahçe Palace a relatively limited space has remained for a garden complex at the Topkapı Palace, but as the medieval Topkapı was lacking in contemporary style, luxury, and comfort, as which would normally surround such a palace.[1][2] compared to the palaces of the European monarchs, Abdülmecid decided to build a new modern palace near the site of the former Beşiktaş Palace, which was demol2 History ished. Hacı Said Ağa was responsible for the construction works, while the project was realized by architects Dolmabahçe Palace was ordered by the Empire’s 31st Garabet Balyan, his son Nigoğayos Balyan and Evanis Sultan, Abdülmecid I, and built between the years 1843 Kalfa (members of the Balyan family of Ottoman court and 1856. Previously, the Sultan and his family had lived architects). 1

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4 DÉCOR AND EQUIPMENT

The construction cost five million Ottoman gold lira, or 35 tonnes of gold, the equivalent of ca. $1.5 billion in today’s (2013) values.[3][4] This sum corresponded to approximately a quarter of the yearly tax revenue. Actually, the construction was financed through debasement, by massive issue of paper money, as well as by foreign loans. The huge expenses placed an enormous burden on the state purse and contributed to the deteriorating financial situation of the Ottoman Empire which eventually slid into state bankruptcy with the subsequent establishment of financial control over the "sick man of Europe" by European powers. Dolmabahçe Palace was home to six Sultans from 1856, when it was first inhabited, up until the abolition of the Caliphate in 1924: The last royal to live here was Caliph Abdülmecid Efendi. A law that went into effect on March 3, 1924 transferred the ownership of the palace to the national heritage of the new Turkish Republic. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the founder and first President of the Republic of Turkey, used the palace as a presidential residence during the summers and enacted some of his most important works here. Atatürk spent the last days of his medical treatment in this palace, where he died on November 10, 1938. Today, the palace is managed by Milli Saraylar Daire Başkanlığı (Directorate of National Palaces) responsible to the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. The only way to see the interior of Dolmabahçe is with a guided tour.

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Design and layout Fountain in the garden

Dolmabahçe is the largest palace in Turkey. It has an area of 45,000 m2 (11.1 acres), and contains 285 rooms, 46 halls, 6 baths (hamam) and 68 toilets.[1][2] The design contains eclectic elements from the Baroque, Rococo and Neoclassical styles, blended with traditional Ottoman architecture to create a new synthesis. The palace layout and décor reflect the increasing influence of European styles and standards on Ottoman culture and art during the Tanzimat period. The exterior, in particular the view from the Bosporus, shows a classical European two-wing arrangement which is divided by a big avant-corps with two side avant-corps. Functionally, on the other hand, the palace retains elements of traditional Ottoman palace life, and also features of traditional Turkish homes. It is strictly separated structurally in a southern wing (Mabeyn-i Hümâyûn, or Selamlık, the quarters reserved for the men) which contains the public representation rooms, and a northern wing (Harem-i Hümâyûn, the Harem) serving as the private residential area for the Sultan and his family. The two functional areas are separated by the big Ceremonial Hall (Muayede Salonu) with a floor area of 2,000 m2 (22,000 sq ft) and a 36 m (118 ft) high dome. Since the harem had to be completely isolated from the outside world, the main

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Bosphorus

Floor plan of the palace

entrance for the visitors is located on the narrow southern side. There, the representation rooms are arranged for receptions of visitors and of foreign diplomats. The harem area includes eight interconnected apartments for the wives of the sultan, for his favourites and concubines, and for his mother, each with its own bathroom.

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Ceremonial Hall with the chandelier gifted by Queen Victoria

Sultan’s hamam decorated with Egyptian alabaster

4.5 tonnes. Dolmabahçe has the largest collection of Bohemian and Baccarat crystal chandeliers in the world. The famous Crystal Staircase has the shape of a double horseshoe and is built of Baccarat crystal, brass and mahogany. Expensive stones such as Marmara (Proconnesian) marble, Egyptian alabaster (calcite, also known as onyxmarble), and Porphyry from Pergamon were used for the decoration.

Baccarat crystal balusters of the Crystal Staircase

The palace includes a large number of Hereke palace carpets made by the Hereke Imperial Factory. Also featured are 150-year-old bearskin rugs originally presented to the Sultan as a gift by Tsar Nicholas I. A collection of 202 oil paintings is on display in the palace. A highlight of the collection are 23 paintings by Ivan Aivazovsky which he created as a court painter during his stays in Istanbul.[6] The collection also includes paintings by Gustave Boulanger, Jean-Léon Gérôme, Eugène Fromentin, Sandor Svoboda, Stanisław Chlebowski, Félix Ziem, Karl Joseph Kuwasseg, Fausto Zonaro, and Théo van Rysselberghe. There are also paintings by Turkish painters such as Osman Hamdi Bey, Halil Pasa, Osman Nuri Pasa, Sekrit Dag, and Omer Ben Mustafa in this art museum.

Ambassador’s Hall (Süfera Salonu) with two bearskin rugs

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From the very beginning, the palace’s equipment implemented the highest technical standards. Gas lighting and water-closets were imported from Great Britain, whereas the palaces in continental Europe were still lacking these features at that time. Later, electricity, a central heating system and an elevator were installed.

Décor and equipment

Whereas the Topkapı has exquisite examples of Iznik tiles and Ottoman carving, the Dolmabahçe palace is extensively decorated with gold and crystal. Fourteen tonnes of gold in the form of gold leaf were used to gild the ceilings.[5] The world’s largest Bohemian crystal chandelier is in the Ceremonial Hall. The chandelier, a gift from Queen Victoria, has 750 lamps and weighs

5 Rooms 5.1 Medhal (Main Entrance) Hall A visit to the Dolmabahce Palace begins at the Medhal Hall. Rooms leading off the Medhal are towards the sea and the land. The rooms facing the sea were used by the

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ADJACENT BUILDINGS

of Hejaz.

Blue Hall

Atatürk's deathbed

On the wall to the right is a painting signed by Rudolf Ernst depicting the fire at the Paris Municipal Theater and another painting of a Dutch Village Girl by Delandre. Decorated with French style furniture, this room also contains very valuable porcelain vases.

5.3 Atatürk’s room Pink Hall

leading Ottoman officials, the Grand Vizier and the other state ministers, while the rooms facing the land were used by various administrators of the palace and the state, such as the Palace Marshall, Şeyhülislam, and members of the House of Representatives (Meclis-i Mebusan) and the Senate (Meclis-i Ayan). Guests would first wait in this hall and then would be led inside at the proper time by a palace protocol officer. On entering the Medhal, one sees Boulle tables on both sides of the room, which bear the monogram of Sultan Abdülmecid on top. The royal monogram of the sultan is also on the fireplace. The English chandelier hanging in the middle of this room has sixty arms. The Hereke fabrics used as upholstery for the furniture and as draperies are in the royal shade of red.

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The secretariat’s rooms

The second room after the Medhal to the right is the Clerk’s Hall, also referred to as the Tiled Room. The largest painting in the palace collection, a depiction of the Surre Procession by Stefano Ussi, hangs on the left wall of this hall. Surre was used to refer to the caravans which travelled from Istanbul to Mecca during the religious month of Recep, bearing the monetary aid used to support the maintenance and the decoration of the Kaaba and to provide financial assistance to the local population

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk spent the last days of his life in the palace as his health deteriorated. He died at 9:05 a.m. on November 10, 1938, in a bedroom, located in the former Harem section of the palace. All the clocks in the palace were stopped and set to 9:05 after his death. Although this has changed recently and the clocks outside of his room are now set to the actual time in Turkey, the clock in the room where he died is still pointing to 9:05 a.m.

6 Gates • Gate of the Sultan (Saltanat Kapısı) • Gate of the Treasury (Hazine-i Hassa Kapısı) • Gate to the Bosphorus

7 Adjacent buildings A number of further residential buildings are located near the palace including the palace of the Crown Prince (Veliaht Dairesi), the quarters of the gentlemen-in-waiting (Musahiban Dairesi), the dormitories of the servants (Agavat Dairesi, Bendegan Dairesi) and of the guards (Baltacilar Dairesi), the quarters of the Chief Eunuch (Kizlaragasi Dairesi). Further buildings include imperial kitchens (Matbah-i Amire), stables, an aviary (Kusluk), a plant nursery (Fidelik), a flour mill, a greenhouse (Sera),

5 tower was ordered by sultan Abdülhamid II and designed by the court architect Sarkis Balyan between 1890 and 1895. Its clock was manufactured by the French clockmaker house of Jean-Paul Garnier, and installed by the court clock master Johann Mayer.

8 Literature

Dolmabahçe Clock Tower

Sultan’s library

• Yücel, İhsan; Sema Öner (1989). Dolmabahçe Palace. Istanbul: TBMM National Palaces Trust. ASIN B000GYA5C8. • Akat, Yücel (1988). The Dolmabahçe Palace. Istanbul: Keskin Color. ASIN B000GW7QYA. • Yücel, İhsan (1995). Dolmabahçe Palace. Istanbul: TBMM Department of National Palaces. ISBN 975-7479-42-X. • Gülersoy, Çelik (1990). Dolmabahçe Palace and its environs. Istanbul: İstanbul Kitaplığı. p. 257. ISBN 978-975-7687-03-0. Dolmabahçe Mosque

• Keskin, Naci (1975). The Dolmabahçe Palace. Istanbul: Keskin Color. ASIN B000OSH36M.

a Hereke carpet workshop (Hereke dökümhanesi), a glass manufactory, a foundry, a pharmacy etc.[7][8]

• Dolmabahçe Palace. Istanbul: Do-Gu Yayınları. 1998. ASIN B000E1S49O.

A baroque style mosque designed by Garabet Balyan was built near the palace in 1853—1855. It was commissioned by queen mother Bezm-i Âlem Valide Sultan. Since 1948 the building housed the Naval Museum, but the museum was moved to another location in 1960 after the coup d'état of May, 27th. In 1967 the mosque was returned for worship.

• İskender Pala. The Jewel on the Bosphorus; Dolmabahçe Palace. TBMM Milli Saraylar Yayınları, Istanbul, 2006.

A clock tower (Dolmabahçe Saat Kulesi) was erected in front of the Treasury Gate on a square along the European waterfront of Bosphorus next to the mosque. The

• İhsan Yücel, Sema Öner, F. Yaşar Yılmaz, Cengiz Göncü, Hakan Gülsün. Dolmabahçe Palace. TBMM Milli Saraylar Yayınları, Istanbul, 2005. • İpek Fitöz. European Lights In Dolmabahçe Palace. TBMM Milli Saraylar Yayınları, Istanbul, 2007.

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References

[1] Dolmabahçe Palace Museum [2] Turkish Ministry of Tourism site about Dolmabahçe Palace [3] Dolmabahce Palace [4] Goldgrambars.com [5] Dolmabahçe Palace, Emporis [6] Historical Ottoman Palace reopens as museum, EuroAsiaNews.com, March 22, 2014 [7] Dolmabahçe Palace, Great Istanbul [8] Dolmabahçe Sarayi, Archnet

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External links

• Dolmabahçe Palace official site • National Palaces in Turkey official site

EXTERNAL LINKS

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Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses Text

• Dolmabahçe Palace Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolmabah%C3%A7e_Palace?oldid=701301787 Contributors: Michael Hardy, Ronz, Angela, Maya~enwiki, Nv8200pa, Warofdreams, Wetman, The Phoenix, Iroll, Gobeirne, Xyzzyva, Wiglaf, Tom harrison, Alexf, Simhedges, Zfr, Burschik, CALR, Lectiodifficilior, Leandros, Saf kan, El C, CeeGee, Darwinek, Polylerus, Jakew, Ghirlandajo, Deror avi, Woohookitty, Mandarax, Dosseman, Gryffindor, Vegaswikian, FlaBot, Old Moonraker, Hottentot, Ahunt, JarrahTree, RussBot, Conscious, Jensboot, Splash, Gaius Cornelius, Ugur Basak, PanchoS, Arthur Rubin, Whobot, GrinBot~enwiki, Sardanaphalus, YellowMonkey, AtilimGunesBaydin, Alsandro, Bertilvidet, Hmains, Chris the speller, Bluebot, TimBentley, Cplakidas, Calledman, Khoikhoi, Dantadd, -Inanna-, Lambiam, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, Kuyku, CrashMex, Hu12, Cnbrb, Alessandro57, Gilabrand, Ivansc, Denizz, Cydebot, Deliogul, Ajda, Peace01234, Edal, Olborne, Escarbot, Christopherwils, Dr. Blofeld, Askhaiz, Jackanapes, Dustintau, JamesBWatson, Jllm06, Dmwime, The Anomebot2, DerHexer, Khalid Mahmood, Baristarim, Chapultepec, SBarnes, Black Pepper, CommonsDelinker, Shuppiluliuma, Paris1127, Stambouliote, DorganBot, Off-shell, AlnoktaBOT, TXiKiBoT, Solopiano, Billinghurst, KeremTuncay, Falcon8765, 7th Son of a 7th Son, AlleborgoBot, Jamie Mercer, Mglsuhee, SieBot, Zargan, Gerakibot, Flavius Belisarius, Flyer22 Reborn, Hoplon, Plastikspork, DragonBot, Pataramyra, Arjayay, Sebrof, Takabeg, Res Gestæ Divi Augusti, Good Olfactory, Addbot, Mkaraarslan, Griffin700, SpBot, Numbo3-bot, Lightbot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Materialscientist, Citation bot, Xqbot, Shiham K, Taron Saharyan, Mustafa Bakacak, Trut-h-urts man, GrouchoBot, RibotBOT, ‫حامد میرزاحسینی‬, Nedim Ardoğa, Cekli829, FrescoBot, Te5~enwiki, Atlantia, Halfalah, Timelessthink, OscarKosy, RedBot, ‫کاشف عقیل‬, Makki98, BABYFACEUS, EmausBot, John of Reading, Shazam55, DragonTiger23, İzobuz, Mentibot, D1kta, ClueBot NG, Namuslu, Helpful Pixie Bot, PartTimeGnome, Nicola.Manini, Fenertugrul, Azesac, Dexbot, Türbanistan, Leon petrosyan, Sedatcan, KJpH, Ahmet Gürsakal, Samowan and Anonymous: 130

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Images

• File:Ambassador_Hall_Dolmabahce_March_2008panoc.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/ Ambassador_Hall_Dolmabahce_March_2008panoc.jpg License: GFDL Contributors: Own work Original artist: Gryffindor • File:Ataturk_deathbed_Dolmabahce_March_2008.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Ataturk_ deathbed_Dolmabahce_March_2008.JPG License: GFDL Contributors: Own work Original artist: Gryffindor • File:Caliph_library_Harem_Dolmabahce_March_2008_pano.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/ Caliph_library_Harem_Dolmabahce_March_2008_pano.jpg License: GFDL Contributors: Own work Original artist: Gryffindor • File:Ceremonial_hall_Dolmabahce_March_2008_pano4.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/ Ceremonial_hall_Dolmabahce_March_2008_pano4.jpg License: GFDL Contributors: Own work Original artist: Gryffindor • File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Dolmabahce,_Istanbul,_Turchia.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Dolmabahce%2C_ Istanbul%2C_Turchia.JPG License: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: OscarKosy • File:Dolmabahce_Baccarat_bannister.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Dolmabahce_Baccarat_ bannister.JPG License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia; transfer was stated to be made by User:Kenzhigaliyev. Original artist: Peace01234 (talk). Original uploader was Peace01234 at en.wikipedia • File:Dolmabahce_Palacasdfe.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Dolmabahce_Palacasdfe.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: originally posted to Flickr as Dolmabahce Palace Original artist: Mircea Ostoia • File:Dolmabahce_Palace_ced.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Dolmabahce_Palace_ced.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: originally posted to Flickr as Dolmabahce Palace Original artist: Mircea Ostoia • File:Dolmabahce_Palace_plan.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Dolmabahce_Palace_plan.svg License: GFDL Contributors: Self-made drawing after image: Image:Dolmabahce Plan.JPG Original artist: Gryffindor (scan and legend); vector image Gothika • File:Dolmabahce_Palacemm.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Dolmabahce_Palacemm.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: originally posted to Flickr as Dolmabahce Palace Original artist: Mircea Ostoia • File:Dolmabahce_Sarayi.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Dolmabahce_Sarayi.jpg License: CCBY-SA-3.0 Contributors: en:Image:(Dolmabahce_Sarayi).JPG Original artist: -Inanna• File:Dolmabahce_Sarayi_Saat_Kulesi.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Dolmabahce_Sarayi_Saat_ Kulesi.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: No machine-readable source provided. Own work assumed (based on copyright claims). Original artist: No machine-readable author provided. Gokhan assumed (based on copyright claims). • File:Dolmabahçe_Mosque_Mars_2013.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Dolmabah%C3%A7e_ Mosque_Mars_2013.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Arild Vågen • File:Istanbul_img_5058.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Istanbul_img_5058.jpg License: CC BYSA 3.0 Contributors: http://gnu.ethz.ch/photos/istanbul/img_5058.jpg at http://gnu.ethz.ch/photos/ Original artist: Gürkan Sengün • File:Location_map_Istanbul.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Location_map_Istanbul.png License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: openstreetmap.org Original artist: OpenStreetMap contributors, Dr. Blofeld • File:Osmanli-nisani.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Osmanli-nisani.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Juris Tiltins • File:Red_pog.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/0c/Red_pog.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Sultan_Abdülmecid_I.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Sultan_Abd%C3%BClmecid_I.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Royal Collection Trust Original artist: David Wilkie

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