LES MOTS/ADVERBES DE LIAISON _(“LINK WORDS”)1 I - INTRODUCTION L’ajout de mots de liaison permet de : Lorsqu’ils lient 2 informations différentes, ils peuvent: a) et/ou
b)
APPLICATION
L’ENONCE PROPOSITION N°1 Sarah bought an expensive sports car.
PROPOSITION N°2 Her husband left her.
Exercice Regardez à nouveau les deux propositions ci-dessous. Ajoutez différents mots de liaison, selon les différents catégories, et analysez l’énoncé final afin de comprendre les changements de sens. Catégorie de mot de liaison
PROPOSITION N°1
Sarah bought an expensive sports car ADDITIF
MOT DE LIAISON
PROPOSITION N°2
her husband left her
Explication:
Autres possibilités:
Sarah bought an expensive sports car CAUSATIF/ RÉSULTATIF
her husband left her
Explication:
Autres possibilités: cause è conséquence : conséquence è cause :
Sarah bought an expensive sports car ADVERSATIF (opposition)
her husband left her
Explication:
Autres possibilités:
Sarah bought an expensive sports car Enumératif/ Temporel
her husband left her
Explication:
è è è è (Suite d’événements) :
Remarque :
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Ils se rapprochent des conjonctions de coordination (and, but, so ...). Toutefois, ils se distinguent de ces conjonctions, parce qu’ils peuvent être précédés d’une conjonction de coordination ex: He is poor (and) yet he is generous. Il est pauvre (et) pourtant il est généreux
Trouvez le mot de liaison qui convient: Why learn English? (énumeration) __________________ English is now the language of global communication (probably (cause) _________________ it is one of the easiest languages to learn). (Enumeration) ______________ it is the language used extensively by modern technologies (explication) __________ the Internet. English is useful when you travel, when you go to the cinema (additif) ______ when you are looking for a job! (Opposition) ______________________, we can’t all be good at languages [(comparaison négative)_________________ the Swedish and the Norwegians who seem to be natural linguists] and (concession) _________________ many years of English lessons, many intelligent people are still unable to speak the language well. LES MOTS DE LIAISON LES PLUS IMPORTANTS MOT DE TRADUCTION EXEMPLE LIAISON
CATEGORIE SEMANTIQUE
ADDITION
BUT
CAUSE
also, besides, furthermore, moreover, what’s more
HYPOTHESE
as/because/ **since**
comme étant donné que parce que puisque même si quand bien même bien que
As it is raining, I’ll go to work by car. Since you didn’t answer my call, I assume you can’t come to dinner tonight?
if
si
If they didn’t work so much they would have more time to go on holiday
providing (that); provided (that); as long as
pourvu que
unless
à moins que
as a result;
par conséquent en conséquence
as a consequence ;
CONSEQUENCE
I don’t want to invite them because they are boring; besides they get on my nerves.
not only ... but non seulement … Not only does my husband smoke, but he also also ... mais … drinks. (in order) to afin de I’m saving money (in order) to buy a house. (so as) to ** NOT ‘for buy a house’!!!
even if even though
CONDITION
Aussi / en outre de plus d’ailleurs qui plus est
à condition que
I wouldn’t marry you even if you were the last person on earth. / Even though she’s English, she still makes grammar mistakes when she speaks!
I’ll do the job providing that you pay me for it You can watch the late film as long as you get ready for bed first. I’ll elope with you, unless my parents prevent me. Jenny’s husband was unfaithful and as a result she left him
consequently so; therefore
donc
Jenny’s husband was unfaithful and so she left him
Thus
ainsi / aussi / alors The experiment failed. Thus we can conclude that … for example; Par exemple I love all types of alcohol. For instance, scotch, ILLUSTRATION for instance; vodka and gin. PAR L’EXEMPLE such as Tel que / tels que etc. I prefer latin languages such as Italian and Spanish. i.e., that is (to c’est à dire My family, namely my parents and my sister, say), namely are coming to visit next week. in other words en d’autres termes I have very deep and sincere feelings of autrement dit affection for you. In other words, I love you! 2
INSISTANCE
OPPOSITION
CONSCESSION
actually, as a en fait, en effet matter of fact, in effectivement (actual) fact en réalité
You’re late! Actually; you’re more than an hour late!!
although, though
bien que
Although it’s bad for me, I still smoke.
but
mais
You’ live far away but I’ll give you a lift anyway Everyone but John went to the party
despite, in spite of
malgré en dépit de
In spite of his incompetence, he managed to keep his job.
however, nevertheless, nonetheless, yet, still
cependant néanmoins toutefois pourtant
Lydia was horrible to Peter yet he continued to love her.
on the one d’une part … hand ... on the d’autre part other hand ... whereas, while tandis que alors que also, as well, Aussi / également too PARALLELE
as ... as ...
On the one hand I like English, on the other hand I find it quite difficult Most students did their research on child development whereas I did mine on social psychology. “I’m interested in sociology and philosophy; oh, and psychology as well.”
aussi (…) que
I’m as intelligent as my teacher.
comme (en tant que)
She works as a teacher and … she studies like a student (= as if she were a student)
(? than!!)
as COMPARAISON like = (as if) (la manière)
unlike after, afterwards, then, next
comme (si)
à l’inverse de / Unlike Colin, I passed my exams first time. contrairement à après; puis; He stole the car after he robbed the bank. (? He stole the car, and after he robbed the bank.) ensuite
TEMPS
ENUMERATION
before
avant
He robbed the bank before he stole the car.
first ... then ...
d’abord/ premièrement … puis
First he robbed the bank, then he stole the car.
eventually, finally at last
finalement en fin de compte enfin
(just) as, while au moment où pendant que au fur et à mesure as que for (+ durée) depuis since (+ date)
After four years she eventually passed her DEUG exams. (At last) you’ve passed your exams (at last). She arrived (just) as I was leaving. I get more forgetful as I get older (ou The older I get, the more forgetful I become). I’ve been a student for four years. I’ve been a student since 1996.
in the meantime, meanwhile
entre temps pendant ce temps
I’ll cook the vegetables and in the meantime you can prepare the pudding.
Previously, formerly, until then/that time
précédemment anciennement avant
The singer formerly known as Prince.
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EXERCICE 1 Link words related to time: in the meantime, then, previously, finally, until then, first, afterwards, next, eventually. 1) Paul left the pub at 10.30pm ____________________ he caught a train home and went to bed. 2) We have quite a few things on the agenda today, but _________________ let’s open a window. 3) Deborah sat wondering he was ever going to call. ______________ the telephone rang. 4) I first went to Barbados in 1995. ____________ I had always gone to Cuba. 5) Our next lesson is on Friday so ____________________ I would like you to do some research on what we discussed today. 6) Well, I’m glad that problem has been solved. ___________ on the list of things to discuss is the question of financing ... 7) Philip and two of his friends stole a car last night. They had never done anything like that ______________. Link words giving contrast or opposition: instead, on the contrary, in fact, however, but, nevertheless, on the one/other hand, all the same 1) Sarah wanted a toy train for her birthday. Her father bought her a toy boat _____________. 2) We agree that the evidence does not entirely prove that Peter Smith was the murderer. _____________, we have decided to proceed with the prosecution. 3) There are good and bad things about studying social sciences. ________________ they are extremely interesting, but _________________ it’s not easy to find a job with a degree this particular field. 4) It’s not that I don’t like my father-in-law - I do. ________________ I wish he wasn’t coming! 5) Germany did not win the Second World War. _________________ It lost it. Link words showing a result: so, therefore, hence, thus, as a result 1) Nathalie drank a whole bottle of whiskey at the party on Saturday night. _____________ she had a terrible hangover on Sunday. 2) Women drivers are superior to men in every way - they are safer and more polite. _______________ the insurance premiums are less expensive for women than for men. 3) Sophie was badly bitten by an Alsatian as a child ____________ now she is still very afraid of dogs. EXERCICE 2 a) En utilisant le mot de liaison qui convient, reliez (Utilisez un mot de liaison différent chaque fois) 1) Take a map with you 2) The play was very boring 3) I couldn’t unlock it 4) He agreed to go climbing 5) He bought a new alarm clock 6) He hasn’t written to us 7) She’ll only do the job 8) I never take an umbrella
la première partie de la phrase à gauche avec la deuxième partie à droite. a) ................................... he left. b) ................................... he hated heights. c) ................................... you pay her more. d) ................................... it’s raining heavily. e) ................................... they walked out. f) ................................... I had the wrong key. g) ...........in case............ you lose your way. h) ................................... he’d get up on time.
b) Remplissez les blancs avec le mot de liaison qui convient: As, as well, but, by that time, however, more than, not just, or, regardless of, such as, therefore, unless, when, whether, which. Stress is one of the main reasons why heart disease now kills 80,000 women a year, ............................... cancer .............................. any other disease. Women will be shocked ................................ they read this ................... they are conditioned to think it is mainly a male problem. It is a growing danger ....................... affects ..................... high-flying executives ....................... housewives and secretaries ............................... Heredity - ....................... or not your parents or grandparents suffered from heart disease - is an important factor. ................................, smoking, poor diet and not enough exercise hugely contribute .......................... your sex. Women display different symptoms of heart disease and ............................ may be wrongly diagnosed. Extra tests .................................. electrocardiograms are rarely given ................................ suspicious symptoms seem to warrant it. ....................., it may be too late.
c)Fabriquez 5 phrases différentes en utilisant le début de la phrase à gauche, un connecteur et la fin qui convient. I’ve decided to get a divorce ...
because although so before provided that
it’s too late to find someone else he doesn’t insist on keeping the children I don’t love him anymore he’s actually not a bad husband I’ll be free to pursue a career at last ! 4
II - QUELQUES DIFFICULTES – FOR, SINCE, AS, YET et STILL Ces cinq mots de liaison en particulier sont assez problématiques car ils ont chacun de nombreux sens différents. (cf. le cours sur le Groupe Verbal)
1) FOR “FOR” EXPRIMANT LE TEMPS STRUCTURE
TRADUCTION A/
EXEMPLE
“ I’ve lived in Grenoble for 6 months ” “ She had been unemployed for ages before she finally found a job ”
DEPUIS B/
“ I’ll be in Paris for two days”
PENDANT
“ They watched the T.V. for 6 hours yesterday! ”
“ FOR ” UTILISE DANS DAUTRES CAS EXPRIMANT …
TRADUCTION
EXEMPLE
A/
“ Here’s a present for you . ” “ I’m saving all my love for you … ”
B/
“ What did you kill him for? ” “ I did it for you darling, for us ” “We couldn’t play tennis for it was raining”
Structure =
“For all his money, he was a very unhappy man”
POUR CAR MALGRE
“For all his lies, I still love him”
EXERCICE 3 Lisez les phrases suivantes et traduisez “FOR”. 1) The images of dreams disappear into the collective unconscious, for the act of dreaming is part of man’s evolutionary heritage. FOR = ……………………. 2) For social scientists, the study of human interaction is of vital importance. FOR = ……………… 3) For all their promises, Freud, Marx and others failed to fully answer our questions. FOR = …………. 4) David Foulkes brought 3 and 4 year olds to his lab and for nine nights he woke them up and asked them what they remembered. FOR = ……………………………. 5) Dr. Smith analysed the recent dreams of cardiac patients for references to death. FOR = …………. 6) For too long now, deviance has been regarded as a sort of crime. FOR = ……………………….
2) SINCE TRADUCTION A/
“SINCE” EXPRIMANT LE TEMPS STRUCTURE EXEMPLE “ I’ve lived in Grenoble since September “ She had been unemployed since 1990 before she finally found a job “
DEPUIS B/
I met him once in the 80’s but I haven’t seen him since. 5
TRADUCTION
PUISQUE ETANT DONNE QUE (conjonction)
“ SINCE ” UTILISE DANS DAUTRES CAS EXPRIMANT … EXEMPLE à “She failed her exams since she hadn’t studied hard enough.” STRUCTURE “Since you seem to know all the answers, why do you bother going to the lessons?”
EXERCICE 4 Identifiez le temps du verbe de la principale lorsque “since” est une conjonction puis traduisez “since”. 1) Since we dream in metaphors, perhaps we store knowledge in that form too. Temps de la principale = ……………………… SINCE = …………………………………………. 2) In many studies carried out since the beginning of the century … Temps de la principale = ……………………… SINCE = …………………………………………. 3) Sandra and Mike have been deaf since birth. Temps = ………………… SINCE = …………………… 4) Since the patients didn’t realise the severity of their condition, worry did not shape their dreams. Temps de la principale = ……………………… SINCE = …………………………………………. 5) Since great efforts have been made with this student, we think he should be given a second chance. Temps de la principale = ……………………… SINCE = ………………………………………….
3) AS Remarque:
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Regardez le tableau des mots de liaison et soulignez tous les exemples de “ As ”. assurez-vous de leur traduction .
EXPRESSION 1) as if/as though 2) the same as
“ AS ” EMPLOYE AVEC D’AUTRES MOTS TRADUCTION EXEMPLE “Don’t pretend as if you hadn’t heard! ” “Fran’s got the same motorbike as me ”
(JAMAIS “same ………….”!!!)
3) as well as
He plays the piano as well as the guitar.
4) as soon as
I’ll stop as soon as you apologise (= I’ll only stop if you apologise)
5) as for
Certain criminals are difficult to rehabilitate. As for drug addicts, medical treatment is often needed before rehabilitation.
EXERCICE 5 Dans les phrases suivantes, traduisez “ as ” en évitant d’utiliser “ comme ” 1) Imitation is often described as a simplified version of learning. AS = ............................ 2) Bad behaviour was rarely punished as researchers believed that children would simply grow out of it as they got older. AS = .................................... AS = .................................... 3) As Becker points out, deviance is socially acquired. AS = .................................... 4) Unemployment is steadily increasing as the statistics show. AS = .................................... 5) As a student, you are entitled to a discount on public transport. AS = ....................................
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