Vulnerability,curves,by,centrifuga2on,and,air5injec2on, in,Olive:,further,evidence,of,an,open5vessel,artefact.,
Torres-Ruiz JM*, Cochard H, Mayr S, Beikircher B, Diaz-Espejo A, Rodriguez-Dominguez CM, Badel E & Fernández JE.
* UMR BIOGECO,,INRA - University of Bordeaux.
Xyleme meeting, Besse. 12th - 14th, 2014
Techniques,for,genera2ng,vulnerability,curves,(VCs), 5,Bench,dehydra2on, (Sperry,&,Tyree,,,1988.,Plant&Physiol),
5,Pressure5sleeves, ,,,,,,(‘Air4injec7on’), (Cochard,et,al.,,,1992.,,Plant&Physiol),
5,Sta2c5centrifuga2on, (Pockman,et,al.,,,1995.,,Nature),
5,Flow5centrifuga2on, (Cochard,et,al.,,,2005.,,Plant&Cell&Environ),
Techniques,for,genera2ng,vulnerability,curves,(VCs), Accuracy&&&
5,Bench,dehydra2on, (Sperry,&,Tyree,,,1988.,Plant&Physiol),
5,Pressure5sleeves, ,,,,,,(‘Air4injec7on’), (Cochard,et,al.,,,1992.,,Plant&Physiol),
5,Sta2c5centrifuga2on, (Pockman,et,al.,,,1995.,,Nature),
5,Flow5centrifuga2on, (Cochard,et,al.,,,2005.,,Plant&Cell&Environ),
In,short5vesseled,sps,,
In,long5vesseled,sps,,
100
s- and r-shaped VCs
90 80 70
Short5vesseled,species,, PLC
s!shaped(VCs(
60 50 40 30 20 10 0 -10
-9
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
Ψx (MPa) 100
Long5vesseled,species,,
90 80
r!shaped(VCs(
70
Open-vessels artefact hypothesis
PLC
60 50 40
5,Open,vessels,are,much,more,vulnerable,to,cavita2on, than,intact,ones.,
30
5,VCs,resulted,from,samples,with,open,vessels,may, overes2mate,the,vulnerability,to,cavita2on.,
10
20
0 -10
-9
-8
-7
-6
-5
Ψxylem (MPa) Ψx (MPa)
Centrifuge,techniques, Cavitron,
Sta2c5centrifuga2on,
PLC
(Cochard,et,al.,,,2010.,,Plant&Cell&Environ),
(Sperry,et,al.,,,20102,,Plant&Cell&Environ),
Xylem pressure, MPa
,Flow5centrifuga2on, Cochard,et,al.,(2005),design,,‘Cavitron’,
Li,et,al.,(2008),design,
(adapted,figure,from,Sperry,et,al.,2012),
Cavitron(
Li(et(al.(design(
Objective: To,compare,VCs,generated,by,bench,dehydra2on,,air5injec2on,and,sta2c,and,flow5 centrifuge,techniques,with,na2ve,embolism,data,to,test:, ,,,,(i),The,possible,open5vessel,artefact,hypothesis., ,,,,(ii),The,possible,influences,of,the,rotor,design,on,VCs, ,,,,,,,,,,generated,by,flow5centrifuga2on.,
Novel aspects 5 Homogenous, plant, material:, Olive, current5year, shoots, collected,from,the,same,trees,and,season., 5 Access,to,different,rotor,designs:,Cavitron,and,Li,et.,al., 5 High5resolu2on,computed,tomography,(HRCT),,
Laboratories Technique(
Rotor(Ø(
Lab(
Na=ve(embolism(
,
J.E.,Fernández,
Bench(dehydra=on(
,
H.,Cochard,
Pressure!sleeves(
,
J.E.,Fernández,
150,mm, , 280,mm, , 150,mm, Li,design, , 280,mm, Li,design, , 280,mm, Cavitron, ,
S.,Mayr,
Sta=c!Centrifuge( (( Flow!Centrifuge( (( (( HRCT(
,
J.S.,Sperry, S.,Mayr,
Set,of,, samples,
A(
J.S.,Sperry, H.,Cochard,
H.,Cochard,
Set,of,, samples,
B(
Results
,
Por2on,of,open,vessels,es2ma2on,&, maximum,vessel,length, 100 90 80 70
PLC
60 50 40
Max.(vessel( length(
30 20 10 0 0
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 Distance from the injected shoot end (mm)
Results Pressure5sleeves,
Bench,dehyd.,
100
B
A
80 60 40
PLC
20
Native Dehyd.
0 100
Pressure collar D
C
80 60 40 20
150 mm rotor. Li design 280 mm rotor. Li design 280 mm rotor. Cavitron
150 mm rotor 280 mm rotor
0 0
1
2
3
4
Sta2c5Centrifuge,
5
6
7
8
0
1
2
Xylem Tension (MPa)
3
4
5
6
7
8
Flow5Centrifuge,
1.5(Mpa PLC=4.4
Bench,dehyd.,+,HRCT,
100 80
PLC,
60 40
3.0(Mpa PLC=3.0
Native Dehyd. HRCT
20 0 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
X Data Xylem,Tension,(Mpa),
8.5(Mpa PLC=99.0
7
8
Results Maximum,Ks,during,dehydra2on
,
1.4
Ψx = -6.91 ± 0.22
Ψx = -0.82 ± 0.08
1.0
-1
-1
-1
Maximum Ks (Kg MPa s m )
1.2
n.s.
Ψx = -4.45 ± 0.24
n.s.
n.s.
0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 After sampling
24 hours after sampling
48 hours after sampling
Similar,maximum,Ks,at,the,sampling,day,and,aber,24,and,48,h,of,dehydra2on,
Results
Pressure!sleeves(
Bench(dehyd.+HRCT( 100
B
A
80 60 40 Native Dehyd. HRCT
PLC
20 0 100
Pressure collar D
C
80 60 40 20 0
Conclusions
150 mm rotor. Li design 280 mm rotor. Li design 280 mm rotor. Cavitron
150 mm rotor 280 mm rotor 0
1
2
3
4
5
Sta=c!Centrifuge(
6
7
8
0
1
2
Xylem Tension (MPa)
3
4
5
6
7
8
Flow!Centrifuge(
1., The, pressure5sleeve, (‘air5injec2on’), and, the, two, tested, centrifuge, techniques, overes2mated, the, vulnerability, to, cavita2on, of, this, long5vesseled, species,, repor2ng, higher, PLC, values, than, those, observed, in, trees, under, field, condi2ons,(na2ve,data).,
Conclusions Technique(
Rotor(Ø(
P50((MPa)((
Shape(of(VC
Bench(dehydra=on(
,
5.0,,a
s,
Pressure!sleeves(
,
3.7,,bd
r,
0.9,,c
r,
2.8,,b
r,
0.9,,c
r,
((
280,mm, Li,design, ,
1.5,,ce
r,
((
280,mm, Cavitron, ,
1.5,,e
r,
,
4.4,,ad
s,
Sta=c!Centrifuge( (( Flow!Centrifuge(
HRCT(
150,mm, , 280,mm, , 150,mm, Li,design, ,
Results
Pressure!sleeves(
Bench(dehyd.+HRCT( 100
B
A
80 60 40 Native Dehyd. HRCT
PLC
20 0 100
Pressure collar D
C
80 60 40 20 0 0
Conclusions
150 mm rotor. Li design 280 mm rotor. Li design 280 mm rotor. Cavitron
150 mm rotor 280 mm rotor 1
2
3
4
5
Sta=c!Centrifuge(
6
7
8
0
1
2
Xylem Tension (MPa)
2.,More,pronounced,curves,in,shorter,samples.,,,,,,
3
4
5
6
7
8
Flow!Centrifuge(
Suppor2ng, the, open5 vessel,artefact,hypothesis,
Conclusions
,
Vessel,length,distribu2on,es2ma2on,&, maximum,vessel,length, Rotor(Ø( 150mm( 280mm(
Max.(vessel( length(
Results
Pressure!sleeves(
Bench(dehyd.+HRCT( 100
B
A
80 60 40 Native Dehyd. HRCT
PLC
20 0 100
Pressure collar D
C
80 60 40 20 0 0
Conclusions
150 mm rotor. Li design 280 mm rotor. Li design 280 mm rotor. Cavitron
150 mm rotor 280 mm rotor 1
2
3
4
5
Sta=c!Centrifuge(
6
7
8
0
1
2
3
Xylem Tension (MPa)
4
5
6
7
8
Flow!Centrifuge(
3., Both, rotor, designs,, Cavitron, and, Li, et, al.,, revealed, similar, (and, overes2mated),vulnerability,to,cavita2on., P50,(MPa):,,,,,,,Li,design=,1.5,MPa., ,,,,,,Cavitron=,,1.5MPa,,,
Techniques,for,genera2ng,vulnerability,curves,(VCs), Accuracy&&&
5,Bench,dehydra2on, (Sperry,&,Tyree,,,1988.,Plant&Physiol),
5,Pressure5sleeves, ,,,,,,(‘Air4injec7on’), (Cochard,et,al.,,,1992.,,Plant&Physiol),
5,Sta2c5centrifuga2on, (Pockman,et,al.,,,1995.,,Nature),
5,Flow5centrifuga2on, (Cochard,et,al.,,,2005.,,Plant&Cell&Environ),
In,short5vesseled,sps,,
In,long5vesseled,sps,,
Techniques,for,genera2ng,vulnerability,curves,(VCs), Accuracy&&&
5,Bench,dehydra2on, (Sperry,&,Tyree,,,1988.,Plant&Physiol),
5,Pressure5sleeves, ,,,,,,(‘Air4injec7on’), (Cochard,et,al.,,,1992.,,Plant&Physiol),
5,Sta2c5centrifuga2on, (Pockman,et,al.,,,1995.,,Nature),
5,Flow5centrifuga2on, (Cochard,et,al.,,,2005.,,Plant&Cell&Environ),
In,short5vesseled,sps,,
In,long5vesseled,sps,,
Why ‘further evidence’? Similar,conclusions,have,been,previously,reached:,, e.g.,Cochard,et,al.,2005,&,2010;,Choat,et,al.,2010;,Ennajeh,et,al.,2011;,McElrone,et,al.,2012.,
Literature,survey,of,the,shape,of,867, VCs, distributed, across, techniques, (Cochard,et,al.,2013,JXB),
“The& r4shaped& curves& are& strongly& associated& with& the& pressure& sleeve& and& centrifuga7on& methods& and& the& presence& of& large& conduits& in& the& xylem&7ssue”&
DH, dehydration - PS, pressure sleeve - CE, centrifugation
Solutions 5,Air!injec=on( !"#$%!!=('()*+$!+$",-ℎ!−/ℎ()0$1!+$",-ℎ)/ 3$44$+!+$",-ℎ ,≥,1,, (Ennajeh,et,al.,2011),
!(Centrifuga=on(techniques( Working,with,larger,rotors(
CAVI1000(
1!m!diameter(rotor(
Next June/July
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