There h are two kinds k d of f syllabic yll b consonants: (Germanic) ((G m ) left-branchers l f branchers left b h and d (Slavic) ( l ) right-branchers right gh branchers b h E ili CARATINI Emilie N *, *, Olivier Oli i RIZZOLO*, *, T Tobias bi SCHEER HEE * & Markéta M két ZIKOVÁ Á† * Laboratoire L b t i BCL (UNS/CNRS) ((UNS/CNRS), ) † Masaryk M s yk Uni University sity

caratini@unice fr [email protected], [email protected], rizzolo@unice fr [email protected], scheer@unice fr [email protected] zikova@phil muni cz

0. The Issue: Syllabic 0 y Consonants (SCs) ( ) SCs are ‘phonological phonological p g hermaphrodites’: hermaphrodites p : SCs are ‘consonants consonants which behave like vowels’ vowels - Anchoring g of SCs: in the nucleus - Option p vs in a consonantal p vs. position - Option p 2 - Structure of SCs: right g - Option p vs leftvs. - Option p vs right- and left-branching vs. branching - Option

Argument: rgum nt

2a 2b 2c

Literature: Carr [1993], [1993] Hayes [1989], [1989] Kenstowicz [1994], [1994] σ Rubach [1977], [1977] Spencer [1996]... [1996]

Rh N

C Co

x

->> No symmetry y y between consonants standing g in nuclear p position ((SCs)) and vowels standing g in consonantal p position (g (glides): ) a vowel (e.g. (e g [i]) sitting g

in a consonantal position is pronounced as a consonant (e.g. (e g [j])) but b a consonant which h h sits in a nucleus l is NOT N pronounced as a vowel p

-Alternations between C̩ C and әC

0ption p 2 SCs are consonantal in essence... 2. essence … because they y sit in onsets. Vocalic behaviour of SCs: SCs branch on a neighbouring nucleus. nucleus Literature: Blaho [2001], [2001] Rennison [1999 333ff] [[1999:333ff], ff], Rowicka R i k [[2001], [2001]], Scheer S h [2009]], [[2009], Ziková [2007]... [2007] C C̩

0pti 2b. 0ption 2b. SCs SC are left l fft-branching b hi g

Literature: Hall [1992:35ff], [1992:35ff] Harris [1994:224f] Scheer [1998, [1994:224f], [1998 2004 2004, 2008] 2008], S ig Szigetvári á i [[1999:117ff, [1999 999 117ff ff, 2001] 2001], ], Toft T f [[2002]] , Wiese [1996:246]... [1996:246]

V

6 Selected 6. S l t d references f

dunkel B d Boden G Leben G. D Degen Hafen einem bottle E button E. b rhythm y

C C̩

[ˈdʊŋkәl] [ˈdʊŋkәl] [ˈb d ] [ˈbo:dәn] [[ˈle:bәn] le:bәn] [ˈde:ɡ ] [[ˈde:ɡәn] [ˈhɑ:fәn] [[ˈɁa͡ Ɂaɪnәm] ɪnәm] [[ˈbɒtәl] bɒtәl] [ˈ [[ˈbʌtәn] ] [ˈ ðәm] [ˈɹɪðәm]

Glosses

[ˈdʊŋkl̩] [ˈdʊŋkl] “dark” dark [ˈb d ̩] [ˈbo:dn̩ “fl “floor” ” [[ˈle:bm] le:bm̩] “life” life [ˈde:ɡŋ̩̩] “sword” [[ˈde:ɡŋ] “sword d” [ˈhɑ:fɱ]] “harbour” [ˈhɑ:fɱ̩ harbour” [[ˈɁa͡ Ɂaɪnm̩ ɪnm]] “a a, one” one [[ˈbɒtl] bɒtl̩] “bottle” bottle [ˈ ŋ ̩] “button” [[ˈdʊŋkl] “b button” [ˈ ðm]] “rhythm” [ˈɹɪðm̩ rhythm” y

- SCs sit in onsets and branch either on a preceding or a following nucleus - Parametric variation: left- vs. vs rightbranchingness - Long SCs (like long vowels) branch on 2 nuclei (left AND right, cf. cf Slovak)  Can left- AND right-branchingness coexist within a single language?

_ C V _ C Ø _ C C̩ C _ CC V _ CC Ø _ CC C̩ C̩

MHG

NHG

Glosses

b bere zu/ɡ/ k g l kegel Boden hahse alt l insel hi t hinten

[ [ˈb [ˈbe:ʁә] ] [ˈt͡su:k] [ˈtsu:k] [ˈk l]] [ˈke:ɡl̩ [[ˈbo:dn] bo:dn̩] [[ˈhaksә] haksә] [ˈalt]] [[ˈalt] [[ˈɁɪnzl] Ɂɪnzl̩] [ˈh t ̩] [ˈhɪntn̩

“berry” “b berry” “train” train “c cone” n ” “floor” floor “knuckle” knuckle “old “old” ld” “island” island “b hi d” “behind”

Lengthening possible bl

- Short SCs: V C

G Gov Gov.

ll

Li Lic.

C C C̩

“boredom” boredom “thing” thing “flower” flower “jj k ” “joke” “city” city

“(to) (to) rattle rattle” “h id” “humid” “(to) (to) jingle jingle” Cz “((to)) be a “(to) natrpklý t pklýý littl bitter” little bitt ” “idiot idiot (Nom (Nom. Sg., Sg blbec blb blbec, blb-øc-e øc e G Gen. Sg.)” Sg.) )” G čk Grčka “G “Greece” Greece” S Se. drnd njj drndanje “rubbin rubbing” g” s k srnka “ “roe” ” tlstý “fat” fat Sl Sl. prst “f “finger” finger” hrst’ hrst “fist” fist” (Bl h [[2004:24]) ((Blaho ])

C C̩

Ill-formed f d

C̩

O ph Orphan

G Gov.

G Gov.

C1 V1 C2 V2 C3 V3 C4 V4 v

Glosses

W ll-formed Well f d

G Gov.

C1 V1 C2 V2 C3 V3 C4 V4

l̩ h k ý v l̩ h k  SCs SC are right ight-branching b n hing in Cz, C ,S Se. and nd Sl Sl.

ý

((D)) Short vs. vs long g SCs in Slovak

C1 V1 C2 V2 C3 V3 C4 V4 g

r̩smo rsmo r̩rstva stva tәcve cәvii dәgra

drnčet vlhký lhkýý brnknout

V

Slovak…

b e r ә a l Ø t Ø s a [[a:]] l Ø  SCs are left-branching branching in German

 [e:]

smor stvar cvet vic i grad

 C̩ C = Cә, Cә in Serbian b

(Parametric variation) - Long SCs: V C V

 [a:]]

k e

Gl Glosses

C C# C…C#

Serbian (+ Šatrovački), Šatrovački) Czech Slovak Czech, Slovak…

German English… German, English

C1 V1 C2 V2 C3 V3 C4 V4

 [e:] [ ]

C

or

C C̩

unlicensed

C1 V1 C2 V2 C3 V3

Š Šatrovački čki

C r# C…r#

SCs: consonantal in essence

Lengthening L gth i g impossible

Li Lic Lic.

Serbian bi

Forms

V

0 ti 0ption 2c. S 2c. SCs are left SCs l ft- and d right i htbranch branching hing V C V P bl m Problem: 2 nuclei l if fill d with filled ith a p piece i of f C̩ melody m l dy  equivalent q i l t of f a long l g vowell C̩ Literature: Blaho [2001:23ff, [2001:23ff 2004:46] 2004:46]...

әC

((B))

C Conclusion: l

OSL in ((Standard)) German:

C C̩

C

((A))

 C̩ C = әC, әC in English and German

tity as well as the pronunciation of pieces of melody depends on the type of constituent that they are attached tt h d to. t That is, is [j] and [i] for example have the same melodic identity the difference being one of association: [j] is identity, produced p d d if the th melody l dy is i dominated d i t d by by an onset, t, [[i]] in i case it depends on a nucleus. nucleus Therefore something that is associated to a nucleus (and to nothing else) cannot be pronounced p d as a consonant. t

0ption p 2a SCs are right 2a. g -branching branching g

T Two di ti t empirical distinct i i l situations it ti regarding di SCs: SC - effects to their left ((the nucleus to their left is active)) - effects ff to their right g ((the nu nucleus u to their right g is active))  Option O ti 1 cannott express this thi variation i ti

1

0ption p 1 SCs are nuclear in essence 1. SC show SCs h vowel-like vowel l like lik b behaviour: behaviour h i - SCs SC are syllable ll bl peaks k (cf. ( f O poetry; t counted t d by b natives) ti ) - SCs SC may b bear stress t ( t (at l least t iin n certain certa t in languages) l ) BUT BUT: U - Confusion C f i between b t representation p t ti (sh p ) and ((shape) df function ti ((behaviour) (b h i ) - Strong St g violation i l ti off basic b i autosegt g m nt l p mental principles: in ipl p s: the th p phonological h l gi l idenid

1 Left 1. L f - vs. right i h -branching b branching hi of f SCs: SC di diagnostics i T Two ki d of kinds f tests/diagnostics t t /di ti A Relationship A. R l ti hi with ith a preceding di ( h (schwa-like) (schwa lik ) like) nucleus, l cf. f (A) (A): ● in i diachrony di h e.g.: .g. әC C > C: C̩ NHG dunkel dunk l [[ˈdʊŋkl] [ˈd ŋkl]̩] < OHG tun t kal tunkal Eng. E g. button butt [[ˈbʌtn] [ˈb t ] < Fr. F . boton b t ● and/or d/ in i synchrony h (f (free variation) i ti ) e.g.: g : free f variation i ti between b t әC C and d C̩ NHG dunkel d k l [[ˈdʊŋkl] [ˈddʊŋkl]̩] or [[ˈdʊŋkl] [ˈddʊŋkl]̩] “dark” “d dark k” E Eng. b ttl [[ˈbɒtәl] bottle [ˈbbɒtәl] l] or [ˈb [[ˈbɒtl] bɒtl̩l]]

l̩

Ø

(C) Eastern E t Middl German Middle G

Literature: Lit t P l, Wiehl Paul, Wi hl & Grosse G [[1998 ((1881)], (1881)] )], Schirmunski S hi ki [[1962 (1956)] (1956)]…

St d d language Standard l language: OSL affected ff t d MHG short h t vowels l followed f ll d b full by f ll vowels l , empty t nuclei l i and d SCs SC Gov. G Gov Orphan h Eastern Middle German ((EMG)): OSL did not take p place before SCs C1 V1 C2 V2 C3 V3 C4 V4 E g MHG vater > V[a:]ter (stand.) E.g. (stand ) ll vs. f[a]ter (EMG) “father” father v a  [a] t Ø r̩ Ø

SCs were not able bl to license l a preceding d nucleus l in EMG  SCs are not left l f -branching b branching h in EMG  SCs C are right h -branching b branching h in EMG

B. Behaviour of SCs with regards B g to a following g consonant cluster ((CC), (CC)), cf. cf ((B): ) ((● in diachrony y or)) ● in in syn h ny synchrony e.g.: SCs e.g. SC may be b followed f ll d by b the th same CCs CC as reall vowels l in i Czech, C Czech h Slovak Sl k and d Serbian S bi SCs C may never be b followed f ll d by b complex l coda(coda( d ( onset) clusters in English and German 2. Complementary distribution of diagnostics: 2 Language exhibit evidence for A OR for B – not for both at the same time English and German: SCs alternates with әC SCs are never followed by CCs Serbian Czech etc. Serbian, etc : C̩ C alternates with Cә SCs may be followed by CCs  Two very different structures appear as SCs on the surface  The difference between German German-like like and Czech Czechlike SCs cannot be accounted for if we assume that SCs simply l sit in the nucleus l 3. Conclusion 3 Two kinds of effects observed => two situations - Situation 1: Relationship with preceding nucleus e g English and Standard German (cf. e.g. (cf (A)) - Situation 2: Relationship with following nucleus e g Czech, e.g. Czech Serbian, Serbian Slovak and EMG (cf. (cf (B))  Two kinds of SCs – left- vs. vs right-branchingness of SCs is a language-specific parameter

Prediction P Prediction: di ti within ithi a single i l language, l th preceding the di and d the th following f ll i nucleus l cannott be b active ti att the th - No N minimal i i l pairs i (minimal ( i i l pairs i are attested tt t d for f l long vs. same time… ti exceptt in i systems t where h SC are SCs short h t vowels) l ) contrastive t ti for f length, l th e.g. Slovak Sl k (cf. ( f Blaho Bl h [2004]) - Speaker S k intuition i t iti rather th nott reliable li bl for f distinguishing di ti i hi long l and d short h t SCs SC 4. D 4. Discussion Discussion BUT Good BUT: BU G d phonological h l i l evidence id f from R th ic Law Rythmic Rythm L C n left Can l fft-branching b n hing and nd right ight-branching b n hing SCs SC coexist i t Case mar Case markers kers w with ith th under underlyingly d lyingly long long within ithi a single i gl language? l g g ? Nom Nom. Dat Dat. vowels w l ((e.g. .g. D Dat. t. Pl. Pl. –ám ám) Glosses If fy yes:: leftl f ft vs. s right-branchingness ight b hi g ss = lexical l i l Sg Sg. Pl Pl. shorten h t when h the th roott If f no:: True, T , universal i s lp parameter m t žena žen-ám žen ám “woman” woman vowell is long l g (p ( (prohibition hibiti a. ulica li ulic-ám li á “ t “street” t” of f two t l g vowels long ls in i a row)) 5 Key 5. Literature: Blaho [2001, [2001 2004]

lúka lúk lúk m “meadow” lúk-am “m d ” a. and d b. b  reaction ti on sh shortt Sl. Sl. knieža kniež kniež-am am “prince” prince vs long root vowels vs. (Blaho Bl h srna srn ám srn-ám “roe” roe c and d. c. d  2 classes of SCs: [2001:11]) c c. vlna vln-ám vln ám “wave” wave SC u SCs under d d. d. do, d , SC SCs u under d vŕba vŕb-am “willow” willow c do not provoke shortening c. d d. hĺbka h hĺbka h hĺbk am “depth” hĺbk-am “d pth h” of -ám b b.

CC “Consonant Consonant Cluster Cluster” // Cz “Czech” Czech // Dat. Dat “Dative” Dative // E. E “E gli h” // EMG “Eastern “English” “E t Middl Middle G German” ” // Gov. G “Government” Government // Lic. Lic “Licensing” Licensing // MHG “Middle Middle High German German” (1050-1350) (1050 1350) // NHG “New New High German German” (1650 (1650-)) // Nom. Nom “N i ti ” // Pl. “Nominative” Pl “Plural” “Pl l” // SC “Syllabic “Syll bi Consonant” C t” // Se. S “Serbian” Serbian // Sg. Sg “Singular” Singular // Sl. Sl “Slovak” Slovak

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