Supplementary material for ”Physics of chewing in terrestrial mammals” Emmanuel Virot1,2,+ , Grace Ma3 , Christophe Clanet4,5,+ , and Sunghwan Jung3,6,+,* ´ ´ erale ´ Complexity in Physical Systems Laboratory (ECPS), Ecole Polytechnique Fed de Lausanne, CH 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland 2 John A, Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA 3 Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA 4 LadHyX, CNRS UMR 7646, Ecole ´ Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau, France 5 PMMH, CNRS UMR 7636, ESPCI, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France 6 Center for Soft Matter and Biological Physics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA + these authors contributed equally to this work *
[email protected] 1 Emergent
The online videos that we have used are listed in the tables below (table S1, table S2 and table S3).
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v=lIOwgbyKi4M v=gkofwx2liHM v=Pv0AJWZr4h4 v=VWwNkIRGnRk v=wxXSybfv-ss v=7srW-W3FLiE v=rcrHj EDf-s v=MKbMGe7Cy1I v=pD9xQTKkXTw v=8QfatAs8FwE v=I1Knt4e Hzg v=h9wbed3MAN4 v=vvh7n1kUqQw v=2msCA 3FuII v=oq4 eoEFYDU v=DLTINXElyCc v=5Qx549wFIk0 v=ywB H-i949c v=La1oc0fipt8 v=js Rgh-l2jo v=I1Knt4e Hzg v=JsAeUfjC5WE v=jmba6EWIdT8 v=DaxkI 75c-8 v=x1C3vFOKEWM v=9ZrgxMmkqg0 v=m4C7gmMI5 E v=iYpkwqBJVs0 v=m9wC3xQK8h0 v=Br9–Sv4AdQ v=c-FkLRG8lpI v=m-OasV9LCxE v=6-fFebLWcDo v=IoWXoB5ao8w v=NpCmoHFhZSw
Chihuahua Opossum Opossum Opossum Pomeranian Cat Dachshund Tasmanian Devil Tasmanian Devil Jack Russell Terrier Shih-Tzu Beagle Beagle Otter Bobcat Cocker Spaniel Dingo Border Collie Border Collie Husky Dalmatian Dalmatian Lynx Golden Retriever Golden Retriever Golden Retriever German Shepherd Wolf Jaguar Jaguar Great Dane English Mastiff American Mastiff Tiger Lion
weight range (kg) 0.91 - 2.72 1.30 - 5.00 1.30 - 5.00 1.30 - 5.00 1.36 - 3.18 4.00 - 5.00 4.08 - 4.99 5.5 - 11.8 5.5 - 11.8 6.30 - 6.50 6.35 - 8.16 8.2 - 13.6 8.2 - 13.6 9.1 - 12.7 9.8 - 10.6 11.8 - 15.4 13.0 - 20.0 15.9 - 25.0 15.9 - 25.0 15.9 - 27.2 16.0 - 32.0 16.0 - 32.0 16.8 - 17.9 25.0 - 34.0 25.0 - 34.0 25.0 - 34.0 29.5 - 43.1 31.3 - 40.4 36 - 158 36 - 158 45.4 - 59.0 77.0 - 91.0 77.0 - 91.0 180 - 306 272 - 313
frequency ± std (Hz) 2.53 ± 0.44 3.08 ± 0.32 2.55 ± 0.25 3.18 ± 0.93 2.24 ± 0.34 2.18 ± 0.17 2.66 ± 0.28 2.43 ± 0.29 2.41 ± 0.33 2.87 ± 0.45 2.09 ± 0.25 2.44 ± 0.65 2.94 ± 2.06 2.93 ± 0.38 1.74 ± 0.56 2.01 ± 0.25 2.01 ± 0.57 2.48 ± 0.43 2.70 ± 0.32 2.24 ± 0.60 2.21 ± 0.55 2.81 ± 0.41 1.56 ± 0.39 2.32 ± 0.21 2.52 ± 0.32 2.47 ± 0.17 1.80 ± 0.22 2.42 ± 0.49 1.71 ± 0.28 1.53 ± 0.33 1.69 ± 0.41 1.49 ± 0.27 1.98 ± 0.29 1.24 ± 0.43 1.43 ± 0.41
S.L. Gerstenfeld, J.L. Schultz, ASPCA Complete Guide to Dogs (1999) R.M. Nowak, Walker’s Mammals of the World (1999) R.M. Nowak, Walker’s Mammals of the World (1999) R.M. Nowak, Walker’s Mammals of the World (1999) S.L. Gerstenfeld, J.L. Schultz, ASPCA Complete Guide to Dogs (1999) M.Y. Mattern, D.A. McLennan, Phylogeny and Speciation of Felids, Cladistics 16 (2000) S.L. Gerstenfeld, J.L. Schultz, ASPCA Complete Guide to Dogs (1999) R.M. Nowak, Walker’s Mammals of the World (1999) R.M. Nowak, Walker’s Mammals of the World (1999) D.C. Coile, Jack Russell Terriers (2000) S.L. Gerstenfeld, J.L. Schultz, ASPCA Complete Guide to Dogs (1999) S.L. Gerstenfeld, J.L. Schultz, ASPCA Complete Guide to Dogs (1999) S.L. Gerstenfeld, J.L. Schultz, ASPCA Complete Guide to Dogs (1999) R. Link, Living with Wildlife in the Pacific Northwest (2005) V.T. Sparano, Complete Outdoors Encyclopedia (1998) S.L. Gerstenfeld, J.L. Schultz, ASPCA Complete Guide to Dogs (1999) L. Boitani, Simon & Schuster’s Guide to Mammals (1984) S.L. Gerstenfeld, J.L. Schultz, ASPCA Complete Guide to Dogs (1999) S.L. Gerstenfeld, J.L. Schultz, ASPCA Complete Guide to Dogs (1999) S.L. Gerstenfeld, J.L. Schultz, ASPCA Complete Guide to Dogs (1999) S.L. Gerstenfeld, J.L. Schultz, ASPCA Complete Guide to Dogs (1999) S.L. Gerstenfeld, J.L. Schultz, ASPCA Complete Guide to Dogs (1999) M. Sunquist, F. Sunquist, Wild Cats of the World (2002) S.L. Gerstenfeld, J.L. Schultz, ASPCA Complete Guide to Dogs (1999) S.L. Gerstenfeld, J.L. Schultz, ASPCA Complete Guide to Dogs (1999) S.L. Gerstenfeld, J.L. Schultz, ASPCA Complete Guide to Dogs (1999) S.L. Gerstenfeld, J.L. Schultz, ASPCA Complete Guide to Dogs (1999) B.H. Lopez, Of Wolves and Men (1978) R.M. Nowak, Walker’s Mammals of the World (1999) R.M. Nowak, Walker’s Mammals of the World (1999) S.L. Gerstenfeld, J.L. Schultz, ASPCA Complete Guide to Dogs (1999) Guinness Book of World Records (1991) Guinness Book of World Records (1991) R.M. Nowak, Walker’s Mammals of the World (1999) K. Nowell, P. Jackson, Wild cats (1996)
reference for the estimation of the weight
Table 1. Carnivores. Information relative to the online Youtube videos (the general structure of the link is: www.youtube.com/watch?v=...).
Youtube link
Animal
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v=A9HV5O8Un6k v=O-X1VtzmY00 v=Yp1xqOpYGnE v=xiE5AQHKj Y v=AjFepCUx5Us v=2q91dUtDYkU v=kCJujDysSPo v=k-TFsd4768U v=PMgN6-CUoLQ v=4n0xNbfJLR8 v=HvkVLEm18iI v=6OnOrp4gcwQ v=FCADw-eS5 s v=QMwRo5ad19w v=hP05BgYyz g v=N8go26JXgKc v=oo2Wh20Iyf4 v=kXBMU9gXvjs v=n-8YRlLHoM4 v=gic0W9tUpm0 v=EBOU9j0BcmQ v=-sEoOrJGTRY v=wiuNqeKdzyU v=pk-vOfQNMuk v=tnBkhcRlixQ v=OxNXQ9bzYTo v=wq xVYMvVa8 v=86vpgweBiGI v=aUI744klo3Y v=4LivRehYGkE v=6umRDWnfivI v=M7RA-hFz6s0
Bunny Rabbit Red Panda∗ Sloth Koala Deer Panda∗ Panda∗ Panda∗ Panda∗ Mountain Goat Mountain Gorilla Gorilla Llama Shetland Pony Pony Pony Pony Horse Arabian Horse Rhino Rhino Giraffe Giraffe Giraffe Hippo Hippo Hippo White Rhino Elephant Elephant African Elephant
weight range (kg) 0.91 - 1.13 1.81 - 4.08 3.18 - 6.35 3.63 - 4.99 4.0 - 15.0 45.3 - 68.0 70 - 160 70 - 160 70 - 160 70 - 160 80 - 100 100 - 195 102 - 147 110 - 120 180 - 270 250 - 300 250 - 300 250 - 300 380 - 550 408 - 544 800 - 1200 800 - 1200 828 - 1192 828 - 1192 828 - 1192 1300 - 1500 1300 - 1500 1300 - 1500 1600 - 2400 3000 - 5000 3000 - 5000 4000 - 7000
frequency ± std (Hz) 4.18 ± 0.38 2.77 ± 0.44 3.43 ± 0.65 1.78 ± 0.37 2.95 ± 0.88 2.10 ± 0.24 1.82 ± 0.32 2.21 ± 0.32 1.69 ± 0.42 1.74 ± 0.35 1.79 ± 0.20 1.41 ± 0.10 1.82 ± 0.45 1.70 ± 0.34 1.67 ± 0.29 1.73 ± 0.22 1.63 ± 0.18 1.31 ± 0.26 1.49 ± 0.20 1.60 ± 0.44 0.93 ± 0.10 1.05 ± 0.07 1.39 ± 0.22 1.19 ± 0.15 1.13 ± 0.32 0.67 ± 0.11 0.47 ± 0.10 0.84 ± 0.06 0.76 ± 0.10 0.54 ± 0.07 0.57 ± 0.06 0.64 ± 0.07
Fur from Rabbits - A Collection of Articles Nutrient Requirements of Rabbits (1966) D. Burnie, D.E. Wilson, Animal: The Definitive Visual Guide to the World’s Wildlife (2005) F.B. Golley, E. Medina, Tropical Ecological Systems (1975) R. Nowak, R. Walker’s Marsupials of the World (2005) S. Gallina, H. Lopez Arevalo, Odocoileus virginianus (2008) G. Brown, Great Bear Almanac (1996) G. Brown, Great Bear Almanac (1996) G. Brown, Great Bear Almanac (1996) G. Brown, Great Bear Almanac (1996) A. Ganeri, North America’s Most Amazing Animals (2008) G. Wood The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats (1983) P. Miller, Patricia Gorillas (1997) R.B. Land, D.W. Robinson, Genetics of Reproduction in Sheep S. Green, The Shetland Pony (2012) J. L. Falvey, An Introduction to Working Animals (1985) J. L. Falvey, An Introduction to Working Animals (1985) J. L. Falvey, An Introduction to Working Animals (1985) M. Bongianni, Simon & Schuster’s Guide to Horses and Ponies (1987) M. Bongianni, Simon & Schuster’s Guide to Horses and Ponies (1987) M. Fitzpatrick, K. Armstrong, South Africa, Lesotho & Swaziland (2006) M. Fitzpatrick, K. Armstrong, South Africa, Lesotho & Swaziland (2006) J.D. Skinner, R.H.M. Smithers, The mammals of the southern African subregion (1990) J.D. Skinner, R.H.M. Smithers, The mammals of the southern African subregion (1990) J.D. Skinner, R.H.M. Smithers, The mammals of the southern African subregion (1990) R. N. Owen-Smith Megaherbivores: The Influence of Very Large Body Size on Ecology (1995) R. N. Owen-Smith Megaherbivores: The Influence of Very Large Body Size on Ecology (1995) R. N. Owen-Smith Megaherbivores: The Influence of Very Large Body Size on Ecology (1995) J. D. Skinner, C. T. Chimimba, The Mammals Of The Southern African Subregion (2005) J. Shoshani, Elephants: Majestic Creatures of the Wild (2000) J. Shoshani, Elephants: Majestic Creatures of the Wild (2000) J. Shoshani, Elephants: Majestic Creatures of the Wild (2000)
reference for the estimation of the weight
Table 2. Herbivores. Information relative to the online Youtube videos (the general structure of the link is: www.youtube.com/watch?v=...). ∗ Strictly speaking, pandas have a digestive system of carnivores and food habits of herbivores.
Youtube link
Animal
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Chinchilla Skunk Skunk Coati Coati Baby Raccoon Raccoon Raccoon Raccoon Rock Hyrax Coyote Coyote Coyote Pig Baby Pig Sumatran Orangutan Human Bear Russian Bear
weight range (kg) 0.41 - 0.42 1.80 - 5.50 1.80 - 5.50 2.00 - 8.00 2.00 - 8.00 3.50 - 9.00 3.50 - 9.00 3.50 - 9.00 3.50 - 9.00 5.00 - 6.00 12.5 - 14.0 12.5 - 14.0 12.5 - 14.0 30.0 - 33.0 30.0 - 33.0 37.0 - 75.0 80.6 - 80.8 115 - 360 650 - 700
frequency ± std (Hz) 4.24 ± 0.59 4.08 ± 0.48 3.39 ± 0.79 2.83 ± 0.63 3.91 ± 0.54 4.36 ± 1.44 2.93 ± 0.55 4.04 ± 0.65 3.42 ± 0.40 3.63 ± 0.34 2.97 ± 0.35 2.62 ± 0.29 2.63 ± 0.19 2.46 ± 0.40 2.45 ± 0.41 1.21 ± 0.24 1.71 ± 0.42 1.94 ± 0.24 2.07 ± 0.53
reference for the estimation of the weight A.E. Spotorno et al., Mammalian Species 758 G. Feldhamer, B. Thompson, J. Chapman, Wild Mammals of North America (2003) G. Feldhamer, B. Thompson, J. Chapman, Wild Mammals of North America (2003) K. M. Helgen et al., Small Carnivore Conservation 41 (2009) K. M. Helgen et al., Small Carnivore Conservation 41 (2009) S.I. Zeveloff, Raccoons: A Natural History (2002) S.I. Zeveloff, Raccoons: A Natural History (2002) S.I. Zeveloff, Raccoons: A Natural History (2002) S.I. Zeveloff, Raccoons: A Natural History (2002) T. Parkinson, M. Phillips, W. Gourlay, Kenya (2006) M. Bekoff M., Mammalian Species 79 (1977) M. Bekoff M., Mammalian Species 79 (1977) M. Bekoff M., Mammalian Species 79 (1977) M.M. Swindle, A.C. Smith, Swine in the Laboratory (2016) M.M. Swindle, A.C. Smith, Swine in the Laboratory (2016) C.P. Groves, Mammalian Species 4 (1971) S.C. Walpole et al., The weight of nations: an estimation of adult human biomass (2012) M. Pasitschniak-Arts, Mammalian Species (1993) M. Pasitschniak-Arts, Mammalian Species (1993)
Table 3. Omnivores. Information relative to the online Youtube videos (the general structure of the link is: www.youtube.com/watch?v=...).
Youtube link v=fQGxee2yLgA v=TteE3dKirac v=9-myK W4HFs v=6Iit35gGtUY v=6Iit35gGtUY v=DjAo 9eSPWI v=PxaW5JSyijY v=0jwGq0I4xEY v=RavcwqH0Ou0 v=iKJcZ3e8E6Y v=qLH2qFx-jB4 v=VACtjNhShFE v=Uv58Kk9BsxM v=DyafXlWjNyc v=7qpETkG3vjA v=APt4b3FWRnE v=KQfDBZI1MOc v=TiHmBLhDJY8 v=SHaZqBrri20
Animal
