2006), connectance (e.g. the proportion of links established at the scale of the ... resource input will ultimately decrease host population density (thus preventing.
Electronic Supplementary Material 1. Sample size validation
To ensure that the network size sub-sampled (20 phage strains x 20 bacterial strains) was representative of the full soil sample, we randomly sampled random square matrices from within our full dataset, ranging from 3x3 to 19x19 (1000 replicates for each). For each, we then calculated nestedness (Rodriguez–Girones & Santamaria 2006), connectance (e.g. the proportion of links established at the scale of the network; Gardner & Ashby, 1970), and vulnerability and generality (Schoener, 1989). The results show that the indicators approximately stabilize at 10x10 networks, meaning that our 20x20 sample is representative of the interaction web. To make the figure readable, only 10 replicates of each combination are shown.
2. Testing the effect of resource quantity on network structure
We used a Monte Carlo procedure to evaluate the possibility that changes in network structure were due to the elimination of some links by chance. Because decreasing resource input will ultimately decrease host population density (thus preventing host/phage interaction to occur), one might expect that communities at low resource density are a subset of the one obtained at high resource density.
Knowing the number of bacteria and phages establishing links (from Table 1 of main text), we simulated matrices obtained for different resource levels by subsampling the matrix obtained in the most resource-rich environment (e.g. in order to simulate a matrix for the 10% level of resources, we randomly extracted 20 phages and 14 bacteria from the first matrix). This process was replicated 1000 times (tests with 100, 5000 and 10000 replicates produced similar results), after which we compared the distributions of several network structure indictors [nestedness (a measure of matrix entropy), connectance (proportion of realized links), PDI (specialization of phage; eqn. 2 in main text), generality (number of hosts exploited) and vulnerability (number of phage isolates attacking bacteria)] to the observed values using onesample Wilcoxon tests with a correction for continuity (Zar, 1974) (due to nonnormality of most of the randomized distributions).
Our results are presented in the table below. Here, R is resource concentration and the first and second columns for each R are, respectively, index estimates based on random sampling and actual observations.
R=10-1
R=10-1
R=10-2
R=10-2
(sampling)
(observed)
(sampling)
(observed)
Nestedness
24.90
38.01
24.68
18.22
Connectance
0.34
0.33
0.36
0.18
PDI
0.53
0.40
0.50
0.40
Generality
0.29
0.26
0.31
0.17
Vulnerability
0.43
0.40
0.42
0.50
The structure of each observed matrix was highly significantly different (all P values
conductive grain of the order of 250 V/m, while the electric field at a 0.1 ... total kinetic impulse P given by expression (3), as each Universon has an Eu / c momentum : ..... The whole elementary particle of matter is supposed accelerated by an ..
School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK. Running title: Detection and quantification of positively selected sites in HIV.
of the. PCR. Product). He. Ho. Reference. (TC)n repeat primers: TGAAATTCTTCATCAGT ...... Dalebout ML, Ruzzante DE, Whitehead H, Oien NI. Nuclear and ...
The available scientific evidence does not show that any health problems are ... Whereas high levels of RF can produce health effects (by heating tissue), ...
In order to probe the depth of the air cavity between the membrane and the substrate, we performed .... An improved step, beyond the scope of this paper, would.
(ha). Number of trees (first census). Species (% of stems at first census). First ..... Density. 0.000. 0.002. 0.004. 0.006. 0.008. 0. 100. 300. 500. 700. µj densities. µj.
The white arrow indicates the puncture hole (Photo: H. Alinezhad). Figure S2. Partially eaten carcass of a Maral Red Deer near the young male leopard probably.
Vercken et alâ by Cote, J., Le Galliard, J.-F., Rossi, J.-M., and Fitze, P. S.. 1. Supplementary ... ventral coloration in female common lizards (n = 86). Scale type.
Mar 22, 2010 - The switch position is controlled by a pulse ... the carrier frequency is to one resonance of the temperature sensor, the stronger ... longer interrogation time: we attribute this slow divergence of the Allan deviation to the simple.
Dec 7, 2012 - observed non-exponential decay for the larger membranes. ... condition can be derived to have the following form,. (S.4) ... features of acoustic transport and solid state physics in general, it is invalid for real materials at.
disturbances are homoscedastic with the same variance across time and ... as a Chi Square under the null of homoscedasticity. ..... (b-B) sqrt(diag(V_b-V_B)).
Figure S3: Powder patterns from the Joint Rietveld on the HAp sample. Two sample-to- detector distances represent top (150 mm) and bottom (350 mm) plots.
orders, and compare it to the case in which they can also submit limit orders ( ..... To understand the convergence results of this section, it useful to note that, ...... we obtain a lower bound by ignoring terms n = k, and then multiplying by the .
BR-2S-α. 1 Robustness when Ï0 and/or Ï are very close to 1. Figure 1 reports a comparison plot between the FDR of the main studied procedures. The case Ï0 ...
There was, however, a significant difference be- tween the sex groups, F (1, 60) =7.69, p < .01, with males responding significantly faster than females (377 vs.
Levin, I. The tropospheric. 14. CO2 level in mid-latitude of the Northern Hemisphere. (1959-2003). Radiocarbon 46, 1261-1272 (2004). 36. Tans, P. in Carbon ...
Oct 9, 2008 - to having a key function in cognitive control. ... supplementary motor area (pre-SMA) are, in humans, .... that the electrical excitability of the SMA is greater ...... there is an essentially autonomous supervisory (executive) system t
equation contains groups of material properties. These groups are the material indices. Sometimes the 'group' is a single property; thus if the performance of a ...
