ROYAL CANADIAN MOUNTED POLICE PHYSICAL SECURITY BRANCH TECHNICAL OPERATIONS DIRECTORATE OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R2

SECURITY GUIDE SSB/SG-31 SECURITY CONNOTATIONS OF THE 1995 NATIONAL BUILDING CODE APRIL 1998

Any suggestions for revision or other comments concerning this security guide should be directed to the OIC Physical Security Branch, Technical Operations Directorate, Royal Canadian Mounted Police, 1426 St. Joseph Blvd. Orleans, Ontario K1A 0R2.

This is a third-level reference document which becomes part of the series of reference documents listed in Appendix B of the Physical Security Standards (Chapter 2-2) of the Government Security Policy, ‘Security’ Volume of the Treasury Board Manual.

TABLE OF CONTENTS SCOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 AUTHORITY HAVING JURISDICTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 SECURITY REQUIREMENTS OF THE NBC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 NBC STANDARDS RELEVANT TO SECURITY DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3.1

GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1.2. CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDINGS OR PARTS OF BUILDINGS BY MAJOR OCCUPANCY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1.2.1. Classification of Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1.5. NONCOMBUSTIBLE CONSTRUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1.5.4. Combustible Glazing and Skylights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1.5.17. Wires and Cables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1.8. FIRE SEPARATION AND CLOSURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1.8.4. Determination of Ratings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1.8.11. Self-Closing Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1.8.13. Door Latches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1.8.14. Wired Glass and Glass Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1.16.OCCUPANT LOAD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 7 7

3.2.

BUILDING FIRE SAFETY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 3.2.2. BUILDING SIZE AND CONSTRUCTION RELATIVE TO OCCUPANCY 8 3.2.2.19. Buildings Containing Impeded Egress Zones . . . . . . . . . . 8 3.2.4 FIRE ALARM AND DETECTION SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 3.2.4.4. Description of Fire Alarm Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 3.2.4.17. Manual Pull Stations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3.2.4.19. Audibility of Alarm Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3.2.5. PROVISIONS FOR FIRE FIGHTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3.2.5.1. Access to above Grade Storys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3.2.5.3. Roof Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 3.2.5.5. Location of Access Route . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 3.2.5.6. Access Route Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 3.2.6. ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR HIGH BUILDINGS . . . . . . . . . . 10 3.2.6.2. Limits to Smoke Movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 3.2.6.4. Emergency Operation of Elevators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 3.2.6.7. Central Alarm and Control Facility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 3.2.7. LIGHTING AND EMERGENCY POWER SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 3.2.7.3. Emergency Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

3.3

SAFETY WITHIN FLOOR AREAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

3.3.1. ALL FLOOR AREAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.1.3. Means of Egress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.1.10. Door Swing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.1.12. Doors and Door Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12 12 13 13

3.4

EXITS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4.2. NUMBER AND LOCATION OF EXITS FROM FLOOR AREAS . . . . . . 3.4.2.1. Minimum Number of Exits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4.2.3. Distances Between Exits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4.2.4. Travel Distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4.2.5. Location of Exits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4.3. WIDTH AND HEIGHT OF STAIRS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4.3.5. Exit Width Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4.6. TYPES OF EXIT FACILITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4.6.14. Revolving Doors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4.6.15. Door Release Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4.6.15.(4) Electromagnetic Locking Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4.6.17. Emergency Access to Floor Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13 13 13 14 14 14 14 14 15 15 16 18 19

3.6

SERVICE FACILITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 3.6.3. VERTICAL SERVICE SPACES AND SERVICE FACILITIES . . . . . . . . 19

3.8

BARRIER-FREE DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.8.1.2. Entrances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.8.1.5. Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.8.2.1. Areas Requiring a Barrier-Free Path of Travel . . . . . . . . 3.8.3.14. Counters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20 20 20 21 21

SCOPE

This guide is intended to be read in conjunction with the National Building Code (NBC) to inform the reader of the various statements in the NBC that could have security implications.

INTRODUCTION

This security guide has been prepared to examine and explain those aspects of the NBC which have potential security implications. Every security officer must ensure that planned security measures are compatible with the Code and the authority having jurisdiction enacted or adopted in their particular geographical area. This security guide is based on the 1995 edition of the NBC. Carefully review this document in conjunction with the NBC. The Code applicable to a building is the Code which was in effect at the time the building was being constructed, except under certain limited applications described in Article 1.1.2.1. of the NBC.

When reading this document, the numbering system of the various sections, subsections, articles, sentences and clauses corresponds with the 1995 NBC.

The NBC is a document designed to promote “public safety through the application of appropriate uniform building standards throughout Canada.”1 There is a tendency for security practitioners to believe that where safety and physical security conflict, physical security should override the requirements of the NBC. This is not so, as the objective of the NBC and physical security in relation to the protection of life are the same and sometimes only the means of obtaining the objectives are different. Therefore, safety and physical security requirements should always be harmonized to obtain these 1

National Research Council of Canada. NRC-CNRC National Building Code of Canada 1995, Eleventh Edition. Ottawa: National Research Council of Canada, 1995:xiii. 1

objectives. Understanding the Code and knowing which security safeguards can be implemented without conflicting with the NBC is the only way to deal with ‘safety vs. security’ issues.

Every Canadian province has its own building code. These provincial codes contain standards for the design and construction of buildings to ensure the occupants and the public are protected from health hazards, structural deficiencies and fire.

The NBC, issued by the Canadian Commission on Building and Fire Codes, National Research Council, is not federal legislation, however, it is presented in a form which readily lends itself to enactment or adoption by an appropriate provincial or municipal authority. Some provinces have adopted the entire NBC while others, as well as some municipalities, have modified or deleted existing sections or added additional requirements.

AUTHORITY HAVING JURISDICTION

Municipal government enactments are not binding on provincial or federal governments, and likewise provincial government enactments are not binding on the federal government. The administration of the NBC is the responsibility of the authority having jurisdiction, which is a federal, provincial or municipal official appointed for this purpose.

For federal government buildings, the local representative of the Fire Commissioner of Canada is the authority, except where the federal government is a tenant in a privately-owned building. This arrangement could raise questions of jurisdiction and responsibility. Cooperation between the various representatives is essential to ensure a safe and secure building environment.

2

SECURITY REQUIREMENTS OF THE NBC

Protection of people and property against criminal activity is of increasing concern. The NBC has addressed some security safeguards in Part 9, ’Housing and Small Buildings’. These safeguards are discussed in Subsection 9.6.8 ‘Resistance To Forced Entry’ dealing with doors and locksets, and Subsection 9.7.6. ‘Resistance To Forced Entry’ dealing with windows. Although these requirements are geared toward residential and small building construction, the safeguards are sound and should be considered for other types of buildings such as high-rises. Review Appendix A-9.6.8.1., A-9.6.8.5.(1), A-9.6.8.7.(1), A-9.6.8.10.(1), and A-9.7.6.1.(1) for more detailed information on door and window resistance to forced entry.

NBC STANDARDS RELEVANT TO SECURITY DESIGN

Throughout the NBC are specific statements and clauses which could affect the application and effectiveness of security systems.

3.1

GENERAL

3.1.2. CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDINGS OR PARTS OF BUILDINGS BY MAJOR OCCUPANCY

Whenever security practitioners are required to recommend safeguards, either through building design (e.g. location of exit doors or stairwells, main entrance design) or the installation of security equipment (e.g. door locks, mechanical or electronic access controls), it is necessary to know the use of a building. Not all buildings are used for the same purpose. The NBC classifies various building types by use and occupancy. Each building type has different requirements. Security professionals must know the requirements so appropriate physical security safeguards can be implemented.

3

3.1.2.1.

Classification of Buildings

The NBC classifies buildings into six groups:

Group A - Assembly Occupancies containing 4 divisions Group B - Care and Detention Occupancies containing 2 divisions Group C - Residential Occupancies Group D - Business and Personal Services Occupancies Group E - Mercantile Occupancies Group F - Hazard Industrial Occupancies containing 3 divisions

Appendix A-3.1.2.1.(1) identifies various building occupancies.

Article 3.1.2.2. outlines building requirements with only one major occupancy. Two or more major occupancies within different groups or divisions contained in the same building must be separated by a fire separation. Table 3.1.3.1. identifies the minimum fire-resistance rating of fire separations between major occupancies. This information becomes critical because specific door and hardware requirements are dependent on the fire-resistance rating of fire separations. Table 3.1.3.1. also identifies that certain occupancies cannot be located within the same building.

3.1.5. NONCOMBUSTIBLE CONSTRUCTION

3.1.5.4.

Combustible Glazing and Skylights

Article 3.1.5.4. outlines the requirements of combustible glazing and skylights in noncombustible buildings. Some government departments require either bullet- or impact-resistant glazing materials installed in their facility to protect employees. Glass products used for this purpose should present few problems as far as the NBC is concerned as long as they comply with Article 3.1.5.4. Plastics used as glazing material 4

are far more susceptible to fire damage. Some plastic products emit toxic fumes when burned. Plastics used as security safeguards should be protected against fire, (e.g. tested for a flame-spread rating).The finished products must comply with 3.1.5.4. If departments wish to use plastics as security products, consult the authority having jurisdiction or Physical Security Branch. Article 3.4.1.10 states that combustible glazing cannot be “used to construct an exit enclosure.” (page 110)

3.1.5.17.

Wires and Cables

A major cost associated with electronic security systems is installing a conduit system in a building to house the cabling. When a facility threat assessment is done, conduit may be deemed unnecessary or not cost-effective. For example, when threats are analysed, conduit may only be necessary on the unprotected or public side of a facility, (e.g. lobbies, stairwells, public amenities). The NBC will permit open cabling in a noncombustible building, for example, on the secure side of a building (e.g. secure rooms, private offices, discussion areas), provided the cabling meets Clause 3.1.5.17(1)(a).

3.1.8. FIRE SEPARATION AND CLOSURES

3.1.8.4.

Determination of Ratings

A major conflict between the requirements for fire separations and physical security may arise in the case of doors and their operation. A door assembly used in a fire separation is required to be labelled; that is, the door, its lock, hinges, closer and frame must meet the fire protection ratings of the authority having jurisdiction. These ratings are based on tests conducted under the provisions of CAN4-S104-M Standard Method for Fire Tests of Door Assemblies. See Sentence 3.1.8.4.(1) and Clause 3.1.8.4.(1)(a) of the NBC.

5

The required fire rating of the door assembly is dictated by the grade of the fire separation through which it affords passage, as shown below in Table 3.1.8.4. forming part of Sentence 3.1.8.4.(2).

Fire-Resistance Rating of Fire Separation

Minimum Fire-Protection Rating of Closure (door)

3.1.8.11.

45 min

45 min

1h

45 min

1.5 h

1h

2h

1.5 h

3h

2h

4h

3h

Self-Closing Devices

This fire rating requirement limits the choice of lockset and locking functions. Since each component of the door package must be rated as per CAN4-S104-M, only those rated locksets may be used. Sentence 3.1.8.11.(1) states:

Except as permitted by Sentence [3.1.8.11.](2), every door in a fire separation, other than doors to freight elevators and dumbwaiters, shall be equipped with a self-closing device designed to return the door to the closed [and locked] position after each use.

3.1.8.13.

Door Latches

Sentence 3.1.8.13.(1) states, ”... a swing-type door in a fire separation shall be equipped with a positive latching mechanism designed to hold the door in the closed position after each use.”

6

Notwithstanding this interpretation, a few locking devices are ULC-listed but are not of the general latch variety, (e.g. deadbolt locks). Doors in fire separations (e.g. elevator core) which serve as doors to building service functions only, may have to be secured (e.g. deadbolt lock). It is possible to gain a specific case exemption and secure these doors provided their use is limited and closely supervised. See NBC Subsection 3.6.3., ‘Vertical Service Spaces and Service Facilities’, for a more complete explanation of the security issue.

3.1.8.14.

Wired Glass and Glass Block

Sentence 3.1.8.14(1) states that fixed wire glass assemblies (commonly referred to as Georgian wire glass) and glass blocks can be used in interior fire separations which have a fire-resistance rating of not more than one hour. Wired glass should not be used as security glazing. It is no more resistant to forceable breakage than ordinary glass (float glass). Its purpose, however, is to remain intact within its frame when exposed to intense heat.

Glass blocks come in a variety of different designs. Most glass block designs are hollow but solid glass blocks are also available. When properly installed, solid glass blocks provide a good level of resistance to forced entry.

3.1.16.

OCCUPANT LOAD

Occupant load refers to the number of persons for which a building or part of a building is designed. Occupant loads determine the number of exit facilities that must be provided. Exits become critical because they are potential points of entry for an adversary and should be kept to a minimum.

7

3.2.

BUILDING FIRE SAFETY

3.2.2. BUILDING SIZE AND CONSTRUCTION RELATIVE TO OCCUPANCY

3.2.2.19.

Buildings Containing Impeded Egress Zones

Impeded egress zones are areas under supervision where occupants have free movement in the area but require security personnel to release them. Facilities that require this type of zone must comply with Articles 3.2.2.20 to 3.2.2.83. with the exception of group B, division 1 occupancies (detention facilities), provided compliance with Sentence 3.2.2.19.(1) is followed.

3.2.4. FIRE ALARM AND DETECTION SYSTEMS

3.2.4.4.

Description of Fire Alarm Systems

The NBC identifies two types of fire alarm systems that are permitted: single stage and two-stage. Sentences 3.2.4.4(1) and (2) outline the conditions when an alarm signal must be initiated. This clause becomes relevant when a security access control system uses magnetic locks outlined in Sentence 3.4.6.15.(4). The NBC requires that the magnetic lock release upon activation of an alarm signal as defined in Article 3.2.4.4. When an alarm signal is activated during a single-stage or the second stage of a twostage fire alarm system [Clauses 3.2.4.4.(2) (b) and (c)], all magnetic locks on exit doors automatically release, potentially leaving the door in an unsecured position. These fire alarm stages are activated by operating any manual pull station [Article 3.2.4.17.]. Ensure alternate safeguards are in place when using magnetic locks on exit doors.

8

3.2.4.17.

Manual Pull Stations

The NBC requires manual pull stations in accordance with Sentence 3.2.4.17.(1). As outlined above, pull stations activate alarm signals releasing magnetic locks or disabling the delay of a delayed egress door. Adversaries could remove material, approach an exit, pull the manual pull station releasing the magnetic lock and exit the door. Implement safeguards that can rectify this type of situation.

3.2.4.19.

Audibility of Alarm Systems

Subclause 3.2.4.19.(7)(b)(iii) requires audible signal devices in sound enclosures. When designing sensitive discussion areas (SDAs), ensure these devices are installed maintaining the acoustical integrity of the room, unless the threat and risk assessment (TRA) suggests electronic devices of this type not be installed in an SDA.

3.2.5. PROVISIONS FOR FIRE FIGHTING

3.2.5.1.

Access to Above Grade Storeys

Sentence 3.2.5.1.(3) states, "Access panels above the first storey shall be readily openable from both inside and outside, or the opening shall be glazed with plain glass." Although this provides a readily accessible entry for firefighters, these entries are also open to potential adversaries. This allows an entry point for any would-be intruder, therefore impeding control of access and weakening physical security of the building.

9

3.2.5.3.

Roof Access

Under specific conditions, this sentence requires that access to the roof from the floor area(s) be ensured. Any exit route can be a potential means of entry for an adversary. If a TRA warrants, ensure safeguards are in place to prevent access to the roof area of buildings that comply with this article.

3.2.5.5.

Location of Access Routes

Emergency vehicles require access up to the face of a building. Providing access for emergency vehicles also enhances the ability of an adversary to attack the facility from outside. Vehicles should not come within 3 m of the building face to prevent their use as a screen for acts of violence or sabotage.

3.2.5.6.

Access Route Design

This article is designed to ensure emergency vehicles can access the entire building face. Providing access for firefighters also enhances the ability of an adversary to attack the facility from outside using a vehicle. If threats of this nature exist, design appropriate safeguards. When reviewing this article, refer to Article 3.2.2.10 for clarification on the definition of streets as it pertains to access route design.

3.2.6. ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR HIGH BUILDINGS

3.2.6.2.

Limits to Smoke Movement

Clause 3.2.6.2.(3)(a) requires that stairwells serving storeys above the exit level have a vent a minimum of 1.8 m2 to clear the smoke. This vent must lead outdoors. Securing these doors from adversaries could be an issue. Contact the authority having jurisdiction to determine acceptable methods of securing. 10

3.2.6.4.

Emergency Operation of Elevators

The NBC requires that elevators be equipped with a key-operated emergency switch to give firefighters complete control of access to any part of the building serviced by the elevator. In some municipalities, fire departments have master-keyed emergency switches in buildings throughout the municipality.

Sentence 3.2.6.4.(4) requires the elevator control keys be conspicuously located in an identified box outside an elevator hoist way near the alarm control facility and also kept in the alarm control facility. Implement safeguards to detect an unauthorized use or removal of the keys.

3.2.6.7.

Central Alarm and Control Facility

If your building meets the NBC definition of high buildings [Sentence 3.2.6.1.(1)], a central alarm and control facility is required [Sentence 3.2.6.7.(1)]. This room is potentially an excellent location for a security console monitoring facility. In addition to the requirements of the authority having jurisdiction, when this room is used as a security console monitoring facility, equip with: Y

washroom facilities

Y

a separate equipment room to service the console room

Y

emergency power

Y

a single entrance

Y

suitable ventilation to supply fresh air to ensure a clean environment

Y

adequate lighting

Y

computer flooring

11

These rooms should not be used as part of an information booth. If departments or the building custodian require this type of service, provide it at the main entrance for the conveyance of the public. The publication SSB/SG-7, Security Control Room Space Requirements outlines other space and security requirements specific to security monitoring facilities.

3.2.7. LIGHTING AND EMERGENCY POWER SYSTEMS

3.2.7.3.

Emergency Lighting

The average light level of 10 lux (1 footcandle) called for in Sentence 3.2.7.3.(1) is insufficient if any of these areas are part of a guard patrol. Consult Physical Security Branch to establish correct lighting levels.

3.3

SAFETY WITHIN FLOOR AREAS

3.3.1. ALL FLOOR AREAS

3.3.1.3.

Means of Egress

The NBC strives to delineate pathways or means of egress from any point in a building or contained open space to a separate building, public thoroughfare or exterior open space protected from fire exposure, and to keep these paths unobstructed. Article 3.3.1.3. clearly identifies where these means of egress are to be provided. By creating these means of egress, a path of entry is also delineated, paths which cannot be obstructed except as permitted by the authority having jurisdiction. The NBC also limits the types of locking devices which may be used on doors along this path. Since most perimeter doors of both buildings and floor areas are fire exits, they must be examined regularly to ensure effective security.

12

3.3.1.10.

Door Swing

Doors that open into a corridor or other facility providing access to exit shall swing in the direction of travel to the exit. Such doors are equipped with hinges on the outside and can provide an intruder with easy access to a facility. In a security area, security hardware such as non-removable pins shall be a consideration.

3.3.1.12.

Doors and Door Hardware

Doors providing access to exits have limitations outlined in Sentences 3.3.1.12 (2) and (3). Doors must be readily openable without keys, special devices or specialized knowledge. In addition, hardware must be releasable by one hand and with not more than one releasing operation. These sentences put severe limitations on locks with deadbolts that do not have an interconnection between the operation handle and the deadbolt. Mortise lock designs without the interconnection feature and auxiliary deadbolts are devices that would not be acceptable.

3.4

EXITS

3.4.2. NUMBER AND LOCATION OF EXITS FROM FLOOR AREAS

3.4.2.1.

Minimum Number of Exits

Any exit door can potentially be used as a door for unauthorized entry. The NBC specifies in Sentence 3.4.2.1.(1) that the number of exits required from every floor area is 2 except where noted in Sentences 3.4.2.1.(2) to (4).

13

3.4.2.3.

Distances Between Exits

Sentences 3.4.2.3.(1) and (2) specify minimum distances between exits. In many design scenarios, the ideal security design locates stairways in the main core of the facility. Placing stairwells in the core eliminates an adversary crossing the floor plate to exit a stairwell. Note that the NBC limits the distance between stairs to a minimum and maximum distance.

3.4.2.4.

Travel Distance

The Code restricts the travel distances to an exit measured along the path of travel to the exit as described in Sentences 3.4.2.4.(1) and (2). Erecting barriers as safeguards may lengthen exit travel. When implementing safeguards, examine the floor plate carefully and determine if the distance is within the NBC requirements.

3.4.2.5.

Location of Exits

Location and number of exits [Article 3.4.2.1.] become critical because exits are potential points of entry for adversaries. Article 3.4.2.5. identifies the location of exits under various conditions. Ensure the correct number of exits; more than is necessary could create a security hazard and increase costs.

3.4.3. WIDTH AND HEIGHT OF STAIRS

3.4.3.5.

Exit Width Reduction

Cross-Stairwell Barriers

Security Guide SSB/SG-13 describes a method of controlling upward movement in a stairwell. Cross-stairwell barriers allow free access in one direction only: downwards. If 14

you are contemplating this type of barrier, the Code specifies requirements regarding exit width reduction, handrails and door swings. Article 3.4.3.5. deals directly with exit width requirements.

The most obvious location to place an exit door in a cross-stairwell barrier is on the stairwell landing. Article 3.4.3.1 specifies exit width and Sentence 3.4.6.10.(2) specifies door location. If the door is located on the landing, the distance between the door and the wall of the stair is the exit width and must comply with 3.4.3.1.

Cross-stairwell barriers should only be used in existing facilities if no other solution is possible. Avoid using cross-stairwell barriers when designing new facilities.

If clarification on cross-stairwell barriers is necessary, contact the authority having jurisdiction or Physical Security Branch.

3.4.6. TYPES OF EXIT FACILITIES

3.4.6.14.

Revolving Doors

Many security officials use revolving doors in an electronic access control scenario to prevent individuals from piggybacking through an access point. The doors are designed to allow only one person through at a time if the proper identification is presented. Sentence 3.4.6.14.(3) stipulates the conditions under which revolving doors can be used. The leaves of the revolving door must collapse under a force of 90 N without requiring keys, special devices or knowledge. This condition presents a unique security problem. In an emergency, these doors when collapsed do not close like a standard swing door. In the confusion surrounding an emergency, an adversary could easily enter a facility through these doors.

15

The preferred design is to install emergency (swing) exit doors next to a revolving door. In this situation, the revolving door need not comply with the building code. The one problem this design may create is the slight increase in lobby space to install swing-type exit doors.

3.4.6.15.

Door Release Hardware

The operating mechanisms of latches required on doors in fire separations are governed by use, occupancy, and the number of people served. Sentences 3.4.6.15(2) and (3) give explicit requirements in this regard:

(2)

(3)

If a door is equipped with a latching mechanism, a device that will release the latch and allow the door to swing wide open when a force of not more than 90 N is applied to the device in the direction of travel to the exit shall be installed on (a)

every exit door from a floor area containing an assembly occupancy having an occupant load more than 100,

(b)

every door leading to an exit lobby from an exit stair shaft, and every exterior door leading from an exit stair shaft in a building having an occupant load more than 100, and

(c)

every exit door from a floor area containing a high hazard industrial occupancy.

Except as required by Sentence 3.8.3.3.(7), every exit door shall be designed and installed so that, when the latch is released, the door will open under a force of not more than 90 N, applied at the knob or other latch releasing device.

Fire Exit Hardware and Panic Hardware

The terms fire exit hardware and panic exit hardware are used synonymously throughout both the lock industry and the security community.

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In general, panic exit hardware refers to the use of a full crossbar-type operator, “intended for mounting on or integral with outward swinging doors to facilitate the safe egress of persons in case of an emergency.”2 Described as panic hardware, it is usually found, for example, on the bottom door in a staircase leading to the exterior of a facility. These doors are not required to be labelled.

Fire exit hardware is required on labelled fire doors, usually the doors leading into a stairwell. Sentence 3.4.6.15.(2) of the NBC describes panic hardware as allowing “the door to swing wide open when a force of not more than 90 N is applied to the device.” Fire exit hardware includes other devices or operators described in Sentence 3.4.6.15 (1) as “... permit[ting] the door to be readily opened from the inside with not more than one releasing operation and without requiring keys, special devices or specialized knowledge of the door opening mechanism.” This means that fire exit hardware can be more secure than panic exit hardware because the locking functions allowed on fire exit hardware can include a deadbolt.

The Code provides an exception to Sentence 3.4.6.15.(1) for banks and mercantile floor areas. Sentences 3.4.6.16.(1) to (9) outline these exceptions. Review them carefully to ensure all conditions are met before securing these types of facilities.

Clause 3.4.6.11 (1)(a) requires that all fire exit doors open in the direction of exit travel which may necessitate (especially in exterior applications) the use of non-removable pin hinges or special lugs, preventing removal of the door when locked. Astragals3 should also be used to protect the latch bolt.

2

Underwriters’ Laboratories of Canada. List of Equipment and Materials. Vol. 1, General. Scarborough: Underwriters’ Laboratories of Canada, July 1991:19.

3

A moulding applied to the meeting edges of pairs of doors for protection against weather conditions, and to shield the lock bolt and latch. 17

3.4.6.15.(4) Electromagnetic Locking Devices

Sentence 3.4.6.15.(4) deals with the requirements of electromagnetic locking devices. Appendix A-3.4.6.15(4) of the Code identifies, “... where there is a need for security additional to that provided by traditional exit hardware.”

Security practitioners must examine the electromagnetic lock requirements as outlined in Clauses 3.4.6.15.(4)(a) to (g) carefully to ensure that the security safeguards are not compromised. These requirements only apply to magnetic locks on doors identified as exits as defined by the NBC. If you intend to use magnetic locks, ensure that the doors are exits as defined by the NBC, otherwise it is not necessary to comply with the requirements of Sentence 3.4.6.15.(4).

Clause 3.4.6.15.(4)(e) requires that “a force of not more than 90 N applied to the door opening hardware initiates an irreversible process that will release the locking device [electromagnetic lock] within 15 s and not relock until the door has been opened.“ The 15-second delay allowed by the Code is, in most cases, insufficient time to adequately delay an adversary, considering a response force probably could not respond under normal conditions to the actual location of the incident. The 15-second delay could provide a psychological deterrent. In addition, the Code further restricts the use of the delay feature by requiring the locking device to release immediately:

(b)

upon activation of a fire alarm signal, including ”...all similar locking devices in the access to exit leading to the exit”

(c)

in the event of a power failure

(d)

upon actuation of a manually-operated switch accessible only to authorized personnel

Sentences 3.2.4.17.(1) to (4) require a manual pull station (a manually-operated switch) located near every required exit (reference (d) above). Anyone wishing to exit merely 18

activates the pull station initiating an alarm signal (assuming a single stage fire alarm) near the exit and the delay feature is circumvented. In a two-stage fire alarm system, the activation of the manual pull station initiates an alert signal for five minutes and if not acknowledged, sets off an alarm signal thereby circumventing any delay feature. This type of installation should be reserved for electronic access control situations and not relied upon to secure the door.

3.4.6.17.

Emergency Access to Floor Areas

Crossover Floors

The stairwell sides of fire exit stairwell doors are generally not locked during working hours, although exceptions are made in response to security requirements. In any building that is more than six storeys high, Clause 3.4.6.17.(1)(a) states the travel distance shall not exceed two storeys in either direction to an unlocked door. The exit stairwell doors on every crossover floor shall not have locking devices on the stairwell side and must allow access out of the stairwell. This restriction could create serious security problems as it requires approximately 20 percent of the building floor space to be left unlocked. To comply with this requirement and still maintain adequate building security, security officers must ensure that sensitive operations are not located on crossover floors. Clause 3.4.6.17.(1)(c) requires that all door locking devices designed to prevent entry onto a floor area from an exit stair have a master key available to all fire fighters, or a wire glass panel 645 cm² in size be located in the door not more than 300 mm from the door-opening hardware.

3.6

SERVICE FACILITIES

3.6.3. VERTICAL SERVICE SPACES AND SERVICE FACILITIES

Subsection 3.6.3. outlines the fire separation requirements for vertical service spaces. Access ports, usually on each floor, allow access to these spaces for equipment 19

maintenance but could also serve as an entry point for an intruder.

As previously described in this guide, the NBC outlines the types of hardware to be used on doors in fire separations. Doors for access shafts must be rated to maintain the integrity of the fire separation, but a problem occurs when one wishes to lock these doors. If unrated hardware (e.g. a deadbolt keyed one side) is put on a rated door, the rating is destroyed. Since these access doors are not normally used by pedestrians, the Fire Commissioner of Canada may allow them to be locked. Special dispensation from the authority having jurisdiction would have to be sought to allow deadbolts on access doors from services spaces to floor areas. If using a keyed-one-side deadbolt (no thumbturn), ensure the cylinder is on the floor side of the access door.

3.8 BARRIER-FREE DESIGN

3.8.1.2.

Entrances

A barrier-free entrance provides general access to a building from an accessible route. Doors are equipped with a door operator activated by a key, card or radio transmitter. Each entrance door is also equipped with door closers designed to allow sufficient time for a wheelchair to pass through the doorway. Closers provide a delayed closing period which keeps the door open for several seconds before it starts to close. This delayed closure may provide a potential means of entry for an intruder, and must be considered in a security design.

3.8.1.5.

Controls

Controls for the operation of building services and safety devices shall also consider security systems such as intercom/telephone, electronic access controls such as card readers, keypads etc. and shall be accessible to a person in a wheelchair, operable with one hand and mounted not more than 1400 mm above the floor.

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3.8.2.1.

Areas Requiring a Barrier-Free Path of Travel

A barrier-free path of travel shall be provided throughout the entrance and within all other areas served by a passenger elevating device. This path of travel creates a path of entry that cannot be obstructed, and limits the types of locking devices used.

3.8.3.14

Counters

The Code requires that a section of counter used to serve the public be barrier-free. It is assumed that the person being served is in a wheelchair. This same counter could be used by an employee in a wheelchair. Depending upon the threat level, special protection may not be required. However, consideration should be given to providing vault-and/or ballistic-resistance barriers as a means of increased security protection.

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