Pflanzenphysiologie (Teil 1, ESBS, 12 Stunden) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
Bedeutung und Besonderheiten der grünen Pflanzen Pflanzenzelle: Evolution, Struktur und Funktion Pflanzenzelle: Zellwand, Plasmodesmen, Zellteilung Pflanzengestalt: Zelltypen, Gewebe, Organe Sekundäre Zellwand, Lignin, Xylem, Phloem, Leitbündel Sek. Dickenwachstum, Wasser-, Stofftransport, Baumphysiologie Wurzel: Entwicklung, Struktur und Funktion Wurzelsymbiosen: Nährstoffaufnahme, Mykorrhiza Sekundäre Pflanzenstoffe: Flavonoide, Blütenfarbstoffe Sekundäre Pflanzenstoffe: Alkaloide, Chemoökologie, Drogen Fortpflanzung, Samen- und Fruchtbildung Samenphysiologie und Saatguttechnologie
PD Dr. Gerhard Leubner Website “The Plant Biology Place” http://www.plantbiology.de Login-Name: biotech Login-Passwort: saatgut © 2005 PD Dr. Gerhard Leubner - http://www.plantbiology.de
(1) Alkaloids and other drugs Alkaloids
Alkaloids are secondary basics plant materials (> 10000) with mainly heterocyclic to built-in nitrogen (N) which release ± strong effects on special areas of the central nervous system (ZNS). Alkaloids are mostly derivatives of the amino acids (N from amino group) Tyrosine, tryptophane, phenylalanine, Lysine and Ornithine (Aspartat). Exceptions: Terpenoid-, steroid, Purinalkaloide.
Drugs
In Old High German "drög" (drily), dry plant parts, Middle Ages medicament Pleasure drugs, spice drugs, medicament drugs, drunkenness drugs---> narcotics Today's drug definition = every psychoactive substance. A psychoactive effect is if the substance works thus on the ZNS that consequences on mood, perception, the thinking, the feeling world or the reality experience become apparent. Effect: Sedative (reassuring, fear-solving means), Hypnotic (sleepingsupporting means), Stimulating (caffeine, nicotine), hallucinogenic (LSD). Law: Hard (heroin, cocaine) and softy (cannabis) drugs.
© 2005 PD Dr. Gerhard Leubner - http://www.plantbiology.de
(1) Alkaloids and other drugs Addiction - drug addiction
Psychic dependence: at the latest when the affected person can feel fine only more after the taking of a certain substance (drug). Physical (physical) dependence: is if while setting down a substance (drug) physical withdrawal symptoms appear.
Addiction potentials
The substances which release psychic and physical dependence: Opiates, morphine, heroin, alcohol, many painkillers and tranquilizers, ace, … c The substances which release "only" psychic dependence: Cocaine (strongly), many sleeping drugs and tranquilizers, amphetamines, … c Substances with lower dependence potential (this is no division or statement about the danger, e.g., physical damages): Cannabis (THC), classical hallucinogenic (LSD, Mescaline, Psilocin), … c
Disclaimer
Many alkaloids and derivatives are drugs. Lecture should not stimulate to the drug consumption! Take up with addiction problems absolutely professional help!
© 2005 PD Dr. Gerhard Leubner - http://www.plantbiology.de
(1) Alkaloids and other drugs: Cannabis (THC) Cannabis sativa cv. indica - Indian hemp plant (Cannabaceae) Marihuana = dry female flower head ("grass") Hashish = pressed cannabis resin of female plants ("Dopes", "Shit") Resinous secretion of the flower glands and sheet glands contains psychoactive THC THC = Tetrahydrocannabinol, Terpenoid (aromatic ring) - no alkaloid!!!
© 2005 PD Dr. Gerhard Leubner - http://www.plantbiology.de
(1) Alkaloids and other drugs
© 2005 PD Dr. Gerhard Leubner - http://www.plantbiology.de
(2) Tropan alkaloids: The witch's herbs
Atropin = DL-Hyoscyamin © 2005 PD Dr. Gerhard Leubner http://www.plantbiology.de
(2) Tropan alkaloids: Cocaine
Coke shrub Erythroxylum coca Cocaine = psychoactive Tropan alkaloid = Cocain, "cc", "coco", "Coke", "snow" “ de la blanche” very strong psychic addiction potential
© 2005 PD Dr. Gerhard Leubner http://www.plantbiology.de
(3) Pyridin alkaloids: Nicotine as a food protection Nicotiana tabacum (Tobacco, Solanaceae) Tobacco alkaloids Nicotin, Nornicotin (and Anabasin) Nicotine is highly toxic, Resorption, respiratory standstill Smoking damages theirs Health: Cardiac infarction, "Smoker's legs", cancer, Embryo damage, … c Nicotine spray insecticide Nicotine as a food protection, Resistance to insects Nicotine's Defensive Function in Nature Steppuhn, Gase, Krock, Halitschke, Baldwin PLoS Biology 2: 1074-1080 (2004) Max Planck Institut für Chemische Ökologie http://www.ice.mpg.de/ © 2005 PD Dr. Gerhard Leubner http://www.plantbiology.de
Max Planck Institut für Chemische Ökologie - http://www.ice.mpg.de/
(3) Pyridin alkaloids: Nicotine as a food protection Insect resistance
Root Halitschke, R.
Nicotiana attenuata © 2005 PD Dr. Gerhard Leubner http://www.plantbiology.de
(3) Pyridin alkaloids: Nicotine as a food protection Insect resistance Nicotin salaries: Wild type-tobacco 100% IRpmt tobacco 3-4% Anatabin salaries: Wild type-tobacco n.d. IRpmt tobacco raises
Root
Nicotiana attenuata © 2005 PD Dr. Gerhard Leubner http://www.plantbiology.de
(3) Pyridin alkaloids: Nicotine as a food protection Manduca sexta: Nicotin-tolerante Caterpillars
s s a m r) ag ll m ( i p r e t a c
4
WT IRpmt
3
0
50
Choice in %
100
2 1 0
Halitschke, R.
2
4
6
8
10
days after eclosion
12
14
© 2005 PD Dr. Gerhard Leubner - http://www.plantbiology.de
(3) Pyridin alkaloids: Nicotine as a food protection Spodoptera exigua and other insects
© 2005 PD Dr. Gerhard Leubner - http://www.plantbiology.de
(4) Isochinolin alkaloids: Opium and opiates Papaver somniferum (sleeping poppy, Papaveraceae)---> opium alkaloids Latex (milk juice) in immature bolls---> opium = dry milk juice Raw opium:
© 2005 PD Dr. Gerhard Leubner - http://www.plantbiology.de
(6) Purin alkaloids: The chocolate tree Coffea arabica = coffee (Rubiaceae): Coffee bean-Endosperm, a lot of Caffeine Camellia sinensis = tea (Theaceae): Tea shrub, sheets, Theophyllin and Coffein (Coffein = Thein) Theobroma cacao = cocoa (Sterculiaceae): Cacao-tree, chocolate tree, , fatty cacao bean cotyledons, a lot of Theobromin, little Caffeine
© 2005 PD Dr. Gerhard Leubner http://www.plantbiology.de
Xanthingerüst from Glycin, Glutamin (N), Aspartat (N), Formiat, Biotin (CO2)
(6) Purin alkaloids: The chocolate tree
© 2005 PD Dr. Gerhard Leubner http://www.plantbiology.de
