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Perkins Electro-Acoustic Research Laboratory.
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Hand-Builders of Fine Music-Reproduction Equipment
The PEARL Vacuum Tube Technology Archive Updated approximately monthly, this is: Ver. 1.02, Jan 1, 2004. Click for the latest version of this document: in native PDF,
PDF.zip (zipped),
PDF.sit (stuffed).
Click on blue text in the Volume/Section listings of this index to be taken directly to the page where the listed articles can be downloaded. See below . . . HE FOLLOWING IS A COMPLETE INDEX of the articles contained in the Pearl Archive. Covering a wide range of topics and spanning 15 separate volumes, the ‘Archive is a collection of approximately 850 articles chronicling the history of vacuum tube implementation in the audio-reproduction chain. The earliest articles date from the 1930s and the latest are present-day publications. Starting in September of 2002 we began making the ‘Archive available for download from here on our web site at: http://www.pearl-hifi.com. While we might make the entire collection available on CD at some future point, the scanning and conversion to PDF of at least 850 articles is a long project.
T
In the meantime, the free downloads must be selected one at time. Note however that although most browsers will support simultaneous downloading of several files, such intensive activity is best left to those with LAN, (A)DSL or cable connection to the internet. Dial-up modem users would do well to download one file at a time. Note that because it will likely take at least a year to get the entire ‘Archive uploaded to our server, we will update this document as we go. The titles of those articles presently available for download are shown in blue text and clicking on any such text will take you directly to the page in our site where the PDF file is available.
VOLUME 1: POWER AMPLIFIERS SECTION 1: AMPLIFIER BASICS - 15 ARTICLES 001 002 005 010 015 020 025 031 035 040 045 050 055 060 065
Puzzled About Amplifiers? Amplifiers High-Power Audio Amplifiers Push Pull in Hi Fi Simplified Push-Pull Theory Push-Pull Audio Frequency Amplifiers Hi-Fi Power Amps. Circuit Features in Hi-Fi Power Amplifiers Why Do Amps Sound Different? High-Power vs. Low-Power Amps Audio Power Requirements and Statistics Audio Designer’s Handbook: Part 1 Audio Designer’s Handbook: Part 2 Thoughts on Amplifier Design System Design Factors for Audio Amps
N.H. Crowhurst Edgar M. Villchur M. Horowitz M. Horowitz Julius Postal K.R. Sturley Robert F. Scott Robert F. Scott N.H. Crowhurst N.H. Crowhurst C. Nicholas Pryor David Saslaw David Saslaw Stewart Hegeman M.V. Kiebert
4 Pgs. 6 Pgs. 4 Pgs. 4 Pgs. 8 Pgs. 6 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 4 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 5 Pgs. 6 Pgs. 2 Pgs. 16 Pgs.
F. Langford-Smith F. Langford-Smith F. Langford-Smith
9 Pgs. 5 Pgs. 2 Pgs.
SECTION 2: ULTRA-LINEAR AMPLIFIERS - 18 ARTICLES 070 075 080
Ultra Linear Amplifiers: Part 1 Ultra Linear Amplifiers: Part 2 Ultra Linear Amplifiers: Part 3 ♦
AN 0.3 - Page 1
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085 090 095 100 105 115 125 135 140 145 150 155 160 165 170
Ultra Linear Amplifiers Tetrodes with Screen Feedback Amplifiers and Superlatives Determining Screen Grid Dissipation in UL Amps. U.L. Operation of the Williamson Amplifier Designing a U.L. Amplifier High-Quality Circuits Adapting the U.L. Williamson to 6550 Operation A 50 Watt Power Amplifier 120 Watts of Hi-Fi Power U.L. Operation of 6V6 Tubes New 25 Watt Power Amplifier A 60 Watt UL Amplifier The UL II 40 or 60 Watt Hi-Fi Amp with Tertiary Feedback
Wireless Engineer Author Unknown D.T.N. Williamson & P. Walker Leonard Kaplan D Hafler & H. Keroes Edward S. Miller John K. Frieborn Herbert I. Keroes David Hafler David Hafler David Hafler Norman Kramer Author Unknown Author Unknown Thomas F. Burroughs
2 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 5 Pgs. 2 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 2 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 4 Pgs. 5 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 4 Pgs. 2 Pgs. 4 Pgs. 2 Pgs. 4 Pgs.
SECTION 3: THE MCINTOSH UNITY-COUPLED AMPLIFIER - 8 ARTICLES 175 180 185 190 195 200 205 206
Description & Analysis of a New 50 Watt Amplifier Circuit A New 30 Watt Power Amplifier Realistic Audio Engineering Philosophy Hi-Fi at Low Cost with Twin-Coupled Amplifier Radio Electronics Twin Coupled Amplifier Updating the R-E Twin-Coupled Amplifier High Efficiency-High Quality AF Power Amp. Circuit Features of High Fidelity Power Amplifiers
F.H. Mcintosh & G. Gow S. Corderman & F. Mcintosh Norman H. Crowhurst Norman H. Crowhurst Norman H. Crowhurst Norman H. Crowhurst Alexander B. Bereskin Robert F. Scott
5 Pgs. 6 Pgs. 11 Pgs. 6 Pgs. 6 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 13 Pgs. 3 Pgs.
R.M. Voss & R. Ellis W.T. Selsted & R. H. Snyder C.C. McCallum
3 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 2 Pgs.
SECTION 4: TRIODE-CONNECTED TETRODES - 3 ARTICLES 210 215 216
Triode Operation of KT88’s High-Power Triode Amplifier Pentodes & Tetrodes Operating as Triodes
SECTION 5: CONSTANT-CURRENT OUTPUT STAGES - 3 ARTICLES 220 230 235
Constant-Current Operation of Power Amplifiers Constant-Current Audio Power Amplifiers Constant-Current D-C. Amplifiers
H.T. Sterling & A.Sobel H.T. Sterling & A. Sobel Donald Mcdonald
6 Pgs. 4 Pgs. 2 Pgs.
SECTION 6: THE WILLIAMSON AMPLIFIER - 6 ARTICLES 236 237 238 239 240 241
High-Quality Amplifier: Basic Requirements High-Quality Amplifier: New Version; Further Notes High-Quality Amplifier: Letters from Builders Modernize Your Williamson Amplifier Improving the Williamson Amplifier The “Williamson Type” Amplifier Brought Up to Date
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AN 0.3 - Page 2
D.T.N. Williamson D.T.N. Williamson D.T.N. Williamson David Hafler Talbot M. Wright M.V. Kiebert
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8 Pgs. 16 Pgs. 1 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 3 Pgs.
VOLUME 2: POWER AMPLIFIERS SECTION 7: MISC. CONSTRUCTORS’ POWER AMPLIFIERS & DESIGNS - 16 ARTICLES 245 250 255 260 265 270 275 280 285 290 295 300 305 310 315 320
Med-Power Tetrode Amp. With Stabilized Screen Supply A Stable, High Quality Power Amplifier Universal Feedback Amplifier Circuit High-Stability Feedback Amplifier The 88-50: a Low-Distortion 50 Watt Amplifier A High-Power Amplifier with Minimum Distortion 60 Watt Amplifier with a Silicon Rectifier Power Supply Another Power Amplifier! An Amplifier for $20.00 Junior Golden Ear Amplifier The Maestro: a POWER Amplifier 40 dB Feedback Audio Amplifier Multiple-Feedback Audio Amplifier The White Powertron Amplifier Transformer Design for “Zero” Impedance Amplifiers Zero-Impedance Output Stage
Cullen H. Macpherson E.J. Miller Arnold J., Kauder Arnold J. Kauder W.I Heath & G.R. Woodville Bruce DePalma L.B. Dalzell R.A. Greiner Arnold J. Gassan Joseph Marshall D. Sarser & M. Sprinkle B. Drisko & R. Darrell Joseph M. Diamond Stanley White N.R. Grossner Raymond G. Anthes
2 Pgs. 2 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 6 Pgs. 4 Pgs. 4 Pgs. 4 Pgs. 4 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 4 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 2 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 5 Pgs. 2 Pgs.
SECTION 8: OUTPUT TRANSFORMERLESS POWER AMPLIFIERS - 6 ARTICLES 325 330 335 340 345 350 351
An Output-Transformerless Amplifier-Speaker System OTL Vacuum Tube Amplifier Ultra-stable OTL Hi-Fi Amplifier A New Transformerless Amplifier Circuit The OTL Amplifier An Output-Transformerless Power Amplifier Transformerless 25 Watt Amplifier
Curtiss R. Schafer M.W.P. Strandberg Julius Futterman Kerim Onder V. Brociner & G. Shirley Julius Futterman The Radio Handbook
4 Pgs. 4 Pgs. 5 Pgs. 4 Pgs. 4 Pgs. 5 Pgs. 1 Pg.
SECTION 9: CATHODE FOLLOWER POWER-OUTPUT STAGES - 4 ARTICLES 355 360 365 370
Cathode-Follower Loudspeaker Coupling The Cathode Follower Output Stage A Practical Cathode-Follower Audio Amplifier The Cathode Follower as Audio Power Amplifier
E.W. Fletcher & S.F. Cooke Robert M. Mitchell W.E. Gilson & R. Pavlat Howard T. Sterling
4 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 3 Pgs.
SECTION 10: ADVANCED THEORY & PRACTICE - 4 ARTICLES 375 380 385 390
A Multi-Loop, Self-Balancing Power Amplifier Graphical Determination of Performance of Push-Pull Amps Class-A Push-Pull Amplifier Theory Optimum Loading for Power Amplifier
J.R. Macdonald B.J. Thompson Herbert L. Krauss W.R. Ayers
17 Pgs. 10 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 2 Pgs.
SECTION 11: VARIABLE DAMPING, POSITIVE FEEDBACK & NEGATIVE IMPEDANCE - 14 ARTICLES 395 396 397
Measuring Amplifier Damping Factor Applying Variable Feedback It’s Positive Feedback ♦
Author Unknown N.H. Crowhurst Warner Clements AN 0.3 - Page 3
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1 Pg. 3 Pgs. 3 Pgs.
398 399 400 401 402 403 405 410 415 420 425
Positive Current Feedback Balanced Feedback Amplifiers Combining Positive & Negative Feedback in an AF Amplifier Amplifiers with Positive & Negative Feedback Combing Positive & Negative Feedback Damping Factor: A New Approach Variable Damping-Factor Control Variable Damping… How Good Is It? Output Impedance Control Loudspeaker Damping with Dynamic Negative Feedback What’s All This About Damping?
Ulrich Childs Edward L. Ginzton David Fidelman Charles P. Boegli John M. Miller F. Langford-Smith Charles A. Wilkins Norman H. Crowhurst Thomas Roddam Ulric J. Childs N.H. Crowhurst
3 Pgs. 13 Pgs. 4 Pgs. 6 Pgs. 4 Pgs. 1 Pg. 4 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 2 Pgs. 4 Pgs. 3 Pgs.
SECTION 12: SINGLE-ENDED PUSH PULL POWER-OUTPUT STAGES - 3 ARTICLES 430 435 440
“Single-Ended” Push-Pull Amplifier A Single-Ended Push-Pull Audio Amplifier Analysis of Drivers for Single-Ended Push-Pull Stage
A. Peterson & D.B. Sinclair A. Peterson & D.B. Sinclair Hiroshi Amemiy
2 Pgs. 5 Pgs. 6 Pgs.
SECTION 13: CATHODE-BIASED POWER-OUTPUT STAGES - 3 ARTICLES 445 450 455
Improved Cathode Bias Circuit Affording Fixed Bias The Low-Loading Self-Biased Amplifier Effect of the Cathode Capacitor on Push-Pull Output Stage
John A. Mulvey L.B. Dalzell Robert M. Mitchell
1 Pg. 3 Pgs. 4 Pgs.
SECTION 14: MISC RELEVANT ARTICLES - 26 ARTICLES 460 461 462 465 470 475 480 485 490 495 500 505 525 530 535 540 545 550 555 565 570
Circuit Design Factors for Audio Amplifiers New Amplifier has Bridge-Circuit Output Designing Your Own Amplifier: Parts 1 - 6 Defects In Amplifier Performance Transient Response of Audio Amplifiers Causes of Low Outputs “Circuit Sentry” Protects Tubes in P.A. Amplifier Compensation for Class B Operating Conditions High Audio Power from Relatively Small Tubes Recent Developments of Class B Amplifiers A Stable Direct-Coupled Amplifier Amplifiers of 15 to 30 Watts and 50 to 100 Watts A 3000 Watt Audio Amplifier High-Fidelity The Easy Way Extended Class-A Audio A 13-Watt All-Triode “Infinite Feedback” Amplifier The Laboratory Golden Ear Gilding The Golden Ears High-Fidelity Power Amplifiers Power Amplifier 6DZ7 Amplifier
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AN 0.3 - Page 4
M.V. Kiebert, Jr. D.J. Tomick & A.M. Wiggins N.H. Crowhurst Norman H. Crowhurst W.R. Ayers Author Unknown J. Levitsky Rockwell & Platts E. Barton Loy E. Barton G.R. Mezger Author Unknown Alex B. Berskin Comdr. W.B. Bernard, USN Howard T. Sterling Charles P. Boegli Joseph Marshall Joseph Marshall Joseph Marshall A. Kenneth Olson Robert M. Voss
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6 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 32 Pgs. 9 Pgs. 2 Pgs. 1 Pg. 3 Pgs. 6 Pgs. 21 Pgs. 22 Pgs. 6 Pgs. 12 Pgs. 9 Pgs. 4 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 6 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 4 Pgs. 4 Pgs. 2 Pgs.
VOLUME 3: PUSH-PULL THEORY & PHASE SPLITTERS SECTION 15: FUNDAMENTAL PHASE SPLITTER THEORY - 54 ARTICLES 585 590 595 600 605 610 615 620 625 630 631 632 635 640 645 650 655 665 670 675 680 685 690 695 700 705 710 715 720 725 730 735 740 745 750 755 760 765 770 775 780 785 790 795 800 801 805 810 815 820 825
Choosing The Phase Inverter: Parts 1 & 2 An Analysis of the Split-Load Phase Inverter In Defense of the Split-Load Phase Inverter Notes on the Cathodyne Phase-Splitter Concertina Phase-Splitter: Parts 1 & 2 Push-Pull Input Circuits: Part 1 General Principles Push-Pull Input Circuits: Part 2 Cathode Follower Push-Pull Input Circuits: Part 3 Phase Reversers Push-Pull Input Circuits: Part 4 The Anode Follower Push-Pull Input Circuits: Part 5 Cathode-Coupled Stage Push-Pull Balance Phase-Splitting in Push-Pull Amplifiers Push-Pull Drivers: Part 1 Push-Pull Drivers: Part 2 Push-Pull Drivers: Part 3 Push-Pull Drivers: Part 4 Distortion & Phase-Splitter Unbalance In Push-Pull Amps. Understanding Common-Mode Signals Balanced Amplifiers Push-Pull Resistance Coupled Amplifiers Self-Balancing Push-Pull Circuits: Part 1 Self-Balancing Push-Pull Circuits: Part 2 Phase Inverters for Hi-Fi Amplifiers Cascode A.F. Amplifier Balanced Output Amps of Highly Stable & Accurate Balance Balanced Amplifier Circuits Electronic Circuitry Analysis of Three Self-Balancing Phase Inverters Directly Coupled Phase Inverter Audio Patents Direct Coupled Amplifier: Patent Phase Splitters Precision Phase Splitting A Choke-Coupled Phase-Inverter of High Accuracy Improving the Cross-Coupled Inverter Simplified Cross-Coupled Amplifier Letters New Phase-Splitter Neutralizing Phase-Splitters The New “Isodyne” Phase Splitter Cathode-Coupled Valves Design of Cathode-Coupled Amplifiers Cathode-Coupled Amplifier The Cathode-Coupled Amplifier An Improved Type of Differential Amplifier A Differential Input Stage for Low-Frequency Amplifiers Cathode-Coupled Push-Pull Output Stage Elements of Electronic Circuits Letters Electro-Encephalograph Amplifier: Part 1 Electro-Encephalograph Amplifier: Part 2 ♦
AN 0.3 - Page 5
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Norman H Crowhurst George E. Jones Jr. Daniel P. Peters Albert Preisman Author Unknown W.T. Cocking W.T. Cocking W.T. Cocking W.T. Cocking W.T. Cocking W.T. Cocking W.T. Cocking George F. Cooper George F. Cooper George F. Cooper George F. Cooper Nathan O. Sokal R.N. Marsh Franklin Offner Franklin Offner D.R. Birt D.R. Birt Mannie Horowitz L.B. Hedge EMI Laboratories Author Unknown J. McSowerby Myron S. Wheeler E. Johnson Richard H. Dorf Author Unknown Author Unknown W.R. Ayers Seymour & Tucker Nicholas Pryor Charles P. Boegli Author Unknown A.R. Bailey W.T. Cocking E.F. Worthen T.W. Brady S.G.F. Ross J.A. Lyddiard Keats A. Pullen Jr. J.S.C. Roberts V.H. Atree Sturley & Bennent J.M. Peters Author Unknown Denis L. Johnston Denis L. Johnston
5 Pgs. 2 Pgs. 2 Pgs. 2 Pgs. 7 Pgs. 4 Pgs. 5 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 5 Pgs. 4 Pgs. 4 Pgs. 5 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 2 Pgs. 7 Pgs. 5 Pgs. 2 Pgs. 5 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 5 Pgs. 1 Pg. 1 Pg. 3 Pgs. 4 Pgs. 1 Pg. 2 Pgs. 1 Pg. 1 Pg. 1 Pg. 2 Pgs. 1 Pg. 2 Pgs. 1 Pg. 3 Pgs. 1 Pg. 2 Pgs. 4 Pgs. 4 Pgs. 5 Pgs. 4 Pgs. 4 Pgs. 2 Pgs. 6 Pgs. 2 Pgs. 1 Pg. 12 Pgs. 13 Pg.
830 845
Equalizer-Amp: Transmitting Video over Phone Lines Special Amplifier Circuits
Sewter & Wray Herbert Ravenswood
8 Pgs. 3 Pgs.
VOLUME 4: VOLTAGE AMPLIFIERS SECTION 16: TRIODE VOLTAGE-AMPLIFIER THEORY - 8 ARTICLES 850 855
Design Principles-Single-Ended Triode Amplifiers Low Frequency Amplification: Parts 1 - 7
Valley & Wallman K.R. Sturley
36 Pgs. 26 Pgs.
SECTION 17: NOISE IN LOW-LEVEL INPUT STAGES - 14 ARTICLES 860 861 862 863 864 865 866 867 868 869 870 871 872 873
Audio-Frequency Input Circuits A Note on Noise in Audio Amplifiers Design of a Preamp for Low-Level Inputs Noise: Explaining Its Nature and Origin Noise: Practical Effects A Study of the Characteristics of Noise Some Notes on Noise Figures Shot Noise Induced Grid Noise A Study of Noise in Vacuum Tubes and Attached Circuits Thermal Noise In a Parallel RC Circuit Characteristics and Origins of Noise Noise in Electrical Circuits Induced Grid Noise and Noise Factor
William B. Snow Woll & Putzrath Martin V. Kiebert, Jr. “Cathode Ray” “Cathode Ray” V.D. Landon Harold Goldberg Radiotron Designers H’book Radiotron Designers H’book F.B. Llewellyn C.J. Merchant W.R. Bennett F.N.H. Robinson R.L. Bell
8 Pgs. 4 Pgs. 7 Pgs. 4 Pgs. 5 Pgs. 8 Pgs. 10 Pgs. 2 Pgs. 1 Pg. 23 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 7 Pgs. 33 Pgs. 5 Pgs.
SECTION 18: CASCODE VOLTAGE AMPLIFIERS - 9 ARTICLES 875 880 885 890 895 900 905 910 915
Operating Cascodes and Selecting Tubes for Audio Cascodes Cascode Audio Amplifier has Low Noise Level A New Approach to Professional Magnetic Recording Equip The Cascode as a Low Noise Audio Amplifier Cascode Preamp Improves Signal-to-Noise Ratio A Cascode Amplifier Degenerative Stabilizer A Cascode Amplifier for Phono Preamps A Low-Noise Amplifier Electronic Circuitry
Brian Clark R. Lee Price Boylan & Goldstandt Lee Price M.V. Kiebert V.H. Attree Joseph Marshall Wallman, Macnee & Gadsden J. Sowerby
1 Pg. 2 Pgs. 9 Pgs. 5 Pgs. 6 Pgs. 5 Pgs. 4 Pgs. 9 Pgs. 4 Pgs.
SECTION 19: CATHODE FOLLOWERS - 21 ARTICLES 920 925 930 935 940 945 950 951 955 960
Cathode Follower Nomograph Cathode Follower Impedance Nomograph Cathode Follower Nomograph for Pentodes Cathode-Follower Nomogram Getting the Cathode Follower Straight More About the Cathode Follower Cathode Follower Circuits The Audio Cathode Follower Some Augmented Cathode Follower Circuits Cathode Followers/Impedance Matching/Trans & Filters ♦
AN 0.3 - Page 6
Melvin B. Kline Melvin B. Kline Melvin B. Kline A.L. Teubner Norman H. Crowhurst Norman H. Crowhurst Walther Richter Newton Nelson J. Ross Macdonald T.J. Schultz ♦
1 Pg. 1 Pg. 1 Pg. 1 Pg. 2 Pgs. 2 Pgs. 7 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 8 Pgs. 10 Pgs.
965 970 975 980 985 990 995 1000 1005 1010 1011
The C.F.s Graphical Analysis for Audio Frequencies Cathode Follower Driven by a Rectangular Voltage Wave C.F.s & Feedback-Amplifiers with High-Capacitance Loads Transient Response of Cathode Followers in Video Circuits Cathode Followers as Low-Noise Input Stages Transient Analysis of the White Cathode Follower Cathode Follower of Very Low Output Resistance Developments in Cathode Followers Linear Amplifier for Negative Pulses Nonblocking Double-Line Linear Pulse Amplifier Linear Gate of 20-µSec Duration
T.J. Schultz Malcolm S. Mcilroy Thomas L. Greenwood B.Y. Mills M.J. Tucker Melvin Brown Calvin Hammack C.J. Lebel A.S. Penfold Edward Fairstein E.L. Garwin
4 Pgs. 4 Pgs. 5 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 2 Pgs. 7 Pgs. 1 Pg. 4 Pgs. 2 Pgs. 8 Pgs. 1 Pg.
A.W. Keen Charles P. Boegli Charles P. Boegli Melvin Brown
5 Pgs. 4 Pgs. 4 Pgs. 7 Pgs.
SECTION 20: ANODE FOLLOWERS - 4 ARTICLES 1015 1020 1025 1030
Anode-Follower Derivatives Anode-Follower Stereo Preamp The Anode Follower Greater Gain Band Width in Trigger Circuits
SECTION 21: COMPLETE PREAMP CIRCUITS - 2 ARTICLES 1035 Valve Preamplifier 1 1040 Vacuum Tube Pre-Preamp with Active Voltage Regulation
J.P. Guls J.J. Curcio
10 Pgs. 8 Pgs.
J. Yarwood & Le Croissette Vin Zeluff W.G. Shepard Walter K. Volkers V.J. Cooper C.G. McProud J. McSowerby Emrys Williams W.B. Bernard William A. Hubert Abd El-Samie Mostafa Joseph M. Diamond Wireless World, Jan. 1940 A.J. Shimmins James Thurston Wireless Engineer M.C. Jones Iannone & Baller Y.P. Yu Kurt Schlesinger C.E. Strong V.J. Cooper C.A. Parry H. Stockman J.Z. Knapp Keats A. Pullen
13 Pgs. 2 Pgs. 2 Pgs. 4 Pgs. 9 Pgs. 2 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 5 Pgs. 4 Pgs. 2 Pgs. 2 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 1 Pg. 3 Pgs. 7 Pgs. 2 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 4 Pgs. 22 Pgs. 6 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 6 Pgs. 2 Pgs.
SECTION 22: MISC RELEVANT ARTICLES - 27 ARTICLES 1045 1050 1055 1060 1061 1062 1065 1070 1075 1080 1085 1090 1095 1100 1105 1110 1115 1120 1125 1130 1135 1140 1145 1150 1155 1160
D.C. Amplifiers: Parts 1 & 2 Tubes at Work High Gain DC Amplifier Direct-Coupled Amplifier Starvation Circuits A New Amplifier: The Cathode Repeater Volume Expansion with a Triode Electronic Circuitry. The Cathode-Coupled Double-Triode Stage Distortion in Voltage Amplifiers Graphical Analysis of Cathode-Biased Degenerative Amps. Electron-Tube Performance with Large Applied Voltages Max. Output from a Resistance-Coupled Triode Voltage Amp. Cathode Bias Determination of Quiescent Vs &Is in Pentode Amps Quiescent Operating Point of Amps with Cathode Bias Constant H.T.-Current Amplifier Grounded-Grid Radio-Frequency Voltage Amplifiers Gas-Tube Coupling for D.C. Amplifiers Bridge-Balanced Amplifiers Low Frequency Compensation for Amplifiers The Inverted Amplifier New Amplifier Techniques The Cathamplifier Inherent Feedback in Triodes Low Distortion Operation of Some Miniature Dual Triodes The Use of “G” Curves for Analysis of Electron-Tube Circuits
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AN 0.3 - Page 7
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VOLUME 5: FEEDBACK THEORY & DISTORTION MEASUREMENT SECTION 23: BASIC & ADVANCED FEEDBACK THEORY - 49 ARTICLES 1165 1170 1175 1180 1185 1190 1195 1200 1205 1210 1215 1220 1225 1230 1235 1240 1290 1310 1315 1320 1330 1335 1340 1345 1350 1355 1360 1365 1370 1380 1385 1390 1395 1400 1405 1406 1410 1420 1435 1445 1446 1450 1455 1460
Fundamentals Of Feedback Design: Parts 1 - 4 Negative Feedback Feedback and Distortion Transients in Feedback Amplifiers Feedback Control of Amplifier Internal Impedance Negative Feedback Feedback, Distortion & Allied Topics A Critical Feedback Analysis Degenerative Feedback Feedback Techniques in Low-Level Amplifiers Negative Feedback Calculations Harmonic Distortion and Negative Feedback Harmonic Distortion and Negative Feedback A New Approach to Negative Feedback Design Interaction in Feedback Design: Parts 1 & 2 Why Feedback So Far? Multiloop Feedback Amplifiers Feedback from Output Transformer Tertiary Feedback from Output Transformer Secondary Feedback from Output Transformer Primary dB Theory & Practice Minimum Phase Networks The Fixed-Bias Story Feedback-Degenerative and Regenerative Series Feedback A New Approach to Negative Feedback Design Getting Feedback Straight Feedback: Head Cook & Bottle Washer Influence of Feedback on Source Impedance Feedback From the Voice Coil Missing Link in Speaker Operation Feedback and Loudspeaker Damping Hybrid Feedbacks for Power Amplifiers Considerations in the Design of Negative Feedback Amps. The Application of Active-Error Feedback Distortion Reduction by Complementary Distortion More on Nonlinear Distortion Correction Considerations in the Design of Feedback Amps Some Effects of Negative Feedback on Output Resistance Audio Design Notes Audio Amplifier Damping Equivalent Circuits to Simplify Feedback Design Output Impedance vs. dB of Negative Feedback Basic Feedback Amplifiers
G. Edwin Edgar M. Villchur George F. Cooper George F. Cooper H.F. Mayer E. Griffiths Thomas Roddam Harold Klimpel Author Unknown Donald L. Shirer E.J. James E.E. Zepler R.O. Rowlands N.H. Crowhurst N.H. Crowhurst N.H. Crowhurst O.P.D. Cutteridge W.R. Ayres W.R. Ayers W.R. Ayers N.H. Crowhurst J.A. Tanner Herbert Ravenswood Rudolph L. Kuehn George Fletcher Cooper N.H. Crowhurst N.H. Crowhurst N.H. Crowhurst Richard W. Crane N.H. Crowhurst D.J. Tomcik John M. Mulvey Herbert I. Keroes W.T. Duerdoth J.R. Macdonald J.R. Macdonald J.R. Macdonald Herbert I. Keroes E. Watkinson Williard F. Meeker Robert M. Mitchell Richard S. Burwen Kessler & Smith Walter R. Westphal
11 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 4 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 5 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 4 Pgs. 4 Pgs. 1 Pg. 8 Pgs. 5 Pgs. 4 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 6 Pgs. 8 Pgs. 2 Pgs. 1 Pg. 2 Pgs. 2 Pgs. 2 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 6 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 2 Pgs. 2 Pgs. 6 Pgs. 5 Pgs. 4 Pgs. 2 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 2 Pgs. 2 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 11 Pgs. 6 Pgs. 10 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 2 Pgs. 2 Pgs. 1 Pg. 2 Pgs. 4 Pgs. 1 Pg. 3 Pgs.
SECTION 24: DISTORTION THEORY & MEASUREMENT - 19 ARTICLES 1464 “Sineward” Distortion in High Fidelity Amplifiers 1465 The Amplifier Distortion Story: Part 1 1470 The Amplifier Distortion Story: Part 2 ♦
AN 0.3 - Page 8
John W. Campbell N.H. Crowhurst N.H. Crowhurst ♦
5 Pgs. 6 Pgs. 3 Pgs.
1475 1480 1485 1490 1495 1500 1501 1505 1506 1507 1508 1509 1510 1515 1520 1525
Diagnosis of Distortion Methods of Specifying Audio Distortion Technique for Distortion Analysis Voltage Amplifier Distortion Distortion in Phase Inverter and Driver Systems Analysis of Distortion in Class B Audio Amplifiers Crossover Distortion in Class B Amplifiers Intermodulation Measurements Intermodulation Distortion Intermodulation Testing Measurement of Intermodulation Distortion Intermodulation Testing Intermodulation Distortion A Plotter of Intermodulation Distortion An Experimental Study of Distortion Le Bel’s Oscillographic Method
E.R. Wigan W. Philbrook Samuel Sabaroff Lawrence Fleming W.B. Bernard True Mclean E. Margan H.H. Scott Richard C. Hitchcock E.W. Berth-Jones Arnold Perterson John K. Hilliard Thomas Roddam Feldman & Ranky C.J. Le Bel C.J. Le Bel
5 Pgs. 4 Pgs. 4 Pgs. 4 Pgs. 7 Pgs. 23 Pgs. 5 Pgs. 6 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 4 Pgs. 5 Pgs. 5 Pgs. 4 Pgs. 8 Pgs. 6 Pgs. 2 Pgs.
SECTION 25: ACHIEVING STABILITY IN FEEDBACK AMPLIFIERS - 12 ARTICLES 1535 1536 1537 1538 1539 1540 1541 1542 1543 1544 1545
Stabilizing Feedback Amplifiers Stabilizing Feedback Amplifiers: Parts 1 & 2 Stabilizing Feedback Amplifiers Hi-Fi Amplifier Instability Optimize your Amplifier for $1.00 When Negative Feedback Isn’t Negative Parasitic Oscillations High Frequency Compensation of Amplifiers The Stability Factor of Negative Feedback in Amplifiers Non-Linearity in Feedback Amplifiers Stability Testing of Feedback Amplifiers
N.H. Crowhurst Herbert I. Keroes Thomas Roddam N.H. Crowhurst N.H. Crowhurst “Cathode Ray” “Cathode Ray” Unknown Author Stewart Becker Adin B. Thomas W.R. Ayers
3 Pgs. 6 Pgs. 4 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 4 Pgs. 5 Pgs. 5 Pgs. 9 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 1 Pg. 2 Pgs.
VOLUME 6: TRANSFORMERS SECTION 26: TRANSFORMER DESIGN THEORY - 61 ARTICLES 1546 1550 1555 1560 1565 1570 1575 1580 1585 1590 1595 1600 1605 1610 1615 1620 1625 1630
Ideal Output Transformers for Impedance Matching Output Transformer Design Considerations Output Transformers: Part 1 Output Transformers: Part 2 Design of the Output Transformer: Parts 1 & 2 Transformer Distortion: Parts 1 & 2 How Good is an Audio Transformer? Measuring up an Audio Transformer Making The Best of an Audio Transformer Output Transformer Design Audio Transformer Design Audio Transformers CAN Be Good Leakage Inductance Leakage Inductance: A Useful Circuit Component Winding Capacitance Transformer Iron Losses Winding Space Determination The Design of High Q Iron Cored Inductors ♦
AN 0.3 - Page 9
Author Unknown W.R. Ayers James Moir James Moir Hitchcock & Osbon Dunford Kelly N.H. Crowhurst N.H. Crowhurst N.H. Crowhurst N.H. Crowhurst N.H. Crowhurst N.H. Crowhurst N.H. Crowhurst N.H. Crowhurst N.H. Crowhurst N.H. Crowhurst N.H. Crowhurst N.H. Crowhurst ♦
22 Pgs. 1 Pg. 3 Pgs. 6 Pgs. 6 Pgs. 10 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 4 Pgs. 5 Pgs. 11 Pgs. 13Pgs. 5 Pgs. 7 Pgs. 5 Pgs. 8 Pgs. 12 Pgs. 5 Pgs. 6 Pgs.
1635 1640 1645 1650 1655 1660 1665 1670 1675 1680 1685 1690 1695 1700 1705 1710 1715 1720 1725 1730 1735 1740 1745 1750 1755 1760 1765 1770 1775 1780 1785 1790 1795 1800 1805 1810 1815 1820
Input Transformer Design About Output Transformers Using Audio Transformers Is the Output Transformer Out? A New Stereophonic Amplifier Quasi Transients in Class B Push-Pull Amps Class B Power Amp Distortion Using Tapped Transformers The Pass Band of a Transformer-Coupled Amp. New Look in Transformers Arnold SilectronCores New Transformer Design for Power Amplifiers Hermetically Sealed Transformers Notes on Transformer Design UL Output Transformers Soft Magnetic Materials for Audio Transformers New Materials & Techniques in Hi-Fi Transformer Design Eddy Currents in Composite Laminations Recent Transformer Developments Amplifier and Output Transformer Output Transformer Efficiency Simplified Transformer Testing Measuring Distributed Capacitance of Coils Choke and Transformer Testing Optimum Use of Nickel Alloy Steels in Low-Level Transfrmrs Wideband Series-Parallel Transformer Design Output Transformers: The Effect of Resistance AF Transformers Simplified Efficiency of Inductive Coupling What is “Q”? Low “Q” Resonance Soft Magnets for Amplifiers Output Transformer Chart Transformers HT Transformer Construction Lamination Design Transformer Distortion Diverse Transformer Loading Distortion in Transformer Cores: Parts 1 - 4
N.H. Crowhurst N.H. Crowhurst Herbert Ravenswood Herbert Ravenswood N.H. Crowhurst Pen-Tung Sah R.G. De Buda J.F. Sodaro John R. Collins Author Unknown Charles Graham Robert M. Hanson E.B. Harrison Leakey & Gilson G.A.V. Sowter Lewis W. Howard Peterson & Wrathhall Reuben Lee F. Langford-Smith A.E. Falkus J. Skinner John A. Connor Test Engineer L.W. Howard Vincent C. Rideout N. Partridge N. Partridge A.C. Hudson Joseph Tusinski Joseph Tusinski George Sideris Author Unknown David Hafler N. Partridge N. Partridge N. Partridge N. Partridge N. Partridge
7 Pgs. 2 Pgs. 4 Pgs. 4 Pgs. 7 Pgs. 20 Pgs. 6 Pgs. 2 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 16 Pgs. 4 Pgs. 4 Pgs. 6 Pgs. 4 Pgs. 18 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 12 Pgs. 4 Pgs. 1 Pg. 1 Pg. 2 Pgs. 2 Pgs. 2 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 1 Pg. 3 Pgs. 2 Pgs. 1 Pg. 2 Pgs. 2 Pgs. 1 Pg. 1 Pg. 4 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 4 Pgs. 5 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 16 Pgs.
SECTION 27: CATALOGUES FROM VARIOUS MANUFACTURERS - 11 ARTICLES 1825 1830 1835 1840 1845 1850 1855 1860 1865 1870 1875
Peerless Transformers Transformers by Altec Acrosound UL Output Transformers Dynaco Output Transformers UTC Output Transformers UTC Transformer Component Military Grade Power Transformers Thordarson Tru-Fidelity Products Stancor Amplimanual Western Electric Sound System Manual General Radio Company Manual
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Peerless Electronics Altec Lansing Acrosound Dynaco Corp UTC Ltd. UTC Ltd. Author Unknown Thordarson Stancor Products Western Electric General Radio Company
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12 Pgs. 16 Pgs. 15 Pgs. 7 Pgs. 12 Pgs. 32 Pgs. 22 Pgs. 22 Pgs. 28 Pgs. 10 Pgs. 13 Pgs.
VOLUME 7: POWER SUPPLIES SECTION 28: BASIC RECTIFICATION & FILTERING - 8 ARTICLES 1880 1885 1890 1895 1900 1905 1910 1915
Analysis of Full Wave Rectifier with Choke Input Smoothing Circuits: Resistance-Capacitance Condenser Smoothing with Rectifier Circuits Choke vs. Condenser Input Choke Input Filters Dynamic Test of Choke Inductance Wide-Swing Choke The Swinging Filter Choke
Tillotson & Wallis Author Unknown E.H.W. Banner M.G. Scroggie N. Partridge Benjamin Agusta Thomas Weil Robert M. Hanson
4 Pgs. 5 Pgs. 2 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 4 Pgs. 1 Pg. 2 Pgs. 6 Pgs.
SECTION 29: REGULATOR THEORY & APPLICATION - 22 ARTICLES 1920 1925 1930 1935 1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025
Stabilized Power Supplies: Part 1 Stabilized Power Supplies: Part 2 Stabilized Power Supplies: Part 3 Current Stabilizers Regulator Elements Electronic Voltage Stabilizers Two Voltage Regulators Voltage-Regulated Power Supplies Series-Parallel Valve Voltage Stabilizers Voltage Stabilization with Series Valve Control Voltage Regulation for Higher Fidelity Voltage Stabilizer Electronic Voltage Regulators LM317-Based High Voltage Regulators Tube-Preamp Regulator An Adjustable Power Supply Low-Ripple Adjustable Regulated Power Supply Voltage Regulators I-F Variations of Glow-Discharge Voltage-Regulator Tubes Variable Voltage Stabilizer Using a Cold-Cathode Triode High-Tension Delay Circuit The Cathode Follower as a Voltage Regulator
McScroggie McScroggie McScroggie Scoyoc & Schulz Jacobson & Holdam, Jr. Hunt & Hickman Neher & Pickering Koontz & Dilatush F.A. Benson R.D. Trigg Carlisle Hoadley D.P. Taylor F. Livingston Hogg Brian Clark Reg Williamson John P. Wentworth Hetland Jr. & Buss Joseph Marshall Benson & Mayo F.S. Goulding D. Clements A.P. Willmore
6 Pgs. 6 Pgs. 4 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 78 Pgs. 16 Pgs. 4 Pgs. 5 Pgs. 2 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 4 Pgs. 2 Pgs. 8 Pgs. 10 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 2 Pgs. 2 Pgs. 2 Pgs. 5 Pgs. 5 Pgs. 2 Pgs. 2 Pgs.
SECTION 30: REAL-WORLD POWER SUPPLIES - 1 ARTICLE 2030 John Fluke Power Supply
John Fluke Co. Ltd.
2 Pgs.
VOLUME 8: VACUUM TUBE THEORY SECTION 31: BASIC & ADVANCED THEORY - 85 ARTICLES 2035 2040 2045 2050 2055
Vacuum Tube Fundamentals Tubetorial Series One: Number 3 Making Use of Load Lines More About Load Lines What is a Load Line?
Bob Mcintyre Brian Clark N.H. Crowhurst N.H. Crowhurst N.H. Crowhurst ♦
AN 0.3 - Page 11
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7 Pgs. 12 Pgs. 2 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 3 Pgs.
2060 2065 2070 2075 2080 2085 2090 2095 2100 2105 2110 2115 2120 2125 2130 2140 2145 2150 2155 2160 2165 2170 2175 2180 2185 2210 2215 2220 2225 2230 2235 2240 2245 2250 2255 2260 2265 2270 2275 2280 2285 2290 2295 2300 2305 2310 2315 2320 2325 2330 2335 2340 2345 2350 2355 2360
Plotting Tube Characteristics Miller Effect Miller Effect Simplified Industrial Tubes and Their Uses The Measurement of Microphony in Valves Tube Types for Audio Use Choice of Electron Tubes for Audio Circuits How to Choose a Valve That Other Valve Equivalent New Circuit for Balancing the Characteristics of Valve Pairs Valve Matching Using Resistors Two Bridges for Measuring Valve Parameters The Mechanism of Leaky Grid Detection: Parts 1 & 2 Cold Cathode Glow Discharge Tubes: Part 1 Gas-Filled Voltage Stabilizers Correspondence Correspondence Equivalent-Plate-Circuit Theorem Raytheon Manufacturing Company Manual Hi-Fi Applications of New Triode-Pentode (the 7199 ed.) Surgeless Volume Expansion Teflon Chemelec Tube Sockets Osram Valves Physics & the Static Characteristics of Hard-Vacuum Valves Chemical Highlights of Tube Manufacturing KT66 Ham Clinic: IERC Tube Coolers How the Valve Works: Part 1 How the Valve Works: Part 2 How the Valve Works: Part 3 How the Valve Works: Part 4 How the Valve Works: Part 5 The Electron Tube Early Vacuum Tubes New Cathode Design Improves Tube Reliability Filament and Heater Characteristics Tube Failures in Eniac High-Reliability Miniature Tubes Military Reliability of Electron Tubes Reliability in Miniature and Subminiature Tubes Helium: Shock and Temperature Effects The W300B Rugged Electron Tubes Long-Life Tubes for Industry Joint Army-Navy Tube Standardization Program Water and Forced-Air Cooling of Vacuum Tubes Microphonic Improvement in Vacuum Tubes Getter Materials for Electron Tubes Compactrons: Advance in Tube Design Low Plate-Potential Tubes European Receiving-Tube Numbering System A Power Tube Figure of Merit Space-Charge and Ion-Trapping Effects in Tetrodes The Nuvistor Pulse Distortion Effects of Gas in Vacuum Receiving Tubes Dynamic Measurements on Receiving Valves ♦
AN 0.3 - Page 12
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N.H. Crowhurst “Cathode Ray” C.J. Mitchell David Saslaw R. Bird M.B. Knight W.R. Ayres. Thomas Roddam “Cathode Ray” R.E. Aitchison H.V. Harley G. Smith S.W. Amos Hough & Ridler F.A. Benson Author Unknown Author Unknown Herbert J. Reich Author Unknown Wayne Austin Author Unknown Author Unknown Author Unknown J.H. Fremlin Author Unknown Advertisement Charles J. Schauers Author Unknown Author Unknown Author Unknown Author Unknown Author Unknown Paul G. Watson Paul G. Watson D.R. Hill Cecil E. Haller F. Robert Michael George Gage Jervis & Swauger P.T. Weeks Author Unknown Attila R. Balaton Irwin L. Cherrick Elwood K. Morse Martel & Greer I.E. Mouromtseff Rockwood & Ferris Espe, Knoll & Wilder Author Unknown C.E. Atkins E.L. Elizondo Warren G. Bender Karl G. Hernqvist Larry Steckler H.M. Wagner A.J. Heinst
2 Pgs. 5 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 5 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 4 Pgs. 4 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 4 Pgs. 6 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 10 Pgs. 6 Pgs. 5 Pgs. 1 Pg. 1 Pg. 2 Pgs. 13 Pgs. 2 Pgs. 1 Pg. 1 Pg. 1 Pg. 5 Pgs. 14 Pgs. 1 Pg. 2 Pgs. 4 Pgs 3 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 2 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 2 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 4 Pgs. 4 Pgs. 4 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 4 Pgs. 5 Pgs. 1 Pg. 6 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 2 Pgs. 5 Pgs. 18 Pgs. 12 Pgs. 7 Pgs. 2 Pgs. 4 Pgs. 1 Pg. 1 Pg. 7 Pgs. 2 Pgs. 6 Pgs. 6 Pgs.
2365 2370 2375 2380 2385 2390 2395 2400 2405 2410 2415 2420 2425 2430 2435 2440 2445 2450 2455 2460 2465 2470 2475
Glass Bases for Radio Valves The Technique of Glass Manipulation The Emissive Power of Typical Grid and Plate Surfaces The Heater-Cathode Leakage Problem Space-Charge Tetrode Amplifiers Winding Frame Grids for Ruggedized Tubes Internal Shielding: Effects on Bulb Temperature Taking the Heat Off Miniature Equipment Ceramic Tube Mount for Automatic Assembly Industrial Tube Characteristics Formulas for the Amplification Factor in Triodes Technique for Tube Data Open-Grid Tubes in Low-Level Amplifiers Tracing Tube Characteristics on a Cathode Ray Oscilloscope Grid Support Wires of High Strength and Conductivity That Versatile Electron-Ray Tube Currents Induced by Electron Motion Rate-of-Rise Control for Filaments Where the Tubes Are… Tips and Topics Microphonics Tester for Vacuum Tubes Experimental Audio-Output Tetrode Unusual Tube Effects Cause Circuit Trouble Change of Mutual Conductance With Frequency
M.A. Rowe G.A. Percival Raymond Szymanowitz Mannie Horowitz Norman Pickering Booth & White Mark & Macgee James P. Welsh Rober N. Palmer Author Unknown Bernard Salzberg C.C. Street Robert J. Myers Millman & Moskowitz L.B. Hunt John P. Shields Simon Ramo John T. Keefe Author Unknown Norman Alpert W.S. Brian W.E. Babcock Walter Raudorf
3 Pgs. 5 Pgs. 2 Pgs. 2 Pgs. 4 Pgs. 2 Pgs. 1 Pg. 6 Pgs. 4 Pgs. 5 Pgs. 5 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 4 Pgs. 4 Pgs. 1 Pg. 2 Pgs. 2 Pgs. 1 Pg. 8 Pgs. 2 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 4 Pgs. 7 Pgs.
VOLUME 9: VACUUM TUBE CHARACTERISTICS & CONSTRUCTION SECTION 32: VACUUM-TUBE DESIGN & MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY - 28 ARTICLES 2480 2485 2490 2495 2500 2505 2510 2520 2525 2530 2535 2540 2545 2550 2555 2560 2565 2570 2575 2580 2585 2590 2595 2600 2605 2610
IRE Standards on Electron Tubes The Spray Shield Tube Demagnetizing Valves The Unit of Perveance Beam Power Tubes Electron Beams: Applications in Low Voltage Devices A Frame-Grid Audio Pentode for Stereo Output Studies on Grid Emission Secondary-Emissions due to Oxide-Coated Cathodes Fundamentals of Secondary Electron Emission A Contribution to Tube and Amplifier Theory Elements of Thermionics Electron Tubes for Industry and Research Electron Tubes in World War II Testing Cathode Materials in Factory Production Nickel Alloys for Oxide-Coated Cathodes Cathode Core-Material Testing Space-Charge Considerations in Test-Diode Design Difference Potentials in Diodes with Oxide-Coated Cathodes Oxide Cathode Life Valve Cathode Life Poisoning of Oxide Cathodes by Atmospheric Sulfur Quality Control in Radio-Tube Manufacture Evaluation of Long Life Tubes Reliability in Miniature and Subminiature Tubes Valve Life Testing ♦
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Author Unknown H.W. Parker & F.J. Fox Walter, O’Shipton & Warren G.D. O’Neill O.H. Schade H.C. Thompson J.L. McKain & R.E. Schwab Espersen & Rogers Nevin & Salinger Pomerantz & Marshall W.E. Benham W.E. Danforth C.C. Gee J.E. Gorham J.T. Acker Bounds & Briggs R.L. McCormack Coomes & Buck I.E. Levy Author Unknown C.C. Eaglesfield H.A. Stahl J.A. Davies E.M. McElwee P.T. Weeks R. Brewer
30 Pgs. 11 Pgs. 4 Pgs. 1 Pg. 45 Pgs. 22 Pgs. 6 Pgs. 8 Pgs. 2 Pgs. 7 Pgs. 15 Pgs. 14 Pgs. 5 Pgs. 7 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 12 Pgs. 5 Pgs. 2 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 1 Pg. 2 Pgs. 1 Pg. 9 Pgs. 5 Pgs. 5 Pgs. 4 Pgs.
2615 “Trustworthy” Valves 2620 Reliable Valves and the User
E.G. Rowe E.G. Rowe
5 Pgs. 2 Pgs.
VOLUME 10: MISC. BASIC THEORY SECTION 33: MISCELLANEOUS TOPICS OF CONSUMING INTEREST - 50 ARTICLES 2625 2630 2635 2640 2645 2650 2655 2660 2665 2670 2675 2710 2715 2720 2725 2730 2735 2740 2745 2750 2755 2760 2765 2770 2775 2780 2785 2790 2795 2800 2805 2815 2820 2825 2830 2835 2840 2845 2850 2855 2860 2865 2870 2875 2880 2885 2886
Mathematics “Cathode Ray” 3 Pgs. Ohm’s Law “Cathode Ray” 4 Pgs. What Makes Current Flow? “Cathode Ray” 3 Pgs. Dimensions “Cathode Ray” 4 Pgs. Duals “Cathode Ray” 4 Pgs. Energy “Cathode Ray” 5 Pgs. Phase… What Does It Really Mean? “Cathode Ray” 8 Pgs Beats Visible & Audio Effects when Two Frequencies are Used“Cathode Ray” 5 Pgs. A New Approach to Electrical Resonance N.H.Crowhurst 4 Pgs. Resonance Curves “Cathode Ray” 5 Pgs. Attenuators “Cathode Ray” 5 Pgs. Finer Points of the Radio Valve “Cathode Ray” 4 Pgs. Skin Effect “Cathode Ray” 5 Pgs. The Complex Number “Cathode Ray” 4 Pgs. Thevenin’s Theorem “Cathode Ray” 4 Pgs. Vector Diagrams: Beginning with the Circuit “Cathode Ray” 5 Pgs. Vector Diagrams: Enter The Valve “Cathode Ray” 5 Pgs. Reactance Sketches “Cathode Ray” 5 Pgs. Equalization “Cathode Ray” 6 Pgs. The Prediction of Audio-Frequency Response: Part 1 N.H. Crowhurst 6 Pgs. The Prediction of Audio-Frequency Response: Part 2 N.H. Crowhurst 8 Pgs. The Prediction of Audio-Frequency Response: Part 3 N.H. Crowhurst 8 Pgs. Data Sheets for the Prediction of Audio-Frequency Response N.H. Crowhurst 10 Pgs. The Use of Twin-T Networks N.H. Crowhurst 8 Pgs. RFs: How Magnetic & Electric Fields Support Each Other “Cathode Ray” 4 Pgs. Electromagnetic Waves in a Vacuum Author Unknown 1 Pg. Negative Resistance: What It Is & How It’s Used Rufus P. Turner 3 Pgs. Calculation of Capacitance D.Harrison 5 Pgs. Paramagnetism “Cathode Ray” 4 Pgs. Relativity “Cathode Ray” 5 Pgs. “Secret” Tuning John K. Frieborn 3 Pgs. Some Notes on Class B Amplifiers F. Langford-Smith 1 Pg. Modern Methods of Testing Amplifiers F. Langford & A.R.Chesterman 1 Pg. Triode Amps in the Frequency Range 100Mc/s to 420 Mc/s D.C. Rogers 7 Pgs. Know Your Levels N.H. Crowhurst 4 Pgs. The Transistor: A Crystal Triode Author Unknown 4 Pgs. Germanium Crystal Valves B.R.A. Bettridge 4 Pgs. The Germanium Triode Author Unknown 1 Pg. Fast Switching with Junction Diodes Author Unknown 2 Pgs. Zener Diodes Prevent Speaker Burnout Ronald L. Ives 1 Pg. Sound the Charge Dr. Malcolm Hawksford 2 Pgs. Transistor Storage Effect Donald E. McGuire 2 Pgs. A Feel for Transistors L. Goeller 5 Pgs. Simplitronics: Understanding the r’s in Transistors Harold Reed 2 Pgs. Transistors for Hi-Fi - Panacea or Pandemonium: Parts 1 & 2 von Recklinghausen, Linder 9 Pgs. Transistors vs. Tubes for Hi-Fi Miller, Grodinsky & Westra 2 Pgs. Transistors vs. Tubes for Hi-Fi Fred L Mergner 2 Pgs. ♦
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2887 Transistors vs Tube for Hi-Fi 2890 An Informal History of Power Amplifiers
Wayne W. Chou Sweeney & Mantz
2 Pgs. 9 Pgs.
VOLUME 11: MISC. BASIC THEORY SECTION 34: MISCELLANEOUS TOPICS OF CONSUMING INTEREST - CONTINUED - 26 ARTICLES 2895 2900 2905 2910 2915 2920 2925 2930 2935 2940 2950 2955 2960 2975 2995 3005 3010 3020 3025 3030 3035 3040 3050 3055
Electronic Circuit Design Electrostatic Finishing Constant Voltage Lines Simplified Copper Wire Calculations The Many Uses of Solder Active Bandpass Filter has Sharp Cutoff Electronic Crossover Design Dynamical Analogies: Parts 1 & 2 The Miller Effect Square Wave Harmonics Noise-Free Instrument Cable Using Hook-Up Wire A.C. Negative-Resistance Devices Handbook of Sound Reproduction Circuit Theory of Electron Devices Current-Carrying Capacity Those Crazy Mixed-up Currents Manufacture of Silvered Mica Capacitors Voltage-Current Relationships What is “Skin Effect” Scaling: An Aid in Circuit Analysis Frequency Response Circle Diagrams Phase Shifting Up to 360 Degrees Why 47?
S.B. Ingram Jerry S. Adams N.H. Crowhurst Leonard Tulauskas Harry J. Entrican J.R. Macdonald N.H. Crowhurst L.S. Goodfriend L.S. Goodfriend D.L. Herr M. Lorant J. Tartas R.P. Turner E.M. Villchur E.M. Boone N. Partridge Almus Pruitt A.T. Chapman N. Partridge J. Tusinski E.D. Morgan O.E. Kruse F.A. Everest Author Unknown
2 Pgs. 1 Pg. 2 Pgs. 2 Pgs. 1 Pg. 4 Pgs. 6 Pgs. 4 Pgs. 2 Pgs. 1 Pg. 1 Pg. 3 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 71 Pgs. 76 Pgs. 2 Pgs. 4 Pgs. 2 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 2 Pgs. 2 Pgs. 2 Pgs. 5 Pgs. 2 Pgs.
VOLUME 12: INSTRUMENTATION, DEVELOPMENT & MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES SECTION 35: CIRCUIT LAYOUT & HUM REDUCTION - 12 ARTICLES 3055 3060 3065 3070 3075 3080 3085 3090 3095 3100 3101
Hum Reduction in Amplifier Development Hum Reduction Elimination of R.F. Interface in Audio Systems: Parts 1 & 2 Shielding in Hi-Fi Equipment Neutralizing Hum and Regeneration Hum Chasing is Engineering? Ground Loops and Hum-m-m “Grounds” for Confusion Oscilloscope “Hum” Low-Noise Construction Techniques For Audio Minimizing Contact Potential in Apparatus Design
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W.R. Ayers A.F. Dickerson E.F. Coriell W. Philbrook A.L. Hammond N.H. Crowhurst H.E. French Robert Gary W. Tusting Jack Greenfield E.C.J. Marsh
2 Pgs. 5 Pgs. 7 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 2 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 2 Pgs. 4 Pgs.
SECTION 36: EXCERPTS FROM THE AUDIO UPDATE - 10 ARTICLES 3105 3110 3115 3120 3125 3130 3135 3140 3145 3150
The Clarified Cathode Follower Constant Voltage Cathode The Subjective Effects of Power Supply Regulation 12AT7 Cascode Cathode Follower Compromises Current Source Design The Discrete Current Source Increasing Gain in Preamplifier Circuits Current Regulation Filament Voltage
Eisensen: Audio Update Eisensen: Audio Update Gabe Sakakeeny Eisensen: Audio Update Eisensen: Audio Update Eisensen: Audio Update Eisensen: Audio Update Eisensen: Audio Update Eisensen: Audio Update Eisensen: Audio Update
5 Pgs. 1 Pg. 1 Pg. 2 Pgs. 1 Pg. 1 Pg. 1 Pg. 1 Pg. 1 Pg. 3 Pgs.
Brian Clark Brian Clark Brian Clark
6 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 7 Pgs.
SECTION 37: RIAA NETWORK DESIGN - 3 ARTICLES 3155 Designing Passive RIAA Networks 3160 Custom, Active RIAA Equalization 3165 RIAA Equalization Networks for Vacuum Tube Preamps
SECTION 38: FREQUENCY AND PHASE RESPONSE OF RC COUPLED CIRCUITS - 3 ARTICLES 3175 Performance of Resistance Capacity Coupled Amplifiers 3180 Circle Diagrams for Resistance-Capacitance-Coupled Amps. 3190 Phase-Adjusting Circuits
Author Unknown Olan E Kruse Griffiths & Mole
4 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 5 Pgs.
Brian Clark N.H. Crowhurst N.H. Crowhurst J.J. Payne Eugene F. Coriell Ronald L. Ives J.D. Gallagher A.F. Boff Albert H. Taylor
3 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 4 Pgs. 2 Pgs. 2 Pgs. 1 Pg. 1 Pg. 2 Pgs. 2 Pgs.
SECTION 39: ATTENUATORS & SWITCHING - 9 ARTICLES 3195 3200 3205 3210 3215 3220 3225 3230 3231
Stepped Attenuator Design Attenuator Design Attenuator Design Cleaning Switch Contacts Care of Audio Attenuators Quieting Audio Switching Transients Simple Attenuator Calculations Inverse or Reciprocal Scales for Linear Potentiometer Push Pull Volume Controls
SECTION 40: COMPONENT CHARACTERISTICS - 15 ARTICLES 3274 3275 3280 3285 3290 3295 3300 3305 3310 3315 3320 3325 3330
Fixed Resistors Resistor and Capacitor Codes and Interpretation Resistor Ratings Carbon Resistors Choosing Capacitors Electrolytic Capacitors: Why and When Electrolytic Capacitors Plastic Film Capacitors Metallized Paper Capacitors Wire Capacitors Direct Voltage Performance Test for Capacitor Paper Polytetrafluorethylene Padding Inductor ♦
AN 0.3 - Page 16
John R. Collins Author Unknown H.M. Spratt Author Unknown Kathleen A. Gough Mark Van Buskirk G.W. Dummer J.H. Cozens A.H. Hunt Ltd. Author Unknown Sauer & McLean Author Unknown Author Unknown ♦
2 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 4 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 4 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 1 Pg. 3 Pgs. 1 Pg. 5 Pgs. 1 Pg. 1 Pg.
3335 Adhesive Tape Resistors 3340 Adhesive Resistors
M. Lorant Author Unknown
1 Pg. 1 Pg.
SECTION 41: MISCELLANEOUS MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES & INSTRUMENTATION - 22 ARTICLES 3345 3350 3355 3360 3365 3370 3375 3380 3385 3390 3395 3400 3405 3420 3425 3430 3435 3440 3445 3450 3455 3460
Phase Measurement in Feedback Amplifiers Phase Angle Ellipse Measuring Gain & Phase Shift of Low Frequency Amps Oscilloscope Patterns and Amplifier Diagnosis A New Volume Visualizer An Electronic Ultramicrometer Valve Voltmeter Without Calibration Drift Valve Voltmeter: The Rectifier Section Valve Voltmeter Without Calibration Drift Tone-Burst Generator Checks AF Transients Direct-Reading Damping-Factor Meter Expanded-Scale Voltmeter for A.C. Measurements A.F. Coil Winder Audio Impedance Measurement Testing The Amplifier/Loudspeaker Interface Measurement of Amplifier Internal Impedance Square-Wave Testing Square Wave Testing Simplified The Measurement of Audio Volume Admittance Analyzer Noise Analysis with a Heterodyne-Type Sonic Analyzer A Phase-Sensitive Valve Voltmeter
J.F. Young Author Unknown Baldwin & Littlewood N.H. Crowhurst Norman Prisament W. Alexander M.G. Scroggie M.G. Scroggie M.G. Scroggie Marshall C. Kidd W.H. Anderson Herbert Galman B.V. Northall James A. Mitchell Peter Baxandall W.H. Anderson James F. Kennedy Harold E. Bryan H.A. Chinn William B. Bernard Richard, Jr. & Stephens R. Kitai
1 Pg. 2 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 2 Pgs. 6 Pgs. 5 Pgs. 1 Pg. 4 Pgs. 2 Pgs. 2 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 13 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 2 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 7 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 6Pgs. 5 Pgs.
VOLUME 13: MISCELLANEOUS TOPICS SECTION 42: DATA ON MISCELLANEOUS AUDIO & RF TUBES - 21 ARTICLES 3470 3475 3480 3485 3490 3495 3500 3505 3510 3515 3520 3525 3530 3535 3540 3545 3550 3555 3560 3565
KT66 KT77 KT88 Amplifier Circuits for KT77 Amplifier Circuits for KT88 Audio Frequency Preamplifiers 6550 8417 7581 Beam Pentode for AF Power-Amp. Applications 6DJ8, 12DJ8 Twin Triode 5842 Triode 5687 7119/E182CC GB-5670 6DV4 6SL7GT,12SL7GT 6SN7GTB 5691 5692 E810F/7788 ♦
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MO Valve Co. Ltd. MO Valve Co. Ltd. MO Valve Co. Ltd. MO Valve Co. Ltd. MO Valve Co. Ltd. MO Valve Co. Ltd. Sylvania Electric Products Sylvania Electric Products General Electric Raytheon Raytheon General Electric Author Unknown Sylvania Sylvania Sylvania Author Unknown General Electric Author Unknown Author Unknown ♦
8 Pgs. 15 Pgs. 8 Pgs. 13 Pgs. 31 Pgs. 36 Pgs. 1 Pg. 4 Pgs. 10 Pgs. 9 Pgs. 9 Pgs. 12 Pgs. 4 Pgs. 1 Pg. 6 Pgs. 7 Pgs. 13 Pgs. 4 Pgs. 1 Pg. 12 Pgs.
3570 Radiotron 6BK8/Z729
Author Unknown
4 Pgs.
SECTION 43: HEARING, STEREO & ASSORTED, RELATED TOPICS - 29 ARTICLES 3575 3580 3585 3590 3595 3600 3605 3610 3615 3620 3625 3630 3635 3640 3645 3650 3655 3665 3670 3675 3680 3685 3690 3695 3700 3705 3710 3715 3720
How Do We Hear? Charles E. White Handbook of Sound Reproduction Edgar M. Villchur Handbook of Sound Reproduction Edgar M. Villchur Energy Distribution In Music John P. Overley The Violin Albert Preisman The Piano Albert Preisman Meters and Senses “Cathode Ray” Lows Are Directional Too Author Unknown Hearing: The Determining Factor for Hi-Fi Transmission Harvey Fletcher Second Thoughts About Stereo N.H. Crowhurst The Emotional Impact of High Fidelity Sidney Frey Loudness Control N.H. Crowhurst Basic Principles of Stereophonic Sound William B. Snow Rooms, Booms and Decibels N. Partridge Sounds: Pleasant and Unpleasant N. Partridge Bass (The AF Kind, of Course) “Cathode Ray” Wavelengths of Sound Bertha W. Henvis Realistic High Fidelity H.A. Hartley Realistic High Fidelity: Reverberation H.A. Hartley Realistic High Fidelity: The Single-Cone Loudspeaker H.A. Hartley Realistic High Fidelity: The Dual-Cone Loudspeaker H.A. Hartley Realistic High Fidelity: Multi-Channel Speakers H.A. Hartley Realistic High Fidelity: Loudspeaker Baffles and Enclosures H.A. Hartley Realistic High Fidelity: Horn Loudspeakers and Enclosures H.A. Hartley Realistic High Fidelity: The Power that Drives the Speakers H.A. Hartley Realistic High Fidelity: Audio Output Tubes and Circuits H.A. Hartley Transmitting the “Auditory Perspective” in Music Electronics, May, 1933 Enhanced Stereophonic Recordings from Bell Labs Bell Laboratories Behind the Scenes: Ampex Tape Machines Bert Whyte
3 Pgs. 5 Pgs. 4 Pgs. 4 Pgs. 10 Pgs. 14 Pgs. 4 Pgs. 1 Pg. 3 Pgs. 7 Pgs. 1 Pg. 4 Pgs. 12 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 2 Pgs. 2 Pgs. 7 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 4 Pgs. 4 Pgs. 4 Pgs. 4 Pgs. 4 Pgs. 5 Pgs. 5 Pgs. 3 Pgs. 2 Pgs. 2 Pgs.
VOLUME 14: MISCELLANEOUS TOPICS SECTION 44: IMPEDANCE-MATCHING THEORY - 12 ARTICLES 3725 3730 3735 3740 3745 3750 3755 3760 3765 3770 3775 3780
More About Filters Impedance Matching in Audio Circuits Transistor Impedance Matching Impedance: Matched or Optimum Load or Burden Mismatch Between Power Amps and Loudspeaker Loads Optimum Loading for Power Amplifier Output Stage and Loud Speaker More About Mismatching Graphical Solution of Electrical Network Impedances What is Optimum Load? Why Match Impedances?
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N.H. Crowhurst Joel H Levitt Paul Williams William B. Snow “Cathode Ray” D.R. von Recklinghausen W.R. Ayers F Langford-Smith Robert M. Mitchell L.U. Hamvas N.H. Crowhurst Paul Penfield, Jr.
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SECTION 45: MICROPHONES. ANECHOIC, STUDIO & PLAYBACK ENVIRONMENTS - 13 ARTICLES 3785 3886 3790 3795 3800 3805 3810 3820 3825 3830 3835 3845 3846
The AF Anechoic Chambers Cherry Hill Anechoic Rooms: Design and Use Orchestral Studio Design Studio Acoustics Recording Studio Design Acoustic Response Curves The Environment of High-Quality Reproduction dB Theory and Practice Broadening the Stereo Seat The Loudspeaker in the Home Corner Speaker Placement New Microphone Has Unique Directivity New High-Grade Condenser Microphones
Corrington, Libbey & Perry Author Unknown T. Somerville Author Unknown P.A. Shears E.W. Rogers F.H. Brittain N.H. Crowhurst Author Unknown P.J. Walker Paul W Klipsch Harold S Mawby F.W.O. Bauch
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SECTION 46: LPS, TURNTABLES & TONEARMS - 27 ARTICLES 3850 3855 3860 3865 3870 3875 3880 3885 3890 3895 3900 3905 3910 3915 3920 3925 3930 3935 3940 3945 3950 3955 3960 3965 3970 3975 3980
Understanding Phono Cartridges Turntables and Noise Dynamic Range Requirements of Phono Preamplifiers Measuring Turntable Speed Fluctuations The Columbia LP Microgroove Recording System Tracking Distortion as Phase Modulation Vertical Tracking Problem in Stereo Record Reproduction A Study of Tracking-Angle Errors in Record Recording An Improvement in Simulated Three-Channel Stereo Mastering onto 35-mm Sprocket-Type Magnetic Film Records in the Making Technique of Record Processing Playback Response Curves Design of LP Records Overcoming Record Warp & LF Turntable Rumble Tracking Behavior of Pickup Arm Cartridge Systems Choosing a Phono Pickup Complete Remote Control of an Ampex 300 Equalization in Tape Recorders CD’s The DVA Principle Applied to the High Quality Phono PU Pickup Arm Design: Mainly About Inertia Pickup Arm Design: Mainly About Bends Pickup Arm Design: Balancing & Bias Compensation Pickup Arm Design: Some Practical Points Tonearm Geometry and Setup Partial Article on Tonearm Alignment
S.K. Pramanik Joseph F Grado Tomlinson Holman E.W. Berth-Jones Goldmark & Snepvangers Duane H. Cooper Benjamin B. Bauer Woodward & Fox Peter W Tappan Frayne & Stafford Author Unknown Lewis S. Goodfriend Author Unknown Author Unknown Clunis & Kelly James M. Kates N.H. Crowhurst Richard F. Blinzler Herman Burstein Author Unknown Allen R. Groh Jack Bickerstaff Jack Bickerstaff Jack Bickerstaff Jack Bickerstaff Kessler & Pisha Believed to be Audio Critic
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VOLUME 15: MISCELLANEOUS TOPICS SECTION 47: SERVO SYSTEMS - 4 ARTICLES 3985 Servo-Mechanisms 3990 Improving Loudspeaker Response with Motional Feedback ♦
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P.L. Taylor Robert L. Tanner ♦
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3995 Stable LF Behavior for Velocity FB Transducer Systems H.W. Holdaway 4000 Controlling the HF Response of Velocity FB Speaker Systems H.W. Holdaway
19 Pgs. 9 Pgs.
SECTION 48: NOMOGRAPHS - 18 ARTICLES 4005 4010 4015 4020 4025 4030 4035 4040 4045 4050 4055 4060 4065 4070 4075 4080 4085 4095
Filter Ripple Chart Amplifier Delay Charts Melting-Point Chart Voltmeter Loading Power Level Nomograph Cathode Follower Nomograph Cathode Follower Nomograph for Pentodes Cathode Follower Impedance Nomograph Microphone Sensitivity Conversion Standard Symbols for Electronics Circuit Diagrams How to Design Notch Networks Tracing Electron Paths Phase-Linearity Nomograph Dielectric Mixture Chart Reactance Chart Inductance Chart for Solenoid Coil Phonetic Alphabets
C.K. Hooper J.B. Harrington K.H. McPhee R.E. Lafferty Theodore Halabi Melvin B. Kline Melvin B. Kline Melvin B. Kline Leo Rosenman Author Unknown Wireless Engineer C.J. Savant Jr. William J. Spaven Joseph F. Sodaro Elio Sion Harold A. Wheeler Harold A. Wheeler Author Unknown
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SECTION 49: HISTORICAL & BIOGRAPHICAL INTEREST - 15 ARTICLES 4100 4115 4120 4125 4130 4135 4140 4145 4150 4155 4160 4165 4170 4175 4176
A Sliding Class-A Audio Output System Model QA12/P Amplifier Biography N.H. Crowhurst Further Notes on Thorn Needles Electronic Cooking Goes Commercial In Memoriam: Richard C. Heyser 1931-1987 Television Eyestrain Technical Aspects of the “Briggs” Concert Ionophone Mass Production for Precision Equipment How to Produce Good Instruction Manuals Les Paul: Technician and Musician Vintage Hi-Fi Market: Black Hole of Doom? Training Girls To Make Tubes Seduced by the Pure Music of Virgin Commies
Joseph A. Worcester Acoustical Mfg. Co. Ltd. Proc. I.R.E. S. Kelly Author Unknown Peter E. Suthem Author Unknown P.J. Walker Aisberg & Bonhomme Howard J. Emerson Eugene Anthony Eric Leslie Eric Barbour L.A. Yoder Discover: May 1987
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SECTION 50: CLASSIC AM RADIOS - 7 ARTICLES 4180 4185 4190 4195 4100 4105 4110
Scott Hi-Fidelity All-Wave Superhet Scott “Phantom” McMurdo Silver Silver Ghosts The Scott Allwave Fifteen Receiver 13-550 Meter “Superhet” Scott Radio
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Author Unknown Author Unknown Author Unknown J.W.F. Puett Author Unknown S. Gordon Taylor Author Unknown
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