Lectures: Overview
1. Evolution and organization forms of the plants 2. The leaf / photosynthesis, Dissimilation and Primary metabolism 3. Carotinoide and Lipide, growth and development (Phyto hormones, light) 4. Trends in the plant biotechnology
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Rich in organisms Land Plant and Green algae One or multicellular Algae, Mucus mushrooms, Protozoa
Cyanobacteria
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Family tree of the plants Analysis of relational relations Kinds: Molecular-genetic, biochemical and morphological comparisons e.g. .: Sequence comparison of ribosome 18 S. RNA
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Organization form The basic construction form (morphology) describes from kind to kind within the same class be different do itself in the course of the growth, the maturation and the change of generations change Green, red algae and brown algae: independent Developments of more complex ones Organization forms Protozoa ->Coenobe ->Hyphen-> Tissue "Primitive" forms are not less successful
Organization forms in the plant evolution Cyanobacteria: individually or in Coenobe (Cell groups in Jelly mantle) Unicellular algae: Motile, coccus, capsule and Amoeboid forms; also Coenobe, aggregate federations and colonies Coenoblaste (much-vigorous plasma mass) -> siphoned Multicellular algae: Tracheal and thallic forms Mosses: intermediatory between Thallic and corm Vascular plants: Corm (root, shoot and leafs)
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Cyanobacteria However, early blue algae - are Prokaryote, Part of the Eubacteria Group already exist since 2.7 billion years Not a chlorophylbacteria, for it chlorophyll a, engaged in Thylakoide Protozoon, but often cell groups in jelly mantle (Coenobe) Nitrogen fixation in specified cells (Heterocyst) with cellulose walls (-> differentiation) Precursor of the Chloroplast... Coenobium (Pediastrum - green alga!)
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Nodularia spec.
Cyanobacteria Hapalosiphon spec.
© http://www.ibvf.cartuja.csic.es
Nostoc spec. © http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp
Chroococcus spec
© http://www.pdipas.us.es/c/carromzar/Chroococcus.gif
© http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp
© http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp
Endosymbiosis theory - The today's Plastid are descended from Cyanobacteria which took up eukaryotic‚ landlord's cell ‘ - unique event; origin of the red algae and green algae (from the latter the higher plants developed, in the end) - Trend: Transference of the Plastid gene in the nuclear genome, Plastid carries only one small genome - Secondary and tertiary Endosymbiosis several times appeared (E.G.: Origin of the brown algae by admission of a red alga)
- Trend sec. /tert. Endosymbiosis: Reduction / disappearance of the in addition taken up, eukaryotic core (Nucleomorph)
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Morphological and Organization forms with algae Mobil coccus capsule amoeboid (rhizopodial)
Siphoned Tracheal
Thallus www.plant-biotech.net 10 RR © Institut für Biologie und ihre Didaktik, Uni Köln
Unicellular organization forms with algae
Unicellular
Possible cell groups from solitary cells
• Motile • Coccus • Capsule • Amoeboid
• Coenobe • Aggreg. federations • Colony
‚ gigantic cell ‘ • Coenoblast
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Motile Unicellular, flagellate, eyespotted, contractile Vacuole e.g .: Chlamydomonas rheinhardtii
© http://www.algalbiotechnology.com/algae.html
© http://www.jochemnet.de/fiu/bot4404/BOT4404_28.html
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Motile Colonies Progression row within the Volvocales (Chlorophyt/green algae) Colony education with some kinds by whereabouts in the group after cell divisions (congenital)
Chlamydomonas spec., Motile Gonium pectoral motile, colony Pandorina morum motile, colony Volvox spec. motile, colony like hermit monk ->Cells by plasma strong sentences linked
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Coccus Unicellular,eyespoted, cell wall available; Coenobe and Aggregations
Diatoms
Hydrodictyon spec.
© http://www.limnology.wisc.edu/
© Y. Tsukii, http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp
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Coccus: Diatoms (Bacillariophyceae/pebble algae) 20 to 25% organic primary production 2-schelled cover (silicic acid) Fossil depositions: Kieselgur (use, e.g., to the filtration)
© www.diatomeen.de
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Coccus -> aggregation - Group formation of coccus’s solitary cells e.g: Pediastrum granulatum
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Capsule jelly mantel; cell wall thinly or missing Rudimentary movable germ cells, often Coenobe (Many capsulated protozoa have a common jelly mantel) e.g .: Hydrurus spec. (Golden alga)
© http://www.biol.tsukuba.ac.jp
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Amoeboid • Unicellular : pseudopodia, federation possible
e.g.: Rhizochrysis spec.
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Cell groups - an evolutionary‚ dead end ‘? Colonies Increasing specialization differentiation of cells in the group -> division of labor -> not all cells plant themselves away->‚ corpse ‘ Synchronous swimming to the light Even though extensive autonomy of the single cell
Aggregate federations: Group education formerly of autonomous cells (postgenitale fusion) e.g: Pediastrum granulatum The more cells in the aggregate of the colony, the more difficultly them Care with nutrients; division of labor limits
Gigantic cells Macroscopic organism from only one cell Distinctive with screen algae / Acetabularia (Department of green algae) A primary core: ~ 70 µ m of diameter Education of small secondary cores (> 10,000) Restriction: Material transport
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Coenoblast • Thallus in form just one, big and much-vigourous (polyenergy) cell = siphoned form Vaucheria spec. (Gelbgrünalge)
Caulerpa spec. (Grünalge)
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Multicellular algae Trich construction (real Hypha) - Homotrich, heterotrich - Flat forms by branching off hypha, Interweaving (Plectenchym) and secondary ones deformity of the hypha
Thallus - Differentiation in Rhizoid, Cauloid (corresponds to the branch axle), Phylloid (= leaflike)
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Trichal: Beginning of the multicellurarity Ulothrix spec. (Green Algua)
• Hypa (Filamente) • mononucleus cells
© Entwisle, http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au
• Branches out or unbranched (Haplonema) • Common cell walls, e.g Plasmodesma (Cell plasma bridges) • Incomparably Coenobe, with solitary cells loose together hang
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Trichal: Growth forms Across divisions of all cells in the thread -> intercalary growth Parting cell: the foremost cell of the thread divides and gives Daughter's cells to the back from Across division: antiklinale division Längsteilung: periklinal -> Reorientation of the division spindle -> lateral forks possibly -> surface education
Ulva lactuca (Green alga) © Cryptogamic Botany Company
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Thallus Multicellular vegetation body of algae, mushrooms and mosses Defines itself negatively compared with the corm: There is no real root, shoot axis, leaf Education of analogous forms: Rhizoid, Cauloid, Phylloid
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Thallus: Heterotrich differentiation
e.g: Chaetophorales (‚ shock of hair algae ‘, department of green algae) two structurally and functionally different part Tasteless systems (heterotrich): Creeping threads on the substrate and of it after on top branching off, straight threads Type Fritschiella: Land plant!
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Thallus: Typical change of generations of the algae
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Thallus: Red algae (Rhodophyta) • Organization form: Mainly multicellular with thallus • ~In 4000 kinds Palmaria palmata © www.biothemen.de Occurence: marine, a few in the fresh water Plastid contain chlorophyll a, chlorophyll d, nobody Chlorophyll b; besides, Phycoerythrin and Phycocyanin are in special light collecting complex (Phycobilisome) arranged Main spring for Agar and Carragenan: two Polysaccharide (Galactane), use as a compound and stabilizing additive, Occurence of three changes of generations: Gametophyt, Carposporophytic and Tetrasporophytic
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Thallus: Red algae (Rhodophyta)
Change of generations: 3-phase
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Thallus: Red algae (Rhodophyta)
Pseudoparenchyme (False fabric)
• Interweaving of hypha (Plectenchym/tissu; analogously to the mushrooms mycelium) Secondary diformity of the hypha
Aus: Nultsch, Allgemeine Botanik. Thieme Verlag
Branched construction type (fountain type / Central thread type)
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Thallus: Verzweigter Bautyp der Rotalgen
1. Dichotome branching out (Fountain type) = multiaxial construction
2. Subapicale branching out (Central thread type) = university-axial construction
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Thallus: Branched construction type of the red algae
1. Fountain type Example: Furcellaria fastigiata
Aus: Nultsch, Allgemeine Botanik. Thieme Verlag
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Thallus: Branched construction type of the red algae
2. Central thread type Beispiel: Delesseria sanguinea
© http://botania.free.fr/
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Thallus: Brown algae (Phaeophyta) Part of the Heteroconta; ~2000 kinds Plastid: Chlorophyll a and c, Fucoxanthin and Diatoxanthin Originated from secondary ones Endosymbiosis of a red alga Trich forms: e.g., Ectocarpus spec. use: Production of AlginatePolysaccharid from 1.4 more tied up α-L-Guluronic acid and ß-D mannuronic acid Marine and mehrzellig (trich/thallus) The biggest forms: Macrocystis spec. (Laminariales)
© www.ne.jp/asahi/marine/ algae/
© www.agf.gov.bc.ca/
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Thallus: Brown algae (Phaeophyta)
Change of generations Laminariales: Heteromorph 1) Haploide zoo spores; 2+3) Microscopic Gametophyte, morphological dioecy; 4+5) Oogametogamie; 6+7) Diploider Sporophyt with Sporange
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Thallus: Brown algae (Phaeophyta)
Cellular tissue (tissue/Stichoblaste): Thichness growth by cell divisions in different levels; Barks (cortex) with many Plastid and central mark zone (Medulla) e.g., Dictyosiphon spec.
© http://www.ne.jp/asahi/marine/algae/Dictyosiphon.html
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Thallus: Brown algae (Phaeophyta)
Parting cells growth e.g .: Dictyota dichotoma; one-edged parting cell
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Thallus: Brown algae (Phaeophyta)
multiple points parting cells High differentiation; Rhizoid, Cauloid, Phylloid Fucales Fucus evanescens
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Thallus: Brown algae (Phaeophyta) Laminariales, Macrocystis spec. Growth zone in the base of the Phylloids -> Meristoderm ives upwards Phylloid-, down Cauloide tissue from -> cleavage inwards -> thichness growth
© http://www-plb.ucdavis.edu/
Swimming body (Pneumatocyst) between Phylloid and Cauloid -> to approx. 100 meter long Thallus © www.agf.gov.bc.ca/
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Thallus: Candelabra algae (Teil der Grünalgen) Relatively highly differentiated architect's plan
Chara fragilis
W = whorl I = Internodal cell S. S = parting cell
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Aus: Strasburger - Lehrbuch der Botanik, Spektrum Verlag
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Twist (Lichenes) Symbiosis from mushrooms (Mycobiont) and ~ 40 Alga-/ Cyanobacteria kinds (Phycobiont),> 5 times independently originated The most important mushrooms symbisis are Ascomycets with about 99%, rest Basidiomycets Often several alga kinds in a lichen Mushroom dominates, determines figure
© http://www.negatendo.net/albums/Ecuaador-Plant-Collecting-May-04/Lichen.jpg & http://userwww.sfsu.edu/~biol240/labs/lab_08fungi/pages/vegstructure.html
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Twist (Lichenes) Mushroom excludes organic connections directly Alga cells on, offers favorable ones Growth terms dehydration: drying up of many months possibly Growth: 0.1-10 mms per year, respected age till 4500 years Occurence even in Antarctic
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Land plants Mosses, ferns, Lycopodiaceae, higher plants Origin from green algae, late Ordovician (450 Millions years) Adaptations in the land life: - Water household - Absorption of nutrients - mechanical stability - increase - Protection from ultraviolet rays
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Evolution of the land plants 450 MYA
400 MYA
300 MYA
100 MYA
Arabidopsis Dicots
Human
Monocots Mouse
Gymnosperms Ferns Lycophytes Mosses
Fish
Physcomitrella
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Mosses (Bryophyta) Terrestrial, but mostly in humid habitats Intermediatory position between Thallus and corm First-class liver mosses / Marchantiopsida Mostly multilayer, level qualified thallus tissue Example: Marchantia Two-edged parting cells Branching out not by real dichotomy, but by change one existing cell in one new parting cell
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Moose (Bryophyta) First-class horn-rimmed mosses / Anthocerotopsida • Gametophyt grows likewise flatly on the ground Sporophyt resembles to a horn
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Moose (Bryophyta) First-class foliage mosses / Bryopsida 3-dashing parting cells Central leading fabric Rhizoid, Cauloid and Phylloid; foliose construction form -> to the corm very similarly
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Moose (Bryophyta) Physcomitrella patens (Foliage moss)
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Moss: Change of generations
Spore there germinates->single-breasted, branched tasteless growth (Protonema) construction of the Gametophyte-> education of the Gamete->Zygote ->diploid Sporophyt which grows on the Gametophyte upwards 49
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Corm -> Sporophytic form of the seed plant -> Root, trunk, leafs -> Division of labor -> Gametophyt, however: Thallus step
Aus: Lüttge, Botanik. Wiley-VCH
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Corm
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