Energy Policy 2008 © Cédric Philibert
Energy Policy 1
Introduction Cédric Philibert
Energy Policy 2008 © Cédric Philibert
Introducing ourselves • Cédric Philibert – The International Energy Agency (OECD) – Energy Efficiency and Environment
• Astrid Ténière • Alexandre Le Vernoy – Teaching Assistant – Runs tutorial sessions: smart students attend them!
• Contributors: – Jean-Pierre Tabet (energy efficiency, policy instruments) – Etienne Beeker (nuclear, electricity) – Julia Reinaud (EU Emissions Trading Scheme)
Energy Policy 2008 © Cédric Philibert
Today • • • • • • • •
Introducing ourselves Science-Po values; controls Why energy matters Basic concepts Energy units A brief history of energy The next 13 sessions Readings
Energy Policy 2008 © Cédric Philibert
Siences--Po values Siences • Assiduity • Ponctuality • Intellectual honesty ( plagiarism) – Plagiarism is visible! – Quotes must be referenced – “ There is more ado to interpret interpretations than to interpret things, and more books upon books than upon any other subject; we do nothing but comment upon one another. Every place swarms with commentaries; of authors there is great scarcity.” (Montaigne, Charles Cotton transl.)
Energy Policy 2008 © Cédric Philibert
Control • Continuous assessment (50% of final note) – – – –
Assiduity Ponctuality Participation One intermediate exam (2 hours), likely in May
• One final exam (2 hours): 50% • Intermediate and final exams: – 3-4 synthesis questions, various areas – Short answers
Energy Policy 2008 © Cédric Philibert
Why energy matters • Indispensible to modern life: housing, transport, production, shopping, offices, information… • Fuels the global economy • Unevenly distributed: energy security, access, rents, wars and violence • The bulk of it is exhaustible • Many environmental impacts • Threatens our climate stability
Energy Policy 2008 © Cédric Philibert
Energy and Sustainable Development • The three « pillars »: • The economic dimension – Sustainable growth (?)
• The social dimension – Access to energy services – Costs and affordability
• The environmental dimension – Local, regional and global impacts
• The three dimensions of SD vs. IEA’s 3 Es
Energy Policy 2008 © Cédric Philibert
Two sustainability paradigms • Strong sustainability: – independantly preserve natural capital, human capital and technical capital
• Weak sustainability: – preserve the total capital – substitutability hypothesis
• SD and the exhaustion of fossil fuels – Strong sustainability paradigm: never use them – Hartwick’s (modified) rule: invest the rent from using non-renewable resources to accumulate enough capital in renewable energy sources
Energy Policy 2008 © Cédric Philibert
Energy environment interactions • Extraction and transport – Open pit mining and pollution – Oil spills – Contaminated soils
• Combustion – In-door, local, regional and global levels – Particulates, SOx, NOx, CO, VOC, metals – Greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, N2O) – Accidental releases (e.g. nuclear)
• Waste
Energy Policy 2008 © Cédric Philibert
What is energy? • The ability to do work – Work is the result of application of a force through a physical distance – Various forms: mechanical, gravitational, electrical, chemical, light (radiant), thermal (heat), nuclear…
• Potential (stored) vs. kinetic (moving) energy forms
Energy Policy 2008 © Cédric Philibert
What is energy? • Primary energy – Crude oil, coal, solar heat, geothermal…
• Final energy – Petroleum products, electricity, heat…
• Useful energy – Heat, work (stationary or mobile), light
Energy Policy 2008 © Cédric Philibert
Energy Policy 2008 © Cédric Philibert
Energy Policy 2008 © Cédric Philibert
What is heat? • Heat is a form of energy transfer • Heat can be transferred between objects by – Thermal radiation (electromagnetic) – Conduction (in solids); and – Convection (internal movements within fluids).
• Temperature is the measure of an object to spontaneously give up energy/a measure of the internal energy (enthalpy), i.e. the level of elementary motion giving rise to heat transfer • Heat can only be transferred between objects with different temperatures and, in the absence of work, only in the direction of the colder body (2nd law of thermodynamics).
Energy Policy 2008 © Cédric Philibert
Watt is power? • Power is the rate at which work is performed or energy is transferred – watts (kW, MW, GW…) measure power – kWh (MWh, GWh, TWh…) measure energy – ‘kW/h’ measures the ignorance of the writer • ‘TWh per year’ may measure the yearly production of a power plant. For example, a 600-MW plant with 80% load factor produces 8760*0.8*600 MWh/y or about 4.2 TWh/y
Energy Policy 2008 © Cédric Philibert
Units • Si energy unit: joule : 1J = 1 kg.m2.s-2 • 1 Newton over 1 meter; 1 N accelerates 1 kg at 1 m.s-2
• 1 cal =± 4.1868 J • Raises the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1°C (at 15°C)
• 1Btu: ±1055 1055 J • Raises the temperature of 1 pound of water by 1°F
• 1 toe = 10 Gcal = ± 41.868 GJ = ± 39.68 MBtu • 1 tce = 7 Gcal = ± 29.3 GJ = ± 27.8 MBtu
Energy Policy 2008 © Cédric Philibert
Large--scale units Large • • • • • •
Petajoule: 1 Pj = 1015 J Exajoule: 1 EJ = 1018 J 1 ‘quad’ = 1015 Btu = ± 1.055 EJ 1 Gtoe = 41.868 EJ = 39.68 quad 1 GWyr = 8.76 TWh 1 TWyr = 31.54 EJ = 29.89 quad
Energy Policy 2008 © Cédric Philibert
From fuels to energy • The calorific value, or heating value of a fuel, e.g. – 26 gigajoule/tonne (GJ/t) for a coal; – 35.6 megajoule/cubic metre (MJ/m3) for a gas
• Gross and net calorific values – Include or exclude the latent heat of the water formed during the combustion – The mystery of conversion rates above 100% explained!
Energy Policy 2008 © Cédric Philibert
Units (electricity) • 1 watt (power) is one joule per second – 1 W = 1 J.s-1 = 1 kg.m2.s-3
• 1 kWh = 1000 W*3600 s = 3.6 MJ = ±3412 Btu • But converting heat into electricity entails large losses (2nd law), hence: – ± 10 300 Btu heat gives 1 kWh electricity – kWhe kWhth MWe MWth
• 1 quad primary energy gives 11 GWyr • How much fuel does a nuclear plant “displace” is not an easy question – Fuel burnt in a power plant for specific electricity uses, or fuel burnt in boilers for heating buildings?
Energy Policy 2008 © Cédric Philibert
Comparing primary energy sources… billion tonnes of oilil eequivalent
18
Other renewables Biomass Hydro Nuclear Gas Oil Coal
16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
2030
Global demand grows by more than half over the next quarter of a century, with coal use rising most in absolute terms © OECD/IEA - 2007
Energy Policy 2008 © Cédric Philibert
Energy density • • • • • • • • • •
Mass-energy equivalence: 90 PJ/kg Nuclear fission: 90 TJ/kg, 1.7 PJ/l Liquid hydrogen: 120 MJ/kg, 8 MJ/l Gasoline: 46.9 MJ/kg, 34.6 MJ/l Anthracite coal: 32.5 MJ/kg, 72.4 MJ/l Ethanol: 26.8 MJ/kg, 21.2 MJ/l Wood: 6-17 MJ/kg NiCad Battery: 0.14-0.22 MJ/kg Water at 100 m dam heigth: 0.001 MJ/l Wind, solar ?
Energy Policy 2008 © Cédric Philibert
A brief history of energy
Energy Policy 2008 © Cédric Philibert
Antique world and Middle Age • Biomass the main energy source: – – – –
Wood Animal traction Wind Whale & other animal oil for lighting
• Windmills and watermills – Watermills (from 4th century b.c.) • Growing use in the Middle Age: grinding grains into flour, fulling clothes, sawmills,
– Windmills (from 7th century a.d.)
• Fossils used too (small scale) – Oil known by Summerians 3000 y b.c. – Oil used for lighting and heating, 2000 y b.c in China, coal 1000 y b.c. – Coal by 1300 a.d. in Europe (small scale)
Energy Policy 2008 © Cédric Philibert
Modern world • • • • • • • • • • • •
1600s, UK: massive coal use for heating 1698 to 1774: Savery’s to Watt’s steam engines 1709: coke-fired blast furnace to produce cast iron 1800s: Town gas for lighting 1859: Drake’s oil & gas well in Titusville 1866 « The coal question » (Jevons) Æ 1870: The Standard Oil (J.D. Rockfeller) 1879: Edison’s incandescent light bulb 1896: Arrhenius links fuels and climate 1908: the Ford model T 1912: Churchill turns the Royal Navy to oil 1928: Achnaccary « As-Is » agreements – Standard, Shell and Anglo-Iranian (BP)
Energy Policy 2008 © Cédric Philibert
Modern world (2) • • • • • • • • • • • •
1938: Mexican oil reserves nationalised 1945: Roosevelt - Ibn Saud meet 1953: USA: “Atom for peace” 1959: Oil import quotas in the US 1960: OPEC (I. I. K. S.-A. V.) 1972: MIT’s « limits of growth » 1973: Kippur war and 1st oil shock; IEA to follow 1974: 48-US oil production peaks 1979: Iranian revolution and second oil shock 1981: Deregulation of oil markets in the U.S. 1986: Oil counter shock; Chernobyl accident 1992: UN Conf. on Environment and Development
Energy Policy 2008 © Cédric Philibert
World population
Energy Policy 2008 © Cédric Philibert
Global energy supply Mtoe
Today: 10 Gtoe or 400 quads Nuclear Hydraulics
Gas
Petroleum
Coal Biomass
Energy Policy 2008 © Cédric Philibert
Energy supply in the US
Energy Policy 2008 © Cédric Philibert
Global energy supply • Traditional biomass not included Mtoe
Energy Policy 2008 © Cédric Philibert
How many slaves? • Human power: about 100 watts – Human beings are 18% efficient
• The average global citizen deploys about 20 "energy slaves" – - meaning 20 human equivalents working 24 hours a day, 365 days a year – 50 to 100 for US Citizens – Less than one for Bangladeshis…
Energy Policy 2008 © Cédric Philibert
Energy services and wealth (oecd)
Energy Policy 2008 © Cédric Philibert
De--coupling after the oil shock De
Energy Policy 2008 © Cédric Philibert
How energy intensity evolved
Energy Policy 2008 © Cédric Philibert
Sessions 1 – 7: Energy 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Introduction. Outline. Why energy matters. Basics. A brief history of energy (20/03) Fossil fuels (oil, coal, gas). Nature, origins, history… Trade, prices, taxes, rents. Energy security. (27/03) Energy efficiency: definition, indicators, instruments, policies, approaches (Jean-Pierre Tabet) (3/04) Nuclear power and renewable energy sources. Current trends and prospects (with Etienne Beeker). (10/04) Electricity (Etienne Beeker) (17/04) The objectives of energy policies. Energy security. Markets & prices. Efficiency. Environment (24/04) Developing countries: Energy poverty. Large energy consumers. Oil exporters
Energy Policy 2008 © Cédric Philibert
Sessions 88-14: Energy & Climate 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.
(15/05) Climate change. Energy and environment. The IPCC reports. Impacts, economics (16/05) UNFCCC. The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and its Kyoto Protocol (22/05) Scenarios. Underlying assumptions. Resources and reserves. Peak oil, gas, coal (29/05) Policy instruments. Emissions trading, taxes, norms… (with Jean-Pierre Tabet) (5/06) Road-testing: The EU ETS, its scope, its role, its impacts, its future (Julia Reinaud) (12/06) Beyond Kyoto. The future of the international architecture to address climate change. From Bali to Copenhagen (19/06) Cooperation or confrontation? The energy challenges of our time
Energy Policy 2008 © Cédric Philibert
All--time readings All • • • •
IEA, World Energy Outlook, 2006 edition, OECD/IEA, IEA, 30 Key Energy Trends in the IEA and Worldwide, OECD/IEA, IEA, Key World Energy Statistics 2007, OECD/IEA Philibert, C. and J. Pershing, 2002, Beyond Kyoto – Energy Dynamics and Climate Stabilisation, OECD/IEA • IEA, Energy Policies of IEA countries, 2004 review, OECD/IEA
Energy Policy 2008 © Cédric Philibert
Readings for the next session • Energy statistics manual (IEA) • Read as a minimum: – Fundamentals – 1st section of all chapters
• As possible, chapters 3 to 5
