Civil Engineer's Reference Book

Fourth Edition

Edited by L S Blake BSc(Eng), PhD, CEng, FICE, FlStructE Consultant; formerly Director of the Construction Industry Research and Information Association With specialist contributors

Butterwo rth-Heinemann Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP 225 Wildwood Avenue, Woburn, MA 01801-2041 A division of Reed Educational and Professional Publishing Ltd 6< A member of the Reed Elsevier pic group OXFORD AUCKLAND BOSTON JOHANNESBURG MELBOURNE NEWDELHI First published as Civil Engineering Reference Book 1951 Second edition 1961 Third edition 1975 Fourth edition 1989 Paperback edition 1994 Reprinted 1995 (twice), 1997, 1998, 2000, 2001 © Reed Educational and Professional Publishing Ltd 1989 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any material form (including photocopying or storing in any medium by electronic means and whether or not transiently or incidentally to some other use of this publication) without the written permission of the copyright holder except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London WlP OLP. Applications for the copyright holder's written permission to reproduce any part of this publication should be addressed to the publishers

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Civil engineer's reference book - 4th ed. 1. Civil engineering I. Blake, L. S. (Leslie Spencer) 624 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Civil engineer's reference book Includes bibliographies and index 1. Civil engineering - handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Blake, L. S. (Leslie Spencer), 1925TA151.C58 1989 62488-30220 ISBN O 7506 1964 3 For more information on all Butterworth-Heinemann publications please visit our website at www.bh.com Printed and bound in Great Britain by The Bath Press, Bath

FOR EVERV TITLE THAT WE PUBLISH, BlTTERWORTH-HEIiVEMAIVN WILL PAY FOR BTCV TO PLANT AJSD CAKE FOR A TREE.

Preface to the fourth edition

The aim of this edition, as of those that preceded it, is to give civil engineers a concise presentation of theory and practice in the many branches of their profession. The book is primarily a first point of reference which, through its selective lists of references and bibliographies, will enable the user to study a subject in greater depth. However, it is also an important collection of state-of-the-art reports on design and construction practices in the UK and overseas. First published in 1951, the book was last revised in 1975. Although civil engineering is not normally regarded as involving fast-moving technologies, so many advances have occurred in the theory and practice of most branches of civil engineering during the past decade or so that the preparation of a fourth edition became essential. Some of these advances have taken the form of improvements in earlier practices, for example in surveying, geotechnics, water management, project management, underwater working, and the control and use of materials. Other radical changes have resulted from the evolving needs of clients for almost all forms of construction, maintenance and repair. Another major change has been the introduction of new national and Euro-codes based on limit state design covering most aspects of structural engineering. The fourth edition incorporates these advances and, at the same time, gives greater prominence to the special problems relating to work overseas, with differing client requirements and climatic conditions. As before, careful attention has been given to the needs of the different categories of readers. Students and graduates at the start of their careers need guidance on the practice of design and construction in many of the fields of civil engineering covered in Chapters 11 to 44. The engineer in mid-career will also find these chapters valuable as presentations of the state of the art by acknowledged experts in each field, in addition to the references and bibliographies they contain for deeper study of specific problems. Chapters 1 to 10 provide engineers, at all levels of development, with up-to-date 'lecture notes' on the basic theories of civil engineering. Although the book was primarily prepared for civil engineers in the UK and elsewhere in the world, members of other professions involved in construction—architects, lawyers, mechanical engineers, insurers and clients—will also benefit by referring to it. I am most grateful to the authors who have contributed chapters. They are all engineers of considerable standingconsultants, contractors, research workers or academics—who have devoted a substantial amount of time to presenting their expert knowledge and experience for the benefit of the profession. L.S. Blake Bournemouth November 1988

List of Contributors

Peter Ackers, MSc(Eng), CEng, FICE, MIWEM, MASCE Hydraulics consultant

Staff of Goodfellow Associates Ltd Offshore and subsea technology

The late J Allen, DSc, LLD, FICE, FRSE Emeritus Professor, University of Aberdeen

T R Graves Smith, MA, PhD, CEng, MICE Department of Civil Engineering, University of Southampton

W H Arch, BSc(Eng), CEng, MICE

D J Irvine, BSc, CEng, FICE Tarmac Construction Ltd

R W Barrett, MSc Manager, Underwater Engineering Group, London S C C Bate, CBE, BSc(Eng), PhD, CEng, FICE, FIStructE Formerly at the Building Research Establishment, and later consultant to Harry Stanger Ltd B C Best, BSc Consultant Keith M Brook, BSc, CEng, FICE, FIHT Wimpey Laboratories Ltd Robert Gather, BSc Arup Research and Development Staff of Central Electricity Generating Board Generation Development and Construction Division G H Child, MSc, FGS Keith Farquharson and Associates C R I Clayton, MSc, PhD, CEng, MICE Reader in Geotechnical Engineering, University of Surrey D S Currie, FEng, FICE, MIMechE Director of Civil Engineering, British Rail R H R Douglas, BSc(Eng), CEng, FICE, FIHT, MConsE Sir Frederick Snow and Partners J B Dwight, MA, MSc, CEng, FIStructE, MIMechE Emeritus Reader in Structural Engineering, University of Cambridge C J Evans, MA(Cantab), FEng, FICE, FIStructE Wallace Evans and Partners E V Finn, CEng, FICE, FIStructE, FRSH, MIWEM, MConsE Sir Frederick Snow and Partners P G Fookes, DSc(Eng), PhD, BSc, CEng, FIMM, FGS Consultant

W M Jenkins, BSc, PhD, CEng, FICE, FIStructE Emeritus Professor of Civil Engineering, The Hatfield Polytechnic T J M Kennie, BSc, MAppSci (Glasgow), ARICS, MInstCES Lecturer in Engineering Surveying, University of Surrey Philip King, BSc Arup Research and Development D J Lee, BSc Tech, DIC, FEng, FICE, FIStructE Maunsell Group T R Mills, CEng, MICE, FIDE Chartered Engineer Sir Alan Muir Wood, FRS, FEng, FICE Consultant, Sir William Halcrow and Partners F H Needham, BSc(Eng), CEng, ACGI, FICE, FIStructE Formerly at the Constructional Steel Research and Development Organisation I K Nixon, ACGI, CEng, FICE, FGS Consultant D J Osborne, BSc(Eng), CEng, FICE, FIHT, MIWEM, MBIM Sir Frederick Snow and Partners W Pemberton, BSc, CEng, FICE Sir Murdoch MacDonald and Partners A D M Penman, DSc, CEng, FICE Geotechnical Engineering Consultant F H Potter, BSc Tech, CEng, MICE, FIWSc, AMCT Formerly of the Department of Civil Engineering, Imperial College of Science and Technology J L Pratt, BSc(Eng), CEng, MIEE, FWeIdI Formerly Research Manager, Braithwaite & Co. Engineers Ltd

A Price Jones, BSc(Eng), MSc, CEng, MICE Soil Mechanics Ltd

The late A R Thomas, OBE, BSc(Eng), CEng, FICE, FASCE Formerly consultant, Binnie and Partners

D W Quinion, BSc(Eng), CEng, FICE, FIStructE Tarmac Construction Ltd

P A Thompson, BSc(Eng), MSc, CEng, FICE, MIWEM University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology

A L Randall, CEng, FIStructE Formerly at the British Steel Corporation

M J Tomlinson, CEng, FICE, FIStructE, MConsE Consulting engineer

B Richmond, BSc(Eng), PhD, FCGI, CEng, FICE Maunsell Group

J A Turnbull, CEng, FICE, FIHT, DipTE Mott, Hay & Anderson

C E Rickard, BSc, CEng, MICE, MIWEM Sir Murdoch MacDonald and Partners

Cdr H Wardle Subsea consultant, Sovereign Oil and Gas pic

J Rodin, BSc, CEng, FICE, FIStructE, MConsE Building Design Partnership

Staff of Watson Hawksley Consulting engineers

B H Rofe, MA(Cantab), CEng, FICE, FIWEM, FGS Rofe, Kennard and Lapworth

C J Wilshere, OBE, BA, BAI, CEng, FICE John Laing Design Associates Ltd

John H Sargent, CEng, FICE, FGS Costain Group pic

T A Wyatt, PhD Department of Civil Engineering, Imperial College of Science and Technology

R J M Sutherland, FEng, BA, FICE, FIStructE Harris and Sutherland F L Terrett, MEng, CEng, FICE, MConsE Posford Duvivier

Hugh C Wylde Independent management consultant