Soil Abiotics Shapes Ecological Networks of Invertebrates How elemental factors influence food webs
Christian Mulder Institute for Public Health and Environment Bilthoven, the Netherlands
B S
i
Q
SOIL TEEMS WITH LIFE In the lab, soils respond
Metabolic activity grouping chemical guilds together (bacteria under GMO / bacteria under conventional maize)
3.5
3
2.5
B1 C1 D1 E1 F1 G1 H1
A2 B2 C2 D2 E2 F2 G2 H2
A3 B3 C3 D3 E3 F3 G3 H3
A4 B4 C4 D4 E4 F4 G4 H4
Carbohydrates Amino acids Carboxylic acids
2
1.5
1
2
3
7
21
0.5
0
Time (days)
Is there evidence from the field? Linking system components by allometry | Mulder (2012)
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
• • • •
DUTCH SOIL QUALITY NETWORK MULTITROPHIC INTERACTIONS MICROBE-FAUNAL PATHWAYS SUSTAINABILITY: A LEGEND? Linking system components by allometry | Mulder (2012)
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DUTCH SOIL QUALITY NETWORK
Linking system components by allometry | Mulder (2012)
4
Sampling locations BISQ 284 sampling locations
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Bodemgebruik per grondsoort en meetlocaties BoBI-LMB Meetlocaties BoBI-LMB biologisch gangbaar extensief r
gangbaar intensief
r
gangbaar intensief+
p
natuur en recreatie
Bodemgebruik per grondsoort (percentage van NL-landoppervlak)
akkerbouw op zand (9,9 %) akkerbouw op zeeklei (8,5 %) (melk)veehouderij op zand (14,9 %) (melk)veehouderij op rivierklei (5,2 %) (melk)veehouderij op zeeklei (8,5 %) (melk)veehouderij op veen (6,9 %)
r p p
p r r p p
(melk)veehouderij op löss (0,5 %)
r p
tuinbouw op zand (2,1 %)
r p p
tuinbouw op zeeklei (3,4 %)
r p p
r p
r p
r p p p r r r p r p r p p
p
halfnatuurlijk grasland op zand (2,7 %) r p p
bos op zand (8,2 %)
p
p
r p r p p r
p
heide op zand (0,8 %)
r p
p
p
p
r p
p r r p
p
p
r p p
r p
stadspark (0,7 %)
r p
r p p
r p p
overig (10,5 %) r p
bedekt (17,1 %) r p p
r p rp r p p r
r p
p
r p
r p
r p p r r p r p
p r r p p
r p p
BoBI: Bodembiologische Indicator LMB: Landelijk Meetnet Bodemkwaliteit Bron: RIVM-LER Datum: 01-03-2008 Ontwerp: H.J. van Wijnen, J.J. Bogte, M. Rutgers, A.J. Schouten
Linking system components by allometry | Mulder (2012)
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Dissecting
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1.1 Multitrophic interactions
Is the functional response of soil fauna to various stress conditions relevant to community dynamics, and if so,
HOW? Linking system components by allometry | Mulder (2012)
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TEMPERATURE
40
R-strategists
10 120
0 10
15
20
25
100 80 60 40 20 0
TEMP2
30
80
20 60
TEMP1
20
10
40
0 10
15
20
25
Rainfall
TEMP1
20
35
35
30
30
25
25
20
20
15
15
10
10
5
5
0
0
DAUERLARVEN 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Field sampling periods
TEMP2
30
3000
1000
2
000
20
0
3000
TEMP1
200
10
0 10
3000
15
20
25
CONCENTRATION 4000 3000 2000 1000 0
Weather is the most important stochastic variable in field ecology
TEMP2
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Temperature
30
Julian week
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
22
65
20
60
18
(21days) 2
Taver
r = 0.83 (***)
55
16
50
14
45
12
40
10
35
8
30
6
25
4
20
2
15
0 0
21
42
63
84
105
126
147
168
Julian day
Minimizing ‘noise’
Chiloplacus
70
Linking system components by allometry | Mulder (2012)
10
10 189
Nematode diversity (genera 100 g-1 soil)
Average air-temperature aboveground ( oC)
24
Biodiversity and extrinsic abiotic factors Cuticularia (Bf) Diploscapter (Bf) Monhysteridae (Bf) Rhabditis (Bf)
1.0
0.9
0.8
Heterocephalobus (Bf) (Meta)Teratocephalus (Bf)
0.7
Alaimidae (Bf) Epidorylaimus (Om) Aporcelaimus (Ca)
0.6
0.5
Laimydorus (Om) Xiphinema (Pf)
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0 Linking components by Mulder5.3 (2012) 4.6 system 4.7 4.8 4.9 5.0allometry 5.1 | 5.2 5.4
Field pH
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
6.0 11
4000000 3000000
100000
NEMATODA
BACTERIA
2000000 1000000
2
3
4
5
6
10000
1000
7
2
3
4
5
6
7
5
6
7
PH
PH
1000000
100000 ARTHROPODA
FUNGI
100000
10000
10000
1000 3
4
5
6
PH
Linking system components by allometry | Mulder (2012)
1000
2
3
4 PH
12
Bacterial biomass (ug / g dry soil)
1,000
Farming system
359.4
341.1 sd
297.2
291.3
267.6
sd 168.2
sd 161.4 sd 115.2
100
ORG (n=10)
CONV (n=19)
SEMI-INT (n=20)
Linking system components by allometry | Mulder (2012)
INT (n=20)
13
Functional diversity and farming pressure 0.94 INT 0.92
Nematode Channel Ratio
SEMI 0.90
0.88
0.86
CONV
0.84
2 R = 0.564 t = 113.62 P < 0.0001
0.82 ORG 0.80 1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
6.5
7
7.5
8
Livestock units
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1.2 Multitrophic interactions
HOW do these interactions affect fluxes of matter within the ecosystem as well as between the belowground community and the aboveground vegetation? Linking system components by allometry | Mulder (2012)
15
35 30
Biodiversity
25 20 15 10 5 0
Nematoda
Acarina
Insecta
Linking system components by allometry | Mulder (2012)
Oligochaeta
16
Advances in Ecological Research 41 (2009)
800
A
600 400 200 0 -2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
logM nematodes 800
B
600 400 200 0 -2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
logM arthropods 800
C
600 400 200 0 -2.0
-1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 Linking system components by allometry | Mulder (2012)
logM enchytraeids
3.0
17
I 100,000,000
II
III
IV
dry organismal biomass
MICROFAUNA
10,000,000 1,000,000
V
MESOFAUNA
ca. one order of magnitude biomass difference between two trophic levels (Elton’s universality)
100,000 10,000 1,000 100 10 1
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SOIL SYSTEM 30
Bacterial pathway
Detrital pathway 27
28
24
7bis
29
25
26
23
7
8
9
10
13
14
19
20
21
22
3
4
5
6
11
12
15
16
17
18
1
2
Horizontal biodiversity (same trophic level) Linking system components by allometry | Mulder (2012)
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Linking system components by allometry | Mulder (2012)
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Paradise lost
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2.1 Microbe-faunal pathways
AGAIN, HOW do these interactions affect fluxes of matter within the ecosystem as well as between the belowground community and the aboveground vegetation? Linking system components by allometry | Mulder (2012)
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nematofauna
Isometric slope (-1)
Linking system components by allometry | Mulder (2012)
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SOM
Detrital ontogeny Soil Organic Matter + Fresh Organic Matter
FOM
(exudates, necromass) Linking system components by allometry | Mulder (2012)
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NUTRIENT-RICH GRASSLANDS
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NUTRIENT-POOR HEATHLANDS
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Advances in Ecological Research 41 (2009), Oikos 120 (2011)
REFERENCE
exploitation
d cte
management
ALLOMETRIC RESPONSE
b
e aff
intensity of stress
environmental change
organism abundance
DISTURBANCE
tar ge t
Such a “Distance to Target” enables the measure of any deviation from the chosen reference
ASSESSMENT restoration
organism mass
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Paradise regained
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2.2 Microbe-faunal pathways
NOW WE ARE AWARE THAT response of soil fauna to stress conditions is relevant to community dynamics, but WHY?
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3.5
R 2 = 0.8147
Log ratio microfauna to mesofauna
Log ratio microfauna to mesofauna
3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5
a
0
R 2 = 0.7092
3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5
b
0 7.5
8
8.5
9
9.5
10
10.5
11
11.5
12
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
Soil pOH
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
log10[C] - log10[N]
3.5
3.5
R 2 = 0.6114 Log ratio microfauna to mesofauna
Log ratio microfauna to mesofauna
1.3
3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5
c
0
R 2 = 0.7144
3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5
d
0 0.1
0.3
0.5
0.7
0.9
1.1
1.3
1.5
1.2
1.4
1.6
Linking system components by allometry | Mulder (2012)
log10[N] - log10[P]
1.8
2
2.2
2.4
log10[C] - log10[P]
2.6
2.8
3
3.2
30
Linking system components by allometry | Mulder (2012)
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Sampled location Soil-pH (KCl) 3-4 4-5 5-6 6-7 7-8 Urban area
‘Nature’ has the most diverse soil fauna in the Netherlands but the lowest fluxes Linking system components by allometry | Mulder (2012)
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0.9
2 R = 0.696
Biomass spectrum slope
0.7 0.5 0.3 0.1 -0.1 -0.3
NUTRIENTS -0.5 EXPLAIN 0.1 0.3 BODY SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS
0.5
0.7
0.9
1.1
1.3
1.5
log10[N] - log10[P]
Linking system components by allometry | Mulder (2012)
Mulder & Elser, Global Cha Biol 2009 33
4.75
a = - 0.81×log10[MANURE] + 5.52 R 2 = 0.65, n = 46
Allometric intercept (a )
4.5
mature
4.25 HEATHLANDS 4
GRASSLANDS
3.75 organic
3.5 EXPERIMENTAL FIELDS
The elevation of any allometric linear relationship reflects the nutrient fluxes and the biomass in ecosystems, thus empirical evidence of aboveground – belowground relationship
3.25 3 0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
Animal manure (log10[Nitrogen])
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• The mass-abundance relationships in soils CHANGE. • Human management always AFFECTS biodiversity. • Let us bridge the gap between structure and function.
AND THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION ! Linking system components by allometry | Mulder (2012)
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