Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) represents the minimum amount of energy necessary to keep a person survive.
Dietary thermogenesis Thermoregulation
BMR= 60 x Wt0.81 „Kleiber’s law”
Physical activity Basal metabolic rate
1
Consequences of Kleiber’ Kleiber’s Law (1)
Consequences of Kleiber’ Kleiber’s Law (2)
BMR (kcal/day)
Species Human populations
Weight (kg)
Feeding strategies
Súly(kg) 0.021
BMR (kcal/nap) 3.6
BMR (kcal/day)
BMR (kcal/kg)
0.021
3.6
171.4
Cebuella pygmaea
0.11
10.11
91.8
Aloutta palliata
4.67
231.9
49.7
Canis familiaris
14.10
534.0
37.9
Pan troglodytes
18.30
581.9
31.8
Homo sapiens
54.00
1438.5
26.6
Bos tardus
300.00
4221.0
14.1
Relationship between diet quality and weight
BMR(kcal/k g) 171.4
Cebuella pygmaea
0.11
10.11
91.8
Aloutta palliata
4.67
231.9
49.7
Canis familiaris
14.10
534.0
37.9
Pan troglodytes
18.30
581.9
31.8
Homo sapiens
54.00
1438.5
26.6
Bos tardus
300.00
4221.0
14.1
(1) Smaller animals need to consume foods of high caloric density. (2) Larger animals tend to fulfil their nutritional needs by consuming large amounts of widely available, low quality foods such as leaves and bark.
Diet quality
Fajok Mus musculus
Weight (kg)
Mus musculus
Human populations
Weight (kg) Humans have substantially higher diet quality values than predicted from their size
2
Relationship between brain size and BMR
Brain size (gr)
Human Populations
Basal Metabolic Rate (kcl/day) Human depart substantially from the expected value, having brains that require two to three times more energy to maintain than most primates
Enlarged Brain: Brain: thinking, thinking, or digesting? digesting?
The volume of Colon
Total Gut Volume
? Small intestine
Colon Humans are also distinct from other primates in their gut morphology, having very reduced colon. Most large bodied primates display a greatly expanded colon which is regarded as an adaptation to maximize the surface area over which nutrients from low-quality food can be absorbed.
Expansion of the colon reflects an adaptation to a low-quality, fibrous diet. Colon volume of human is smaller than that of apes, indicative of a high quality diet that includes large amount of animal foods.
3
Changed climate in the Pleistocene
…That is Pleistocene Environmental System
Human Response System Larger share of the energy budget for brain
Changed Climate: dry, cool climate
Low-quality food is less and dispersed
Changed Diet: Switch to the High-quality food (meat)
The Earth underwent a great period of cooling.: It may have become more difficult to find high quality diet in the sparse conditions.
Energetic: More available energy
Behaviour: Hunting Cooperation Culture
Increased brain size
High Metabolic cost
Evolution of the behavioral factors
Ex Africa semper aliquid novi
Dispersal around the world: continuous, unfamiliar physical, dietary, and microbiological environments They undergo various biological and cultural adaptation.
4
First Agricultural colonies
Beans and Genes Research done by Luigi Cavalli-Sforza et al. „Farmer genes gradient”: A genetical footprint of the ancestral farming populations.
Th e
ge
ne tic
gr ad i
en t
Gluten intolerance in
Eu ro pe
Lactose (in)tolerance factor
Variations in detoxifying enzymes 1. Adaptation problem of plant-eating species: plant-toxic 2. Detoxifying enzymes: the family of oxidative cytochrome P450 enzymes 3. Detoxification pathway: determined by the NAT2 (N-acetyltransferase) gene.
NAT2
Slow variant
Intolerance: decreased function of lactase
Eastern Asia (80-90%)
Fast variant
Europe (30-45%) North Africa (15-20%)
Increased risk of bladder cancer
Increased risk of colon cancer
5
Lactose (in)tolerance factor
Insulin response
The function of insulin: Mobilization of glucose, fat-acid
Low
PlantPlant-eating: eating high carbohydrate intake, High blood glucose concentration.
High
Middle
MeatMeat-eating: eating decreased carbohydrate intake from plant sources. But, still the glucose is very important source of brain development. Therefore, evolutionary pressure on the change in glucose metabolism.
Selective insulin sensitivity
Interpopulation variations in the diabetes prevalence
„Selective insulin sensitivity” Problem: Fetal brain needs high level of glucose. glucose Solution
Decreased insulin sensitivity
Two main types of Diabetes: (1) IDDM – insulin dependent diabetes (2) NIDDM – insulin independent diabetes
Cross cultural differences in NIDDM rate: High diabetes rate: Pima Indians in Arizona, South Asian migrants migrants in UK. Low diabetes rate: Europe Why is the diabetes risk different?
6
Caucasian
Amerindian
Interpopulation variations in the diabetes prevalence
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