218 | cr-rÂRLESM^LAMoUD NOTES I\eproduction

of thc tcxt of l vcrb.rl conllllLlnlc:rrlo a colloqr-riunr or) Distuasion encl Culcurc, n.e.,rir..l by y'

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Paris-lV Univcrsity'sCcnrrc cl'étucles cr dc-."..1r.r.1,.r# ct lcs conflirs,fronr 28 to 30Jrnuary 19t32. ,/

Irrdiarr tr.rditiorrho]ds th.rt trrc -4rtrt,tsastr,r isr..t/r.ruork of .r Ilrai''iu krrorvnas Kautily;r,a nrinistcr in rhe cottrt lountlcr of ,/Ch;rndr:rsupte, tlrc M.rury.r cly'asty,:r'd gra'rlfath of l(, e'rpcror Asok:r, rvho rr-rlecl ", ovcr Mas.rcllu (Ilihar) durirrg thc l.rst d.rrrc, oË ,1," fourth ccntury BC Thcrc is 'o solicl fourrcl,rtroif., ,{r'L,clic[ Ir ,. ;;";;l;;.;;;',],; credibly believeduorv rhat trris rvd, at leasci. the for'r i' rvhich it has beeu handed dorvn, gocs btc\.6 thc first ccnrury .fhere ÀD. c.\ists rrl c'rliausrivcE'clish tra.srariono.frhc re.rrby R.p Ka'glc (Ilonib.ry,, 1963). I'Frcnch' a highlight was thc l''oratcd l ' i l t r a , s r a t c t rc . r t r . r c r si ' ortlrlutl,'tt's Kautil/a, l'Artrnsdstra,b'fntirc poritiqttc dc rlttrlc rrttcicttttc Yj (Marcel ll.ivierc,Paris,l97l). Aftcr beins rc-discovcrecl, lt thc bcginning of thc trvcrrticthccl)tury, tlrc Artlnsastralias bec' t'c subjcct oi, gr".,, r.rr.rrrrbcr of studics :r'd anrlyscs.I'.!Tie i'rprcssivebibliograpr-,y tr,.t hls th's resu.lrctl, r.ucrriou trrttstbc rr4ile of H. Scharfc, rrclurrtgctr zur Strt,trsrcclttlcltn: dcsK,ttttilya, _Urrlcrr Otto Ffârrassorvitz. Wicsbadcn,l96g .,ra f.n. Tr.rutnr.ruu, Krrtrri!1,a ,111,! tlrc./ihnsastnr,llrill,Lciclen,1971. tus sourccs tûr trrttitdans/c sysrt),rctraditiotutL,r dc r'rtrtrt:.Mourorr. }'1-lns1, TParis,p. 249 sq., 19(fl.

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MagicalViolenceand Non-Violence: Witchcraft in Kerala GILLES TARAI]OUT

is alsothc Vc.licIndi.r,for so long tl-rcrorchbeelcroi lrt attdscietrcc, asrvcllx petfdiots,r,'rgir. Both arctaught Iendof fai4,-likcurhantncnt-c bv the Vedasarrdborh rverc revealedby Brahnrahinrsclf. DR. PARAMANANDAMARIADÀSSOU. Médccittctrnditioturcllc de I'Infu: la nngic tnire itr hrdia: I3lackMa.qicl f'liaditionaltr4cdicitrc OVERVtEw* Kcrair is r hud of enchantnrentitr tu'o rvays,Its nacur:rlbeauryand the rcilncnrcntof its irùabitants,the Maleyllis,'rvould charm thc traveller sensitivcto th(' trâllquil rh,vthnrsof rurll life, enablinghinr to partrke oi thc quictudc rvhich Picrrc Loti felt nc.rrly a century aqo about Travlu corc: It is] r rcgion of happytranquillity,cut olf from thc frenzieddctrizcns (Lotr of this century,isolatedand sprredbencathcoconutpalm arches.' 1920:3r) 'pre-cnrinently the land of magic and sorcery' llut Kerala is also (Padrrrarrabha Mcnon 1937:204), â reputation trmly establishedal^ ovcr Southern India ar.rdSri Lanka.Rare is thc fanrily tl.ratcan clainr llevcr to havc bcen the objcct of occult attacksb1'an enemy (though either).Sr.rchsuspicionis this docs not ruakeit a pcrpctual obsession rootedin a climateof euvy,scandalmongeringand lorv blows,poisoning frequently sociairelationships.Keralauray olïer few examplesof openly violent couflict:but passionsexprcssthcmselvcsin more discreet,but urodalities(cf. Obeyesekere1975,in the corltcxt of uo lessfearsonre, Sri Lankr). pertaining Tl.reainrof thispapcris to lrrcscntsonrefactsand discourses Kerala (tl.reformer to rvitchcraft in Kcr;rla.particularly in Sor-rtl.rern

220

I

GILLES TAI\A]]OUT

kingdorns of Cochin and filvuncore).'l-hc plpcr rvili hrvc to lirnit itsclfto rlthcr gcueral indications, for trvo rersons:firstl1,,15f;rr :rsSoutl-r Irrclia is conccrncd, littlc h:is bccn dorte on tl-rcstrbjcct; :rttrl scct>trdlr', inrltriry is still rt l prclirnin:rly stnqc.Ficlclr\.'olks':ts.iotrc:ts thc 1.1'g5g111 .in cxtcrnal obscrvcr: I u'ltsitt llo w:r\/ linkcd to thc Pos'ers or thc strkcs in','olvcd.Truc, the necd for :rnd thc rvcalth oiirossibilitics oftcrccl by 'particip:rtory obscrv:ttion' ltrtvc bccn highlightccl try thc s,ork ol(1977) ;rnd C:ttttus (1988) on u'itchcr':tft in Fr:rncc.Thc Favrct-Srr:tcl:t sitrrltiou hcrc is cliflcrcnt:l Europc:rn'sprcsc.llccut u rituill nright possibly cuhuucc its rcputation in thc eycs oi thosc rvho prrticip:rtc in it, lbr it nieans its finre has spreadbcyond loc:ri contrncs.But lpart t}onr providing, occrrsionallysuch an involuntriry quarantcc,thc alicn obscrvcr in Kcr:rl:r is perccivcd r-rsulllyas bcing otrtsidc thc sphere of action of loc:rl occtrlt powcrs. LIc'ckrcsnot bclourr'to thr: pl:rcc,r'''hichnirtkcshirrr both irrrrnlrrtc r r n c li n o f t c u s i v c .I t r o r r l c r t o b c c o t t r c u ' h ; r t F a v r c t - S l . r t 1(: 1r 9 7 7 : 2 3 ) c l l l s 'l pos'cr-cnclorvcd-one (l sorccrcr, an exorcist)', vou r.tccrl hclc :r l i c t l i g r e c .o r t l i v i r r t ' l c q i t i r r r . r . l 'r,t t ' i t l r t ' ro' l - s ' h i . l r t l r t ' l ' 1 ç s ' ç 1r1r 1l i t e r c . r r r cl:lllri to possess. A tcrnriuologicll clarificatiorr nccds to bc issucd. Follorving EvrnsPritch:rrcl's(1937) u'ork in Z:rnclc colultr)', anthropolow' iu thc Enqlish 'u'itch' 'sorccrcr'. und llnguagc h:rs st'ruretinrcsclistinquishetlbctrvccn Thc flrst tcrrn is usetl to tlcsirlrrttc pcoplc u'ho :trc srrpposctlto pos-\css a p : r r t i c u l r r r p o w c r b 1 ' t l - r c r n s c h ' c sr,v l - r i l c t h c l r t t c r t c r r r r t l c s c r i | . r c s l)l':lctitiol)crsrvhosc cftjcrc,vis csscntialh'tc'chnir-ll.Sirrce tl-rcrr,this clist i n c t i o n h n s b c c o r t r c r c l : t t i v c .l - c s ' i s ( 1 9 t 3 ( r1: 1 ) c o n s i d c r si t t o b c r n o r c thc cxccptiolr thrn thc ltrlc ;rnc1spc:rks,cioubtlcss in hunrour, lbout 'Z:rrrcic cultur:r1in4rerillisnr' itr anthropoloqical theorl'. Tô F:rvrct-Sl:rtil ( l ( ) 7 7 : 2 7 ) , t h c s c c o n c c p t sa p p l i c d t o t h c l : r c n c h c : r s c s h c s t u c l i c c:lr r c ' a s -fu'ccdlcclcc'. In Kcr:rl.r.too. il llrorc or diftcrcnt ls'l\r'ccdlcdtrnr ii'onr lcsssirnil:rr sittntiou olrt:rins,so thc rlistinction sccnrsur)llcccss:lr\,. 'cxpcrt T l r c M : r l . r y ; r l ; r ntrc r n r t t t t t t t l r o u t d io, r ' i n r n : r n t n r s ' ,c : r n b c r c n c l c r c . l: r c c o r d i t r gt o t h c c o t r t c x t : t s ' c x o r c i s t ' , ' r t u q i c i l n 'o r ' s o r c c r c r ' . t \ L u t t h t s : r r cv c r b . r lo r p h o n i c t o r r r r r r l . ruc ' l r i c l r . r r cs . r i . lt o l r , n ' ct l r c c . r p . r city to act rvhcn propclly uttcrcd, nrurrnulcci or jtrst evokccl in thc r r r i r r i l .M a s t c r i n q l r , l r l r , r si s t l r c c o r c o f s o n r c i r r i t i . t t i c t l i s t ' i I l i r r c s ( ' t a n t r i s n r ' ) ,c u : r t r l i n qt h L -p r r c t i t i o n c l ' t o . r c q u i r c c x t m o r c l i u : r r vp o \ \ ' c r s (siddlrt):rndspiritu;rl:rw:trcncss. At thc' s.trnctinre,it is thc vcrl' tirrrncl.rtion ol: roirtiric ctrlt pr:rxis.In this pilrticul:rr tcchnic:rl respcct, ntdnîrdtnliltl ( ' n r : r q i c ' , ' s o r c c l y ' , ' r v i t c h c l l t t ' ) c : l r ) l l o tb c l l u ' r r v sc l e l r l l ' c l i s t i n g u i s h c d 1l'onr tlicsc orclin:rnr Dmctlccs.

MAGICAL VIOLENCE AND NON-VIOLENCE

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221

and social conditions that This p:rpcr liurs to study thc ideologicai constructcd as a v:rlue' in cnrrble ,rr.ii..t notl-violctrcc to bc culturally examinitrg accus;ltiousof oppositiorr to occtrlt violcncc lt bcqins by of cx;:rlar.ratio'stor '.risfortu'e'The', rvitSi' the f.'rcrvork *ii.h.."rt c()ntcxt in rvhiclt sttch accusatiotrs social tl-rc to point e t-clvcxanrplcsrvill be studied oithe plrt fi'rrl 'lpcr,rvitc6crrtt rvill arc articulatcd. I' tiie asatltcorvofspiritu;rlpowcr,bothattl.relcvcloftl.repcrsonanclatthc lcvclofsc,cicry.Tobcgirrrvith,lctrttcrcclllbricfli'sotlrcclrar:rctcristtcs oi Kcr:rll soclctv.

SOCIETY IN KEI\ALA at that tinrc 30 nrillion Accorciinq to thc 1991 Cctrsus, Kcnla had p a t t c r ll' cirlrlctcristic of this i ' h : r b i t : r ' t s T ' h c d i s p c r s c c ls c t t l c t r r c t r t (744 peoplc pcr sqtllrc popul:rtion resiotr, lncl I ..'cr,vhigh clcnsitlt in cntails that there avcr;rgc) indian kiio,lr.t.", ne:rrly 3 tinrcs thc rt'ttiollal Most city cotttrttyside. thc atttl is Do not:rblc nlptrlrc betwcen towtts du'c11crs,in llct, tluitrtlitr thcir rurll links' rate itr thc StatcMlhl'alis arc justiy proud oi tltc high literlcy pcriodicals' daily are nlorc thrn 90 pcr .",.,t of thc popul:rtiotr'Thcre great rltltllber; a highly itr ncws-p:Ipers,wccklics :rrtd other publicltions tttriouiz:itiot.t;rvidcsprcad c,rolv.].l politic;rl culturc; siqDific:rrrtlcvcls of corltroi. irr :r rvord, tlrrs ......",'"* :rbotrt hvqicr-,.,.,,.1 cflcctivc birtl.r dccpl,vcollscrvrltlvc prcrloltiin:rntlv ugricÏlttrr.ti socicn" \'hilc rcttr:litritrq li to thc ttrodcrtr \Vorld in tullil' others. rs r.viclclv()1)e in ccr-t:rinl.csPccts, lcd to cttriqr:ttiotl o\:crsc:rs Irr ]rklition, tl-rch,ql] clcnsitYoil.ropuletion 1r:ts local contpctitrotr Intl to otl-rcrp:rrts oilnclirr. It hrts fccl,too,;lll itticttsc sc;ttsitr trnivcrsitics :tnd ior cvcrytl.rirr!, tl.o,D :rctlrririnrl llDcl to gcttirrtl 5:r'c co.rplctcd scco'cl:rry rvSitc_coll.rr.1obs(rtrorc tira,i l.,ilioithosc rvSo school lrc ullclllployccl). Abotrtetjtilr.oitlrci.lo;rr.rlatrorrisMuslirrr,esirlrilartlutrrbcrrs Hindu. Thc thrce faiths christi:rn, thc rcnrrining thrcc-fitihs bcins rvl-ricl-rtlocs uot prccludc hevc cocxistcd ior ccnturics in hrrtuotry, occlsiotlllprcjudiccofcvcll,solllctillles'corit]icts.ArrrollgthcHiridus, rtrd reprcsctrtcd as the tr:irlitionnl clstc Iticrarchi, clrl bc sinrplitrcci p'r1tcr): this to rclcv:ttrt trot is tollos's (cxclrrcling.rll th:rt l\cvclatioD' Thcy are Ill:rhtrtins, oi';rurc' birth, rvith :rcccssto Vcclic rncl tlivided into ti'rv rn rtt,,ttlr.1.(lcssthrin 1 pcr cctrt oithc popttl:rtion) t,or thc prcscnt purposc: scvcr:rlsub-c:tstcs,altopg rvhich wc l]):rv tnctrtiotr

MAGICAL VIOLENCE AND NON-VIOLENCE

2'22 | GTLLES TARABOUT (a) the Na'rbudiris, forr'erly orga'ized i' patrili'car Houscsrvhicir helcloftc' superiorrightsto l:r'd.r I' cco'o'ric ard politicaltcr'rs, their porveris now a tl.ringof thc past,though scvcr;rlHotrsesco'tinuc to cnjoy local prcstirc. Nanrbudiris arc still thc forcnrostin ritu:rl hicr:rrchy. SorrrcNa'rbudiri Hotrscsarc k'ow' to practicc ntdn îrûrill dttt.

ft) Trnril Brah'ri's scttlcd for ce'rurics i' thc fbr'rer kirrsdonr of cochin.They take littlc pert i' the ritual lifc of Maleyaris,b'r so'rc rrc rrstroloqcrs(thcy :irc nrcutionccl herc ibr this rcason). -A

o'c ti'rc 'rartial castc, thc Nayars, rvho lravc ar elcvatccl local status.'l-ho'qh they do'ot havc acccsstoVedic k'or,vledgc a'd erc, at least i' thcory, part of thc pa'-lndi:r, Shudrl câtcqory, they rverc fbr'rcrly considcred the 'lorcls of Kcrala'. Sig'iiica't i. 'rr'rbers, the Naylrs rvere orga'izcd, u'til the begi''irg of this cclltury, i' rnatrilinclr Houscs.with the powcr to bcsto'uvlifc and death on the lo'nvcrcastcs,thc hirrher .lttong thertr 'sccl to co'trol botl-r larcl .'d rncn, unde r the overall authority of llajas or of Nanrbudiris. They continuc to play l clccisivepart in prcsent-dly rr-rrll und urbun Kcrala socicry rvhcre rnany have gone in tl.rc liber:rl prolessions. -Nunrerous câsrcsof lorver status,considcrecl'pollutinq,ancl tl.rcrciorc 'untouchablc' by thc uppcr c:lstes.The acts of public discrinrination that thcy uscd to strflèr havc norv dis:rppcarcd,torbidcrcnby thc corstitution of Incli.. Ma'y of thcsc sroups co'tin'c, ho*,cvcr, to bc hclrl in contcnrpt.Yct, thc sittr:rtionis not uniiorrrr.Thc Ezh:rvns,u,hosc 'c:rstc]ctivity' is todciy t:rppirrg,;rrc irr Lrct otteu pcaslnts :rrrtlsrpalllrcrcfilpts. Sincc thc bcginni'g o[ this ccntury, thcy have taken grcnt strrtlcs up thc social laclder, now cven rtrbbi'g shoulclersrvith thc Nlyars, cspeci,rll1, in torvns.The Kauivans, or astrologcr-exorcists,dcspitc thcir scicncc, rrc still consiclcrccls'ith preluciicc.Thc pr-rllvanslncl p:rr:ry;rns, csscrrriulll, rqricultural rvorkers rvho rvcrc bonrlc-dsl:rvcsin carlicr tiures.continuc to bc victinrs oiostrlcisrrr. EXPLAININc IVIISFORTUNE MULTII'LICITIES A singlc .risfortu'c cl' bc cxpl:ri'ed iu scvcral siurulta'cous *.lvs. 1lt diflèrcnt lcvcls.Tike tbr instancc Gopal, an eciucrre.l vounrr nrrrr l.rorrr rrn :ifflucnt N:ry:rr tirnrily in Trivlnclrurn, rvho tclls horv his f:rthcr. ;rn olllcial in the Forcst Dcirart,rcnt, dictl of canccr l lcrv ycars:rqo.Sonrc tinrc before his ciclrh, rvhe'apparcnrly still ir soo.l hc.rlth, hc hac-llrce'

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to scc his rstrologcr, I corlul'lorl practicc in Keral:r. Thc astrologcr infornred hinr that dcath was Iiot far arvay.Iu a corroboratitrs siqtr, an o',vl perched on his bed a lèrv days before thc fatctul day.Besides, Gopal and his fanrily bclicvc that thc father'scollcagucs,nrotivatcd by jcalor"rsy about his successfui c:lrcer,brought about l.risdcath by calline upon thc services of a sorccrcr. As can bc seen,thrce levcls o[intcrplay arc tnrde explicit hcrc: 1 . arr ovcrlll dctcrnrinisrn, u'hcrc stcll:rr positions lre sittrultatreously c:ruscand syrnLrol,giving ttrathetnaticallythc nronrcnt of dcath (rvith othcr signs conring ls confirnration); 2. hunran nnlcvolcncc springing fronr ctrvy,which callsr"rponinvisiblc lorces and brings fortl-r thc pcculiarity of the cvcnt: why did tliis rnan, enjoying full healtlr and prosperity, clie suddenly in this particular rvay? 3. a nrcdical letiologl', sccrt clcarly as thc itnrnccliatc causc of dcltl.r but, at thc slnrc tiruc, rcducccl to bc only :r nraniicst:rtion of thc othcr two causcs. At a still highcr level of ex;rllnltion, some pcople night invokc 'cloctritrc' of ft(lrrrr.l(Skt., rctribution tbr past decds, rcferring to the 'actio11, dccd'), although nrore ollcn than not it :rppelrs rl rathcr lbstract discourse.r For inst:rncc,K.N.Il. As.tn, :t K.ini;'an astroloqer rvhonr rvc shall nrcct lqain l:rter, citcs a S:rnskrit vcrse attributccl to thc slqcs oi yorc (rlrlrar1,rl): p rt n,t--jdrtttt tt-kr tûilt p dp tutI v),tdlti-ntpta jayatc 'Thc

f:rult donc in l prcviot-ts Lrirth flrrcls rcbirtl.r in the sl.r:rpcof disc:rscin this lifè.'a Horvcvcr, in his conuncntrry oi tl-reabove ve rsc, Asatt uttdcrscorcs that onc's orvn dccds in a prcccclitrq litc arc trot tieccssarilythc clecisivc cnrrblcstl-re:rstroloqcrto col)clurlc rvhcthcr thc disceses clcrrrcnts:''Wl-r:rt in the prescnt life rre thc cotrscquetrcesof tl.re rvicked deeds o1-thc person concerncd in l.risprevious birth, or dotre by his father or his patcrnal ancestors,or done by his nrother or his uratcrtral parcnts,is thc position of thc st:rrs[. . .]. The clccdsof an ancestor c:ur thcrcforc ruin the life of a persor.r.' Evcn :rt this lcvel of schol:rrly discottrse kanrr,ris trot, thctr, â nlcrc 'pcrsonll' nr:lttLrr.Tr:rnsfcreblc alorrq both nr:rtrilincll :rnd p:rtrilincll lincs, it is thc rcsult, rrnd lu atllrnrrttion, of kinship solidrritl'.i

l v l A C ; l C Â LV I O L E N C I TA N I ) n - O N - V I O L E N C E |

224 | crr-lrs rÂRABour

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The various levels of cxpl:rnation fbr nrisfbrtunc cornplcnrcl)t onc anothcr rvithotrt clitliculty, ant.l thcir sinnrltrncous rnultiplicity, rvith a c o r r c s l ' r o n d i n g r r r u l t i p l i c i t y o f t r c r t n r c r r t s : t t i c l s P c c i : r l r s t sh, n s b c c t r u r r r l c r s c o r c c ic l s c r v h c r c i n I n r l i ; r . / ' T l - r i si n d i c . r t c s t l r l t i t r v o u l c l b c c r r o l ) c o u st o i r u : r g i r r t ' t h l tt h c -f è l r o [ o c c u ] t f b r c c si s i n c o r u p l t i b l c r v i t h 'rnotlcrnity'. A s l r t r l c , l s t r : r l i n f l u en c c i s r c g ; t r t l r ' d l s s c i c n t i t r c : r l l y lvcll-cstcctttctlps1'clti:rtrist inTriv:rndrttrtr fbrrrrtlctl,so tl-rat,tbr itrst:ttrcc,:r bclrs orr onc of his flnr:crs :r lirrq u'ith :r rctl srpphilc llrc:lnt to :rvcrt thc ni:rlctlc infllrcnce of S:iturn.;Thc possibilitl' th.rt occult or rn.rqic:rl

to clctrotcrfllictiorrs r.cstrlting tr.rnr corunronll'rrsctl irr lvl;rl.r1':rl.rnr tornlcllt, blou', u'ourtcl,:rttlck, fi'orrr occrrlt clrtscs is rtpttlrarirrtr,'tnxrblc, clcstruction'. Suclr :rfflictiolis rlrc tllcrctolc clc:rrlv Pcl'cclvctl :ls .lcts of v i o l c n c c , o l - , r q l l r c s s i o Ir ct r l ) c t r ' . l t c t l( ) l ] t h c i r v i c t i n r s .l \ c l v i r r g t r p o n t h c

t b r c c s ; r r c r r t p h y c x i s t st h c r c f o r c u ' i t h i n t h c : r c c c p t t - t lo r r l c r o i t h i n g s . 'fhis rlocs liot ll)ca11,of cottrsc, tlrat cvcrv pr:lctitioncr oi nrrrgic cnjoys t h c M . r l a i ' : r l i s ' c o n f i c l c n c c . A r rl do ,r s o n r c p c o p l c , r v i t c l r c r ; r t its c l c f r n i t c l y

s ' c l l l s n u l ) ) c r o u sv a r i o u s o t h c r c v c r r t so c c r t r r i n r l i t t t l t c s u r r o u t t t l i t t g s (c.q. rroiscs[.)' :rplpr,rls)'':

lllr'lllt tbr thc crcrlr.rlotrs. x sr.lpcrstitionof thc pilst, :l thine of clrurl:rt;rns In l te'rv cuscs,horvcvcr, srrch u sccpticisn) rvill h:n'c to bc :rpprccietcd ln colltcxt. Firullr', it urust bc bornc iu rnincl thlt rvitchcmtl is :i firct of strbjcctivc cxpcric-ncc ('To tliosc u'ho h;rvc rrot bccn c:rtrqht,this docs not cxist!' Fnvrct-S:r:rtl:r1977 137). As :l rlrilttcr o[ [:rct, sorccrcrs rrrc lc,rrccl not o n l y i n r u n r l : r r c n sb u t i r t t r r b : t r rz o l ) c sa su . c l l , : r sh . r sa l s ol r c c n o b s c r v c r l c l s c r v l r c r ci r r I r r c l i : r( s c c ,t i > r i t r s t . r r r c cl ).u n r l r ' , t1 9 8 2 , o n L u c k r r o s ' ) .

OCCULT SOURCES OF MISFOT{TUNE All nrisfbrtrrncslnd illncsscsilrc not nccesslrily cxpl;rincclby sr.rirposing th:rt invisiblc forccs ulc in uction. Antl s,hcn it is inclcc.l thc casc, rvitchcratl is only onc of titc ur;lnv rclsolls th:lt c;ll) bc plrg forrv;rrd. In this rcspcct, spccilying tl'rc contcxt ,,r'illbc L-sscr)tiill. Tircr-c rlocs cxist a lc:trtrcd rliscoulsc on thc topic, u'liich is rlevclopccl in particrrlar by astroloeers.T'hcyllc at tl-rcvcrv corc of thc proccss of dctcrnrininc thc occult cluscs of nuslbrtr,rncin Kcr:rll, lltl-rouel-rthey arc llot thc only spccialists,t,or pcoplc uncler divinc posscssionn-r:iybe corrsultcd rs rvcll.Thcir vics's on thc subjcct ofJi:r l rathcr'r:rtion:rliscd' prcscr)t;ltion oi rvh:rt :rrc irr l(crrrla rvidclr--hcld oprnious (but in ln rv:rv).In thc prcscnt c:rsc,infbrrnlitiorr rv.rstlthcrcd fronr r.ll)systcr)l:itic S.Jyotsyrr, l T:unii Ilr:tl'rnrin fionr TrichLrr, rt,hosc vcry ll.lruc nrealls 'rrstroloqcr'.Jyotsylr uscs thc st:rncl:rrcl, locrrl tt'xts on ustr-oloq\rOn this prlticuLlr topic, hc clalroratcstrpon thc 15th ch:rptcrof thc Pr,rsrr,rrl(lr(q(rlr ('Thc p.rth of qucstions'; Govind:rn 1987), an rrstroloqicll rvork rvhich tlcals u'ith thc clucidation unc'lrcsolution of criscs.s

Pr,r-çrt,rrit,l'((,tr,,, J)'ols\':lrlistsclevcrt pctssiblcsollrces fi;r sttclrltqgrcssiotts. T h c l ' : r r e l l l i , l c r r t i t l c t l - i r r t i r i s : r s t f o l o q i c . l tl l i s c o t r r s c - b v r t t t : t l v s i t t g t l - r cp o s i t i o r r o f t l r c p l r r n c t sa t t l ) c l l l o n l c l ) t o i c o n s t r l t . r t i o r t ,r t t t : r n l l y s i s c o n r p l c r r r c n t c t lb v t e k i n q i n t o i l c c ( ) u n t o t l t c r s i q t r s ,t t t o , s u c l t l s t h e p l r y s i c : r lp o \ t r r r c : r r r db c h : r v i o t r ro i t h c p c r s ( ) t )s c c k i r r qc o t t s t t l t : t t i o t t:,t s

' oi l qotl or qo!irlcss (,/,'r,,r).' 1 . Thc \\'r'.rtl)(('(T),r,,r) 2 . l - l r c s ' r . r t l r o i t h c t : r r r r i l vJ e i t r ' - . r s t i i s t i r r c t f r - o r t ro t l t c t ' q o t l s o r 'torttrcttts', q o . l . l c s s c s - c : r p l l . l co i i n t l i c t i r r q b , i , / / r ,Tr l. r i s l . t t t c r t c r t r : i s p : r r c i c r r l . r r l l ' t t s ctdo c l c t r o t cc r t s c so f l û l i c t i o r r l ) , , ' p o s s c s ' ç i 6 1 1 . 3 . T l r c r r , r : r t ho f s c r p c n t s ( s a r p p a n r )u,' h o s c o c c t t l t p o , , r - c r sr t r l r t t t c s t thcnrsclvcs in niqhtrtr:trcs,lcnr;rlc stcrilin', or skirt :tttrl ct'c rliscrtscs. bttt c:ttt ltc :rsu'cll Hcrc too, strch ;rtllictiotts ltrc slrokt-troi:rs Û,lr//r,r, s r i . l t o b e r / , , . ' / i , r r l , ' t : t u l t ' , ' i l l r r c s s ' ( l i t . ' t l c - t i ' cAtv' ;ri rnr v c d i c t r r c t l i c i r t c , 'F.rult', i t n r c . r r r s ' l r u r r r o r 'c. tol r ) . \ t i t r l ù r ) t ' - s c cZ i t t t t i t c r n r r t t r t 1 ( ) E ( , 1 ) i r r t l r r sc o r r t c x t ,i s t t r o r e o t - . rr i t r . r u ol r . l c r t l t . r t tc t t - . t t t o t ' . rol r r c ,t b r i r t \'oultl Itc prcte'rrc.l. thlrt lrrttcl c,rscthc tcrttr pJl-):tt11 .1. -lhc s'r,rth oionc'.s iorbclrs (1,rirr). incltrrlinrl thc tlthcr (thc tcxt of il)cludcs in i:tct also :tticcstors irt thc ttt.ttcrtt:tl thc 1)ril.,rr,rrtt,l-(qrul l i n c , i r r c l r r t l i n qt l i c r u o t h c r ) . I r r c s p c c t i v co i r v l t c t h c r t h c y ; r r cl i v i r r * ':ttrqcr' lrrrtls cxplcssiotr ls oi th.-sc li.>r'bcltrs or ,1,.-.r.1, thr- r.lisplc:rsLrrc or'cttrsc' (.,,r|,rrrr). 5 . T h c s ' r . r t h o f r r M : r s t c r ( g r r r r r )s, ' l r c t l r c r l i v i r r g o r t l e . r t l :o n c l t : t st o tc:rrhis cr.rrsc. ( r . T h c \ \ ' r i l t h o i l J r r t h t t r i n s( s i n r i l . r rp c l i l ) . J v o t s 1 ' . rhr 'i,n t s c l i : i l l n h r t r i t t , n o t c s s ' i t h : r t o u c h o f h u t t t o t r r t h : r t l l t . l i c t i o r t s, . l t t ct o l i l n b r i r i n \ c r r r s cb c l o n q l ) ( ) \ \ 't o t h c p : r s t s, i n c c t t o l l r ; r h n i i r ri s i r t r b t r c t rl l l v l l l o r c s'itlr tbc sort oi spiritu.rl l)()\\'crrctltrirc.l to proJtlcc ctli'ctivc n r . r l t . l i cr i o r r : . 7 . T l r e i r r l l r r c r r c co l - p l . t r t c t s t: l t c v l t . r v c l ) o t c r ) t i ; ) l l vt h c t t ' o u ' t t r r t . r l c t l c c t fc ' c t ( q r , r / r , r 1 i r i lor r, r . { r i r l r , r , 1 , r . ç / rL, rcrtr rt)r.s l c c . r l l t i r l t t h c S : r r r s k r i r 'ltoltl, qrip, . r b d u c t i o r t 'T . hc u ' o t . l . q n r / r , or ,r p l r t r t c t ,l i t c r . r l l t ' t t t t : r t t s l r r c s i t r p ; t f t i c u l i l r t, o d c n o t c t c n l i l s u s c d i l l ; r r t c i c t t t c x t s ,r r r e t i i c n o r n r r l c t l cb c i n q so I r l ' h o n r t h c c h i c i i s S k l n d : r( T h i t c l 9 U 2 : l l t f , ' + 1 ) .

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8. Thc rvnrth or rcts of unsrtistrcd dcads,prclrr.Poptrl;rr inr:rginrrtiou d i s t i r g r - r i s h e sb e t u ' c e ' v a r i o u s k i ' d s o f s t r c l . rc v i l d c a c l s a r d irrcorporatcs thcnr ;rll lntou{I thc bltrtttutr, thosc danqcrous beings rvhich lbrrrr turbulcnt hordcs rrnclco.stittrtc thc lrrnics of various divinities. fhcy ottcn torlllcnt their victinr throush posscssion (ba'llm).tl 9. Tlre evil cvc, callctl in this contcxt r/rslrti,r.vlrichintlicts doslrartr or barllra. Accorcli'g to s. Jyotisyrr :r'd the prosrr,ttrrdrggd, r, the tcr'r dcnotc'sthc i'f-lucncc of vari.us i.visiblc cntitics.Thc trc:rtiselists cichtccn of thcr' (sr-rch.s 1lafts/ra_ç-crr, C*tdltdr,*t, Blrrtnrt, cïc.) rvhich crrnposscssthcir victinr.This lcar'ed disccltrrscditle rs tionr popullr us;rgc rvlrich clrarvs clearly a clilfc'rcncc irctu,ccn thc afllictionscauscdby such elitirics (rvho act vcry rnuch iu the r'rrnucr of prctasrvith rvhonr thcy arc ottcn cqr,ratcd)and thc cvil cyc proper. Tlre lattcr, in Mrrl:rvale'r, is ter'red knrit,k(,t,, ('bl.rck eyc, i'_ ce'rlilry cyc, eye thlt clesicc;rtcs').It is :rrr ill-dcfircrl rr:rlcflc i.flue'cc bor'e bv sourc pe oplc, otle'u'bck'ow'st co thcr'se lves. For inst:r'ce, I singlc u'ord fi-oni thcnr in praisc oi I llllltgo trcc rvould strfllcc lor its frtrit to rot rlncipcrish.Aprrrt ironr ft,rrirrrkarllrr, thcrc is llso e'bl;rck tonsgg' (['rrrirr,r[[rr), to s:rynotliint oil spccirrl t c r ' r ( f t o t i , ' a r c ] c ' td c s i r c ' ) t b r d c r o t i . g r l i c c r r v i o r . rlso o k . t - t h o s c 10.

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rvho, stlrving, arÈ colttctrrphting others' foo.l.rr 'HarrC p o i s o n ' ( k d i y i s l t a t t r )t:h i s i s e n r a n r r a - c h e r q c t ls t r b s t l n c c rvhich, rvhe' absorbcd or 'rerclv touchcd Lr\.o'c r,vl.roli;rs bcc' t;rkcn as turect, dcstroys his victinr or brings hirrr trncicr thc n r g i c i l u t a b s o l u t cc o n t r o l . r l Thc act of etr cucrtry (,crrtrrr), ç'ho asks ;utcl pays I ltauiciatr for inllictinq doslt,utror btdltd on I.risvictiur rvith lppropriltc spclls.In K c r e l : r ,s c ' c r r r l r ' , , . r c l s : r r e. s e c l t o . l c s c r i b c t h i s s i r c c i f i c k i ' d o i occrrlt :rqqression:,rltlidttr,rrrr('r.rgic, sorcer),,rvitchcr;rtt), ksluttlntktnttttr,tt:r(tbul clccd), utdt'ttndnt(nrtrrdcr), t,rttrnut(trtutttn r (rlqrcler by dcccit).ra

As a' occult sollrcc of 'risiortune, thcrcfbre, rvitchcratt for'rs p:rrt of l systcnr of rcprcse'tations rvhich links togethcr.vrrrious sy'rptÀrns of diflèrcnt n.rture,thc living ancl thc clcrrd,berrcllc lnd urllcflc Irorvcrs, pcrccptiblc :rntl occult :rctors,rvirhotrt pl.rcing thcrn in oppositiorr rvith onc allothcr. Thc clcvcrr c:rtcgorics cnr.llrrer:ltcri]bovc rlo not by .llly n l c r l n s c x c l r r d c o l l c n r ) o t h c r . T h c c l c v c n t h , i r r p : r r t i c u l r r r ,o v c r l u p s r"'ith scvcral others. Thrs, oue\ crcr)ry cor.rld *'ell usc 'h;rud poisoir'

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(Crtcgor\' 10), brint trrtsltisflc.l rlc:lds ilito play (Catcgory 8) or scnd v . r r i o t r sl ) o r v el s ( C : r t . ' q o r r '' ) ) . r i

A FgtV Nntrtin'l'tvrs CONFLICTS Onc of nty tiicncl, a'Ihrrril llrll'rrrrin o[Trichtrr rctircd frotll ;t phartrrrc c l l t i c l l b t t s i n c s st,o l . i I t t c t i r : t t ,o t r c c , h i s s o l t t : r c c t l ' p r o l l l c t t t s ' r t n ' o r k r v i t l r l r i s s u I c r i 1 1 vl .l r : r l i r n i r r sw e r c t l r c n s u l l i r t t o l l c Ltl o p c r t i r r t n t l t o n t a t t t i o r p r o t c c t i ( ) n .A / t o r l , u r ( o r / t a t , , t r r , r ritst )a s : r c r i t l c i : rrl i t u l l i t r r v h i c h oftcrines :rrc 1-rourcdor throwl) irtto the s:rcrcd ilrc, but \\'ithout lllly r r c t u : rkl i l l i r r g o f l n i r r t . t l si r . tu t o s t o i i t s c o t r t c r t l p o m r y K c r : t l r rp r a c t i c c . to bc cxtrctttcli' porvcriul.lrl urv fricnd's Such rittr:rlslrlve thc rcpu1111i611 tttttttlrn rc'cit.rtionsoi thc Strd,tr-ç/trttttl l,00ii ltotrrrrtrr invoivcd clrsc.,thc t t t t t t t t r û ' t o r l t t ; r c k i n g ' . Sootr, u ' h i c l r i s r ( r r ; r r r r c ct o l r V i s h n r . r ' sd i s c u s ) , pror.llotc.l atrt-l his wirs tnttisLarrctl boss thc son's sittrltion iruplovcd, tbr c l s c r v h c r c l T h i sc : u t r cr t sa t r c l c q a t r rt r i t r r t r p l ' frb r ' r r o n - v i o l c t t t ' B r l h t n i t t s s'ho. in ortlcr tc'rdcfcnd thcttrsch'cs,hld to tltkc rccottrsc to occult ftrr thcWortl is thcir \\'eirP()rtas thc srvorclis tl.r:rtof Iiter':rllr', t h c r v u r r i o t - .F t r l t h c r , r n v f r i c r t t i p o i r r t c - t lo t t t h r , t t l t o r o t r s l l ' t h : r t h c i r cnclll)' h:r.l ttot bcctr hltrttrc.l in .rrtv u'lt1'. Hc h;r.1in stot'e:lllothcr, ctlrr,tllv edifying story. Prc,vto rl C{ltll,r (ll ','iolcnt rlcit)'; scc irfiir) unlc:rshcd ort liinr bv a close rcl:rtivc, ;l n)lr) rushc.l to .t rvisc Br:tlirnitr tbr rclict-.Tl.rc lJmhrrritt advisecl tlie ttrett Irt:rinst pcrfirruting corrrplic:rtcclrtttrl ottctotts rittrals, arqttittg th:rt cvil nrust liot bc scntblck to thc cncnrl':'Who rre u'c t.r Jispctrscpullishl)rcllt? G o c l r v i l l t . t k c c : r r co f t l r l t l P l o t c c t i r r r :o n c s c l f i s s i n r p l c t - t t o t t g h .l l c c i t c uttutttdlnrtutttir.inr'oktttq thc sutt :ittcl lc;rrttctl bf i3r:rhrnins tlrc (,-rr1,,r1ri :rt thc tinrc oi thcir initi:rtion], n tliousltrtl ;rnd ciqht tirrtcs crtch dl1'. T h i l t r c ( l u i r c sn o n i o r t c l ' , j r - r s t :lrt t t l c t i t t t r - . ' ' " Accusltions oirvitchcr:rfl litn irt-iltrctttly ;it closc rclltivt-s,:is is ol-[cn thc c;rscclscrvlrcrcin thc rl'orlt'i.Tlris contr:tststhotrqh tvith thc obscrs'ho tlotcs l countcr trend ilt thc :trcl shc vations ofJ. F:rvrct-S.t:rd:r 'R:rrelv docs thc cxorcist accusc a rclativc o[ thc str.rclicclirr Fr:iucc: victini,lbr thc objcctivc of thc trcltnrcr)t is in tilct to divert thc bervitchcd rt 1977 107 n. l7). pcrsr>ni violcttcc torvrrtls rtort-rcl.ttivcs'(F:rvrc't-S:rati In KcrlLr, thc tcnsions rrr;rdccxplicit b1' ;rcctrsltiortsof u'itchcr:rtt ctrt l c r o s s f : r n r i l i c sl,i n c l q c s , F I o u s c s . rT h t r s , t h c s o n o f n r y f r i c n d c v o k e d 'son-rconc closc': shc \\'Js ir wonr:ttr unlltlc to bear thc thc c:isc of

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prospcriry of hcr o'"vn brothcrs, ard shc wes seekine to rui'thc'r by having rccoursc to 'h:rud poiso''. Irorvc'cr the biothcrs, 'rultiplying llrxvers :rnd ritu:ils, coulcl rcsist thc onsl:ruqht. Finallr,,tlr. ',,,.r,.,r,,rr'ru^, u'r.askcd by hcr orvrr hr.rsbu'cl e'd rrrothcr-i'-l;*'u,, rollorvi'g thc cliaqnostic of an ;rstrolt-,gcr. Exorcists rvith rvhorrr it has bcerr possible to spclk rrr:rkc si'rilar st.itcrncnts: nlost rlccus.ltionsrrr:rclcby victirns lbcus oD rtrcrrrlrcrsof thcir ftrrrrilics,who arc belicvcd to have e'rployecl cvll rtr,ttrtr,tv,trlis to s : r i r i t l r c t r p r r c r h ; r r r . li r r d i s p r . r t cos r r l l r . l , , r r à , r " y ; r r r t li . l r c r i t a ' c c . o' thc contrary', stranqers :rrc scldonr srrspcctcclot-:rnythinq rrrorc than bcirrg lblc to cnst thc cvil cyc.A'cl irr co'flicts bct,"vcc'p"npl" of vcry difttrc't social st:rtus,.rccusntiousoi p:ryirre a sorccrcr tbr irri]icti's occtrlt :rgqressionslrre r;rrc.l8 Publislrcd accourrs co'fir'r this. r' rrrc o'ly c.rscoiKcr:rla ctlr'o_ graphic literaturc i' *,hich the prccisc rclatio'sliip bcn'cc. rccuser atrd :rccuscdhas bccn spcllcd ollt, ;r voullg wonlan is said to h:rvc bccn b*vitchcd by her htrsba'd's tir'rily (p:'rikkar r91gb). Morc recc'rly, i' a' u'publishcd psychology tlicsis clceri'c rvitli pcoplc cl,ri'ri's to be posscssccl (Jrg:rthlrnbikl 196t3),sornc of rhe victinrs tr:rcc thc sourcc of thcir rrfliction to occult action initiltcd lrv cneurics, .rnrl irr c;rch casc tlrcsc :rre closc rcl:rtives.r',Flcrc :rrc thrcc inst:rnccs: For six yclrs, Sarasr,.l young Hindu rvonr.rnof 25, lus bccn f.ossessc.l by Antkola ('Massacrc'),idenriûed herc rvith thc spirir of , ."o,'.,, rvho h,rà harrgedhcrsclf to dcath. s:rrasaiparcrltsbclit-vc th:rt thc posscssio, is thc conscqucl)ccofspeilscastbl,closc rclativesrvrth rvhortrth.y hruc:l property d i s p u r c( p p .1 5 5 f f . ) . Atttu, :r 35-yearold C;rtholicbclonsrn{Iro .l low_srittus c.rstr., is frosscssccl by cattatt,Kuttimttatr, co'r,a (ali thrcc k'orv' x dtrrtrttrrri,or,crucl,clivrnitics), and by the spiritsof threc.dcad.peoplc: a yor.rneNanrbutliri,a Christi.urgirl ('fhrcssi;r)and e Plrayan l>oy,thc làttcr t\!,o lrciug .lniortL,,r.,t. lou"rs .,jro c o ' r ' r i t t e d s u i c i d c . ' w h c . A , r u i s i ' . r t r . r r c c ,t h c s c d i v i . i t i c . s r r r c ls p i r i t s t'rkc trr'rs to spc:rkThcy c.rplai'trrcy h,rtrrrr first rriddcrr tr,c,r,ser.,cs i,, hcr body by trkiug thc fornr of illucsscs. Larcr on. thcy rvcrc ,tbrcctl.to rcvcal t h c i r t r r . r ci d c n t i t y ' u ' h c ' A r ' l r v l s t a k c ' t o . r c l i r . r r c h *,clr k'orv'for c'rorcisi,q thc possessccl. Tlrcy cl;irni th:rt ir is thc rvi[c oi A''.r f;rrhcr,s brothcr. togcthcr rvith this rvonran'sbrothcr,*,ho scnt thcnr to ,rftlicrA'':r a n d r u i n h c r { i r n r i l y , : rt sh c s cr c l . r t i v clsc l t t h r . 1 , r j i cr rl o t q c t . r [ r r r s ] r . r r c , rtth c tiurc of sonrc properry divisiori (pp.1l7fT.) M.rtlr:rr'sstory,citcrl i'rhc- sarrrctrook (pp. 2l r.l), is iiirii.rc.c i. rlr.rthc s:ryshc bccl're possessed qr'rircaccicrert:rliy,, rvittrout r'tcr'c.r.rorr by a' c'c'r1'. Horvcvcr,the spiritssaidto i.h.rbit hi'r .rrc thosc oi hrs sistcr_i'_l:rrv

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(cldcr lrrotllcr''suilc') :rnd hcr nrothcr,rviro cl.rinrthat *ircn thcy rvcrc alivc 'h:rnrl poison' orr M.rtir.rirvith thc hclp of thcy h:rd rrrdccrlplottcd to usc spirit of tltc nrarrlrar,,rr/i, too, ls Lrosscssir)g i\ tntutttdt\tLli.Thc Mathli, llot out of :rny :rninrositytow':rrdshirrr. br-rtbccalrschc nccdcd to rccovcr his fcc lronr thc t\vo \\'onrcll rvho onrittcd to p.r1,hinr! Posscssionancl rvitcl-rcrlft, thclcforc, arc r)ot nrutuallv exclusivc, ;rnd t h c y r r r : r y u , c l l c o r r r b i n c . l l o t h t r ; r r r s p o s c : r r r dt r k c f b r t h t o r . s c a r r d g1y conllictirrc situ:rtionson thc Pl:rrrcof invisrblc t-orccs.l,lut corrrpll-ç11 posscssiort. :lccus:ltionsof r"'itchclitt lrc nrrrch rrrorc cxplicit cxirlcssiorrs o f c x i s t i n g r n t : i g o n i s r n s ,r s L c s ' i s l l r c a c i y p o i n t c c l o u t ( i 9 7 0 ; 1 9 8 ( r , C h . r p .3 ) . As lbr tlrc nrotivcs s;rid to bt' irchind such ;rccr.rs:rtions, thcv lrisc typic:rllv f-ronrcnvy, rcscntnlcrlt,jc;rlous1,,harred, all p:rssionsr.rnlcashcd and cx.rccrtrltcd by au cuvironnrcnt of rcutc collipctitiolt (tbr l;rud, for clcqlccs rrnd ior Sobs) u'hich pcrnrc:ltcs this socicty, r.zhercsocial rclltionslrips :lrc :rt thc sJnrc tinrc still l.rr:gclvcorrtaineclrvithin local ltrtcccticrtt rtcfç.orks.l1'

A]-]'ACK ^Nl) DI:|[NC] Accusutiorrs of u'itchcr:ift cxpLcsslt)orc thc. tcar than the rcality of an e t t a c k .A u e n c n l y i s i d c n t i f r c d , a g l i n s t r v h o u s t e p s l l 1 u s tb e t a k e n . Lcgitinr;rtinq ilction ir1 thc u.rruc-ot- rlcicncc, rt lllos's thcn lbr rrrdical nlcusurcs if thc-selrc decnrc.i to bc ncccss:rry.lt cnteils thât agqrcssion is usr.r:riir'sccll :ls tl'rc trth Indi:rnVill.rgc'.in C.F Kcycs.rrrdE.V D;rnjcl (cds.).K,rrlra.zl tt .4ttrlrropolopicalIttqi11,.Ilcrkclcy: (Jriivcrsityof'C.rliforpr.rPrcss,p'. I l9-30 I{. l9(r8.'tl C,rst Strrdl,,rfl,Itrltti,pfu Pcrsrrtralit),or.Po-s-rc-..irolJ:rq.rtlr;rnrblka. (utl'fiL',tlutrnt' .r1'rrdrorrrc. It.iÂclioft1g;, . Altr':rvc:Uniorr (llrristrln Collc-qc ( u r r p u b l i s h cP d h . D .T h c s r s ) . ,utd-fctlunrlo,{), itt Ltdia,r'ol. 3: fir/t )lclitittc. J.rggi,O.P l()73. History1rfSricrrr-c I)clhi: Atnr.i I{.rnr .\ Sotrs. K.rkrr. D.N. lt)77.1:olk nttl trItrdcurt\.Itlirirrc(,.1,\i'rrlr lrrli,rrr Crr-çc Srrr,/)). Dclhi: Ncrv Asian l)rrblishcrsKattt.rl.rl).rs 19tjfi.,\/y \1,r1,,. Nc,,v I)cllri: Stcrlinq l)ubiishcrs. Krrptrr,Solr.rrhI()83. LI:itrluruft itt Ili'stcntIrrrir,r. IJonrt-;rr': Oricrrt Lorrqrrr.rrr. I(csll;rvlrt,l\1.S.,Fl.S. Nlr.ry;rrr.rn:rrrdB.N. G.rnrt:rdlr:rr 19ll9."lJh;rn.rnr.rri" Sorceryantl Psychop.rthology in Sor,rthIndi,r.A Clinicrl Srutlr,',Ilriri.s/r 154. 218-20. Jttttnrd of Ps1,rliatry,, K o t t i r r r r t t i lS l n k r r r r n i I ( ) 7 4 . r l r t i h y , t t , , r , rKLort,r : r ) . i n r :K o t t l r l t t i l S l r r k u r l n i M c n r o r i . r lC o n r n r i t t c c( 1 s tp u b l . s c r i e l l y1, 9 0 9 - 3 1 ) . K r r s h r t lA y y a r ,K . V l 9 2 l l . ' ( l h a c h a n : :Dr c v i l o r I ) i s c : r s c ? ' , , V , r r r , 21 l5Ji:- 3 . 'liuanarrc-lribts Krrslrrr.r[1'cr.L.A. l()3'). (vol. 2). Trir,.trrtlrunr: ,1,/(/Ci.l-(rc-i (lovcnunctttl)rt'rr

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t o W i t c h c r . r f ;t r n t lS p i r i t - p o s s c s s i o n ' . L c s i s , I . N l . l ( ) 7 0 . ' AS t r u c t r r r :At lp l . r o . r c h (.rrrrfi.i.çrirrr-i Lotrtlrcs. ntrl ,4rcus,tlitttt-t, irr N4. l)otrql.rs(cd.). ll'itclttntl't 'f.n'tstock pp 293-30() I)ublic.rtions. (]:rnrbriilgc C.rnr[rridgc: i,, C(),,/..\'tCtitt ,ut,lClr,tristtt,r. l9ft6..llcligr,'rr Univcrsitl'l)rcss. L o q . l p , W r l l i . r p1r 9 l i l . . \ / , r i , r û ,(i r ' o l . l ) . - f r r v . r r r . l r u (r lrlrt:. r r r t l t r . r tlt)tt t b i i c i t l i o t t : (lsr c.ln. M.rrlr.tr,1t3,37) i).rris:C.rLiurrn-Lôv.v Lori, i)icrrc 1t)20.L'lttJc (r,1r.iL'.r..lriq/,ri-i). l'orr.liclti'ry. rroirc. ll 1937.]lilctittc tr,tlitiotntllt',ltI'lttJc:l,rrrr,rqi| N4.rri.rtl.r::tru. tlrc Ar.rtltor. . - x o r c r s nl tl ) t l r c b ' r c k N 4 o h . r nL, . r k s h n r 1 r ( ) l J l . ' V o o t l o o. r n t ll l l , r c k N l , r s r c E 'l-irc (r (M.ry' l9t3 l): 52 60' rrt', ,\1,rq,r:i Itt'lit Kcr.rl:r', of rr,,rtcrs N i c h t c r . N l . r r k 1 9 7 9 . ' T l r c l - . r r r q u . r qocf I i l n c s si n S o u t h I i . r n . r r r( l n d i r ) ' . 71: I ti l-20 L .'1rtlrropo.i, 1 9 9 2 . ' O aT i c k s . K i r r ( s , S p i r i t s ,, r n d t h c P r o n t i s co f V a c c i n e s 'i,t r licrkclc;': Krrorry'c'{qc' tt)tlsiûtt.\lcriicrl C. Lcslican.i A. \brrns (ctls.),P,rrlr-s Urrivcrsitl'oI Calitorni.rPrcss,pp. 224-53. N t r , , k o l l sC , [ . r r l c sW . 1 9 u 1 . ' l n t c r P r c t . l t i o ror fs t ] r c C o t l c c p t .o i K . r r n r . ti 1 . t '['lrt' 31(2):95-106 ]:a:tcnt-4rrtlrro|o/t'gi-i/. Tclt:gtrFishirrqVillrgc', (cti.).K,rrLrr.r in o'Fl.rhcrtl' (19ll0.r),'lDtrodr,rcrion" o'Fl.rhcrty,wcndl' l)uniqcr ol-(l'rlit'.lrrrr'r Urrrvcrsity lttr!iatt'lrarlirit'rtr.Ilcrkclc;' C/,r.i.ric,r/ I?.d,irthirr att,! I'r'css.pp. l\-.\-\\'. iD o'Fi.rlrcrtl' lgfl(rlr..Klrnra.rndIl.cl-.rrthin tlre\ictl.rs.rnd l,ur.rrr:rs" IJcrkclcr':(Jtriversitv ltt'Ii'ut'lia'litiott'ç' attl llcbirtltirr C/'r.'.çir'r/ (cd.),À,rrrrr,r of C,rlitorni.rl)rcss,PP 3--i7 P . r t l r r l r n . r b bM . rc l ) o r ) . K . 1 , . 1 9 3 3 . I L s t o r y , r f / { c r , r 1 ,( rv o l . I I I ) . L , r l t . r k l t l l t t r : , c w ' l ) c l h i : A s i ' l r rE t l t r c ' r t i o n ' r l C o c h i n G o v c r t l t t t c t rl t) r c s s( r P t 1 9 5 ' 1N Scrvrccs). 19 3 7 . H i . , l , , r . ) , ,h' /o' i r i , r { v o l . l v 1 . l l r r r . i k u l . r nct :i > e l r r r rc r r v c r r t t r c r t t i)rcss(rpt. lgil(r. Ncrv I)clhi: Asi.rn Iltltrc.ttion'rlScrviccs)' ' O c c t r l t i s n ri u a n ( J r b . r l tC ) o n t t n t t n i t y '',l ' l t c I i a s t t : r t t I ) . r r r r l y rM , ukul l9tt2. 35(1) 3 I 9-22. ,;1111/1rplsr/1rqi-rl. I ' , r n i k k . r rK, . l r 4 . l 9 l l l . r . ' R c l i q r o D . r n t l l v l , r q i c: r n t r ) r ) {r l l c N . r 1 . r r s ' . . \ I , r rl .l J : 1 0 + - l 0 [ i n c l r . r . l ci nd I 9 I 8 b ] . 1 9 l u b . ' S o n r cA s p c c t so f N . r y r r L i l c ' , J R 4 f ' 1 8 : 2 5 - t - 9 1 . p i t r - l \ r v c r s , J t r l i . r1u, 1 7 0 . ' s p i r i r u l.)rol r v c ri n c c n t r . r lA n r c r i c . r . T I rN c . t q u . r los f ' .:lcrl-çrtliorrr. ,rrrrl (t'd.), cori['s.ii,,rrs l.l'itrlttn[t c5i.rp.rs" irr M. Douql.rs Londort.Trvistock Public.rtions,pp. ll't3-206 pocock, D F. 1973.)litt,l,Ilotll' atrl lli.,iltlt.A Sttr,ly,,1'Btlicfntl Practircitr ,ut I n,liarr l/ iil,wc. O-rfortl. Ii.r:il ll l.rckivcll. (r{r(l): I { : r o ,M . S . A . 1 9 f l ( r . ' s u p c r n : r r r r Ir): o} ls s e s s i or n K e r ' , r l . r; "\ I a t t i t t / r i , i r , r , l-22. l { o s i p . l i . J ' l r o n r . r s1 9 f { 3 . ' N o t c so n I ) r ' c . r .:lt n d t l t c S t t p c t r t . t t t r ri.tttl I r t . l i . r r r S o c t c t v ' ), l a t r i t r l t t , l i t . 6 3 ( 2 ) i: i 5 - a U .

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' T h c o c i i c yl r t d t h c I ) c r c t r i r t cc f K . t r u t : t ' . \ l , u r , n.s., Shlrrll. Ursul;r1973. lt(3):347-(r4. 'lnr'urcorc.frorrr t/rc .[j,Jflir.\t ll,,c.\, SlrtrntloonnyMctrotr, P. l9ft3, A Hisrory,,f 1t{7fl). Trivencirunr:Govcrnnrctrtl'rcss (Ist cdn. N4.rtlr.ts, t\f Jitrrtr,r. Dclhi: I-lirrtll)ockctI-}ooks. 19t{lJ.TIt' Polr,{r Slrrinr.rli,N;tr'.ryartclttta 'Sin rnd T.N. 1933. S.rlv.rtionin thc E:rrly i{ic-ircd.r', Artthroy,ts, Sitltrcir.r, 2lt:179-UtJ. c . r s t ' ,i r r M . D o L r s l . r s S p o o n e r ,I } ' i . r n 1 9 7 0 . ' T h c [ , v i l E y c i n t h c l v l i c i L l l E (ctl.), ll/ittlrtnli Corrfi',r.si,'rr.' ùni Arutidti''tr.t, Lortrlott:'lrvrstockl)trblic . r t i o n ps p , .3ll-19. T.rrrbotrt, Cillcs 19tJ(r.S,rrriJicrct d(\nr('r à vttir ut pd),stndldbrr.Lcs-[ttt:sdc (r'ol.cxlvir), l).rris: tctttybnr K[nla (ltulc rlr Srrr/):i,,,t1,6llltntptthrgiqrrc E.F,E.O.

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-;,,iii','*î",î:ï':ili",'::ï*:;:::::;i:"i:ïï:iï',,:îi"i:i:.î1, ( c , l s . ) , D c 1 4 1 t 1 ' a r r t,ti I ' E t ' t t . 1 l 1 1 1 l 1 1 t p o l o t. lq i cl t i s l t t i r cd r t p o l i t i q r r , l , n t s l c t t r t t n i l ci t r t l i c t t P . ; r r i s :E I - I E S S ( ' c r > l l .P r r r r r . r a r t l r nI r' ,o . l 3 ) . 'Notcs Th.rli.rth,Joscph 195(r. on Sorrrc Pulrrye Custorns antl llclicti', A t r t l r r o p o s5 , l : 1029-54. ,4.yrcrt-i.rlcrorlirt.q to tltc Ii'lir Ihrtc, G.U. 1t)82. llclirinc. It.r .\drq'iro-1tc1igir'rr.i ( u r , t L t t c r L i l c r d t u r c .P o o n l , C o t r t i n c n t a l P r : r k : r s h . t t r f h u r s t o n , E . ; r n d K . R a u g a c h r r r i 1 9 0 9 . C a . r t c . ç' t t u l ' l r i b c s 1 t f $ t t t r t l t t r t r I t t l i , t (7 vols.),Madres: GovcrrrnrcrrtPrcss(rpt. l9(;5, Ncrv York: Jolrnsorr

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