Trends in Automotive Transportation & Sustainable Mobility Hybrid & Electric vehicles L. Le Moyne ISAT
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• Sustainable mobility • Environmental Drivers • Well-to-Wheels CO2 Analysis • Technology Improvement Areas
Sustainable mobility • A transportation model that guarantees the same possibilities for the next generations • → Preserving : – Energy ressources – Materials ressources – Pollutants treatment – Environmental changes
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Sustainable mobility
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• Key concepts for sustainable mobility :
Recyclable - Renewable - Unlimited
Life Cycles – RRU ?
Waste
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Energy User Materials
Mobility Vehicle
Infrastructure
Sustainable Economy
User
Energy
Mobility
Vehicle
Infrastructure
Sustainable mobility • Transport goods and persons – as fast as possible - performance – without accident - safety – with minimum pollution & waste generation • during construction – materials, processes • during traveling – reliability – with maximum recycling - recycling – with minimum use of energy – efficiency
• Well-to-Wheels analysis
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Travel statistics
A sustainable model ?
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France
Mean trip daily : 35 Km 38 Million automobiles in 2012 1,3 billion Km per day 10
Land limits 292 800 km2 Useful surface
…. 29 Millions horses (1ha)
38 Million automobiles in 2012
Elementary Traject & power 1 SCxV 2 2 dV m dt
a(1 bV )mg
V
E ~ V2.d P ~ V3
40W – 10 Km/h (0-10 in 1min) Deceleration : breaking/regenertion
40 KW – 100 Km/h (0-100 in 10s) t
CO2 and energy efficiency CxHy + (x+y/4)(O2+N2) → xCO2 + y/2.H2O + Energy
? h
E m.h
? h
m P h t
Engine Speed-Load Operation Map with efficiency contours
Lowest fuel consumption region
In-cylinder
x
=
at output shaft
ICE
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Electric motor
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Natural Captation of CO2
avergae CO2 capture : 5 Tonnes/ha/year (500gC/m2/year) Livre Blanc Céréales F.U.S.A.Gx – W. Gembloux 2009
sustainable ?
1 billion automobiles in the world in 2012
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A problem of energy ease
• • • • • • • •
1Kg of oil fuel ~ 40MJ (10s at pump, 25 Km) ~ 2 m2 sugar cane /year ~ 1 m2 solar pannel/ month ~ 1m2 wind mill / day ~ 1h30 home electricity ~ 40 m3 water 100m height ~ 100 mg Uranium
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and a storage problem20
What vehicle ? Technology, Engoineering
High technological performances
High ecologic performance
Affective
Use
Compromise Polyvalent
Space and facilities on board
Equipement
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• Sustainable mobility
• Environmental Drivers • Well-to-Wheels CO2 Analysis • Technology Improvement Areas
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• •
Discovered in 1824 by Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier Does not work like a gardening green-house!! http://www.grida.no/climate/vitalafrica/english/graphics/09-greenhousegases.jpg
Climate Change • ‘Strong evidence’ attributed to human activity. • CO2 levels increased from 280ppm in 1750 to around 375ppm today * • Business as usual leads to CO2 concentrations >1000 ppm and unacceptable long term impact (e.g., accelerated sea-level rise, 20-30oF warming in parts) • Some consensus that stabilising at ~550ppm or doubling of preindustrial level may be manageable *(Source: Joint Science Academies statement to the G8 summit, June 05)
Global Warming Surface Air Warming (oF) 550 ppm
1100 ppm
(oF) Source: National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration, US Dept. of Commerce
Motor vehicle impact
• ‘Business as usual’ is not a viable strategy
35 Total Transport 30
% total OECD CO2 emission
• Transportation: a growing percentage of emissions • CO2 growth for power uses is three times greater. • Passenger cars CO2 emissions performance improving • Transportation trends raise serious concerns for sustainability • Necessity for continued improvement
Passenger Car
25 20 15 10 5 0 1970
1980
1990
2000 Year
2010
Source: International Energy Agency & Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development
2020
Efficiency & energy transition (reduction of CO2)
Use(r)s
Vehicule Architecture
Infrastructures Network
Eco-driving
Aerodynamics
Communications
Auto-sharing
Mass
Materials
Collective transport
Efficiency PWT
Active & smart components
Energy Autonomous vehicles
Pathways to lower CO2
Easiest short-term approach - current focus for most OEMs
Source: R.S.G Baert et. al. (TNO Automotive)
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CO2 Reduction Targets
European Gasoline Fleet European Diesel Fleet European Total
Achieved mainly by increased population of diesel cars Gasoline cars must catch up
CO2 Reduction Targets
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Local Smog
photohemical smog formation
Cycle ECE X4
Cycle EUDC
EU Emission Standards for Passenger Cars (Category M1*), g/km Date
CO
HC
HC+NOx
NOx
PM
Euro 1†
1992.07
2.72 (3.16)
-
0.97 (1.13)
-
0.14 (0.18)
Euro 2, IDI
1996.01
1.0
-
0.7
-
0.08
1.0
-
0.9
-
0.10
Diesel
a
Euro 2, DI
1996.01
Euro 3
2000.01
0.64
-
0.56
0.50
0.05
Euro 4
2005.01
0.50
-
0.30
0.25
0.025
Euro 1†
1992.07
2.72 (3.16)
-
0.97 (1.13)
-
-
Euro 2
1996.01
2.2
-
0.5
-
-
Euro 3
2000.01
2.30
0.20
-
0.15
-
Euro 4
2005.01
1.0
0.10
-
0.08
-
Gasoline
* Excluding cars over 2,500 kg, which meet N1 Category standards † Values in brackets are conformity of production (COP) limits. a - until 1999.09.30 (after that date DI engines must meet the IDI limits)
Regulations for Clean Air
99.9% REDUCTION OVERALL
Regulations for Clean Air
99.5% REDUCTION OVERALL
Regulations for Clean Air Evolution of Particulates/NOx Emission Standards - EU
Until now, no generally validated approach has been adopted for measuring ... techniques was developed at INED by Daniel Courgeau (1973) and is known ... (enquête Emploi) data series from 1990 to 2007, since both surveys include .... more divergent
21. Table 6.4: Earnings and employment experience of low paid workers in 1977 ... The key findings in terms of mobility are: .... at any time during the last century. ...... around one fifth of employees in the lowest quartile are still there 6 years
During the writing of this descriptive report, new, more complex questions have arisen. .... a one-stop European mobility information site has been created. ...... Although many respondents moved house several times in their life, most of ...... have
inequality to set the stage, the mobility analysis is carried out principally in terms of transition .... Recent work on the distribution of earnings in Canada finds that there has ... 10 percent longitudinal sample of Canadian tax filers constructed
a spread on a large scale through the European Community Household Panel (ECHP) ... Survey of Household Income and Wealth (SHIW), by the Bank of Italy.
Energy Efficiency and. Renewable Energy Program ... schemes or energy sources that might have the ... resources to high risk proposals, ORNL has performed ...
extending the accounting period of income to more than one wave removes all longer ... conclusive so as to provide any final answers to the choice of equivalence scale, and therefore ..... with this result that older people observe notable income mob
diture at which the actual calorie intake equals the minimum require- ment. .... The diagonal ele- ments (within this ..... The findings are reported in table A1.
Nov 13, 2000 - growth if they are assigned appropriate positions in the economy (e.g. entrepreneurs rather ... models) how this can give rise to multiple equilibria: One with low .... class, then social mobility is restrained by marriage customs.
Page 1 .... y1 and y2 one could used the correlation of the rank of y1 and y2, where the rank is ..... can be obtained, which can then be used to calculate mobility.
Malaysia and the Philippines, with the la er two countries also supported by increased fixed investment. Although the decline in commodity prices will reduce ...
DDoS attack networks are changing to make greater use of Internet Relay Chat ... legitimate use of computer or network resources. Regardless of the .... agents, and with local files at the handler containing agent IP addresses. ..... and ease of mana
management and mobility management, as well as for ... mechanical/civil/computer/electrical engineers, economists, doctors ... (MTQ project led by Prof.
development as a part of its Intelligent Car Initiative. ... is highlighted by the fact that up to 40% of World Bank loans have been used on transport projects [1].
Current and projected use of plastics in cars, South Korea. Current and .... accounting for 61.6 % of the region's car output, and if Korea is included, the .... key areas - North America, Western Europe and Japan. ..... immediate response (elastic)
infrastructure for a dynamic city and has to be protected from .... streets on the periphery is given to other bodies. ... transport, creaLng accessibility to address.
