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* Note: The term Dynamics refers to the time changes of forces and torques, while the term Kinematics refers to the time changes of position, velocity and acceleration, Throughout the paper the first term will be used to emphasize the motor plan which specifies forces and torques. The
RESULTS Figure 1 illustrates the basic finding with the help of two simple examples: an isolated letter (A) and a segment of scribble (B). In each case the two plots on
term Kinematics will instead be used to emphasize the geometrical parameters of the resulting trajectory. 431
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P. Viviani and C. Terzuolo
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The instantaneous radius of curvature r(r) and the modulus of the tangential velocity l’(t) completely describe the figural and kinematic aspects of the movement respectively, while the time course of the angle cc(r) of the tangent to the trajectory resumes both these aspects. These three quantities are identified on the example of trajectory shown in A. The quantities r and V (left panels) were calculated from the instantaneous coordinates x(t) and p(t) recorded by the digitizing table. The relevant result shown in this Figure is the great similarity between the time course of r and V both in the case of a letter (A) and of a segment of extemporaneously generated scribble (B). Numbers on the trajectories permit to identify the corresponding kinematic events. Notice the presence of two singularities in the movement: the cuspid (point 5 in A), where the tangential velocity goes to zero, and the point of inflection (point 6 in B) where the radius of curvature becomes infinite.
the left represent the time course of the radius of curvature of the trajectory (curve labelled and the modulus of the tangential velocity I/ (curve labelled V). The geometrical meaning of these quantities and that of the phase angle c( are illustrated in A. Numbers provide the relationship between points along the trajectories and the corresponding values of and P’(t). The relevant finding illustrated by the figure is the striking similarity between the time evolution of and V. This similarity was observed in all cases: isolated letters, words and scribbles. Thus, in the case of both learned, continuous movements and spontaneouslygenerated scribbles, a constraining principle exists whereby the figural and dynamical aspects of the movement are reciprocally related. This relation between the modulus of the tangential velocity and the radius of curvature is robust in the sense that it holds even when some types of external constraints are imposed on the movement (see later). As a first approximation, the empirically-observed relation between and v(t) can be expressed as: v(t) = where we admit that the proportionality may depend on the interval (a, h).
tion around the earth-vertical body axis to the ipsilesional side rather than a translation towards that side. The results .... The same problem characterizes a recent study by. Behrmann ... variables of three of the ¢ve patients were as previously.
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Ockler, and P. Renna for art and photography. Supported by NIH grants CA 13106 and 55339. 10 September 1991; accepted 25 November 1991. The Updating ...
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(COP), an important component of standing balance, while being inexpensive, ... The study was approved by the institution's Human ..... Calculate the Z force.
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Displays were presented on a flat, horizontal table surface. Although most studies of the horizontal- vertical illusion have presented stimuli in the frontoparallel ...
from birth was associated with an impaired vestibulo- ocular reflex and inability to voluntarily initiate sac- cades, although quick phases of nystagmus were main-.
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Monash University. Adaptation and aftereffect to prism-induced spatial transformation of ... the 4 control experiments responses were made without transformed vision during .... riod were made by 51 himself on separate sheets in the tray, but ...
Oct 23, 2004 - cortical activity concurrently, even though only one of the alternatives is perceived at ... 360 Minor Hall,. Berkeley, CA 94720-2020, USA e-mail: ...
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consciousness is a matter of what is going on in the head alone. Or does it? ... the fact that one can manipulate experience by manipulating the brain is not enough to show that the brain ...... I am happy to believe that the concept of objecthood ..
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