Friction loss moduli for laminar flow are shown by the 45° lines in the upper left-hand portion of each chart. Moduli for turbulent flow are shown by the steeper curves in the lower right-hand portion. Both of these regions represent stable states of flow. A diagonal line separates the regions of laminar and turbulent flow and represents the critical zone, a region in which it is difficult to predict the state of flow and, hence, the friction loss. The critical zone usually represents a region of unstable flow. The critical zone line gives approximate moduli on the high side for this region of unstable flow. The bottom scale of each chart represents flow in gallons per minute, GPM. An auxiliary top scale shows the average velocity in the pipe in feet per second. Read vertically from the GPM scale to find the corresponding velocity in feet per second. The vertical scales, labeled “Friction Loss Modulus for 100 Feet of Pipe,” represent values of the ratio: ∆p M = ------SG
where M = friction loss modulus for 100 feet (30 m) of pipe ∆p = pressure loss in pounds per square inch per 100 feet of pipe SG = specific gravity of fluid at 60°F (15.6°C) The loss due to pipe friction may be obtained as follows: ∆p = M × SG To use the charts, proceed as follows: 1. Select the chart for the size of pipe in question. 2. Follow the vertical line representing the flow in GPM to its intersection with the desired viscosity curve, and read the modulus at the left. 3. If the vertical line representing the flow in GPM does not intersect the viscosity line in either turbulent or laminar flow, use the intersection with the critical zone line. 4. Compute the friction loss in pressure drop from the equation above.
40
30
20
10
8
6
5
4
3
2
1.0
.8
.6 .5
.4
.3
.2
.1 .7 .8 .9 1.0 2 3 4
FIG. A.6a ∗ Friction loss modulus for 100 ft of 1″ steel pipe. 5 6 7 8 910 20 30
Gallons per minute Loss – lbs. per sq. in. = modulus × specific gravity Loss – feet of liquid = modulus × 2.31 *For SI units see Section A.1. 40 50 60 70
30
20
10 8
6 5
4
3
2
1.0 .8
.4
.3
.2
.1 2 3 4 5 6
13)
6)
(.4
50
4)
(7.
8 10 4
20
FIG. A.6b ∗ Friction loss modulus for 100 ft of 11/2″ steel pipe.
5 6
30
8 10
Gallons per minute
40 50 60
Loss – lbs. per sq. in. = modulus × specific gravity Loss – feet of liquid = modulus × 2.31 *For SI units see Section A.1. 80 100
Friction loss modulus for 100 feet of pipe Loss – PSI = Modulus × specific gravity
1" Steel pipe (1.049" I.D.) Pipe velocity ft. per sec.
1½" Steel pipe (1.610" I.D.) Pipe velocity ft. per sec. 30
100 80
.4 .3 .2
20 30 40 50 60 80 100 Gallons per minute Loss – lbs. per sq. in. = modulus × specific gravity Loss – feet of liquid = modulus × 2.31 *For SI units see Section A.1. 3
Process control loop element cost and assembly drive this optimization. Since logic ...... Jain, A. K., Bolton, R. J., and Abd-El-Barr, H., âCMOS Multiple-Valued.
heating/cooling and with automatic changeover cost $175 to $250; averaging, proportional thermostats for ..... because relative to this point the thermostat can both increase and decrease the ..... Humidity refers to the water vapor contained in the
small (e.g., single control loop and simple on/off or plain ..... Front panel view of microprocessor-based controllers: temperature (upper left), general-purpose ...
tion occur that will go unnoticed because the alarm indicator never receives ... the dog problem. ... having a pumps seal water flow switch go into alarm but not.
INTRODUCTION. The evolutionary algorithm (EA) uses the computational model of natural .... mental pressure,â which means the selection of the fittest individuals. ..... the choice of the input, output, and delay terms that are to contribute to the
In any case, the constant discharge head is the pressure the pump ... Water supply and distribution systems in cities and buildings are typically ..... Studies indicate that in mostly friction systems (such as zone 4 in ...... (H) maintains the circu
Software Suppliers: Allen-Bradley (C,D) ... in common use long before the introduction of the DCS. How- ... The IEC 61131-3 standard is in its third edition and.
ulated variables sent to the process and the measurement signals received from ... processing by A/D converters to provide the data in discrete form as a sequence of ... (performance and the number representation applied). ⢠The output of the ...
Their controls are often integrated with the ... section will also describe the steam turbine safety systems ... than those of gas turbine or electric motor-driven units.
Society (ISA) formed a standards committee to provide guide- lines for the design ... have more than one end product and that production is pos- sible in various ...
DCS control systems are always sold as packages. Sup- pliers do not sell only the remote portions or only the centrally .... Excellentâcan survive high.
HVAC DAMPER ACTUATORS .... Restrictions in manual/automatic switch blocks and plug-in manifolds ... With regard to electrical noise, pneumatic instruments.
The value of these modern tools depends on the human operator's ..... 4.4 (110 mm). 3 ..... feedback, such as a âbeepâ or âbellâ sound, is usually pro- vided.
single equipment path for a batch or multiple pos- sibilities, of ..... Additionally, when purely manual actions are required, the .... is still zero, FIC-101 is switched back to manual (t4). .... In order to maximize future reuse, specifications for
F. Motor-driven delays ... Electrical types at full load usually operate a minimum of 100,000 times; mechanical ... Instrumentation & Control Systems (www.ics-timers.com) ..... place in an integrated circuit, which creates an interrupt when.
Basic process control systems, including process alarms and the means of manual ... such physical devices as electrical fuses, safety valves, and rupture disks.
INTRODUCTION. Integrated extrusion control requires more than controlling the ... motors are generally DC drives, while on newer systems. Extruder. Q. kN kP.
Square D/Schneider Electric Co (www.squared.com) ... United Electric Controls (www.ueonline.com). Wilkerson Instrument Co. ... Most control systems require that the controller perform some sort of ..... integrated circuits, computing functions based
integration of simulation and computer-aided design with. DCS or ... The iceberg of documentation and training. New ... for surface discharges and deep wells.
part of this section, specific control systems are described for start-up heaters ..... which is integrated into the total DCS- or PLC-based control system. Flow and ...... it is electric motor operated, FV-1 must also be a single-seated tight shut-o
Figure 2.28b shows an override control loop in which the normal control .... The gain of 4.0 was chosen to provide a smooth and stable response. It could be ...
transformers, common-mode rejection in amplifiers, and the protection of some ...... which are driven through an isolation transformer. One cycle of a square ...
and kinetic energy of the flowing stream or the buoyant force generated by the fluid .... After subtracting the float weight, the net total buoyancy is 6 lbf (26.7 N).
on Bernoulli's theorem for the conservation of energy, and the continuity .... the area of the vena contracta, or the net flow area inside a .... As the fluid stream.
