diseases and pests is a key factor in successful mushroom production. The main ... More than 30 fungi are reported as casual agents of green mold disease on.
Part II. Oyster Mushrooms Mushroom Growers’ Handbook
Chapter 8. Pest and Disease Management
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Oyster Mushroom Cultivation Part II. Oyster Mushrooms Chapter 8 Pest and Disease Management
Pest and Disease Management
Jae-Soon Cha Chungbuk National University, Korea
A wide range of diseases and pests can cause serious problems in mushroom cultivation, and management of those diseases and pests is a key factor in successful mushroom production. The main reasons for the existence of many diseases and pests problems in mushroom cultivation can be summarized as - Mushroom cultivation conditions such as high humidity and warm temperature are favored by many pathogens and pests. - There is a limit on chemical use for control of diseases or pests in mushroom cultivation. - Pathogens and pests are readily attracted inside and/or outside mushroom houses involved with continuous cultivation. - Growing houses are not usually well equipped for environmental control. Basic Practices for Disease and Pest Management - Sanitation and strict hygiene are the most important preventive methods for pest and disease control. Without them, effective disease or pest control will never be achieved. Every practice must focus on exclusion and elimination of pathogens or pests. - Keep doors closed and avoid any practices that expose substrates to pathogens or pests during spawning. - Keep mushroom flies from entering mushroom houses by installing screens on windows and doors. - Inspect mushroom bags or beds carefully for early detection of pests and diseases. - Keep mushroom bags or beds clean by removing any mushroom debris or mushroom stumps shortly after harvest. - Keep the floors clean. Do not dump any waste near mushroom houses, which can attract mushroom flies. - Disinfect or pasteurize spent substrate before removing it from mushroom houses after cultivation. - Clean and disinfect mushroom houses thoroughly before a new crop. - Clean and disinfect equipment frequently. - Wear clean clothes and shoes and wash hands before entering mushroom houses.
Copyright 2004 by MushWorld All rights reserved.
Part II. Oyster Mushrooms
Chapter 8. Pest and Disease Management
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GREEN MOLD AND HYPOCREA DISEASE Any disease caused by green colored mold (fungi) on mushroom bags or beds is called “green mold disease.” Green color showed by the fungi comes from their spores, not from hyphae. Hyphal color of the fungi is usually white. More than 30 fungi are reported as casual agents of green mold disease on mushrooms. Trichoderma spp., one of the major pathogens of green mold disease, reproduce by asexual spores - green conidiospores. However, some of Trichoderma spp. have not only asexual cycle but also a sexual stage (Hypocrea spp). Hypocrea spp. form white or brown stroma in which sexual spores, ascospores are formed. Recently Hypocrea spp. that do not produce asexual stage in their life cycle have been shown to cause a severe problem in oyster mushroom cultivation in Korea.
Pathogens - Major pathogens of green mold disease on oyster mushroom are reported as Trichoderma virens (= Gliocladium virens), T. viride, T. harzianum, and T. koningii in Korea. - Hypocrea sp. forms white or brown stromata for Hypocrea disease. - Major pathogens of green mold can vary dependant on region or cultivation method or medium because more than thirty fungi are known to cause green mold on mushrooms, and pathogenicity or proliferation conditions of each fungus are different. For example, T. harzianum 2 is a major pathogen of green mold in Europe, while T. harzianum 4 is a major pathogen in the USA on button mushrooms.
Symptoms - Hyphal growth stage of pathogens in mushroom bag or on mushroom bed is difficult to distinguish from mushroom hyphae by color since both are white. However, green mold fungi form denser mycelia and more aerial hyphae than oyster mushroom. - Green color appears when pathogen produces conidiospores from aerial hyphae. If pathogen was introduced at the spawning stage, green patch usually appears 10-15 days later on cultivation bed. - It is difficult to early identify Hypocrea spp. because they do not turn the infected area green and a white stroma formed by Hypocrea spp. is similar to the primordia of oyster mushroom. - If stroma appears, the pathogen has already occupied the substrate deeply and to a wide extent. - Mushroom hyphae stop their growth around the green patch and are gradually covered by green mold.
Figure 1, 2. Green mold on cotton waste substrate Copyright 2004 by MushWorld All rights reserved.
Part II. Oyster Mushrooms
Chapter 8. Pest and Disease Management
Figure 3. White stroma of Hypocrea sp. Figure 4. White stroma of on cotton waste substrate
Hypocrea sp. on rice straw
(Photo courtesy of Seung-Hun You)
substrate
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Figure 5. Brown stoma of Hypocrea sp.
Control Measures - Sanitation and hygiene are the most important control methods for green mold disease. Stick to the “Basic Practices for Disease and Pest Management.” - Severe infestations with green mold are found in poorly pasteurized substrates with uneven moisture content. - Do not use green mold-contaminated spawn. Any green patch in or around spawn bottles is a major source of pathogenic spores. Dust from a green patch can provide inoculum for whole mushroom bags or beds at the inoculation stage. - Observe carefully mushroom substrates during hyphal growth stage, and remove or treat any spot with dense white mycelial growth indicating green mold mycelia. Spray or drench with a 500 ppm solution of Sporgon (prochloraz-manganese complex; 50%) on the spot. - Spraying the affected parts with 250-500 ppm of Sporgon before pasteurization is reported to prevent green mold and Hypocrea disease. - Benomyl and thiabendazole are also known as control agents for green mold disease. However, resistant strains of the pathogens are more common in Korea, and recent results of experiment showed that prochloraz-manganese complex is by far the most effective.
Locations near industrial complexes, waste incineration facilities, or sewage treatment plants should be avoided. Proximity to markets. Figure 3. Thatch ...
mushroom in China with a long fascinating history dating back over two thousand ... kidney shape (Photo courtesy of Henk. Voogt). Figure 2. Ganoderma bonsai ...
Corn fiber: In Japan, this waste product of cornstarch manufacture increased the yield very ... additive of 10% water hyacinth increased the production by 22%.
5%) because they can cause an increase of temperature in substrates during incubation that may. Oyster Mushroom Cultivation. Mushroom Growers' Handbook ...
Growing mushroom requires a great deal of water and ensuring a sustainable water supply, especially during dry ... Locations near industrial complexes, waste incineration facilities, or sewage treatment plants should be avoided. Proximity to ...
The main nutritional sources for oyster mushroom are cellulose, ... widely performed method, bag cultivation provides stable yield with relatively few failures.
Cap color become very light (light grey-white). - Stipe becomes very thick. Under low temperature and low humidity. - Cap color becomes dark (dark brown).
Figure 2. Effect of temperature on mushroom cap color of P. ostreatus strains ... At low temperatures, the color of the caps is light brown, but they turn pale with ...
The main nutritional sources for oyster mushroom are cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. C/N ratio is important factor for optimal substrate composition for oyster ...
Part II. Oyster Mushrooms. Chapter 7. Cultivation Modes. LOG CULTIVATION ... their logs into 20cm long pieces a few days before inoculation to allow the logs to achieve ... temperature strains that form bunches easily and produce high yields.
hemicelluloses) and lignin for their growth. The mycelial growth of ... value, mycelial growth accelerates but produces an abnormal structure. Optimal pH for ...
In a narrow sense, the word mushroom also refers only to the fruitbody. ... requires carbon, nitrogen and inorganic compounds as its nutritional sources and the ...
training, and extension services to spawn production. State colleges ... eliminating pests also reduces the occurrence of soil-borne pathogens. Collection and ...Missing:
hair net/clean hair covering. 8. As agar media solidifies before pouring, clean the work surface in front of your laminar flow cabinet with isopropyl alcohol. Also ...
Growing Your Own Mushrooms : Cultivation, Cooking and Preserving by Jo. Mueller published by Storey Books. - International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms.
and technologies while offering a high and quick return on their money, ... Mushroom growing houses can be classified into two types: those built for ... resources are used as fuel for the boiler to steam the growing room with compost inside.
details and check the sequence of shiitake photos. Spawn run (mycelial growth ... The time of bump formation varies with strain, substrate and temperature. Bumps usually form 10 ..... Berkeley, CA : Ten Speed Press. - YU, C.B. 1998. Bi Yang ...
water, providing thermal isolation, serving as a line of defense against pathogens. ... straws, corn husks, used tea leaves and cotton wastes (2-5% proteins, 0.4-2.2% lipids and 32-37% ..... Treatment of Lignocellulosics with White Rot Fungi.
with a shading net. Light. Unlike mycelia, which do not require light, primordia are formed under light. Mushroom formation and growth stages require 80-210 lux ...
year is divided into two main seasons the hot and wet summer stretching ... distributed more or less evenly throughout the year and enjoy temperatures.
Though this is important for obtaining high yields, it is a very tricky and labor-intensive ... After 24 hours, move the substrate to a shelf, tray, or bags for spawning.
Prepare spawn using virus-free strain. Do not use any culture containing the viral particles. - Clean and disinfect thoroughly the growing house in which any viral ...
This results in a lot of sawdust waste that may cause serious environmental ... 1), because these pieces absorb water poorly and easily pierce ... treatments.
Oyster mushrooms are often grown without any environmental control. P. sajor-caju ... Incubation proceeds at room temperature for 20-21 days (Fig. 10), until the ...
