MEASUREMENT RESULTS FOR THE NOVEL NH3 i NiCl2 ... - HPC'01

the COP of the cooling system. ... which brings about an increase in the heat losses to the ... double-effect LiBr/H2O cooling device is the bottoming ... is the fact that the high evaporation pressure of ammonia .... found out that the inert ratio, which is a ratio of inactive .... connection between the reactors, the ammonia vapour.
870KB taille 1 téléchargements 30 vues
0($685(0(175(68/76)257+(129(/1+  1L&O 1+  5($&7,21 &22/,1*'(9,&( %&HUNYHQLN'6WLWRX)6WRUNHQPDLHU)=LHJOHU

8QLYHUVLW\RI/MXEOMDQD)DFXOW\RI0HFKDQLFDO(QJLQHHULQJ$VNHUFHYD6,/MXEOMDQD6ORYHQLD %DYDULDQ&HQWHUIRU$SSOLHG(QHUJ\5HVHDUFK =$(%D\HUQ :DOWKHU0HL‰QHU6WU'*DUFKLQJ *HUPDQ\  ,QVWLWXWIRU6FLHQFHDQG(QJLQHHULQJRI0DWHULDOVDQG3URFHVVLQJ8QLYHUVLW\RI3HUSLJQDQ5DPEODGHOD 7KHUPRG\QDPLTXH7HFKQRVXG)3HUSLJQDQ)UDQFH





$%675$&7

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

.(@ 2QH LQWHUHVWLQJ DSSOLFDWLRQ LV WR XVH WKH UHDFWLRQ FRROLQJGHYLFHDVDKHDWWUDQVIRUPDWLRQGHYLFHDWKLJKHU WHPSHUDWXUH OHYHOV DERYH ƒ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

DGGLWLRQDOO\ VHSDUDWHG ZDWHU DQG VWURQJ /L%U+2 VROXWLRQ ,W ZDVVKRZQE\%HUOLW]HWDO>@WKDWIRUWKH LQWHUQDO µFROG¶ VWRUDJH YROXPHWULFDOO\ RQO\ DERXW  RIVWRUDJHIRUKRWRLODWƒ&LVQHHGHGWRFRPSHQVDWH WKHWLPH RIUHDFWLRQSKDVHWLPH ZKHQWRSSLQJSDUW GRHV QRW SURGXFH WKH GULYLQJ KHDW IRU WKH ERWWRPLQJ SDUW ,Q WKH IROORZLQJ WKH H[SHULPHQWDO UHDFWLRQ FRROLQJ GHYLFHZLOOEHEULHIO\SUHVHQWHG '5,9,1* +($7

OQS &RQGHQVHU (YDSRUDWRU

+;

+;

1+



&22/,1* +($7

5HDFWRU

1L&O

1+ 

5HDFWRU

*HQHUDWRU

&RQGHQVHU

6+;

+; &RQGHQVHU

*HQHUDWRU

&U\VWDOL]DWLRQ OLQH

6+;

,QWHUQDOVWURQJVROXWLRQ VWRUDJH

(YDSRUDWRU U

$EVRUEHU

,QWHUQDOKHDWH[FKDQJH

:

DWH

([WHUQDOKHDWH[KDQJH

&22/,1* +($7

7

)LJXUH  &DVFDGLQJ VRUSWLRQ FRROLQJ F\FOH LQ S7 GLDJUDP>@

(;3(5,0(17$/5($&7,21 &22/,1*'(9,&(

7RXQGHUVWDQGWKHG\QDPLFVLQWKHUHDFWLRQGHYLFHWKH FRXUVH RI WKH SURFHVV LQ WKH UHDFWRUV ZLOO EH SUHVHQWHG ILUVW )LJXUH   %DVLFDOO\ LW FDQ EH GLYLGHG LQWR WZR VXFFHVVLYH SKDVHV VHQVLEOHDQGUHDFWLRQSKDVH'XULQJ WKHVHQVLEOHSKDVHWKHUHDFWRULVKHDWHGXSIRUWKHQH[W GHFRPSRVLWLRQ SKDVH RU FRROHG GRZQ IRU WKH V\QWKHVLV SKDVH 7KH UHDFWLRQ SKDVH UHSUHVHQWV WKH PDLQ SDUW RI WKH F\FOH ,W GHILQHV WKH FRROLQJ DQG KHDWLQJ SRZHU RI WKHWRSSLQJGHYLFH 5±GHFRPSRVLWLRQSKDVH &21

+

5±V\QWKHVLVSKDVH &21

&

GHFRPSRVLWLRQSKDVH

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

LQWHUQDOKHDWH[FKDQJHSKDVH V\QWKHVLVSKDVH

:

7LPH

)LJXUH'LYLVLRQRIWKHVROLGJDVF\FOHLQWRWKHEDVLF SKDVHV&21FRQQHFWLRQSKDVH&FRROLQJSKDVH+ KHDWLQJSKDVH:ZDLWLQJSKDVH>@ 8VXDOO\ WKHUH LV DQDGGLWLRQDOFRQQHFWLQJSKDVHZKLFK VHUYHV IRU WKH LQWHUQDO KHDW UHFRYHU\ EHWZHHQ WKH WZR %&HUNYHQLNERVWMDQFHUNYHQLN#IVXQLOMVL



4 FR

5HFHLYHU

&RQGHQVHU



(YDSRUDWRU 4

+;

HY

+;

4 V\Q

11233455 667788 11 66 112 233 334 455 55 6677 7788 88 11233455 667788 11233455 667788 11 2 33 4 55 66 11233455 6677 7788 88 11233455 667788 11 66 112 233 334 455 55 6677 7788 88 11233455 667788 11233455 667788 11 2 33 4 55 66 77 11233455 667788 88 11233455 667788 11233455 667788 5HDFWRU5

5HMHFWHG KHDW *HQHUDWRU

4 GHF 'ULYLQJKHDW

99JJKLL MMNNOO PP 99 MM PP 99JJ JJK KLL LL MMNN NNOO OO PP 99JJKLL MMNNOO PP 99JJKLL MMNNOO PP 99 JJ K LL MM NN OO PP 99JJKLL MMNNOO PP 99JJKLL MMNNOO PP 99 JJ K LL MM NN OO PP 99JJKLL MMNNOO PP 99JJKLL MMNNOO PP 99JJKLL MMNNOO PP 99 JJ K LL MM NN OO PP 99JJKLL MMNNOO PP 99JJKLL MMNNOO PP 99JJKLL MMNNOO PP 5HDFWRU5

 FORVHGYDOYH

,QWKHIROORZLQJWKHF\FOLFRSHUDWLRQRIWKHGHYLFHZLOO EHSUHVHQWHG7KHHPSKDVLVZLOOEHODLGRQWKHSUHVVXUH DQG WHPSHUDWXUH FRQGLWLRQV LQ WKH UHDFWRUV ,Q WKH DQDO\VLV RI WKH FDOFXODWHG GDWD ZH ZLOO UHVWULFW RXUVHOYHV WR WKH KHDW IORZV DQG WKH FRROLQJ HIILFLHQF\ &23

&ƒ&@

D

D

E

5HDFWRU5





 

E

5HDFWRU5







7LPH>V@





 ± HQG RI V\QWKHVLV SKDVH SRVVLEOH VWDUW RI WKH FRQQHFWLRQ SKDVH  ± HQG RI GHFRPSRVLWLRQ SKDVH SRVVLEOH VWDUW RI WKH FRQQHFWLRQ SKDVH   ± HQG RI FRQQHFWLRQSKDVH VWDUWRIGHFRPSRVLWLRQSKDVH± VWDUW RI V\QWKHVLV SKDVH ,QGH[HV D E ± UHSUHVHQWV WKH VDPHSRLQWVLQVXEVHTXHQWKDOIF\FOHV )LJXUH  &RPSDULVRQ RI WKH WHPSHUDWXUH LQ WKH UHDFWRUV)RUWKHGLVFXVVLRQDF\FOHLVGLYLGHGLQWRWKH SKDVHV>@

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

  









D D D

E

5



&2



3UHVVXUH>EDU@

E

 

5



(9



 







7LPH>V@





)LJXUH3UHVVXUHLQWKHHYDSRUDWRU (9 FRQGHQVHU &2  DQG LQ WKH UHDFWRUV GXULQJ RQH FRPSOHWH UHDFWLRQF\FOH$EEUHYLDWLRQVDUHH[SODLQHGLQ)LJXUH FDSWLRQ>@

 6HQVLEOH KHDWLQJFRROLQJ SKDVH :KHQ WKH FRQQHFWLRQ SKDVH LV RYHU WKH UHDFWRU ZLWK ILQLVKHG V\QWKHVLV 5  LV IXUWKHU KHDWHG XS ZKLFK FDXVHV WKH LQFUHDVHLQWKHSUHVVXUHDQGWHPSHUDWXUHLQWKHUHDFWRU 2Q WKH RWKHU VLGH WKH UHDFWRU 5 KDV WR EH IXUWKHU FRROHGGRZQ'XULQJWKHFRROLQJGRZQSKDVHWKHKHDW SLSH ORRS LV IXQFWLRQLQJ WR DFFHOHUDWH WKH FRROLQJ SURFHVV %&HUNYHQLNERVWMDQFHUNYHQLN#IVXQLOMVL

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

3UHVVXUH>EDU@



5HDFWRU5 5HDFWRU5 (TXLOLEULXPOLQH

 D E

   





D



 



E

D

D

E





D



6WDUW5

D



D

 6WDUW5







7 HP S HUDWX UH >ƒ& @







)LJXUH  3UHVVXUH DQG WHPSHUDWXUH FRQGLWLRQV GXULQJ RQH F\FOH RI WKH GHYLFH 7KH FLUFOH PDUNV UHSUHVHQWV WKH FRQGLWLRQV LQ WKH UHDFWRU 5 DQG WKH FURVVPDUNVWKHFRQGLWLRQVLQWKHUHDFWRU5>@7KH DEEUHYLDWLRQVDUHH[SODLQHGLQ)LJXUHFDSWLRQ

$W3RLQWWKHGHFRPSRVLWLRQSKDVHVWDUWV D5LQ )LJXUH  $IWHUWKHFRQQHFWLRQZLWKWKHFRQGHQVHUWKH SUHVVXUH LQ WKH UHDFWRU 5 GHFUHDVHV WR WKH FRQGHQVDWLRQ OHYHO RI  EDU $W WKLV SRLQW WKH WHPSHUDWXUH DQG SUHVVXUH OHYHO LQ WKH UHDFWRU DUH IDU HQRXJK IURP WKH HTXLOLEULXP VR WKDW WKH UHDFWLRQ WKH %&HUNYHQLNERVWMDQFHUNYHQLN#IVXQLOMVL

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

/HYHOPHDVXUHPHQW 1H[W YHU\ LQWHUHVWLQJ PHDVXUHG GDWD LV D OHYHO RI DPPRQLDLQWKHUHFHLYHUV,Q)LJXUH  WKHPHDVXUHGOHYHO RI WKH OLTXLG DPPRQLD LQ WKH UHFHLYHUV ZKLFK DUH PRXQWHGDIWHUWKHFRQGHQVHUDUHSUHVHQWHG 'XULQJ WKH GHFRPSRVLWLRQ SKDVH WKH OHYHO LQFUHDVHV ZKLOH GXULQJ WKH V\QWKHVLV SKDVH LW GHFUHDVHV 7KH VORSH RI WKH SORWJLYHVXVDURXJKHVWLPDWHRIWKHKHDWUDWHIRU 





/HYHO5



/HYHO>@

     

/HYHO5



 







7LPH>V@







)LJXUH  &RPSDULVRQ RI WKH PHDVXUHG OHYHOV LQ WKH DPPRQLDUHFHLYHUV>@

&$/&8/$7('9$/8(6

,QWKHIROORZLQJWKHFDOFXODWHGYDOXHVIRUKHDWIORZVDW PDLQ KHDW H[FKDQJHUV DQG WKH &23 ZLOO EH SUHVHQWHG 7DEOH ,QDGGLWLRQWKHPHDVXUHGFKDQJHLQWKHOHYHO RIWKHDPPRQLDLQWKHUHFHLYHUVLVSUHVHQWHGDOVR,QWKH 7DEOHKDOIF\FOHVIRUWKHWKUHHGD\PHDVXUHPHQWVDUH SUHVHQWHG ,Q WKH ODVW OLQH WKH UHVXOWV DUH DYHUDJHG LQ GHSHQGHQF\RQWKHUHDFWLRQSKDVHLQWKHUHDFWRUV

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

FDPHIURPUHDFWRUDWWKHEHJLQQLQJRIWKHGHFRPSRVLWLRQ SKDVH ,W FRUUHODWHV ZLWK WKH SUHVVXUH GURS LQ WKH UHDFWRU DIWHU  D LQ )LJXUH   :KHQ WKH SUHVHQW DPPRQLD LV FRQGHQVHG WKH FRQGHQVHU UHWXUQV WR WKH QRUPDO RSHUDWLRQDOFRQGLWLRQV 7DEOH  &DOFXODWHG YDOXHV IURP WKH PHDVXUHPHQWV RQ WKHUHDFWLRQGHYLFH>@ 1U

3+$6(         

5'(& 56N-@         

4GHF >N-@         

4V\Q >N-@         

4ORVV >N-@         

'4 >N-@         

' / >@         

' / >@         

&23 >@         

       

5'(& 56@$VLWFDQEHVHHQ 7DEOH WKHVHKHDWORVVHV UHSUHVHQW RI DERXW  RI WKH HQHUJ\ WKDW LV XVHG IRU WKHKHDWLQJRIWKHFLUFXODWLQJDLU7KHUHIRUHDQLQFUHDVH LQ &23 ZRXOG EH H[SHFWHG LI WKH KHDW ORVVHV WR WKH HQYLURQPHQWZRXOGEHUHGXFHG











&RROLQJSRZHU>N:@



)LJXUH  (IILFLHQF\ RI WKH H[SHULPHQWDO GHYLFH SUHVHQWHGLQWKHUHODWLRQWRWKHH[WHUQDOFRROLQJSRZHU

7KH H[WHUQDO FRROLQJ SRZHU GHSHQGV PRVWO\ RQ WKH WLPH UDWLR EHWZHHQ WKH V\QWKHVLV SKDVH WLPH DQG KDOIF\FOH WLPH /HVV V\QFKURQRXV RSHUDWLRQ RI WKH UHDFWRUV ZRXOG UHIOHFWLQDORZHUWLPHUDWLR&RQVHTXHQWO\WKHV\QWKHVLV SKDVH ZRXOG EH UHODWLYHO\ VKRUWHU DQG WKH PHDQ H[WHUQDO FRROLQJSRZHURIWKHGHYLFHVPDOOHU

&21&/86,21

,Q WKLV ZRUN WKH SUHOLPLQDU\ PHDVXUHPHQW UHVXOWV RQ WKH QRYHOUHDFWLRQFRROLQJGHYLFHZLWKWZRUHDFWRUVZRUNLQJ LQ FRXQWHUSKDVH ZHUH SUHVHQWHG 7KH HPSKDVLV ZDVODLG RQWKHSUHVHQWDWLRQRI WKHF\FOLFRSHUDWLRQRIWKHGHYLFH ,W KDV EHHQ VKRZQ WKDW WKH GHYLFH RSHUDWHG TXDVL FRQWLQXRXVO\ ZLWK FRQVWDQW VKLIWLQJ RI WKH UHDFWLRQ SKDVHV SDUDOOHO LQ WKH ERWK UHDFWRUV )URP WKH PHDVXUHPHQW UHVXOWV LW KDV EHHQ IRXQG WKDW WKH UHDFWRU 5SURGXFHGOHVVFRROLQJHQHUJ\WKDQWKHUHDFWRU57KH UHDVRQV FRXOG EH FRQQHFWHG ZLWK WKH ORVV RI DPPRQLD PDVV LQ WKH GHYLFH ,W KDV EHHQ QRWHG GXULQJ WKH PHDVXUHPHQWVWKDWWKHUHDFWHGTXDQWLW\GLIIHUHQFHZKLFK LV GHSHQGHQW RQ WKH PDVV RI DPPRQLD LQ WKH V\VWHP GHFUHDVHG GXULQJ WKH F\FOLF RSHUDWLRQ 7KH RWKHU SRVVLELOLW\ ZRXOG EH WKH OHDNDJH EHWZHHQ WKH KHDW SLSH DQGWKHUHDFWLYHPDWUL[LQWKHUHDFWRU57KLVZDVPRUH OLNHO\ SUHVHQW GXH WR WKH TXLWH ODUJH TXDQWLWLHV RI DPPRQLD ZKLFK KDG WR EH UHSODFHG GXULQJ WKH PHDVXUHPHQWV $QRWKHU SRVVLEOH H[SODQDWLRQ LV WKH SUHVHQFHRIOLTXLGSKDVHLQWKHYDSRXUIORZWRWKHUHDFWRU 5 7KLV FDQ RFFXU ZKHQ OLTXLG DPPRQLD ZKLFK LV SUHVHQW LQ WKH VHSDUDWRU PL[HV ZLWK WKH YDSRXU OHDYLQJ WKH HYDSRUDWRU ,W FRXOG EH DOVR SRVVLEOH WKDW WKH DPPRQLD PDVV ZDV WUDQVSRUWHG EHWZHHQ WKH UHFHLYHUV GXHWRWKHPDOIXQFWLRQRIWKHFRQWUROV\VWHP 

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

5()(5(1&(6

>@&HUNYHQLN%3RUHGRã $=LHJOHU),PSURYHPHQW RI WRSSLQJF\FOH HIILFLHQF\ ZLWK DQ LQFUHDVH LQ HYDSRUDWLRQ SUHVVXUH -RXUQDO RI 0HFKDQLFDO (QJLQHHULQJ9RO1R  >@ &HUNYHQLN % 3RUHGRã $ &RPSDULVRQ EHWZHHQ KHDW SXPSV ZLWK OLTXLG DQG VROLG VRUEHQWV  6'+. PHHWLQJ=UHFH6ORYHQLD  >@ =LHJOHU ) %UDQGO ) 9|ONO - $OHIHOG * $ FDVFDGLQJ WZRVWDJH VRUSWLRQ FKLOOHU V\VWHP FRQVLVWLQJ RI D ZDWHU]HROLWH KLJKWHPSHUDWXUH VWDJH DQG D ZDWHU /L%U ORZWHPSHUDWXUH VWDJH 3URF $EVRUSWLRQ +HDW 3XPSV&RQJUHVVSS3DULV   >@ %HUOLW] 7 /HPNH 1 6DW]JHU 3 =LHJOHU ) $EVRUSWLRQ FKLOOHU ZLWK LQWHJUDWHG FROG VWRUDJH 3URF ,QW $EVRUSWLRQ +HDW 3XPS &RQIHUHQFH 0RQWUHDO 

%&HUNYHQLNERVWMDQFHUNYHQLN#IVXQLOMVL

>@6SLQQHU%6WLWRX'*ULQL3*&DVFDGLQJ6RUSWLRQ 0DFKLQHV1HZ&RQFHSWVIRUWKH3RZHU&RQWURORI6ROLG *DV 7KHUPRFKHPLFDO 6\VWHPV 3URF ,QW $EVRUSWLRQ +HDW 3XPS &RQIHUHQFH 0RQWUHDO 9RO  SS   >@ 6WLWRX ' 6SLQQHU % 0D]HW 1 3URWRW\SH GH WUDQVIRUPDWHXU WKHUPRFKLPLTXH VLPSOH HIIHW GH SURGXFWLRQ FRQWLQXH GHN:IURLGDƒ&HWGHN:GH FKDOHXU D ƒ& XWLOLVDQW GHV EUXORUHDFWHXUV HW GHV FDORGXFV D HDX 5HVHDUFK UHSRUW RI &156,03 ,QVWLWXW GH 6FLHQFH HW GH *HQLH GHV 0DWHULDX[ HW 3URFHGHV  3HUSLJQDQ)UDQFH   >@ &HUNYHQLN % 8VH RI VTXDUHURRW FULWHULRQ IRU LQFUHDVH LQ HIILFLHQF\ RI VRUSWLRQ FRROLQJ GHYLFHV 3K' 7KHVLV8QLYHUVLW\RI/MXEOMDQD  >@ 1HYHX 3 &DVWDLQJ - 6ROLG*DV &KHPLFDO 3XPSV )LHOG RI $SSOLFDWLRQ DQG 3HUIRUPDQFH RI WKH ,QWHUQDO +HDW RI  5HDFWLRQ 5HFRYHU\ 3URFHVV +HDW 5HFRYHU\ 6\VWHPV &+39RO1R 

120(1&/$785( &23 S 4 7 '/

,QGLFHV HY FR V\Q GHF ORVV

>@ >3D@ >-@ >ƒ&@ >NJNJ@

FRHIILFLHQWRISHUIRUPDQFH SUHVVXUH KHDW WHPSHUDWXUH OHYHOGLIIHUHQFH

HYDSRUDWLRQ FRQGHQVDWLRQ V\QWKHVLV GHFRPSRVLWLRQ ORVVHV