Les Nouvelles Traversées Alpines : Entre co-spatialité de systèmes nationaux et recherche d’interspatialité, une géopolitique circulatoire Kevin Sutton

To cite this version: Kevin Sutton. Les Nouvelles Traversées Alpines : Entre co-spatialité de systèmes nationaux et recherche d’interspatialité, une géopolitique circulatoire. Histoire. Université de Grenoble, 2011. Français. .

HAL Id: tel-00689249 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00689249 Submitted on 19 Apr 2012

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.

L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV

(QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[ HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpV XQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH 7KqVHGHGRFWRUDWHQJpRJUDSKLHVRXWHQXHSDU.HYLQ687721 VRXVODGLUHFWLRQGH;%(51,(5 &KDPEpU\OHGpFHPEUH DPSLWKpkWUHGX3{OH0RQWDJQH

&RPSRVLWLRQGXMXU\ 0*X\%DXGHOOH3URIHVVHXUGHJpRJUDSKLH8QLYHUVLWpGH5HQQHV 0/DXUHQW&KDSHORQ3URIHVVHXUGHJpRJUDSKLH8QLYHUVLWp3DXO9DOpU\0RQWSHOOLHU,,,UDSSRUWHXU 0)UpGpULF*LUDXW3URIHVVHXUGHJpRJUDSKLH8QLYHUVLWpGH*HQqYHUDSSRUWHXU 0-DFTXHV/pY\3URIHVVHXUGHJpRJUDSKLH(FROH3RO\WHFKQLTXH)pGpUDOHGH/DXVDQQH 03DWULFN3LJHRQ3URIHVVHXUGHJpRJUDSKLH8QLYHUVLWpGH6DYRLHFRGLUHFWHXU 0;DYLHU%HUQLHU0DvWUHGH&RQIpUHQFHVHQJpRJUDSKLH8QLYHUVLWpGH6DYRLHGLUHFWHXU

/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV

(QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[ HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpV XQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH

7KqVHGHGRFWRUDWHQJpRJUDSKLHVRXWHQXHSDU.HYLQ687721 VRXVODGLUHFWLRQGH;%(51,(5 &KDPEpU\OHGpFHPEUH DPSLWKpkWUHGX3{OH0RQWDJQH

&RPSRVLWLRQGXMXU\ 0*X\%DXGHOOH3URIHVVHXUGHJpRJUDSKLH8QLYHUVLWpGH5HQQHV 0/DXUHQW&KDSHORQ3URIHVVHXUGHJpRJUDSKLH8QLYHUVLWp3DXO9DOpU\0RQWSHOOLHU,,,UDSSRUWHXU 0)UpGpULF*LUDXW3URIHVVHXUGHJpRJUDSKLH8QLYHUVLWpGH*HQqYHUDSSRUWHXU 0-DFTXHV/pY\3URIHVVHXUGHJpRJUDSKLH(FROH3RO\WHFKQLTXH)pGpUDOHGH/DXVDQQH 03DWULFN3LJHRQ3URIHVVHXUGHJpRJUDSKLH8QLYHUVLWpGH6DYRLHFRGLUHFWHXU 0;DYLHU%HUQLHU0DvWUHGH&RQIpUHQFHVHQJpRJUDSKLH8QLYHUVLWpGH6DYRLHGLUHFWHXU

0XUQDXYXHGXFKHPLQGHIHUHWGXFKkWHDX 9.DQGLQVN\

&HWUDLQDEVRUEpSDUVDSURSUHRPEUHHWTXLFRXUWDXSLHGGXFKkWHDX GH 0XUQDX VXU OD OLJQH GHV .DUZHQGHO ,QQVEUXFN*DUPLVFK0XQLFK  UHSUpVHQWHELHQSOXVTX·XQHFRTXHWWHULHHVWKpWLTXHSRXUO·H[SRVLWLRQGH ODUHFKHUFKHTXLVXLW/DWKpRULVDWLRQGHVFRXOHXUVIDLWHSDUOHSHLQWUHHVW OHIRQGHPHQWG·XQHJUDPPDLUHTXHQRXVDOORQVFRQVWUXLUHWRXWDXORQJ GHFHPpPRLUH%LHQV€UODFRQWH[WXDOLVDWLRQDOSLQHQ·HVWSDVHQWLqUHPHQW DEVHQWHGHVUDLVRQVGHFHFKRL[0DLVLOQHIDXWSDVOLPLWHUFHWWHRHXYUH jXQHVLPSOHIRQFWLRQLOOXVWUDWLYH(OOHSURSRVHO·HVVHQFHPrPHG·XQÀO YLVXHOTXLVHUDWLVVpHQWUHOHOLYUHHWOHOHFWHXUDXÀOGHVFKDSLWUHV)RQ GpHVXUWURLVRSSRVLWLRQVSULQFLSDOHVFHWWHWKpRULHGHVFRXOHXUVSHUPHW GHFRQVWUXLUHXQHSUHPLqUHPDWULFHVpPLRORJLTXHTXLSRVVqGHXQHFRKp UHQFHLQWHUQH &HWDEOHDXSHUPHWHQRXWUHG·LQWURGXLUHXQHSUHPLqUHFKLPqUHGHV1RX YHOOHV 7UDYHUVpHV $OSLQHV  OH UDSSRUW j O·LQVWDQWDQpLWp TXL PXH HQ XQH REVHVVLRQSRXUO·RUGUHWHPSRUHOGHODVLPXOWDQpLWp/HVSRWHDX[WpOpJUD SKLTXHVTXLORQJHQWODOLJQHVHGpWDFKHQWQHWWHPHQWGHFHWWHSHLQWXUHTXL Q·HVWELHQV€USDVÀJXUDWLYH&KH].DQGLQVN\ODIRUPHQDvWGHODFRXOHXU ODPDLOOHSDUDQDORJLHUpWLFXODLUH HWQRQGXFRQWRXUOHÀOHW 

6LO RQVXLYDLWOHVYRLHVIHUURYLDLUHV 4XLDXUDLWOHSLHGPDULQ" *5RXVVHOSRXU$%DVKXQJ ©-HW·DLPDQTXpª%OHXSpWUROH

5HPHUFLHPHQWV

 8QHWKqVHHVWDYDQWWRXWXQHDYHQWXUHKXPDLQH-HUHSUHQGUDLjPRQFRPSWHODSKUDVHTXH ;DYLHU%HUQLHUP·DSHXWrWUHOHSOXVUDSSHOpDXFRXUVGHFHVWURLVDQQpHVLLOQ·\DSDVGHUHFKHUFKH VDQVOLEHUWp  0HVSUHPLHUVPRWVVRQWMXVWHPHQWSRXUPRQGLUHFWHXUHWDPL-HPHUDSSHOOHHQFRUHQRWUH SUHPLHUFRQWDFW&·pWDLWjO·RFFDVLRQG·XQpFKDQJHGHPDLOVHQDORUVTXHMHIDLVDLVPDPDvWULVH DYHF-3&KDUYHWj1DQWHUUHVXUOHSURMHWGHWXQQHOVRXVOH0RQWJHQqYUH-·DLWRXWGHVXLWHpWpIUDSSp SDUOHWRQGHWDUpSRQVH7DJHQWLOOHVVHHWWDFRPSpWHQFHV·\UHÁpWDLHQW-·DLSXOHGpFRXYULUXQDQSOXV WDUGORUVTXHjO·LVVXHGHPRQDJUpJDWLRQMHW·DLUHFRQWDFWpSRXUDYRLUGHVLQIRUPDWLRQVVXUOH0GH &KDPEpU\&RQWDFWIUXFWXHX[SXLVTXHYRLOjTX·HQRFWREUHM·HQWUDLGDQVFHWWHXQLYHUVLWpTXHMH Q·DLGHSXLVSOXVTXLWWpH -·DLFRQVFLHQFHTXHWHVSDVVHVRQWJOLVVpVGHYDQWXQHERQQHSDUWLHGHVPLHQVjO·XQLYHUVLWp-HVDLV FRPELHQWXW·HVHQJDJpSRXUPRLHWFRPELHQWXFRQWLQXHVGHO·rWUH6DFKHTXHPDUHFRQQDLVVDQFH KXPDLQHHVWVDQVOLPLWH-HSHX[JR€WHUFKDTXHMRXUO·LQWHOOLJHQFHGRQWWXIDLVSUHXYHGDQVO·DFFRPSD JQHPHQWTXHWXP·RIIUHVTXLDGpMjELHQGpSDVVpOHVVHXOVFDGUHVXQLYHUVLWDLUHV(WFHODSDUWLFLSHGH WRQDSSURFKHGHODGLUHFWLRQGHWKqVHO·rWUHSULPHOHFDGUH/DWKqVHHVWDLQVLXQWHPSVG·XQSDUFRXUV HWM·DLYUDLPHQWUHVVHQWLTXHWXDVVXSHUFHYRLUOHVGLIIpUHQWHVSKDVHVGHPDWUDMHFWRLUHTXHWXDVVX OLUHO·kPHKXPDLQHSRXUUHSUHQGUHWRQH[SUHVVLRQ7HVLQWHUYHQWLRQVRQWWRXMRXUVVXrWUHjSURSRV WRXWHQD\DQWXQHIRUPHGHOpJqUHWpTXLDWRXWjYRLUDYHFWDJUDQGHLQWHOOLJHQFHHWWRQSURIRQGVHQV GHO·KXPDLQ7XXWLOLVHVVRXYHQWO·LPDJHGH-RKQ&ROWUDQH-HGRLVGLUHTXHFHWWHLPDJHWHFDUDFWpULVH ELHQO·HQWUpHHQPDWLqUHHVWVRXYHQWVXUSUHQDQWHPDLVO·DFFRUGHVWWRXMRXUVjSURSRVDYHFOHTXDUW GHWHPSVTXLYDELHQSRXUTXHVDUpVRQQDQFHSHUGXUHDXGHOjGXWHPSVGHODPHVXUH8QGHPHV PHLOOHXUVVRXYHQLUVLQWHOOHFWXHOVGHFHVWURLVDQQpHVHVWVDQVFRQWHVWHQRVpFKDQJHVGDQVOHERFDOHW QRWUHpOHYDJH  (QpFULYDQWFHVTXHOTXHVOLJQHVM·DLXQHSHQVpHSRXU-3&KDUYHWHW-)6WHFNTXLRQWSDU WLFXOLqUHPHQWFRPSWpGDQVPDWUDMHFWRLUHJpRJUDSKLTXH+DVDUGRXQRQLOHVWDPXVDQWGHFRQVWDWHU FRPELHQGHVUHQFRQWUHVSHXYHQWrWUHOLpHV-3&KDUYHWHW;%HUQLHUUpVRQQHQWGHIDoRQWRXWHSDUWL FXOLqUHSRXU//DVOD]jTXLMHGRLVDXVVLEHDXFRXSGHSXLVTXHMHVXLVj&KDPEpU\1RXVSDUWDJHRQV ELHQDXGHOjGHQRWUHEXUHDXXQJR€WSRXUOHVSURMHWVHWQRWDPPHQWOHVFRQFRXUV-HVXLVWUqVÀHUGH WUDYDLOOHUDYHFWRLHWMHWLHQVjVDOXHUWRQG\QDPLVPHHWWDFDSDFLWpG·HQWUDvQHPHQW6LQRWUHGpSDUWH PHQWWRXUQHDYHFDXWDQWGHSURMHWVF·HVWHQWUqVJUDQGHSDUWLHJUkFHjWRL7XDVDXVVLpWpWUqVSUpVHQW WRXWDXORQJGHFHVWURLVDQQpHVPHIDLVDQWSDUWGHWRQH[SpULHQFHSDVVLDQFLHQQHDYHFXQPrPHGL UHFWHXU(WMHWLHQVjP·H[FXVHUSXEOLTXHPHQWSRXUOHFDSKDUQDPTX·pWDLWPRQEXUHDXGDQVOHVGHU QLHUVWHPSVGHFHWWHUpGDFWLRQ0RQEXUHDXDYDLWXQFHUWDLQDLUGHFHOXLG·XQMHXQHSURIHVVHXUTXHMH WLHQVDXVVLjUHPHUFLHU&KULVWRSKH*DXFKRQ(FKDQJHUDYHFWRLHVWWRXMRXUVIDVFLQDQW$IDVFLQDWLRQ pJDOHXQEXUHDXLPSHFFDEOH3DWULFN3LJHRQPRQFRGLUHFWHXU-HWHUHPHUFLHSRXUODFRQÀDQFHTXH WXP·DVWpPRLJQpHWRXWDXORQJGHFHWUDYDLOHWDXGHOjHQWDQWTX·HQVHLJQDQW3UpSDUHUOHVTXHVWLRQV GHFRQFRXUVDYHFWRLHVWWUqVIRUPDWHXU,OQHIDLWDXFXQGRXWHTXHQRVpFKDQJHVDXWRXUGH9LHQQHDX GpWRXUG·XQHFRQYHUVDWLRQRQWPDUTXpPRQDSSURFKHGXVXMHW-·DLHXXQHSHQVpHWRXWHSDUWLFXOLqUH SRXUWRLORUVTXHMHUpGLJHDLVOHVSDJHVTXLVXLYURQWVXUFHWWHYLOOHTXHQRXVDLPRQVWDQWWRXVOHVGHX[ /HGpSDUWHPHQWGHJpRJUDSKLHGHO·8QLYHUVLWpGH6DYRLHHVWDLQVLXQOLHXTXLP·DSSRUWHEHDXFRXS -·DLELHQV€UXQHSHQVpHSRXU-9DUOHWHWQRVYR\DJHVDYHFOHV03UR7,786HQ6XLVVHDX[PRLVGH PDUVGHSXLVPDLQWHQDQWWURLVDQV/HSODLVLUGHSRXYRLUWUDQVPHWWUHVXUOHWHUUDLQjGHVpWXGLDQWVVD SDVVLRQHVWXQHFKRVHPHUYHLOOHXVH-·DLXQHSHQVpHSRXUO·HQVHPEOHGHPHVFROOqJXHVTXLRQWWRXV HXGHVPRWVG·HQFRXUDJHPHQWWRXWDXORQJGHFHVWURLVDQQpHVGHFXPXO35$*WKqVH3'HOLQHTXL DDXVVLFRQQXoD)+REOHD/$VWUDGHDYHFTXLM·DLGHPHUYHLOOHX[VRXYHQLUVGHYR\DJHVDYHFOHV /L$0DUQH]\TXLP·DIDLWXQHWRWDOHFRQÀDQFHGqVPRQDUULYpHDXGpSDUWHPHQWFRPPH35$* HQVHSWHPEUH(WELHQV€UPHVFROOqJXHVGXGpSDUWHPHQWG·KLVWRLUH).D\VHU*&DVWHOQXRYR )'HOULHX[)%HUWUDQG\O·pTXLSHGHVYR\DJHVTXLP·RQWRXYHUWGHVKRUL]RQVPpGLWHUUDQpHVTXHMH Q·DYDLVSDVĞŚĠƌŽƐĞƐƚƌĞŵƉůĂĐĠ ƉĂƌůĞĐůŝĞŶƚ;ĚŽĐ͘ϭͿĞƚƐŽŶĂƩĞŶƚĞĚĞĐŽŶƟŶƵŝƚĠƐ͘>ĂƉĂƌƟĞŝŶƚĞƌŵĠĚŝĂŝƌĞĚƵĚĠƉůĂĐĞͲ ŵĞŶƚƉĞƌĚĂŝŶƐŝĚĞƐŽŶƵƟůŝƚĠ͕ĚĞƐĂĨŽŶĐƟŽŶŵġŵĞĚĂŶƐůĞŵŽƵǀĞŵĞŶƚ͘ĞůƵŝͲĐŝŶĞĚŽŝƚ ƉůƵƐġƚƌĞƉĞƌĐĞƉƟďůĞ͕ŝůĚŽŝƚĚŝƐƉĂƌĂŠƚƌĞĚĂŶƐƵŶƚƵŶŶĞů͕ŵġŵĞăĐŝĞůŽƵǀĞƌƚͨ͘>ĞƐůƉĞƐ Ğƚů͛ĞīĂĐĞŵĞŶƚ͕ͩƉŽƵƌƌĂŝƚĐŽŶƐƟƚƵĞƌƵŶũŽůŝƟƚƌĞĚĞĨĂďůĞĞŶĐŽƵƌƐĚ͛ĠĐƌŝƚƵƌĞ͘ĞƩĞĨĂďůĞ ƌĞƉŽƐĞƐƵƌƵŶĞĂƉƉƌŽĐŚĞĚƵƌĠƐĞĂƵƚŽƵũŽƵƌƐƉůƵƐƵƌďĂŝŶĞĞƚƚŽƵũŽƵƌƐƉůƵƐĐŽŶƟŶĞŶƚĂůĞ͘ ƵƌġǀĞĚƵ^ǁŝƐƐŵĞƚƌŽĂƵƌġǀĞĚĞůĂĐŝƚĠƵƌŽƉĞ͕ŝůŶ͛LJĂǀĂŝƚƋƵ͛ƵŶĞƋƵĞƐƟŽŶĚ͛ĠĐŚĞůůĞ͘ >ĞƐůƉĞƐƚƌĂǀĞƌƐĞŶƚů͛ŝƐƚŚŵĞĂƵƚĂŶƚƋƵĞů͛ŝƐƚŚŵĞĨƌĂŶĐŚŝƚůĞƐůƉĞƐ͘>͛ĂĐĐĠůĠƌĂƟŽŶĚĞƐ ƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚƐ ƉĞƌŵĞƚ ĂůŽƌƐ ĚĞ ƉĞŶƐĞƌ ůĞƐ ůƉĞƐ ă ƚƌĂǀĞƌƐ ů͛ƵƌŽƉĞ ŶŽŶ ƉůƵƐ ĐŽŵŵĞ ƵŶĞ ƐĞƵůĞƐŽŵŵĞĚĞĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚĠƐ͕ŵĂŝƐĐŽŵŵĞƵŶĞƐƉĂĐĞƵƌďĂŝŶŵŝƐĞŶƌĠƐĞĂƵ͕ăů͛ŝŵĂŐĞĚ͛ƵŶĞ ŐƌĂŶĚĞŵĠƚƌŽƉŽůĞ͕ĚŽŶƚůĞƐŚŽƌŝnjŽŶƐƐĞƌĂŝĞŶƚƉůƵƐŽĐĠĂŶŝƋƵĞƐƋƵĞĐŽŶƟŶĞŶƚĂƵdž͘ĞůĂ ŵġŵĞĨĂĕŽŶƋƵĞů͛ŽŶĞŶƚĞƌƌĞůĞƐƌĠƐĞĂƵdžĚĞƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚƐăů͛ŝŶƚĠƌŝĞƵƌĚĞƐĞƐƉĂĐĞƐŵĠƚƌŽƉŽͲ ůŝƚĂŝŶƐ͕ůĞƐůƉĞƐƐŽŶƚƌġǀĠĞƐĞīĂĐĠĞƐƉůƵƐƋƵĞĨƌĂŶĐŚŝĞƐ͕ăů͛ĠĐŚĞůůĞŝŶƚĞƌͲŵĠƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŝŶĞ͘

%HQ]* /HV $OSHVHWOHFKHPLQGHIHU 0DUWLQ-3&KDWHDX % 7UDYHUVHU OHV$OSHVODURXWHHQ TXHVWLRQ .|SSHO7+DVV 6 6LPSORQ DQVGXWXQQHOGX 6LPSORQ $OSHVPDJD]LQH+6  $OSHVOHV WUDQVSRUWVHQTXHVWLRQ 5DIIHVWLQ&  ©/HVURXWHVHWOHV WUDQVSRUWVURXWLHUV GDQVO·DUFDOSLQª %UXQHW5 ©/HV OLJQHVGHIRUFHGH O·HVSDFHHXURSpHQª 6XWWRQ.  ©7KHKHULWDJHVRI  WKHFURVV$OSLQH WUDQVSRUWQHWVDJHR JUDSKLFDOFRQWULEX WLRQWRWKH(XURSHDQ JHRSROLWLFVª &DWWDQHR5  ©/DORPEDUGLDHOD QXRYHOLQHHIHUUR YLDULHª 0RUHWWL0  ©/·,WDOLDHLQXRYL SURJHWWLIHUURYLDULHª *XLQWLQL$  ©/DWHFKQRORJLDGHOOH OLQHHGLPRQWDJQDH GHLWUDIRULIHUURYLDUL GDL*LRYLDOODGLUHW WLVVLPDª





+RUL]RQDOSLQKRUL]RQHXURSpHQ /HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVXQHGpVDOSLQLVDWLRQGHODWUDYHUVpH"  /·HIIDFHPHQWGHV$OSHVSURPLVSDUFHWWHSXEOLFLWpGRF HVWUpYpODWHXU GH OD IDoRQ GRQW OHV 7UDYHUVpHV $OSLQHV VRQW DSSURFKpHV GHSXLV O·pSRTXH UpFHQWH %HQ]0DUWLQ&KDWHDX 8QHFRQWLQXLWpDSSDUDvWGHSXLVOHVWXQQHOVGH IDvWHIHUURYLDLUHVSXLVURXWLHUV MXVTX·DX[WXQQHOVGHEDVHHQFRXUVGHUpDOLVDWLRQRX G·H[SORLWDWLRQODUHFKHUFKHG·XQDIIUDQFKLVVHPHQWYLVjYLVGXPDVVLI FRQVLGpUp FRPPHHQYLURQQHPHQWOLPLWDQWG·XQV\VWqPH.|SSHO+DDV$OSHV0DJD ]LQH /·KRUL]RQHVWGRQFHXURSpHQHWQRQDOSLQDORUVPrPHTXHOHVFRQGL WLRQVGHUpDOLVDWLRQGXV\VWqPHQHVHPEOHQWSDVSRXYRLUVHGpWDFKHUFRPSOqWHPHQW GHODGRQQpHDOSLQH3DUDGR[HTXLVHUHWURXYHGDQVO·DSSHOODWLRQGHODSKDVHDFWXHOOH GHUpDOLVDWLRQGHVWXQQHOVGHEDVHUpVXPpHYRLUHUpGXLWHjODVHXOHGpQRPLQDWLRQ ©L1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVªFHVRXYUDJHVpULJpVHQPDQLIHVWHGHODGpVDOSLQL VDWLRQGHODWUDYHUVpHFRQWLQXHQWSRXUWDQWGHUHYHQGLTXHUXQFDUDFWqUH$OSLQ1RXV UHWURXYRQVOHVUHPDUTXHVOLPLQDLUHVGH&5DIIHVWLQ LOQ·HVWSDVFRQFHYDEOH GHGpYHORSSHUXQHUpÁH[LRQVXUOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVVDQVO·LQFOXUHGDQVXQHSHQ VpHG·XQSKpQRPqQHFLUFXODWRLUHG·pFKHOOHHXURSpHQQH,OHQYDGHPrPHHQFH TXLFRQFHUQHOHUDSSRUWGHFHWREMHWDX[$OSHVHOOHVPrPHV(QHIIHW©ODVSpFLÀFLWp GHV $OSHV UHQG GLIÀFLOH LPSRVVLEOH SHXWrWUH PrPH HQ UDLVRQ GH O·LQWHUUHODWLRQ GHV SKpQRPqQHV GH GpFRXSHU XQ WKqPH G·DERUG SXLV GH O·LVROHU HQVXLWH SRXU O·DQDO\VHU ª 5DIIHVWLQ  S  &HW©$OSLQªHVWLOjFRQVLGpUHUFRPPHXQVHXODGMHFWLI RXFRPPHXQVXEV WDQWLI HQFDGUp "/DPrPHDPELYDOHQFHVHSRVHDLQVLjO·DOSLQFRPPHjO·XUEDLQ &RQVLGpUpHG·XQSRLQWGHYXHFLUFXODWRLUHSHUSHQGLFXODLUHPHQWjODOLJQHGHFUrWH XQH OLJQH GH IRUFH %UXQHW   FRPPXQH j WRXWHV OHV DSSURFKHV GRPLQHQW  O·RPQLSUpVHQFH GH O·,WDOLH ÀJ   /·,WDOLH HVW j FRQVLGpUHU FRPPH OD FOp GH ELHQ GHV SUREOpPDWLTXHV WRXFKDQW DX[ 7UDYHUVpHV $OSLQHV 5DIIHVWLQ   6XWWRQ  (OOHHQHVWSRXUWDQWODIDFHODSOXVWpQXHGDQVODOLWWpUDWXUHVFLHQWLÀTXHDX PRLQV IUDQFRSKRQH 'HV FRQWUHH[HPSOHV VH WURXYHQW ELHQ V€U GDQV OD OLWWpUDWXUH 3UpVDJHV

,QWURGXFWLRQ/HV$OSHVXQODE\ULQWKHWUDYHUVDQW LWDORSKRQH &DWWDQHR   0RUHWWL  *XLQWLQL   TXL SURMHWWHQW XQH ORJLTXHUpJLRQDOHHWPpWURSROLWDLQHGDQVOHIDLWHXURSpDQRDOSLQ8QHVXUUHSUp VHQWDWLRQGHVSD\VGXYHUVDQWQRUGUHVWHSRXUWDQWPDQLIHVWH/DOLWWpUDWXUHJHUPD QRSKRQHIDLWOHOLHQHQWUHOHVGLIIpUHQWVVHFWHXUVGHWUDYHUVpH/·DOOHPDQGHVWODODQ JXHFRPPXQHDX[GHX[YHUVDQWVGHVSDVVDJHVRULHQWDX[FHTXLOLPLWHOHUHFRXUVj O·LWDOLHQ&HWWHGHUQLqUHODQJXHHVWEHDXFRXSSOXVUHSUpVHQWpHGDQVOHVWUDYDX[VXU OH*RWKDUGQRWDPPHQWGXIDLWGXELOLQJXLVPHKHOYqWHSUpVHQWOHORQJGHFHWD[H (QFDGUp $OSHVDOSLQ$OSLQ  /¶8UEDLQHVWXQ©V\VWqPHVRFLpWDOUHJURXSDQWO¶HQVHPEOHGHVJpRW\SHVFDUDFWpULVpSDUOHFRX SODJHVSpFL¿TXHGHODGHQVLWpHWGHODGLYHUVLWpª/XVVDXOWS 'HODPrPHIDoRQTXHO¶DGMHFWLI ©XUEDLQªDpWpVXEVWDQWLYpQRWDPPHQWJUkFHDX[WUDYDX[GH)&KRD\ HWGH-/pY\ QRXV SURSRVRQV XQH VXEVWDQWLYDWLRQ GH O¶DGMHFWLI © DOSLQ ª /¶$OSLQ FRPPH O¶8UEDLQ SHXW rWUH Gp¿QLW FRPPH ©XQHRUJDQLVDWLRQVSDWLDOHFDUDFWpULVpHSDUOHMHXGXFRXSOHLQGLVVRFLDEOHGHQVLWpGLYHUVLWpLQWHUGLPHQVLRQ QHOOHHWLQWUDGLPHQVLRQQHOOHª/jRO¶LQWHUGLPHQVLRQQHOOHVHFDUDFWpULVHSDU©O¶LPSRUWDQFHGHO¶DSSDUWH QDQFHUHVSHFWLYHGHVREMHWVFRSUpVHQWVjGLIIpUHQWHVGLPHQVLRQVªO¶LQWUDGLPHQVLRQQHOOHVHGp¿QLWSDU ©O¶DPSOHXUGHODYDULpWpGHFHVPrPHVREMHWVFRSUpVHQWVDSSDUWHQDQWjXQHPrPHGLPHQVLRQª/XVVDXOW S 1RXVSURSRVRQVGHPHWWUHHQUHODWLRQFHMHXSURGXLWDYHFFHTXH&5DIIHVWLQ DSSHOOH OHVJpRVWUXFWXUHV/DGLYHUVLWpLQWHUGLPHQVLRQQHOOHVHFRPSUHQGGDQVOHFDVGHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVSDU OHIDLWTXHFKDFXQGHVD[HVHWLWLQpUDLUHVSRUWDQWODUpDOLWpPRXYDQWHVGHVÀX[TXLGp¿QLVVHQWOHSKpQR PqQHGH7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVDSSDUWLHQWjODIRLVjFHWHQVHPEOHHWjOHXUVFRQWH[WHVQDWLRQDX[UpJLRQDX[ HW ORFDX[ G¶LQVFULSWLRQ /HV D[HV FRPSULV FRPPH FRPELQp G¶LQIUDVWUXFWXUHO HW GH FLUFXODWRLUH VRQW OHV REMHWVFRSUpVHQWVGDQVOHSKpQRPqQHFRQWLQHQWDOTXLDSSDUWLHQQHQWjGHVGLPHQVLRQVSROLWLTXHVKpWpUR JqQHV/DUpWLFXODULWpLQWHUYLHQWLFLFRPPHXQHPpWULTXHRV¶H[SULPHODFRSUpVHQFHGHFHVREMHWVDORUV TXH OD WHUULWRULDOLWp HVW FHOOH R V¶H[SULPHQW O¶pFODWHPHQW HW O¶LQFRKpVLRQ HQWUH FHV IUDJPHQWV /¶HQWUpH TXHQRXVSURSRVRQVHVWUpVXPpHSDUODFRQIURQWDWLRQGHO¶LQVFULSWLRQDXVHLQGHVGHX[JUDQGHVPpWULTXHV VSDWLDOHVHQWUHFRSUpVHQFHHWFRVSDWLDOLWp1RXVOHUHWURXYRQVDYHFODVHFRQGHGLYHUVLWpO¶LQWUDGLPHQ VLRQQHOOH7URLVGLPHQVLRQVFDUDFWpULVHQWO¶$OSLQ¿J UHFRXSDQWFKDFXQHXQDVSHFWGHODQRWLRQSURSR VpH/DGLPHQVLRQSK\VLTXHSHXWDSSDUDvWUHFRPPHODSOXVpYLGHQWHDORUVPrPHTX¶HOOHFRUUHVSRQGjOD SOXVGLI¿FLOHPHQWGp¿QLVVDEOH,OV¶DJLWGHVRQDVSHFWLQWHUQH/¶DVSHFWH[WpULRULVpGHO¶$OSLQFRUUHVSRQG jODGLPHQVLRQSROLWLTXH/jO¶$OSLQ©VSHFWUDOLVHªOHV$OSHV&HWWHWHQGDQFHpWDLWGpMjPDQLIHVWHDYHF ODSROLWLTXH©5HVWDXUDWLRQGHV7HUUDLQVGH0RQWDJQHª570 SDUH[HPSOHHQ)UDQFHjSDUWLUGH -3=XDQRQ SDUODLWGHV©LPPLJUpVGHO¶LQWpULHXUªjSURSRVGHVKDELWDQWVGHVYDOOpHVHWGHVYHU VDQWV&HWWHLGpHTXHOHJRXYHUQHPHQWGHV$OSHVpFKDSSHDX[JpRVWUXFWXUHVLQWHUQHVSRXUVHIRQGUHj ODJpRVWUXFWXUHQDWLRQDOHG¶LQVFULSWLRQWUDGXLWFHWWHVSHFWUDOLVDWLRQHQGLVSDULWLRQRXHQVXEOLPDWLRQGHV $OSHV/¶$OSLQRXODGLVSDULWLRQGHV$OSHV"1RXVUHWURXYRQVDORUVGHVUpÀH[LRQVPHQpHVVXUOHFRXSOHYLOOH XUEDLQ&DUO¶$OSLQVHFRPSUHQGDXVVLDXWUDYHUVGHVDWURLVLqPHGLPHQVLRQUpPDQHQFHGHO¶DOSLQjVDYRLU ODGLPHQVLRQVRFLDOH&HWDOSLQHVWXQH Physique UXJRVLWp GH O¶$OSLQ (OOH FRUUHVSRQG j Alpes XQ DVSHFW LQWHUQDOLVp GHV $OSHV /D FRQÀLFWXDOLWpGDQVOHV$OSHVSHXWDLQ VLrWUHDERUGpHDXWUDYHUVGHFHWRXWLO aspect interne FRQFHSWXHO SDUDGR[DO TX¶HVW O¶$OSLQ

Physique Alpes

>W/E

Dimension de l’Alpin et terme d’inscription

aspect internalisé

>W/E

aspect extériorisé

Politique national

Angle de perception de l’Alpin

Sociale alpin

/XVVDXOW0  ©8UEDLQª,Q 'LFWLRQQDLUHGHOD JpRJUDSKLHHWGHO·HVSDFH GHVVRFLpWpV &KRD\) ©/D PRUWGHODYLOOHHWOH UqJQHGHO·XUEDLQª /pY\-  /·HVSDFHOpJLWLPH =XDQRQ-3  ©/DSURWHFWLRQGHV $OSHVª

Sphère paradoxale de l’Alpin

)LJXUH/·$OSLQXQREMHWFRPSOH[H

KS, 2011.

.6XWWRQ

3UpVDJHV



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH Le réseau des Traversées Alpines, première approche par la structure axiale ferroviaire principale : convergences italiennes

Roma 

1

NP Genoa

Torino Fréjus 1871 Milano

Verona

Trieste

Chambéry

Venezia Simplon 1906

Karawanken 1906

Gotthard 1882

Tarvisio 1879 Tauern 1906

Brenner 1867

Arlberg 1884

Innsbruck

$OLSUDQGL/HW*  ©/HV$OSHVHW OHVSUHPLqUHVFDUWHV ,WLQpUDLUHVDX;9,ƒ VLqFOHª 6XWWR/  /HU{OHGHO·H[SHUWLVH pFRQRPLTXHGDQVO·pOD ERUDWLRQGHVSROLWLTXHV DOSLQHVGHWUDQVSRUWHW GXSURMHW/\RQ7XULQ YHUVO·pPHUJHQFHG·XQ HVSDFHDOSLQ" *DU]DUR6  )UpMXV/DIHUURYLDGD 7RULQRD0RGDQHH &KDPEpU\ 'DQVHUR(6FDU SRFFKL&  ©9RFLGLFRUULGRLR VHQVLGHOOXRJR 5LÁHVVLRQLSHUXQ DSSURFLRJHRJUDÀFR DSDUWLUHGDOFRQWHV WDWRSURJHWWRGLXQ QXRYRFROOHJDPHQWR IHUURYLDLULRWUD 7RULQRH/LRQHª /7) 1RXYHOOH OLDLVRQIHUURYLDLUH/\RQ 7XULQ2XYURQVOHV $OSHVUHOLRQVO·(XURSH $OSHVPDJD]LQH+6  $OSHVOHV WUDQVSRUWVHQTXHVWLRQ



K. Sutton, 2011.

Pyhrn 1906

Lausanne

Bern Zürich

Schober 1904 Semmering 1854

Lötschberg 1913/2007

1. De ports en ports

2. Entre continuités et discontinuités: Basel la nouveauté en question

Col

Salzburg

1871 Date d’ouverture des passages München

Tunnel Axes des traversées ferroviaires Autres axes ferroviaires Principaux ports méditerranéens La mer Méditerranée, horizon de l’échelle continentale

Linz

Frontière politique de l’Italie Autres frontières nationales Principaux noeuds péri-alpin L’Italie, destination d’un «drang nach Süden»

)LJXUH/HUpVHDXGHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV SUHPLqUHDSSURFKHSDUODVWUXFWXUHD[LDOHIHUURYLDLUHSULQFLSDOHFRQYHUJHQFHVLWDOLHQQHV .6XWWRQ &HWWHSUHPLqUHFDUWHSUpVHQWHGDQVXQHRULHQWDWLRQYRORQWDLUHPHQWLQYHUVHjO¶XVDJHRUGLQDLUHXQHOHFWXUH /¶,WDOLH JUkFHj UDSLGHGHVSULQFLSDX[D[HVIHUURYLDLUHVLQWHUQDWLRQDX[GH7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV FHWWHRULHQWDWLRQHVWUHPLVHHQYDOHXUGDQVVDSRVLWLRQGHFRQYHUJHQFHGHVGLIIpUHQWVD[HV&HWWHRULHQWDWLRQ UHWURXYH FHOOH GH UHSUpVHQWDWLRQV DQWpULHXUHV FRPPH OD 5RP :HJ $OLSUDQGL   /HV GDWHV LQGLTXpHV   UDSSHOOHQW O¶DQFLHQQHWp GH FKDFXQ GHV SDVVDJHV IHUURYLDLUHV /D WRLOH DLQVL GHVVLQpH UHWURXYH O¶LP SRUWDQFHGHODFRQVLGpUDWLRQGXIDLWPpWURSROLWDLQOHVPpWURSROHVSpULDOSLQHV DSSDUDLVVHQWFRPPHOHV ©LSRUWVLªG¶DWWDFKHGHVD[HVGHQDYLJDWLRQ/¶DQDORJLHSRUWXDLUHWURXYHVRQpFKRGDQVO¶LGHQWL¿FDWLRQGHO¶LP SRUWDQFHGHVSRUWVLWDOLHQV FRPPHGpERXFKpVVXGGHVD[HVGHWUDYHUVpHjFRQVLGpUHUDXPrPHUDQJTXH OHVPpWURSROHVGHO¶HVSDFHSDGDQ

/DGLVV\PpWULHUHÁqWHODFRQGXLWHGHODGHVWLQpHSROLWLTXHGHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV /DELEOLRJUDSKLHSURSRVpHSDU/6XWWR LOOXVWUHFHWWHLGpH&HWWHWKqVHG·pFR QRPLHGHVWUDQVSRUWVSURSRVHXQHpWXGHFHQWUpHVXUOHSURMHWGX/\RQ7XULQD[H WUDQVIURQWDOLHUHQWUH)UDQFHHW,WDOLHHQO·RXYUDQWjXQHUpÁH[LRQVXUOHV$OSHV/HV RXYUDJHVFLWpVHQODQJXHVDQJODLVH HWIUDQoDLVH GRPLQHQWGHORLQOHVRX YUDJHVLWDORSKRQHV SRXUXQHWKqVHUpDOLVpHHQFRWXWHOOH/\RQ3ROLWHFQLFRGL 0LODQR SDUXQHFKHUFKHXVHSUDWLTXDQWFRXUDPPHQWIUDQoDLVHWLWDOLHQ/·LWDOLHQHVW HQUHYDQFKHEHDXFRXSSOXVSUpVHQWGDQVODELEOLRJUDSKLHUHODWLYHjODFRQÁLFWXDOLWp DOSLQHDXWRXUGHVSURMHWVGHWXQQHOVGHEDVH*DU]DUR'DQVHURHW6FDUSRFFKL  &·HVWELHQO·,WDOLHHWVHVPRXYHPHQWVG·RSSRVLWLRQGDQVOH9DOGH6XVH1R 7$9 FRPPHGDQVOH+DXW$GLJH.HLQ%%7 TXLUDSSHOOHO·DEVHQFHGHFRQVHQVXV DXWRXUGHUpDOLVDWLRQVDIÀFKpHVDXUDQJGHQpFHVVLWpVUpWLFXODLUHHWHQYLURQQHPHQ WDOHDXWDQWTXHSROLWLTXHHWWHFKQLTXH(QHIIHWDORUVTXHOHVWXQQHOVGHEDVHVRQW SURPXVSDUOHXUVGpIHQVHXUVFRPPHGHVRXWLOVDXVHUYLFHGXGpYHORSSHPHQWGXUDEOH 3UpVDJHV

,QWURGXFWLRQ/HV$OSHVXQODE\ULQWKHWUDYHUVDQW /7) SUpDODEOHVLQGLVSHQVDEOHVDÀQGHSURSRVHUXQHJHVWLRQLQWpJUpHGX WUDQVLWjO·pFKHOOHDOSLQH$OSHV0DJD]LQH OHVRSSRVDQWVGpQRQFHQWODQpJD WLRQGHODSUR[LPLWp%RXUGLQ/HIHXYUH*HUPDLQGLU HWGHODUpDOLWpVRFLDOH 'L0pR%XOpRQ2OOLYUR GHVWHUULWRLUHVDOSLQVHWO·LQXWLOLWpGHFHV FKDQWLHUVSKDUDRQLTXHVHQUHJDUGGHODSUREOpPDWLTXHpQRQFpH1R7$9    &HVPRXYHPHQWVVRQWO·H[SUHVVLRQG·XQHOLPLWHjODTXHOOHOHPRGHUQLVPH HVWFRQIURQWpGDQVOHV$OSHV$ORUVTX·XQHpFULWXUHGHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVIRQGpH VXUXQHGURPRORJLH9LULOLR GXSURJUqVDQQRQoDLWjFKDTXHPRGHUQLVDWLRQ XQGpWDFKHPHQWDFFUXGXUpVHDXIUDQFKLVVDQWYLVjYLVGHVRQHQYLURQQHPHQWDOSLQ JUkFHjO·DFLHUO·pOHFWULFLWpRXHQFRUHGHVWXQQHOVWRXMRXUVSOXVEDVHWDFFHVVLEOHV OHVPRXYHPHQWVG·RSSRVLWLRQUpLQYHQWHQWXQHUXJRVLWpDOSLQH&HWWHUXJRVLWpQ·HVW SOXVSK\VLTXHRXYHUWLFDOHPDLVVHVLWXHGDQVOHIRQGGHODEDVVHYDOOpHGDQVO·KR UL]RQWDOLWpPrPHSURPXHSDUOHWXQQHOGHEDVH(OOHQ·HVWGRQFSDVFOLPDWLTXHRX WRSRJUDSKLTXHHOOHQHFRUUHVSRQGSDVjODUXJRVLWpWHOOHTX·DSSURFKpHHQSUHPLHU VHQVGDQVOHVPDQXHOVGHJpRJUDSKLHGHVWUDQVSRUWV0pUHQQH%DYRX[&KD SHORQ%HDXFLUH=HPEUL /·DIÀUPDWLRQTXH©&HVWXQQHOVVRQWGHSOXVHQSOXVORQJ HWEDVOH6DLQW*RWKDUGHVWjPG·DOWLWXGH DERXWLVVHQWDXIRQGjHVFDPRWHUOHVPRQWDJQHVLª %DYRX[ &KDSHORQ %HDXFLUH =HPEUL  S   VRXVHQWHQG TXH OD UXJRVLWp TXHSURSRVHOHUHOLHI DOSLQHQWHUPHVGHGLVWDQFHVHWGHUDOHQWLVVHPHQWHVWSRXU SDUWLHYDLQFXHSDUODGLPHQVLRQIRQFWLRQQHOOHGHO·REMHWWHFKQLTXHGHUpVHDXTX·HVW OHWXQQHOGHEDVH&HW\SHGHWXQQHOVHUDLWDLQVLXQHIIDFHPHQWGHV$OSHVOHV$OSHV GHYHQDQWUXJRVLWpHQHOOHVPrPHV/·LURQLHjWUDYHUVODSXEOLFLWpG·RXYHUWXUHGRF  HVWTXHOHVHUYLFHDQQRQoDQWO·HIIDFHPHQWGHV$OSHVDOXLPrPHpWp©HIIDFpªQRQ HQUDLVRQGHFRQGLWLRQVDOSLQHVPDLVHQUDLVRQGHORJLTXHVG·pFKHOOHFRQWLQHQWDOH

%RXUGLQ$ /HIHXYUH03 *HUPDLQ$GLU   /DSUR[LPLWp &RQVWUXFWLRQSROLWLTXHHW H[SpULHQFHVRFLDOH 'L0HR*%XOpRQ 3 /·HVSDFH VRFLDO/HFWXUHJpRJUD SKLTXHGHVVRFLpWpV 2OOLYUR-  ©&HOXLTXLFRXUW SOXVYLWHDYDQFHWLO GDYDQWDJH"9LWHVVH PRELOLWpHWLQpJDOLWpV VRFLDOHVª 127$9  UDJLRQLFRQWUROD7$9 LQYDOOHGL6XVD 9LULOLR3 9L WHVVHHWSROLWLTXH(VVDL GHGURPRORJLH 0pUHQQH (   *pRJUDSKLH GHV WUDQV SRUWV %DYRX[--%HDXFLUH )&KDSHORQ/ =HPEUL3  *pRJUDSKLHGHVWUDQV SRUWV

3KRWR©0RQWH]jERUGHWURXOH]ª 3XEOLFLWpSRXUOHVHUYLFHHQRSHQDFFHVVSURSRVpSDUOD'%HWOHVg%%HQSDUWHQDULDWDYHF/H1RUG SUpVHQWpHGDQVOHKDOOGHODJDUHGH9pURQH 3KRWR.6XWWRQDR€W

© 0RQWH]jERUG HWURXOH]  %LOOHWV GDQV OH WUDLQ ± VDQV VXSSOpPHQWV ª /D ÀH[LELOLWp HVW O¶DQJOH GH FRPPHUFLDOLVDWLRQ GH FH VHU YLFH DVVXUp HQ OLEUH DFFqV SDU OHV FRPSDJQLHV JHUPDQLTXHV HQ UHODWLRQ DYHF XQ FRQFXUUHQW GLUHFW GH OD FRPSDJQLH QDWLRQDOH LWDOLHQQH/H1RUG/HJUDSKLVPHGHO¶DI¿FKHHVWIRQGpVXUXQHUHSUpVHQWDWLRQFDUWRJUDSKLTXHGHO¶D[HYLDOHVUHODWLRQVDVVXUpHV SDU FH QRXYHDX SURGXLW IHUURYLDLUH 8QH YLOOH HVW LGHQWL¿pH FRPPH OH FRHXU GH FHW HVSDFH  ,QQVEUXFN HW VRQ KDXW OLHX WRXULV WLTXH OH *ROGHQHV 'DFKO /H FRQIRUW OD SRQFWXDOLWp HW O¶DFFHVVLELOLWp ¿QDQFLqUH  HXURV SUL[ G¶DSSHO  VRQW DXWDQW G¶DUJXPHQWV V¶LQVFULYDQW HQ FRQWUHSRLQW GHV JULHIV IUpTXHPPHQW IDLWV j OD FRPSDJQLH QDWLRQDOH LWDOLHQQH 7UHQLWDOLD /H FKRL[ GH O¶RSHQ DF FHVVDG¶DLOOHXUVpWpH[SOLTXpSDUODYRORQWpGHV¶DIIUDQFKLUGHVDOpDVG¶H[SORLWDWLRQLPSRVpVSDUOHUHFRXUVjFHWRSpUDWHXULWDOLHQ

3UpVDJHV



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH

%DYRX[--%HDXFLUH )&KDSHORQ/=HP EUL3 *pRJUDSKLH GHVWUDQVSRUWV =HPEUL3  ©6WUXFWXUHGHVUpVHDX[ GHWUDQVSRUWVHWGpUp JOHPHQWDWLRQª =HPEUL3 3RXU XQHDSSURFKHJpRJUDSKLTXH GHODGpUpJOHPHQWDWLRQGHV WUDQVSRUWV )UDJROD) 9HUV XQHSROLWTXHIHUURYLDLUH HXURSpHQQH/·(XURSHj WRXWHYDSHXU" 5HYXHG·+LVWRLUH GHV&KHPLQVGH)HU >5+&)@ /HV FKHPLQVGHIHUHQWHPSV GHFRQFXUUHQFH&KRL[ GX;,;ƒVLqFOHHWGpEDWV DFWXHOV 6DY\0 /H WUDQVSRUWGHPDUFKDQGLVHV

LQWHUPpWURSROLWDLQHV/HGHUQLHUWUDLQGHQXLWHQWUHOD6XLVVHHWO·,WDOLHDFLUFXOpOH GpFHPEUHVRLWODYHLOOHGHO·RXYHUWXUHjODFRQFXUUHQFHGXPDUFKpYR\DJHXU LQWHUQDWLRQDO &HWWH OLEpUDOLVDWLRQ %DYRX[ &KDSHORQ %HDXFLUH =HPEUL L =HPEUL)UDJROD5+&)6DY\ DSUpFLSLWpODÀQGH O·DOOLDQFH&LVDOSLQRUpXQLVVDQWDORUVOHV&))HW7UHQLWDOLDFRHQWUHSULVHTXLH[SORLWDLW OHVGLIIpUHQWVWUDLQVGHMRXUHQWUHOHVGHX[SD\V8QGHVSUHPLHUVH[HPSOHVG·H[SORL WDWLRQHQRSHQDFFHVVV·HVWG·DLOOHXUVWURXYpGDQVOHV$OSHVOHORQJGHO·D[HGX%UHQQHU (QHIIHWGqVOHGpFHPEUHOHVFRPSDJQLHVGHFKHPLQGHIHUDXWULFKLHQQH g%%gVWHUUHLVFKLVFKH%XQGHV%DKQ$XWULFKH HWDOOHPDQGH'%'HXWVFKH%DKQ $OOHPDJQH VHVRQWDOOLpHVjXQHÀOLDOHGHFHWWHGHUQLqUHHQ,WDOLH/H1RUGSRXUH[ SORLWHUHQRSHQDFFHVVOHVVHUYLFHVHQWUHO·$OOHPDJQHRXO·$XWULFKHHWO·,WDOLHSKRWR  8QHWHQGDQFHORXUGHH[LVWHjWUDYHUVOHV$OSHVSXLVTXHOHVUHODWLRQVjWUDYHUVOHWXQ QHO GX )UpMXV VRQW G·RUHV HW GpMj DQQRQFpHV VRXV FH UpJLPH SRXU O·H[HUFLFH SUR FKDLQ GH O·KLYHU  $LQVL OHV $OSHV DSSDUDLVVHQW FRPPH XQ PDUFKp SLRQQLHU .UHPSHU1RUGPDQQ GDQVODPLVHHQSODFHHWODUpDOLVDWLRQGHVQRX YHDX[FDGUHVG·H[SORLWDWLRQRIIHUWVSDUOHVpYROXWLRQVGHODUpJOHPHQWDWLRQGXIHU URYLDLUH HQ (XURSH &H U{OH GH SLRQQLHU VH FRPSUHQG j WUDYHUV XQH IRQFWLRQ GH ODERUDWRLUH SRXU OHV JUDQGV JURXSHV IHUURYLDLUHV HXURSpHQV TXL VH VRQW FUppV j O·pFKHOOHGXFRQWLQHQW/HIUHWDYDLWGpMjRXYHUWODYRLHGqVjWUDYHUVOD6XLVVH SXLV SHX DSUqV j WUDYHUV OHV D[HV DXWULFKLHQV GX %UHQQHU HW GHV 7DXHUQ7DUYLV  &HWWHIRQFWLRQGHODERUDWRLUHHVWjTXHVWLRQQHUFDUHOOHLQWHUURJH XQHVSpFLÀFLWpGHV$OSHVGDQVO·(XURSHJpRSROLWLTXH

.UHPSHU.  ©6·DGDSWHUSRXUDVVX UHUO·DYHQLUª 1RUGPDQ'  ©/DPLVHHQ±XYUHGH ODVWUDWpJLHGH&)) &DUJRª 5DIIHVWLQ&  ©/HVURXWHVHWOHV WUDQVSRUWVURXWLHUV GDQVO·DUFDOSLQª *XLFKRQQHW3  ©/DIURQWLqUHGDQVOHV $OSHVª *XLFKRQQHW3  ©7UDFpVHWFRQWH[WHV GHODWUDYHUVpHGHV $OSHVDXFRXUVGHV VLqFOHVª %HQ]* /HV $OSHVHWOHFKHPLQGHIHU $PLOKDW6]DU\$/  3UpIDFHGX QXPpUR©7UDYHUVHU HWXWLOLVHUODIURQWLqUH $QGHV$OSHV ª



/DERUDWRLUH  /·$OSLQ UHFRXYUH SOXVLHXUV FKDPSV VSDWLDX[ HQFDGUp   /H SOXV pYLGHQW WLHQW HQ VRQ DVSHFW LQWHUQH F·HVWjGLUH VD GLPHQVLRQ SK\VLTXH VDQV TXH FHOOHFL QH VRLW IDFLOHPHQW GpÀQLVVDEOH /D VHFRQGH GLPHQVLRQ WLHQW j OD GLPHQVLRQ SROL WLTXHGHO·REMHWJpRJUDSKLTXH,OV·DJLWLFLG·XQHDSSURFKHH[WpULRULVpHGHO·REMHW$O SLQ /H FKDPS LQWHUQH VH FRQFUpWLVH HQ XQH © VSHFWUDOLVDWLRQ ª GHV $OSHV HQ XQ HIIDFHPHQW FRPSULV VRLW FRPPH XQH GLVSDULWLRQ VRLW FRPPH XQH VXEOLPDWLRQ GHUULqUHO·LQWHQVLWpGHVUHSUpVHQWDWLRQVDXWRDOLPHQWpHVSDUOHVVRFLpWpVXUEDLQHV 0DLVFHWWH©VSHFWUDOLVDWLRQªH[WHUQHVHKHXUWHjO·DOSLQFRPPHUpPDQHQFHVGHV $OSHV VRXV OD IRUPH G·XQH UXJRVLWp j VDYRLU OH FKDPS VRFLDO &H GHUQLHU VHQV G·© $OSLQ ª SRXUUDLW FRUUHVSRQGUH j OD JpRVWUXFWXUH DERUGpH SDU & 5DIIHVWLQ   &HOOHFL HVW G·DLOOHXUV LQGLVVRFLDEOH HW LQGLVVRFLpH GHV UpJLPHV FLUFXODWRLUHV HW GH PRELOLWpV SXLVTX·pWDQW XQH VRPPH GH UpJLPHV FLUFXODWRLUHV HQ HOOHPrPH 6LQRXVHQUHVWRQVGDQVFHSUHPLHUWHPSVjXQHDSSURFKHJpQpUDOHOXHjO·pFKHOOH GXFRQWLQHQWQRXVSRXYRQVPHWWUHHQH[HUJXHGHVSDUWLFXODULWpVTXLVRQWDXWDQWGH OLJQHVGHIRUFHGHODOHFWXUHGHFHWHVSDFH/DSUHPLqUHG·HQWUHHOOHVQRXVFRQFHUQDQW HVWO·LPSRUWDQFHGXPRUFHOOHPHQWJpRSROLWLTXH*XLFKRQQHW%HQ]  $PLOKDW6]DU\   ,O QH V·DJLW SDV LFL GH UHFKHUFKHU XQ OLHQ GH FDXVDOLWp HQWUHOHPRUFHOOHPHQWHWOHFDGUHDOSLQ&HPRUFHOOHPHQWIDLWGHV$OSHVXQUpVXPp XQFRQGHQVpGHO·(XURSHOHV$OSHVVRQWXQH(XURSHHQPLQLDWXUHFRPSRVpHGH VL[(WDWVDX[SURÀOVSROLWLTXHVHWKLVWRULTXHVGLYHUVLÀpV(VSDFHGHFRQWDFWHQWUH 3UpVDJHV

,QWURGXFWLRQ/HV$OSHVXQODE\ULQWKHWUDYHUVDQW Les Alpes ferroviaires, un morcellement technique des Nations

Gothard LötschbergSimplon

Brenner

Fréjus/ Lyon-Turin

1

100 km

Les Traversées Alpines, entre dimension européenne internationale et affirmations des faits nationaux

L’espace alpin et péri-alpin, un morcellement géopolitique axes appelés à porter un tunnel de base : la dimension internationale des Traversées Alpines rappelée

.6

Un éclatement des aires d’électrification

Vers l’identification de bassins de motilité

(tensions dominantes d’électrification des lignes ferroviaires)

(la prise en compte des systèmes de gestion des circulations) Les systèmes nationaux hérités de gestion des circulations

aire centrale : 15 KV 16 2/3 Hz

bassin germanique

Suisse : ZUB

bassin helvétique

Italie : SCMT

bassin italien

France : KVB/BAL

bassin français

Slovénie : APB/ASN

bassin slovène

Italie et l’aire des héritages italiens : 3 KV aire des axes structurant le réseau classique du sud-est français (électrifications des années 1930 aux années 1950) : 1,5 KV aire des capilarités du réseau du sud-est français (électrifications des années 1960 à aujourd’hui) : 25 KV 50 Hz

Bassins de motilité des Traversées Alpines

Allemagne et Autriche : Indusi

aires parcourues par des réseaux électrifiés à voie métrique, tensions variables aires parcourue par des voies ferrées non électrifiées

)LJXUH/HV$OSHVIHUURYLDLUHVXQPRUFHOOHPHQWWHFKQLTXHGHV1DWLRQV .6XWWRQ

&HWWHSUHPLqUHFDUWHGHPLVHHQFRQWH[WHWHFKQLTXHDWWLUHO¶DWWHQWLRQVXUO¶LPSRUWDQFHGHVSpULPqWUHVQDWLRQDX[,O\DHQHIIHWDXWDQWGHEDVVLQVGH PRWLOLWpTXHG¶(WDWVGDQVO¶HVSDFHDOSLQ6HXOHVO¶$OOHPDJQHHWO¶$XWULFKHSURSRVHQWXQFRQWLQXXPWHFKQLTXH/HVD[HVDSSHOpVjSRUWHUOHVQRXYHDX[ WXQQHOVGHEDVHVRQWWRXMRXUVFRQIURQWpVjFHWWHTXHVWLRQFRPPHOHPRQWUHOHXUORFDOLVDWLRQ&DUVLWRXVOHVWXQQHOVQHVRQWSDVWUDQVIURQWDOLHUV SURMHWpHVjO¶pFKHOOHGHO¶D[HOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVVRQWFRQIURQWpHVjODTXHVWLRQGHO¶LQWHUQDWLRQDOLWpHWjVHVGp¿VWHFKQLTXHVG¶LQWHURSpUDELOLWp

O·8(HWOD6XLVVHOHV$OSHVUDSSHOOHQWTXHODFRQVWUXFWLRQSROLWLTXHHXURSpHQQHQH V·HVW SDV IDLWH HQ XQ MRXU HW D VRXYHQW pWp SUpFpGpH SDU XQH FRQVWUXFWLRQ SDU OH IDLWFLUFXODWRLUH*UDQHW$ELVVHW /H%UHQQHUHVWHQFHVHQVXQD[HG·(XURSH DYDQWTXHO·8(QHV·pWHQGHHQ$XWULFKH /HSRQWLQYHQWDQWO·DXWRURXWHDF FpGDQWDXFROQHSRUWHWLOSDVOHQRPG·(XURSDEUFNHSRQWGHO·(XURSHFRQVWUXLW HQWUHHWQRWDPPHQWPLVHQVFqQHGDQV*XLFKRQQHWS "&H OLHQ&RQVWUXFWLRQHXURSpHQQH$OSHVHVWjFRQVLGpUHUFDULOSHUPHWGHIDLUHUHVVXU JLU XQH SDUWLFXODULWp © 6XLVVH ª VRXYHQW PLVH HQ DYDQW HW TXL HVW j FRQFHYRLU DX GHOjGHVP\WKHVHWHQMROLYHPHQWVKDELWXHOVVXVFLWpVQRWDPPHQWHQ)UDQFH&HWWH PLQLDWXUH SROLWLTXH V·LOOXVWUH FRPPH PLQLDWXUH WHFKQLTXH 7RXWHV OHV SULQFLSDOHV FRQGLWLRQVWHFKQLTXHVG·H[SORLWDWLRQUHQFRQWUpHVHQ(XURSHV·\UHWURXYHQWÀJ  /·H[SOLFDWLRQVHVLWXHSRXUSDUWLHGDQVOHIDLWJpRSROLWLTXHGqVORUVTXHOHIHUURYLDLUH V·HVWGpYHORSSpGDQVOHVHLQGHVSpULPqWUHVSROLWLTXHV(QFHODO·LQWpUrWGHFRQVLGp UHUXQHSUREOpPDWLTXHJpRSROLWLTXHG·(XURSHjWUDYHUVOHIUDQFKLVVHPHQWIHUURYLDLUH GHV$OSHVHVWSURPHWWHXUKLHUPDUTXHXUGHVIDLWVQDWLRQDX[HWGHVGLVFRQWLQXLWpV SROLWLTXHV OH IHUURYLDLUH GHYLHQW DYHF OD YLWULQH PpGLDWLTXH GHV WXQQHOV GH EDVH ODÀJXUHGHSURXHGHODUHFKHUFKHGHFRQWLQXLWpVJpQpUDOLVpHV6XWWRQ /H 3UpVDJHV

*UDQHW$ELVVH\ 0$  ©0pPRLUHDOSLQH HWFRQVWUXFWLRQ HXURSpHQQHª *XLFKRQQHW3  ©5HFKHUFKH G·XQHSROLWLTXHª 6XWWRQ.  ©/HSRUWDLOGHWXQ QHOFRPPHpFULWXUH PRQXPHQWDOHGHV WUDYHUVpHVDOSLQHV /·HQWUHSULVHIHUUR YLDLUHHWODPpPRLUH GXIUDQFKLVVHPHQW GDQVOHV$OSHV RFFLGHQWDOHVª



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH %HUJLHU-)  ©/HWUDÀF jWUDYHUVOHV$OSHV HWOHVOLDLVRQVWUDQ VDOSLQHVGXKDXW PR\HQkJHDX ;9,,qPHVLqFOHª 9LD6WRULD(OVDV VHU. 'HU 'LUHNWH:HJLQGHQ 6GHQ %UXQHW5GLU  /HVYLOOHV ©HXURSpHQQHVª %UXQHW5  ©/HVOLJQHVGH IRUFHGHO·HVSDFH HXURSpHQª $OODLQ5%DXGHOOH **X\&>GLU@  /HSRO\FHQ WULVPHXQSURMHWSRXU O·(XURSH %DXGHOOH*  ©/·(XURSHGH GHPDLQVHUDWHOOH SRO\FHQWULTXH"ª

SRUWDLOQRUGGXWXQQHOGHEDVHGX/|WVFKEHUJ)UXWLJHQ HQDFRQVWLWXpXQPDQLIHVWH MXVTX·DXSULQWHPSVHQH[KLEDQWXQEDQGHDXjODJORLUHGX%HUQH/|WVFKEHUJ 6LPSORQ%/6 ©&RQQHFWLQJ(XURSHªSKRWR /DFpUpPRQLHRUJDQLVpHjO·RFFDVLRQ GHO·DFKqYHPHQWGXSHUFHPHQWGXSUHPLHUWXEHGXWXQQHOGHEDVHGX6W*RWKDUG OHRFWREUHO·LOOXVWUHDXVVL&HWWHIrWHDGRQQpOLHXjODOHFWXUHGXIRQGHPHQW PrPHGHODFRPSOH[LWpDOSLQHOH*RWKDUGFRQVWLWXDQWHQFHODO·DUFKpW\SHGHVSDV VDJHVOHVHQVQDWLRQDOVHPrOHG·LGHQWLWpVORFDOHVHWG·LQWpUrWVFDSLWDOLVWLTXHVSpULDOSLQV HW HXURSpHQV &HWWH FRPSOH[LWp MXVWLÀH OD IRQFWLRQ GH ODERUDWRLUH LGHQWLÀpH SDU OHV JUDQGVJURXSHVIHUURYLDLUHVHXURSpHQVGDQVOHPDUFKpDOSLQ&HGHUQLHUVHVLWXHDX F±XUGXPDUFKpHXURSpHQ6DQVHQWUHUGDQVXQHpSDLVVHXUKLVWRULTXHDFTXLVH%HU JLHU9LD6WRULD.(OVDVVHU ODIRQFWLRQHXURSpHQQHGHV$OSHVTXLYLVH jRXYULUOHVFLWpVLWDOLHQQHVGXQRUGVXUOHUHVWHGXUpVHDXFDSLWDOLVWLTXHHWXUEDLQGHOD GRUVDOHHXURSpHQQHHWGHVHVSURORQJHPHQWVSRUWXDLUHV%UXQHW$O ODLQ%DXGHOOH*X\%DXGHOOH%R\HU SRVHOHPDUFKpGHV7UDYHU VpHV$OSLQHVFRPPHXQHVSDFHG·HQMHX[ORJLVWLTXHVFRQWLQHQWDX[YRLUHPRQGLDX[ /DSUREOpPDWLTXHGXWUDQVLWHVWG·DXWDQWSOXVIRUWHTXHOHPRUFHOOHPHQWJpRSROLWLTXH V·LPSRVHDX[D[HV$YDQWPrPHGHV·pWHQGUHjO·HVWOD'%V·HVWpYHUWXpHjFRQVWUXLUH YLD 5DLOLRQ ÁLOOLDOHIUHWGHOD '% XQ UpVHDXG·RSpUDWHXUV SHUPHWWDQWG·RIIULU XQH FRQWLQXLWp G·H[SORLWDWLRQ HW GH VHUYLFH VXU OHV GHX[ YHUVDQWV GHV $OSHV .UHPSHU

%R\HU-&  /HVYLOOHVHXUR SpHQQHV .UHPSHU.  6·DGDSWHU SRXUDVVXUHU O·DYHQLU

3KRWR3RUWDLOQRUGGXWXQQHOGHEDVHGX/|WVFKEHUJ )UXWLJHQPDUVFOLFKp.6XWWRQ /HSRUWDLOQRUGGXWXQQHOGHEDVHGX/|WVFKEHUJj)UXWLJHQPDQLIHVWHSDUVRQDUFKLWHFWXUHXQGLVFRXUVVXUO¶LQWpJUDWLRQUpWL FXODLUH/¶KHXUHQ¶HVWHQHIIHWSOXVjODPRQXPHQWDOLVDWLRQGHO¶HQWUpHGDQVOHWXQQHOPDLVjVRQHIIDFHPHQWGDQVOHSURFHV VXVGHIUDQFKLVVHPHQW/HEDQGHDXGpURXOpSRXUVRQLQDXJXUDWLRQSRUWHXQHGpGLFDFHjO¶pFKHOOHHXURSpHQQH©FRQQHFWLQJ (XURSHªTXLPHWHQVFqQHO¶DFWHXUD\DQWJpUpOHVWUDYDX[HWJpUDQWO¶H[SORLWDWLRQGXWXQQHODXTXRWLGLHQ%/6WRXWHQSHU VRQQDOLVDQWO¶REMHWSDUOHQRPTX¶LOUHoRLWHQKpULWDJHG¶XQFROSXLVG¶XQWXQQHOIHUURYLDLUHDQWpULHXU/|WVFKEHUJ&OLQG¶°LOj FHWWH¿OLDWLRQODOLJQHKLVWRULTXHFRXUDQWYHUVOHWXQQHODvQpDFFRPSDJQHODOLJQHGHIXLWHGXSRUWDLORIIUDQWXQHSUHPLqUHOHF WXUHYLVXHOOHGHODVXSHUSRVLWLRQGHVLWLQpUDLUHVGHIUDQFKLVVHPHQWHWDLQVLGHODVLPXOWDQpLWpGHVpWDWVGHIUDQFKLVVHPHQW



3UpVDJHV

,QWURGXFWLRQ/HV$OSHVXQODE\ULQWKHWUDYHUVDQW

'RF D © /D 6XLVVH /LJQH pOHFWULTXH GX 6W*R WKDUGª

'RFE©/DSRVWHGX*RWKDUGª

$IÀFKHSRXUOHV&))'%X]]L6%%KLVWRULF%HUQH

7DEOHDXGH5.ROOHUFROOHFWLRQ&UpGLW6XLVVH=XULFK

/D FRQIURQWDWLRQ GH FHV GHX[ °XYUHV DUWLVWLTXHV GH GHX[ pSRTXHV GLIIpUHQWHV UHQG FRPSWH G¶XQH FRQWLQXLWp GDQV O¶DSSURFKH GHV 7UDYHUVpHV $OSLQHV /H IDQWDVPH GH OD SXLVVDQFH SHUPHWWDQW GH V¶DIIUDQFKLU GH OD SHQWH HW OD SDV VLRQ SRXU O¶DFFpOpUDWLRQ VH MRLJQHQW GDQV OH GpSDVVHPHQW G¶XQH OHQWHXU KRPRJqQH SRXU WHQGUH YHUV OD YLWHVVH GLI IpUHQFLpH &HV GHX[ °XYUHV YDQWHQW GHX[ PRGHUQLVDWLRQ j JDXFKH O¶pOHFWUL¿FDWLRQ j GURLWH OD FRQTXrWH GH O¶DW WHODJH TXL PRQWUH TXH OD PRGHUQLWp HW TXH OD QRXYHDXWp QH SHXYHQW VH UpVXPHU DX[ VHXOHV RXYHUWXUHV GH QRXYHOOHV LQIUDVWUXFWXUHV 'DQV OHV GHX[ FDV SURSRVpV LFL LO V¶DJLW GH PLVH HQ VFqQH G¶REMHW GH O¶RUGUH GH O¶H[SORLWDWLRQ

 GXPRLQVMXVTX·DX[JUDQGHVPpWURSROHVHWWHUPLQDX[ORJLVWLTXHVGHO·,WDOLHGX QRUG,PLWpHSDUG·DXWUHVJURXSHVGRQWOHV&))&KHPLQGH)HU)pGpUDX[6XLVVH  OD'%DJDJQpGDQVOHV$OSHVXQHDYDQFHjO·pFKHOOHHXURSpHQQHGDQVOHPDQLHPHQW GH OD OLEpUDOLVDWLRQ /HV GLIIpUHQWHV SKDVHV GH FH PRXYHPHQW GH GpUpJXODWLRQ RQW WRXWHVWURXYpGDQVOHPDUFKpDOSLQXQWHUUDLQG·H[SpULPHQWDWLRQ'HODFRRSpWL WLRQ.HPSHU GHVGpEXWVjO·RSHQDFFHVVG·DXMRXUG·KXLGHO·DIIUqWHPHQWDXYR\D JHXULQWHUQDWLRQDOOHV$OSHVVHVRQWLPSRVpHVFRPPHOHWHUUDLQG·HVVDL/DSUpVHQFH G·XQHVRPPHGHJUDQGVSURMHWVQpFHVVLWDQWODFRQVWLWXWLRQG·XQPDUFKpG\QDPLTXH SRXU JDJQHU HQ SHUWLQHQFH O·D IRUWHPHQW HQFRXUDJp 4XHOV WUDQVSRUWV GXUDEOHV SRXUIUDQFKLUOHV$OSHVHQ"1RXYHDX[WXQQHOVQRXYHDX[GpÀV 

$FFpOpUDWLRQ  7XQQHOVGHEDVHLQWHURSpUDELOLWpUpVHDX[GHWUDYHUVpHPpWURSROLVpVLQWpJUD WLRQHXURSpHQQH«WRXVFHVFRPSRVDQWVWHQGHQWYHUVXQHPrPHG\QDPLTXHO·DF FpOpUDWLRQ5RVD9LULOLR /DUHFKHUFKHG·DFFURLVVHPHQWGHYLWHVVHHVW XQHFRQVWDQWHGHO·qUHIHUURYLDLUHGDQVOHV$OSHV,OIDXGUDLWPrPHUDWWDFKHUFHWWHUH FKHUFKHjXQPRXYHPHQWWHPSRUHOOHPHQWSOXVpSDLVTXLHQIHUDLWXQHSUHPLqUHFDUDF 3UpVDJHV

4XHOVWUDQVSRUWV GXUDEOHVSRXU IUDQFKLHOHV$OSHV HQ"  DFWHVGXFROORTXH WHQXOHRFWREUH j&KDPEpU\ 1RXYHDX[WXQQHOV QRXYHDX[GpÀV  DFWHVGXFRO ORTXHWHQXjOD&LWp GHVVFLHQFHVHWGH O·LQGXVWULHGH3DULV OHMXLQ 5RVD+ $F FpOpUDWLRQ8QHFULWLTXH VRFLDOHGXWHPSV 9LULOLR3  ©/HVUpYROXWLRQVGH ODYLWHVVHªHW©/D YLWHVVHG·H[SRVL WLRQª



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH 6DOVD$  9LDJJLRDOOH$OSL $OOHRULJLQLGHOWXULVPR DOSLQR %DOOX«@FRPPHV·LOSRXYDLWSDVVHUVDQVWUDQVLWLRQGXPRXYHPHQWjO·LPPRELOLWp

RXSOXW{WFRPPHVLO·LPPRELOLWppWDLWHQTXHOTXHVRUWHOHSURORQJHPHQWGXPRX YHPHQWRXPLHX[HQFRUHOHPRXYHPHQWOXLPrPHpWHUQLVpFDSDEOHVDQVGRXWH GH FHOD WUDQVIRUPHU OD YLWHVVH PrPH HQ VD UHSUpVHQWDWLRQ LPPRELOH  Q·LP SRUWHTXDQG>«@QHUHSRVDQWVXUULHQG·DXWUHTXHVXUOHWHPSVSRXUDLQVL GLUHVROLGLÀp>«@VHWHQDQWGDQVFHWWHSRVWXUHVHPEODEOHjXQHIRXGUR\DQWH FRQGHQVDWLRQ GH OD YLWHVVH ª 6LPRQ  S HW VXLYDQWHV /D©IRXGUR\DQWHFRQGHQVDWLRQGHODYLWHVVHªpYRTXpHHVWFHSDUDGR[HGHO·DFFp OpUDWLRQHOOHQDvWG·XQHLPPRELOLWpHWWHQGYHUVO·LPPRELOLWp(QHIIHWO·DFFRPSOLV VHPHQWG·XQHVpTXHQFHDFFpOpUpHHVWODVLPXOWDQpLWpHWO·XELTXLWpXWRSLTXH0RUH   3DTXRW /XVVDXOW   +DEHUPDV   'LGL+XEHUPDQ   $XJp5RVD FHUWHVPDLVSRXUWDQWUrYpH&HWWHFRQGHQVDWLRQSHXWDLQVL GHYHQLUFRQWUDFWLRQjO·LPDJHGHO·DIÀFKHGpURXOpHVXUODIDoDGHGHODJDUHGH%ULJXH GXUDQWOHVWUDYDX[GHUpQRYDWLRQGXEkWLPHQWHQSKRWR (OOHRIIUHXQH UHSUpVHQWDWLRQG·XQHIIHWSHUoXRXUrYpGXWXQQHOGHEDVHGX/|WVFKEHUJPLVHQH[ SORLWDWLRQHQODFRQWUDFWLRQGHODGLVWDQFHHQWUH%HUQHHWVDJULVDLOOHHWOHVROHLO GX9DODLV/HWXQQHORSqUHDLQVLIRQFWLRQQHOOHPHQWXQSOLVVHPHQWLQYHUVpWHQGDQWj XQHUHSUpVHQWDWLRQGHO·HIIDFHPHQWGHV$OSHV$FFpOpUDWLRQHWHIIDFHPHQWVRQWFRU UpOpVGDQVFHWWHOHFWXUHOLQpDLUHPHQWRULHQWpHGHVWHPSRUDOLWpVHWGHVVSDWLDOLWpV   &HWHIIDFHPHQWDFFpOpUpFRQGXLWjXQHOHFWXUHGHO·pFULWXUHG·XQHDXWUHG\ QDPLTXHDXF±XUGHO·DSSURFKHPRGHUQHGHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVO·H[WpULRULVDWLRQ QRGDOH'HO·DQDORJLHSRUWXDLUHjODVXUSRQGpUDWLRQGHO·HVSDFHSpULDOSLQGHO·DOORQ JHPHQWGHODGLVWDQFHGHVWXQQHOVGDQVOHV$OSHVjODPpWURSROLVDWLRQGHVUpVHDX[ GHIUDQFKLVVHPHQWODOHFWXUHG·XQHVRUWLHGXPDVVLI GHVQ±XGVGHFRPPDQGHPHQW GHVWUDYHUVpHVV·LPSRVHjODSUDWLTXHGHODOLWWpUDWXUHVFLHQWLÀTXH&KDPXVV\ %HUQLHU &HWWHH[WpULRULVDWLRQHVWFRUUpOpHjXQHG\QDPLTXHpSURXYpH SOXVJpQpUDOHPHQWGDQVOHFDGUHGHODJpRJUDSKLHSRUWXDLUHjVDYRLUODWUDMHFWRLUH FHQWULIXJHGHODQRGDOLWpSDUUDSSRUWjODFHQWUDOLWp%DYRX['XFUXHW  &HWWH OHFWXUH SDU OH PRQGH VFLHQWLÀTXH HVW VXVFLWpH SDU XQH DQDO\VH VXU OH WHPSV ORQJVXUSRQGpUDQWOHWRXUQDQWRSpUpWDQWSDUO·qUHGHVURXWHVGHFROTXHSDUFHOOH GHVWXQQHOVIHUURYLDLUHV1RXVUHSUHQRQVLFLOHVDSSHOODWLRQVSURSRVpHVGDQVOHVVp 3UpVDJHV

,QWURGXFWLRQ/HV$OSHVXQODE\ULQWKHWUDYHUVDQW

%DYRX[--  ©/DQRGD OLWpXQFRQFHSW IRQGDPHQWDOGH O·RUJDQLVDWLRQGH O·HVSDFHª 'XFUXHW&  ©6WUXFWXUHVHW G\QDPLTXHV VSDWLDOHVGHVYLOOHV SRUWXDLUHVGX ORFDODXPRQGLDOª *XLFKRQQHW3  ©5HFKHUFKH G·XQHSROLWLTXHª *XLFKRQQHW3  ©7UDFpV HWFRQWH[WHVGH ODWUDYHUVpHGHV $OSHVDXFRXUVGHV VLqFOHVª 7RUULFHOOL*3  ©5HWLGL WUDVSRUWRHUHWL GLFLWWjLOFDVR GHOO·$UFRDOSLQRª

3KRWR  $IÀFKH VDQV WLWUH GpURXOpH VXU OD ID oDGHGHODJDUHGH%ULJXHORUVGHVDUpQRYDWLRQ HQWUHHW 3KRWR.6XWWRQMXLQ /DYLOOHUHSUpVHQWpHjJDXFKHHVW%HUQHDYHFOHSDODLVGX&RQVHLO)pGpUDOEDLJQpHGDQVVDJULVDLOOHTXLYRLWOH9DODLVjGURLWH  HWVRQJpRV\PEROHOH&HUYLQ VHUDSSURFKHUSDUXQMHXGHSOLVVHPHQWLQYHUVp/¶DJHQWGHFHWDOWHUSOLVVHPHQWHVWOHWXQQHO GHEDVHGX/|WVFKEHUJ  RXYHUWjO¶H[SORLWDWLRQYR\DJHXUGHSXLV/¶°XYUHGHFHSOLVVHPHQWLQYHUVpHVWXQDSODQLVVH PHQWGHV$OSHVWHQGDQWjO¶HIIDFHPHQWGXPDVVLI /¶2EHUODQG%HUQRLVQ¶HVWSOXV%HUQHHVWELHQGHYHQXH:DOOLV1RUG FRPPHOHGLVFRXUVG¶LQDXJXUDWLRQGXWXQQHOGHEDVHSURQRQFpSDU0/HXHQEHUJHUDORUV0LQLVWUHGHVWUDQVSRUWVO¶DQQRQoDLW

TXHQoDJHV FKURQRORJLTXHV GH 3 *XLFKRQQHW    * 3 7RUULFHOOL    RX HQFRUH % 'HEDUELHX[   >SDUWLH @ /H IDLW TXH WRXW WUDYDLO VXU OHV 7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVPrPHRSpUpGHSXLVXQHHQWUpHVSDWLDOHGpERXFKHVXUXQHFKUR QRORJLHPRQWUHTXHO·RUGUHWHPSRUHOGHYLHQWXQVXEVWLWXWjO·LQVDLVLVVDEOHGLPHQ VLRQVSDWLDOHGHV$OSHVGRQFGHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV$FFpOpUDWLRQHWH[WpULRULVDWLRQ VRQWGHX[SKpQRPqQHVG·RUGUHWHPSRUHOV·LQVFULYDQWGDQVO·HVSDFHODLVVDQWGHVKp ULWDJHVSDWULPRLQHRXIULFKHIHUURYLDLUHVWqOHVFRPPpPRUDWLYHVSDOpRHPSULVHVGH YRLHV« VRLWXQHWH[WXDOLWpGDQVO·HVSDFH/·XWRSLHV·pFULWGDQVO·HVSDFHHWGHYLHQW XQSDQGHODVSDWLDOLWpDOSLQH&HVKpULWDJHVSUHQQHQWODIRUPHGHWUDFpVGHOLQpDLUHV FRXUDQWV·LQWHUURPSDQWDXJUpGHOHXUUpXWLOLVDWLRQRXGHOHXUHIIDFHPHQWOLWWpUDO FRQVWLWXDQWDLQVLODWURLVLqPHPDQLIHVWDWLRQGHODPRGHUQLWpGDQVOHV$OSHVFLUFXOD WRLUHVODFRQFHQWUDWLRQGHVD[HVGHIUDQFKLVVHPHQW/·DFFpOpUDWLRQHQWUDvQDQW HW SHUPHWWDQW XQH H[WpULRULVDWLRQ QRGDOH V·DFFRPSDJQH GDQV FH VFKpPD G·XQ MHX GH FRQFHQWUDWLRQ VL O·RQ V·HQ WLHQW DX MHX GH OD SURGXFWLRQ GHV LQIUDVWUXFWXUHV GH SDVVDJHV9H\UHWHW9H\UHW5DIIHVWLQ%HUJLHU 'HODPXOWLWXGH GHVFROVDQWLTXHVHWPpGLpYDX[O·pSRTXHGHVURXWHVGHFRODYHFVHVSUHPLHUVDPp QDJHPHQWVPDQLIHVWDQWXQFRQWU{OHSROLWLTXHSpULDOSLQVXUOHF±XUGXPDVVLI RSqUH XQHSUHPLqUHVpOHFWLRQVHORQXQHJULOOHGHOHFWXUHJpRSROLWLTXHVWUDWpJLTXHPLOLWDLUH 6XWWRQ5DIIHVWLQ /·pSRTXHGHVWXQQHOVIHUURYLDLUHVGHIDvWHRSqUHXQH QRXYHOOHVpOHFWLRQDLQVLTXHGHX[JOLVVHPHQWVGX0RQW&HQLVDX)UpMXVHWGX*URV 3UpVDJHV

7RUULFHOOL*3  ©7UDYHUVpHV DOSLQHVYLOOHV HWWHUULWRLUHOH SDUDGR[HGHOD YLWHVVHª 'HEDUELHX[%  ©/DWUDYHU VpHGHV$OSHVXQH KLVWRLUHG·pFKHOOHV HWG·LQWpUrWV G·pSRXVDLOOHVHWGH GLYRUFHVª 9H\UHW3HW*  $XF±XUGH O·(XURSHOHV$OSHV 5DIIHVWLQ&  ©/HVURXWHVHWOHV WUDQVSRUWVURXWLHUV GDQVO·DUFDOSLQª %HUJLHU-)  ©/HWUDÀFjWUDYHUV OHV$OSHVHWOHV OLDLVRQVWUDQVDO SLQHVGXKDXW PR\HQkJHDX ;9,,qPHVLqFOHª 6XWWRQ.  /HWXQQHOVRXVOH 0RQWJHQqYUHHQWUH P\WKHVHWUpDOLWpV



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH )RXFKHU0  /DUpSX EOLTXHHXURSpHQQH )RXFKHU0  /·(XURSHHW O·DYHQLUGXPRQGH )RXFKHU0  ©(XURSH (XURSHVª/D GRFXPHQWWLRQSKRWR JUDSKLTXH /pY\-  /·(XURSH -DQLQ%  ©/HVWXQQHOV URXWLHUVGX 0RQW%ODQFHW GX*UDQG6DLQW %HUQDUGOHVSHUV SHFWLYHVGHOHXU RXYHUWXUHSRXUOD YDOOpHG·$RVWHª 5DIIHVWLQ&  ©/HVURXWHV HWOHVWUDQVSRUWV URXWLHUVGDQVO·DUF DOSLQª &KDPXVV\+  ©/HV UHODWLRQVURXWLqUHV IUDQFRLWDOLHQQHV GDQVOHV$OSHVGX 1RUGHWOHWUDÀF HQHWª 'UHYHW-)  +LVWRLUHGHOD SROLWLTXHUpJLRQDOHGH O·8QLRQHXURSpHQQH )RXUQ\.REHU 0&&ULYHOOL5  ©&HWWH PRQWDJQHTXH O·RQSDUWDJH )URQWLqUHHW PRQWDJQHGDQV OHVFRRSpUDWLRQV WUDQVIURQWD OLqUHVGHUpJLRQV DOSLQHVª /7)  1RXYHOOHOLDLVRQIHU URYLDLUH/\RQ7XULQ 2XYURQVOHV$OSHV UHOLRQVO·(XURSH /D7UDQVDOSLQH  /\RQ7X ULQ%XGDSHVW8QH OLDLVRQWUDQVHXUR SpHQQHDXVHUYLFH GXGpYHORSSHPHQW GXUDEOH



VJORFNQHUDX[7DXHUQ/HWKqPHGHODIURQWLqUHRXSOXW{WGHVHVUHFRPSRVLWLRQV GDQVOHFDGUHGHODFRQVWUXFWLRQHXURSpHQQHHWGHVFRQFXUUHQFHVTXLHQQDLVVHQWGDQV ODSDUWLHDOSLQHGHO·(XURSH)RXFKHU/pY\ DFFRPSDJQH O·qUH GH UpDOLVDWLRQ GHV SHUFpHV URXWLqUHV -DQLQ   5DIIHVWLQ   &KDPXV V\ /·HVSRLUHQXQHVSDFHHXURSpHQGRQFDXVVLDOSLQ XQLÀpOLVVpVROLGDLUH HW RXYHUW 'UHYHW   )RXUQ\.REHU &ULYHOOL   SUpVLGH j OD MXVWLÀFDWLRQ GHODUpDOLVDWLRQGHVQRXYHDX[WXQQHOVGHEDVH/7)/D7UDQVDOSLQH  &HWWH GHUQLqUH SKDVH LQWHUYLHQW j SUHPLqUH YXH FRPPH XQH QRXYHOOH SKDVH GH FRQFHQWUDWLRQGHVD[HVGHWUDYHUVpHSDUXQHVpOHFWLRQGHVSRLQWVGHIUDQFKLVVHPHQW PRGHUQLVpV&HVGLIIpUHQWHVVpOHFWLRQVVXFFHVVLYHVVRQWWRXWHVFRPSULVHVVHORQXQ RUGUHJpRSROLWLTXHTXLPDQLIHVWHDLQVLO·LQWpUrWGHFRQVLGpUHUOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV VRXVO·DQJOHG·XQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH%HUQLHU%ODQFKDUG6WX GHU 6HXOHPHQWXQEUHI UHJDUGVXUOHSULQFLSHTXLSUpVLGHjFHVFRQVLGpUDWLRQV SHUPHWG·LGHQWLÀHUXQHOLPLWHIRQGDPHQWDOHjFHWWHDSSURFKH&HWWHDSSURFKHVSDWLDOH HWWHPSRUHOOHIRQGpHVXUOHWU\SWLTXHPRGHUQHDFFpOpUDWLRQH[WpULRULVDWLRQFRQFHQ WUDWLRQUpGXLWOHFKDPSGHVRQREMHWG·pWXGHDXVHXOFDGUHGHVLQIUDVWUXFWXUHV2UGH ODPrPHIDoRQTXHOHVWXQQHOVURXWLHUVQ·DYDLHQWSDVHIIDFpVOHVFROVO·RXYHUWXUHGHV WXQQHOVGHEDVHQHFRQGXLWSDVjODIHUPHWXUHGHVWXQQHOVGHIDvWH/HVHXOGRXEOHWHQ VHUYLFHDFWXHOOHPHQWOH/|WVFKEHUJO·LOOXVWUHOjROHWXQQHOGHEDVHpFRXOHVHV WUDLQVTXRWLGLHQVOHWXQQHOGHIDvWHFRQWLQXHjDFFXHLOOLUWUDLQVSDUMRXUDYHFGHV SRLQWHVDXWRXUGH/RUVGHVSRLQWHVVDLVRQQLqUHVOHIDvWHpFRXOHSOXVTXHODEDVH ,OQ·HQIDXWSDVIRUFpPHQWSOXVSRXUMXVWLÀHUGHODQpFHVVLWpGHVHUHSHQFKHUVXUO·RE MHW©7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVªODQRXYHDXWpFRQVWLWXHXQHQMHXDXF±XUGHVDGpÀQLWLRQ 2UVLODQRXYHDXWpDpWpLQWpJUpHGHSXLVSOXVG·XQVLqFOHGDQVXQPRXYH PHQWFRQWLQXDXVHLQGXTXHOODPDQLIHVWDWLRQGXSURJUqVpWDLWOXHLODSSD UDvWDXMRXUG·KXLRSSRUWXQGHTXHVWLRQQHUXQHpYHQWXHOOHUXSWXUHV\VWpPLTXH GDQVOHVUHODWLRQVFRPSOH[HVjO·±XYUHHQWUHOHVpOpPHQWVLQYHQWDQW OHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV

6LPXOWDQpLWp  &HWWHSHQVpHPRGHUQHUHSRVHVXUO·RUGUHGHODVXFFHVVLRQHQFRKpUHQFH DYHF XQH DSSURFKH OLQpDLUH HW RULHQWpH GX WHPSV /·DIÀFKH GH / *LJQRQ   SURGXLWHSRXUOHVFKHPLQVGHIHULWDOLHQVjO·RFFDVLRQGHO·RXYHUWXUHGXWXQQHOGX 6LPSORQHQHVWXQPDQLIHVWH6XWWRQ 8QHSUHPLqUHOHFWXUHRIIUHO·LGpHG·XQH TXrWH GH OD OLQpDULWp HW GH OD FRQWLQXLWp UpWLFXODLUH 0DLV GDQV OH PrPH WHPSV FHWWHDIÀFKHGRQQHjYRLUXQHORJLTXHFXPXODWLYHSOXVTX·H[FOXVLYHPHQWVXFFHV VLYH$XVVLODVXFFHVVLRQGRLWHOOHrWUHGRUpQDYDQWDSSURFKpHDYHFVRQFRPSOpPHQW ODVLPXOWDQpLWp&HWWHORJLTXHVLPXOWDQpHHVWWRXWjODIRLVVSDWLDOHHWWHPSRUHOOHHW SHUPHWGHTXHVWLRQQHUODQRWLRQG·D[HDXVXMHWGHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV/DSDUWLFX ODULWpDOSLQHHWGHSURSRVHUXQHVXSHUSRVLWLRQG·LWLQpUDLUHVGHIUDQFKLVVHPHQW&ROV WXQQHOVGHIDvWHIHUURYLDLUHHWURXWLHUWXQQHOGHEDVHIHUURYLDLUHVRQWDXWDQWGHSRV VLELOLWpVGHIUDQFKLUSRXUDFFRPSOLUODWUDYHUVpH/H*RWKDUGV·DIÀUPHGHQRXYHDX FRPPHO·DUFKpW\SHFHWD[HRIIUDQWVHXOODJDPPHFRPSOqWHGHODVXSHUSRVLWLRQÀJ   3UpVDJHV

,QWURGXFWLRQ/HV$OSHVXQODE\ULQWKHWUDYHUVDQW >ĞƐEŽƵǀĞůůĞƐdƌĂǀĞƌƐĠĞƐůƉŝŶĞƐ͗ů͛ĞdžƉĠƌŝĞŶĐĞĚĞůĂƐŝŵƵůƚĂŶĠŝƚĠ Ě͛ĠƚĂƚƐĚĞĨƌĂŶĐŚŝƐƐĞŵĞŶƚ >͛ĞdžĞŵƉůĞĚƵ'ŽƚŚĂƌĚ

ϮϱϬϬŵ

&ĞƌƌŽǀŝĂŝƌĞ dƵŶŶĞůĚĞ ďĂƐĞ

Žů ĚƵ^ƚ'ŽƚŚĂƌĚ

&ĞƌƌŽǀŝĂŝƌĞ dƵŶŶĞůĚĞĨĂŠƚĞ

ƵƚŽƌŽƵƚĞ dƵŶŶĞůĚĞ ĨĂŠƚĞ

ZŽƵƚĞ ĚĞĐŽů

ƌƐƞĞůĚ

ϮϬϬϬ ϭϱϬϬ ϭϬϬϬ

Ϭ Ϭ

ƌƐƞĞůĚ

dƵŶŶĞů ĚĞďĂƐĞ

ŝƌŽůŽ

dƵŶŶĞů ĚĞďĂƐĞ ŝƌŽůŽ 'ƂƐĐŚĞŶĞŶ

dƵŶŶĞů ĚĞĨĂŠƚĞ

Žů ĚƵ^ƚ'ŽƚŚĂƌĚ

^ĞĚƌƵŶ

ϱϬϬ

^ĞĚƌƵŶ

'ƂƐĐŚĞŶĞŶ

dƵŶŶĞů ĚĞĨĂŠƚĞ

Ξ GLU@  /HVWHUULWRLUHVGHOD PRELOLWp/·DLUHGX WHPSV %RQÀJOLROL6 6WDELOLQL6  ©/DJHVWLRQGHOD PRELOLWpO·XUED QLVPHGXWHPSVHW VHVVWUDWpJLHVª %DLOO\$+HXUJRQ ( 1RXYHDX[ U\WKPHVXUEDLQV TXHOVWUDQVSRUWV" +lJHUVWUDQG7  ©6SDFH WLPHDQGKXPDQ FRQGLWLRQª 7KULIW1-  $QLQWURGXFWLRQWR 7LPHJHRJUDSK\ 9LULOLR3  9LWHVVHHWSROLWLTXH (VVDLGHGURPRORJLH 2OOLYUR-  /·KRPPHjWRXWHV YLWHVVHV'HODOHQWHXU KRPRJqQHjODUDSLGLWp GLIIpUHQFLpH 2OOLYUR-  4XDQGODYLWHVVH FKDQJHOHPRQGH 5RVD+  $FFpOpUDWLRQ8QH FULWLTXHVRFLDOHGX WHPSV /pY\- /H WRXUQDQWJpRJUDSKLTXH



Un emboîtement d’échelles de nodalités une dichotomie spatiale à interroger

Corridor...

Pied de col

... une somme d’axes...

Tête de tunnel

... un faisceau d’itinéraires : de base

Espace de la traversée

Simple sortie/entrée de tunnel Pied-de-Franchissement réintériorisé

de faîte

Espace du franchissement

Pied-de-Franchissement extériorisé route de col chemin de col

)LJXUH+\SRWKqVHV&RUULGRUVD[HVHWLWLQpUDLUHVXQHERvWHjQRHXGV .6XWWRQ

V·DJLWGH)UXWLJHQDXQRUGHWGH5DURQDXVXG&HIDLWQRGDOV·LQVFULWDORUVHQFRQWUH SRLQWGHODOHFWXUHPRGHUQHIRQGDQWO·H[WpULRULVDWLRQQRGDOHFRPPHFDUDFWpULVWLTXH GHQRXYHDXWp/·DFFpOpUDWLRQVHPEOHGRQFSURGXLUHGHVG\QDPLTXHVLQYHUVHV([Wp ULRULVDWLRQUpLQWpULRULVDWLRQFRQFHQWUDWLRQpFODWHPHQW«XQHWRLOHGHVSDUDGR[HV ÀJ ơ  GHVVLQH DLQVL XQ FDGUH GH SUHPLqUH SUREOpPDWLVDWLRQ GH QRWUH UpÁH[LRQ /HVPRELOLWpVVRQWWHPSRUDOLWpV9RGR]3ÀVWHU*LDXTXH-HPHOLQ%RQÀJOLR OL6WDELOLQL%DLOO\+HXUJRQ+lJHUVWUDQG7KULIW 'HV WUDYDX[GH39LULOLR jFHX[GH-2OOLYUR HWG·+5RVD  O·DIÀUPDWLRQ GH O·DQFUDJH GHV pWXGHV VXU OHV PRELOLWpV GDQV OD VSKqUH GHV WHPSR UDOLWpVDSSHOOHjGpSDVVHUODVHXOHDSSURFKH©UpVHDXªGDQVODTXHOOHODJpRJUDSKLH GHVWUDQVSRUWVDHXWHQGDQFHjV·HQIHUPHUSRXUO·RXYULUVXUVDFRPSRVDQWH©WHU ULWRLUH ª /pY\   8QH QRXYHOOH IRLV LO Q·HVW SDV SRVVLEOH GH IDLUH DEVWUDFWLRQ GHO·©$OSLQ ªFRQWHQXGDQV©7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVª8QHXQLTXHDSSURFKHSDU OHV ÁX[VHUDLWUpGXFWULFHHQFHTX·HOOHFDQWRQQHUDLWOHFKDPSGHODUpÁH[LRQDXWU\S WLTXH KpULWp VDQV RIIULU OHV YRLHV G·XQH UHPLVH HQ FDXVH /HV ÁX[ QH VRQW DX À QDO TXH OD TXDQWLÀFDWLRQ GH OD PDQLIHVWDWLRQ G·XQ SKpQRPqQH GRQW O·LQWpUrW UH SRVH GDQV O·pWXGH LFL SURSRVpH SOXV GDQV VHV FRQGLWLRQV G·pWDEOLVVHPHQW TXH GDQV VRQ H[LVWHQFH SURSUH /D FROOHFWH GH GRQQpHV TXDQWLWDWLYHV Q·D GRQF SDV pWp O·HQWUpHIDYRULVpHGDQVODFRQGXLWHGHFHWUDYDLO/·LQWpUrWSULQFLSDODpWpSRUWpVXU OHV FDGUHV RUJDQLVDWLRQQHOV SROLWLTXHV pFRQRPLTXHV VSDWLDX[ VRLW j OD FRPSR VDQWH VSDWLRWHPSRUHOOH TXDOLWDWLYH TXL SUpVLGH j OD PDWpULDOLVDWLRQ GHV pFKDQJHV /HIHUURYLDLUHHVWXQPRGHGHWUDQVSRUWHWXQVHFWHXUpFRQRPLTXHGRQWO·pWDEOLVVH 3UpVDJHV

%HQ]* /HV $OSHVHWOHFKHPLQ GHIHU =HPEUL3  ©L6WUXFWXUHGHVUp VHDX[GHWUDQVSRUWV HWGpUpJOHPHQWD WLRQª =HPEUL3  3RXUXQHDSSURFKH JpRJUDSKLTXHGHOD GpUpJOHPHQWDWLRQGHV WUDQVSRUWV

ŝƐĂ

Ŷ ĐĞ Ŷ ƟŽ ƚƌĂ

ƌĠ ŝŶ ƚĠ ƌŝŽ ƌ

Ŷ ĐŽ

ƟŽ Ŷ

ƚ

ƚĠ ƌŝŽ ƌŝƐ Ă

ĞŶ

Ğdž

PHQWHVWLQGLVVRFLDEOHGHODFRQVWUXFWLRQWHUULWRULDOHSROLWLTXH/HGpYHORSSHPHQW GXFKHPLQGHIHUUpSRQGQRWDPPHQWGDQVOHV$OSHVjXQHDWWHQWHHQWHUPHVG·pWD EOLVVHPHQWGHFRQWLQXLWpVWHUULWRULDOHV%HQ] /DFRQWLQXLWpHVWXQHWKpPD WLTXHDVVRFLpHDXFKHPLQGHIHUDXMRXUG·KXLSURMHWpHVXUODPpWULTXHUpWLFXODLUH,QWH URSpUDELOLWpOLEpUDOLVDWLRQFRQVWLWXWLRQGHUpVHDX[G·DFWHXUVjO·pFKHOOHGHVFRUULGRUV HXURSpHQVOHIHUURYLDLUHHVWDXMRXUG·KXLpFDUWHOpHQWUHGHVKpULWDJHVGHFRQGLWLRQV G·H[SORLWDWLRQQDWLRQDOHVGHVDWWHQWHVGHFRQWLQXLWpVGHVHUYLFHSXEOLFHWXQHDWWHQWH PDUFKDQGHjO·pFKHOOHGHODFRQVWUXFWLRQHXURSpHQQH=HPEUL $FHWWH pFKHOOHOHVHFWHXUIHUURYLDLUHHVWSHQVpFRPPHXQRXWLODXVHUYLFHGXIRQFWLRQQH PHQWGXPDUFKpFRPPXQ/HVUpIRUPHVGXVHFWHXUVpSDUDWLRQFRPSWDEOHGHO·H[ SORLWDWLRQHWGHO·LQIUDVWUXFWXUHRXYHUWXUHVGHVPDUFKpVQDWLRQDX[HWLQWHUQDWLRQDX[ GH IUHW HW GH YR\DJHXU  VRQW SRXU SDUWLH LPSXOVpHV j O·pFKHOOH GH O·8( /HV (WDWV SHXYHQW HQ HIIHW DQWLFLSHU OH FDOHQGULHU FRPPXQDXWDLUH j O·LPDJH GH OD *UDQGH %UHWDJQH HQ  +DUULV *RGZDUG   )UDJROD   RX GH O·$OOHPDJQH HQ SRXUOHUpJLRQDOHWOHIUHW%|U]HO /·DGDSWDWLRQGXV\VWqPHIHUURYLDLUH DX[ QRUPHV OLEpUDOHV QH FRQVWLWXH SDV OD ÀQDOLWp GH FHV UpIRUPHV /D UpIRUPH GX ©V\VWqPH WUDQVSRUWª HQ (XURSH LQLWLpH SDU OD OLEpUDOLVDWLRQ GX VHFWHXU DpULHQ IDLW VXLWHjODPLVHHQSROLWLTXHHQG·XQHDWWHQWHSUpVHQWHGDQVOHWUDLWp&((GH 5RPH GH  DUW    OD SROLWLTXH FRPPXQH GHV WUDQVSRUWV /H IHUURYLDLUH HVW OH GHUQLHU PRGH WRXFKp SDU FH PRXYHPHQW /D SUHPLqUH SLHUUH IXW SRVpH SDU ODGLUHFWLYHHQWUpHGDQVOHTXRWLGLHQjWUDYHUVOHSULQFLSHGHVpSDUDWLRQGH O·H[SORLWDWLRQHWGHO·LQIUDVWUXFWXUH/HPRXYHPHQWVHSRXUVXLWGHSXLVDXU\WKPHGH GLIIpUHQWHVGLUHFWLYHVUHJURXSpHVDXVHLQGH©SDTXHWVIHUURYLDLUHVª/DPDUFKDQ GLVDWLRQ GX VHFWHXU IHUURYLDLUH Q·HVW GRQF SDV j DERUGHU VLPSOHPHQW FRPPH XQH ÀQDOLWpHOOHSUHQGSODFHFRPPHXQRXWLODXVHUYLFHGHODSHUIRUPDQFHG·XQPDUFKp 0DLVOHIHUURYLDLUHVHSUrWHWLOjXQHLQVFULSWLRQGDQVXQHORJLTXHOLEpUDOHWRWDOH" /HV $OSHV VH SUpVHQWHQW XQH QRXYHOOH IRLV FRPPH XQ HVSDFH GH FRQWDFW HQWUH GLIIpUHQWV PRGqOHV /j R OHV (WDWV PHPEUHV GH O·8( RQW G€ VH PHWWUH HQ FRQIRUPLWp DYHF OD GLUHFWLYH  GRQF DYHF O·REMHFWLI  GH VpSDUDWLRQ FRPSWDEOH GHV GHX[ DFWLYLWpV H[SORLWD WLRQLQIUDVWUXFWXUH  DYHF XQH OLEHUWp GH PRGDOLWp OD 6XLVVH D FKRLVL G·HQ UHVWHU DX PRGqOH GHV HQWUHSULVHV LQWpJUpHV /D 6XLVVH SUpVHQWH OD VLQJXODULWp GH Q·DYRLU MDPDLVpWpGDQVXQHVLWXDWLRQGHPRQR SROH /H V\VWqPH IHUURYLDLUH KHOYpWLTXH V·RUJDQLVH DXWRXU G·XQH VRPPH G·H[ SORLWDQWVJHVWLRQQDLUHV G·LQIUDVWUXFWXUH /H %HUQ/|WVFKEHUJ6LPSORQ %/6  OH 0DWWHUKRUQ*RWWKDUG%DKQ 0*%  OHV 5lWLVFKHV%DKQ5% RXHQFRUHOHV&)) KS, 2011. VRQW DXWDQW GH JHVWLRQQDLUHV G·LQIUDV WUXFWXUHTXHG·H[SORLWDQWV/·LQWpJUDWLRQ )LJXUHơ/DWRLOHGHVSDUDGR[HV DFWRULHOOHQ·HVWG·DLOOHXUVSDVXQREVWDFOH .6XWWRQ jO·RXYHUWXUHjODFRQFXUUHQFHGHVPDU Ğŵ ůĂƚ ĠĐ

ƟŽ Ŷ

,QWURGXFWLRQ/HV$OSHVXQODE\ULQWKHWUDYHUVDQW

3UpVDJHV

+DUULV1* *RGZDUG(  7KHSULYDWL]DWLRQRI  %ULWLVK5DLO )UDJROD)  9HUVXQHSROLWTXH IHUURYLDLUHHXURSpHQQH /·(XURSHjWRXWH YDSHXU" %|U]HO7  ©7RZDUGVFRQYHU JHQFHLQ(XURSH" ,QVWLWXWLRQDO DGDSWDWLRQWR (XURSHDQLVDWLRQ LQ*HUPDQ\DQG 6SDLQª &RPPLVVLRQ (XURSpHQQH  'LUHFWLFYH



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH 0RQWDGD0  ©/DVpSDUDWLRQGHV LQIUDVWUXFWXUHVHW GXWUDÀFIHUURYLDLUH QHSHXWrWUHXQHÀQ HQVRLª 3IXQG&  ©/DVpSDUDWLRQGX WUDÀFHW GHO·LQIUDVWUXFWXUH IHUURYLDLUHHVWXQH HUUHXUHQVRLª 5RVD+ $F FpOpUDWLRQ8QHFULWLTXH VRFLDOHGXWHPSV



FKpVIHUURYLDLUHV/HV&))SHXYHQWFLUFXOHUDYHFOHXUVWUDLQVGHIUHWVXUOHVLQIUDV WUXFWXUHV%/6HWUpFLSURTXHPHQW/D6XLVVHHVWO·XQGHVSUHPLHUVSD\VDOSLQVjDYRLU RXYHUWVRQPDUFKpGHWUDQVLWIDLVDQWDLQVLGXFRUULGRU5RWWHUGDP*rQHVOHSUHPLHU HVSDFHG·H[SpULPHQWDWLRQjSHWLWHpFKHOOHGHFHQRXYHDXV\VWqPH/·RXYHUWXUHVXLVVH jFRPSWHUGHV·HVWLQVFULWHjODVXLWHGHFHOOHVGXWUDQVLWDOOHPDQGHWQpHUODQGDLV /HVD[HVGX/|WVFKEHUJHWGX*RWKDUGVRQWDLQVLGHYHQXVOHVSLRQQLHUVDOSLQVGDQV FHMHXG·pFKHOOHHXURSpHQQH/DUpWLFHQFHVXLVVHjHQWUHUGDQVOHMHXGHVpSDUDWLRQ FRPPXQDXWDLUHWURXYHG·DLOOHXUVGHVpFKRVDX-DSRQJUDQGSD\VGXIHUURYLDLUHR O·LQWpJUDWLRQUHVWHODSUDWLTXHGDQVOHVGLIIpUHQWHVFRQFHVVLRQVHWSDUPLGHVVSpFLD OLVWHVGX PRQGH IHUURYLDLUH DX VHLQGHV(WDWVPHPEUHVGHO·8( 0RQWDGD L 3IXQG   /D VpSDUDWLRQ LQWHUURJH OD VLQJXODULWp GX PRGH IHUURYLDLUH GDQV OH PRQGHGHVWUDQVSRUWV&HODQpFHVVLWHGHUHSODFHUOHTXHVWLRQQHPHQWDXQLYHDXG·XQH UpÁH[LRQVXUOHVRUGUHVWHPSRUHOVGHFRQVLGpUDWLRQGHVGLIIpUHQWVV\VWqPHVGHWUDQV SRUW/HPRGHURXWLHUDXMRXUG·KXLPRGHOLEpUDOLVpHW©VpSDUpªSDUH[FHOOHQFHRIIUH OD SOXV JUDQGH SRWHQWLDOLWp GH VLPXOWDQpLWp /D FRQFXUUHQFH HQ WRXW SRLQW HW WRXW LQVWDQWVRLWXELTXLVWHHWVLPXOWDQpHHVWUHQGXHSRVVLEOHGqVORUVTXHGHX[FDPLRQV SHXYHQWDVVXUHUSK\VLTXHPHQWODPrPHUHODWLRQHQSDUDOOqOH/·DpULHQSHUPHWDXVVL jFHWWHORJLTXHGHV·DFFRPSOLUGHX[DYLRQVSRXYDQWHPSUXQWHUGHVFRXORLUVDpULHQV VXSHUSRVpVHWREWHQLUXQHPrPHKHXUHG·HPEDUTXHPHQWHWGHGpEDUTXHPHQWVRLW G·DFFqVjODPRELOLWpSRXUOHVFOLHQWV6HXOOHVLQVWDQWVGHGpFROODJHHWG·DWWHUULVVDJH GpV\QFKURQLVHURQWOHVGHX[FRQFXUUHQWVO·HVSDFHG·XQWHPSVPDLVOHVGHX[H[WUpPL WpVGHODFKDvQHGHPRELOLWpSRXUURQWrWUHFRQYHUJHQWHV$O·LQYHUVHGHX[WUDLQVQH SHXYHQWSDVVXUXQHPrPHLQIUDVWUXFWXUHURXOHUHQSDUDOOqOHHWDVVXUHUXQHPrPH UHODWLRQ GDQV OH PrPH HVSDFH GH WHPSV /HV VLOORQV FUpQHDX[ GH FLUFXODWLRQ GHV WUDLQVV·HQFKDvQHQWDXORQJGHODMRXUQpHVHORQXQSDVGHWHPSVTXHO·pTXLSHPHQW HWOHWDX[G·RFFXSDWLRQGHODOLJQHGpÀQLW$WLWUHG·H[HPSOHO·LQWHUYDOOHPLQLPXP HQWUHGHX[WUDLQVVXUXQH/LJQHj*UDQGH9LWHVVH/*9 IUDQoDLVHHVWGHPLQXWHV 6RXV OH WXQQHO GH EDVH GX /|WVFKEHUJ FHW LQWHUYDOOH HVW OLPLWp j  PLQXWHV  VH FRQGHVJUkFHjO·XWLOLVDWLRQGXVWDQGDUGHXURSpHQGHJHVWLRQGHVFLUFXODWLRQVO·(7&6 (XURSHDQ7UDLQ&RQWURO6\VWHP GHQLYHDX/·LQWHUYDOOHHVWGRQFYDULDEOHVHORQOD OLJQHHWVRQQLYHDXG·pTXLSHPHQW$XVVLOHIHUURYLDLUHHVWLOIRQGDPHQWDOHPHQWXQ PRGHGHWUDQVSRUWGHO·qUHLQGXVWULHOOHGHYHQXV\PEROHG·XQHIRUPHGHPRGHUQLWp ,OQHVHPEOHSDVDGDSWpjXQHSURMHFWLRQGDQVOHVVFKpPDVG·XQHSHQVpHDVVRFLDEOH jXQHPRGHUQLWpWDUGLYHSRVWRXK\SHUPRGHUQH/DVXFFHVVLRQUHVWHO·RUGUHWHP SRUHOGHIRQFWLRQQHPHQWHWGHSHQVpHGHFHVHFWHXUJDUGDQWXQHDVVLVHLQGXVWULHOOH DYDQWWRXWHGLPHQVLRQÀQDQFLqUH/DVLPXOWDQpLWpTXLV·LQWURGXLWSDUOHVDWWHQWHVGH O·HQYLURQQHPHQWpFRQRPLTXHHWSROLWLTXHGXV\VWqPHIHUURYLDLUHHXURSpHQHWSDU FRQVpTXHQWDOSLQDSSDUDvWFRPPHXQHXWRSLHRXSOXW{WXQHXWHPSLH5RVD  +5RVDXWLOLVHFHWHUPHSRXUUpVXPHUXQPRQGH©XWHPSLTXHªF·HVWjGLUH©XQPRQGH RODSURPHVVHGHODWHFKQLTXHHQWUHWHQXHGqVOHGpEXWGX;;ƒVLqFOHVHUDLWGHYHQXHUpDOLWpXQ PRQGHGpOLYUpGHWRXWHVOHVFRQWUDLQWHVOLpHVDXPDQTXHGHWHPSVHWjODIUpQpVLHpPDQFLSpHGXWHPSV HW TXL DXUDLW WUDQVIRUPp FHWWH GHQUpH UDUH HQ UHVVRXUFH DERQGDQWHLª 5RVD  S   &HWWH XWHPSLHHVWSRXUWDQWO·KRUL]RQGpÀQLWGDQVODFRXUVHDXSURJUqVpFULWHSDUOHVUHSUp VHQWDWLRQVVXVFLWpHVSDURXLQYHQWDQW OHFKHPLQGHIHUQRWDPPHQWGDQVOHV$OSHV

3UpVDJHV

,QWURGXFWLRQ/HV$OSHVXQODE\ULQWKHWUDYHUVDQW 8QHPLVHHQWHQVLRQGXV\VWqPH  (QVRPPHOHFRQWH[WHGHSHQVpHGX V\VWqPH IHUURYLDLUH GDQV OHV $OSHV VH WURXYH 3UpVHQWDWLRQGXV\VWqPHG·DSSURFKH HQWUH GHX[ JUDQGHV SRODULWpV IRUPpHV G·DV SURSRVpGDQVQRWUH05 VRFLDWLRQV GH PpWULTXHV G·DSSUpKHQVLRQ GHV Réseau SKpQRPqQHV FLUFXODWRLUHV 1RXV DYLRQV SUR Percussion/ Succession Pénétration SRVpFHWWHDSSURFKHDORUVTXHOHSKpQRPqQH pWDLW HQ FRXUV G·DSSDULWLRQ 6XWWRQ   Tout Singulier DSSURFKH TXH QRXV DYRQV UHYLVLWpH DX FRXUV GH FH WUDYDLO 6XWWRQ   /H FDGUH LQWHO OHFWXHOFRQWH[WXDOLVDQWQRWUHWUDYDLOGH0VH Préhension/ Simultanéité SUpVHQWDLW VRXV O·DSSDUHQFH G·XQH WRLOH IRU Encerclement KS, 2006. Territoire PpH G·D[HV GH PLVH HQ WHQVLRQ SDU UHQ Axe de la métrique spatiale Système conventionnel  FRQWUHV GH SRODULWpV G·RUGUHV G·DSSUpKHQVLRQ Axe de l’unité d’approche des traversées alpines Axe du rapport au temps GX PRQGH ÀJ   8QH LQVSLUDWLRQ HQ DYDLW Axe de l’ordre Système d’approche proposé : du rapport au monde la cospatialité pWp O·DSSURFKH GpYHORSSpH SDU - /pY\ GDQV /H WRXUQDQW JpRJUDSKLTXH /pY\   OHF )LJXUH3UpVHQWDWLRQGXV\VWqPHG·DSSURFKHSURSRVpGDQV WXUH FOp UHQFRQWUpH ORUV GH OD SUpSDUDWLRQ GH OHFDGUHGX05 /HVWUDYHUVpHVDOSLQHVFRQWULEXWLRQjXQHOHFWXUHSDUODFRVSDWLDOLWp O·DJUpJDWLRQ   1RXV DYLRQV SURSRVp .6XWWRQ TXDWUHD[HVO·D[HGHODPpWULTXHVSDWLDOHHQWUH 5pVHDXHW7HUULWRLUHO·D[HGXUDSSRUWDXWHPSV HQWUH6XFFHVVLRQHW6LPXOWDQpLWpO·D[HGHO·XQLWpHQWUH7RXWHW6LQJXOLHUHWFHOXLGHO·RUGUH GXUDSSRUWDXPRQGHUDSSHOpSDU$/HURL*RXUKDQ HQWUH3UpKHQVLRQHW3HU FXVVLRQ 1RXV DYLRQV DORUV WUDFp OHV SRVLWLRQQHPHQWV GHV GHX[ ERUQHV HQFDGUDQW O·DSSURFKH GX V\VWqPH IHUURYLDLUH DOSLQ  FHOXL GX V\VWqPH TXH O·RQ DYDLW QRPPp ©FRQYHQWLRQQHOG·DSSURFKHGHVWUDYHUVpHVDOSLQHVªFRUUHVSRQGDQWjO·DLUHGHVVLQpH SDU OD OLDLVRQ GHV SRODULWpV 6XFFHVVLRQ 3UpKHQVLRQ 7HUULWRLUH HW WHQGDQW YHUV 7RXW  HW FHOXLGX©V\VWqPHG·DSSURFKHSURSRVpODFRVSDWLDOLWpªGHVVLQpSDUODOLDLVRQGHV SRODULWpVLQYHUVHVjVDYRLU6LPXOWDQpLWp3HUFXVVLRQ5pVHDXHWWHQGDQWYHUV6LQJXOLHU 1RXVHQVRPPHVYHQXVjUHFRQVLGpUHUFHFDGUHORUVGHODGHX[LqPHDQQpHGHFH WUDYDLOGHGRFWRUDWjO·RFFDVLRQGHODSUpSDUDWLRQG·XQHFRPPXQLFDWLRQVXUODSODFH GHO·DFFpOpUDWLRQGDQVO·LQYHQWLRQGHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVTXLDPELWLRQQDLWGHPHWWUH HQ SHUVSHFWLYH OD QRWLRQ GH QRXYHDXWp DX WUDYHUV GH FHOOH G·DFFpOpUDWLRQ 6XWWRQ 6XWWRQ .   E 1RXVDYLRQVDORUVUHSULVO·LGpHGHSRVLWLRQQHPHQWHQODSUpFLVDQWTXHOTXH /HVWUDYHUVpHVDOSLQHV SHX/DQRWLRQGH©V\VWqPHFRQYHQWLRQQHOªQRXVHVWDSSDUXHFRQWHVWDEOHGqVORUV FRQWULEXWLRQ j XQH OHF WXUHSDUODFRVSDWLDOLWp TX·HQWUHHWOHGpEXWGHFHWUDYDLOGHWKqVHHQODUHFKHUFKHHWODPDUFKH GHVUpIRUPHVIHUURYLDLUHVRQWHQWUDvQpOD©FRQYHQWLRQªYHUVXQHDSSURFKHGpWHU 6XWWRQ   © / · D F F p O p U D W L R Q ULWRULDOLVpH GHV WXQQHOV GH EDVH HW GHV 1RXYHOOHV 7UDYHUVpHV $OSLQHV HQ Q·DERU FRPPH LQYHQWLRQ GDQWGHSULPHDERUGFHVREMHWVG·pWXGHTX·DXWUDYHUVGHOHXUGLPHQVLRQUpWLFXODLUH SHUSpWXHOOHGHV7UD YHUVpHV$OSLQHVª /HQLYHDXGHUpDFWLRQGH00HUJHUjO·LVVXHGHODSUpVHQWDWLRQGHFHWWHFRPPXQL FDWLRQHVWDSSDUXFRPPHXQUpYpODWHXU00HUJHUV·pWDLWpWRQQpHGHO·LPSRUWDQFH /pY\ -   /H WRXUQDQWJpRJUDSKLTXH TXHQRXVDYLRQVGRQQpHDXFDGUHQDWLRQDOSRXUODFRPSUpKHQVLRQGHODIRQFWLRQ QDOLWpHWGXVHQVGHO·H[SORLWDWLRQGXWXQQHOGHEDVHGX/|WVFKEHUJ$ORUVTXHOHV /HURL*RXUKDQ$  /·+RPPHHW GHX[ WLHUV GH VHV VLOORQV VRQW RFFXSpV GHSXLV VRQ RXYHUWXUH SDU GHV WUDLQV QDWLR ODPDWLqUH QDX[OHVWXQQHOVGHEDVHVXLVVHVVHFRPSUHQQHQWVHORQHOOHDYDQWWRXWjO·pFKHOOHGX WUDQVLWHXURSpHQ&HWWHSRVLWLRQDOODLWjO·HQFRQWUHGHUpVXOWDWVG·HQWUHWLHQVPHQpV 3UpVDJHV



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH ZĠƐĞĂƵͬ DĂƌĐŚĠ

^Ƶ

ĐĐ

ŽŶ ƟƟ

ĞƐ

ƐŝŽ

Ŷ

ƉĠ ŵ Ž

WƌĠŚĞƐŝŽŶͬ ŶĐĞƌĐůĞŵĞŶƚ

D

ŶĠ ŝ

ƚĠ

WĞƌĐƵƐƐŝŽŶͬ WĠŶĠƚƌĂƟŽŶ

Ğ

^ŝ

Žů

ŵ

ŽƉ

Ƶů

ƚĂ

ŽŶ

Axe de la métrique spatiale Axe du rapport au temps Axe de l’ordre du rapport au monde

Etoile de mise en tension

dĞƌƌŝƚŽŝƌĞͬ ƐƉĂĐĞƉŽůŝƟƐĠ Positionnement du système de traversée moderne

KS, 2011.

Horizon de positionnement du système de traversée libéral

Axe de la libéralisation

Issue pour un système de traversée hypermoderne : une interspatialité

)LJXUHƢ(WRLOHGHPLVHHQWHQVLRQGXV\VWqPH .6XWWRQ

HQWUHDXWUHDYHFOHUHVSRQVDEOHWUDQVSRUWGXFDQWRQGX9DODLV01LFRODV0D\RU  DLQVLTXHGHVFLUFXODWLRQVHIIHFWLYHVjFRQVLGpUHU&HODPRQWUHOHUHQYHUVHPHQWGHOD FRQYHQWLRQTXLFRQWULEXHjDOLPHQWHUOHTXHVWLRQQHPHQWVXUO·HIIDFHPHQWGHV$OSHV HW VXU OD SODFH GHV FRPSRVDQWHV SROLWLTXHV QDWLRQDOHV GDQV FH QRXYHDX V\VWqPH /D©FRQYHQWLRQªQ·D\DQWSOXVGHVLJQLÀFDWLRQQRXVDYRQVRSWpSRXUXQTXDOLÀFDWLI  SOXVHQDGpTXDWLRQDYHFOHVHQVTXHQRXVYRXOLRQVGRQQHUjODSUREOpPDWLTXHGH FHWWHpWXGHSDUWLHjO·RULJLQHG·XQHPLVHHQTXHVWLRQGHODQRWLRQGHQRXYHDXWp/·DS SHOODWLRQSURSRVpHLFLHVW©SRVLWLRQQHPHQWGXV\VWqPHGHWUDYHUVpHPRGHUQHªÀJ Ƣ 1RXVOHSRVLWLRQQRQVHQFRQWUHSRLQWGHFHOXLFRUUHVSRQGDQWDXFDGUHGHSHQ VpHOLEpUDODV\PSWRWLTXHSRXUOHVUDLVRQVpYRTXpHVSOXVKDXW TXHQRXVTXDOLÀRQV ©LG·KRUL]RQGHSRVLWLRQQHPHQWGXV\VWqPHGHWUDYHUVpHOLEpUDOª&HWKRUL]RQSRVWX ODQWXQHFDSDFLWpG·DXWRQRPLHGHO·XQLWpFLUFXODQWHYLVjYLVGHODVRPPHGHVFLUFX ODWLRQVFRPSRVDQWOHPRXYHPHQWJpQpUDOFLUFXODWRLUHSHXWVHFRPSUHQGUHFRPPH XQHIRUPHGHFRVSDWLDOLWp/pY\ /HVXQLWpVFLUFXODQWHVFRPSULVHVFRPPH pFKHOOHpOpPHQWDLUHRFFXSHUDLHQWXQHPrPHpWHQGXHODYRLH VDQVSRXUDXWDQWrWUH HQUHODWLRQHQWUHHOOHVSDUHOOHVPrPHV$XVVLDYRQVQRXVUHYXOHVD[HVFRPSRVDQW O·pWRLOHGHPLVHHQWHQVLRQGXV\VWqPHÀJƢ /·D[HGHO·XQLWpQHQRXVHVWSOXV DSSDUXIRQGDPHQWDOGqVORUVTXHO·LGpHGHWHQVLRQHQWUH7RXWHW6LQJXOLHUVHUHWURX YDLWGDQVOHVIDLWVFRQWHQXHGDQVFKDFXQHGHVSDLUHVSUpVHQWHVHWTXHFHWWHGLFKRWR PLHQHSRXYDLWVHUHSUpVHQWHUGHIDoRQDXVVLELQDLUH/DG\QDPLTXHGHOLEpUDOLVDWLRQ RFFXSHGDQVFHWUDYDLOXQHSODFHLPSRUWDQWHHQWHUPHVGHFRQWH[WHHWGHSULQFLSH PRGLÀFDWHXUGXFDGUHRUJDQLVDWLRQQHODXF±XUGXV\VWqPH8QHSODFHGHYDLWDLQVLOXL rWUHIDLWHGDQVFHWWHpWRLOHDORUVPrPHTXHWRXVOHVPDUFKpVQHVRQWSDVOLEpUDOLVpV HWTXHVXEVLVWHQWGHVVHFWHXUVGHPRQRSROHV/·D[HGHODOLEpUDOLVDWLRQHQWUH0RQR SROHHW&RPSpWLWLRQV·DIÀUPHDLQVLDX[F{WpVGHVDXWUHVDSSHODQWDXVVLXQHUHSULVHGH O·D[HGHODPpWULTXHVSDWLDOH/DSRODULWp5pVHDXSRUWHWRXWDXWDQWODPpWULTXH0DU FKpOjR7HUULWRLUHSRUWHODPpWULTXHGHO·(VSDFHSROLWLVpGXWHUULWRLUHG·H[SORLWDWLRQ 

3UpVDJHV

,QWURGXFWLRQ/HV$OSHVXQODE\ULQWKHWUDYHUVDQW

 ,OQRXVHVWSRVVLEOHG·LQWHUURJHUODQRWLRQGHQRXYHDXWpSDUODTXHVWLRQGX SRVLWLRQQHPHQWG·XQpYHQWXHOV\VWqPHUHQRXYHOp(QFRUHIDXWLOH[SRVHUOHVFRQGL WLRQV GH O·DIÀUPDWLRQ HW GH O·HPSORL GX WHUPH © V\VWqPH ª j SURSRV GHV 7UDYHU VpHV $OSLQHV 1RXV IDLVRQV O·K\SRWKqVH TXH OHV © 1RXYHOOHV 7UDYHUVpHV $OSLQHV ª SRXUUDLHQW FRUUHVSRQGUH QRQ SDV j XQH QRXYHOOH qUH FKURQRORJLTXH PDLV j XQH QRXYHOOH FRQÀJXUDWLRQ V\VWpPLTXH ,O \ DXUDLW DORUV QRXYHDXWp j OD FRQGLWLRQ G·LGHQWLÀHU XQH ELIXUFDWLRQ RX WRXW GX PRLQV XQH VRPPH GH UpWURDFWLRQV 'DX SKLQp   3LJHRQ   )DUPHU   UHQIRUoDQW GHV FDUDFWpULVWLTXHV SUp VHQWHVHQOHVDFFRPSOLVVDQW/HSULQFLSHGHQRXYHDXWpSHXWGRQFSURYHQLUGHFRQVL GpUDWLRQV FRQWUDGLFWRLUHV PDLV VH VLWXH GH IDLW GDQV XQH GpPDUFKH G\QDPLTXH ,OHVWLFLSRVVLEOHGHSDUOHUGHV\VWqPHHQFHTXHOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVVRQWFRQVWL WXpHVjO·LPDJHGHODÀJXUHTXLVHFRQVWUXLWDXÀOGHFHGLVFRXUVLQWURGXFWLIG·XQ HQVHPEOH G·pOpPHQWV FRQVWLWXDQW XQ WRXW FRKpUHQW /HV pOpPHQWV SUpVHQWV LQWHU YLHQQHQWGDQVOHV$OSHVQRQSDUHWSRXUOHFDGUHDOSLQPDLVSDUODGLPHQVLRQJpR SROLWLTXHGXV\VWqPHFLUFXODWRLUH/DOLEpUDOLVDWLRQO·DFFpOpUDWLRQO·LQWHURSpUDELOLWp ODUpDOLVDWLRQGHVWXQQHOVGHEDVHRXHQFRUHOHVFRPPpPRUDWLRQVVRQWOLpVHQWUHHX[ SDUOHSKpQRPqQHRUJDQLVDWLRQQHOGXIDLWFLUFXODWRLUHQRQSDUO·HQYLURQQHPHQW$O SLQ(QFHODXQHXQLWpDSSDUDvWSDUODFRQYHUJHQFHG·pOpPHQWVGLYHUVLÀpVVSDWLDX[ FRPPHWHPSRUHOVHQXQHPrPHWUDMHFWRLUH/HV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVQHVRQWSDVOHV $OSHVPDLVHOOHVQHSHXYHQWSDVV·HQWHQGUHGpFRQWH[WXDOLVpHVGHOHXUHQYLURQQHPHQW 6LODSUHPLqUHFRQÀJXUDWLRQV\VWpPLTXHGHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVDFODLUHPHQWpWpRX YHUWHSDUO·pYROXWLRQGHVUHODWLRQVGXV\VWqPHDYHFVRQHQYLURQQHPHQWOHV\VWqPHD WHQGXYHUVXQHFRQÀJXUDWLRQDXWRQRPH>SDUWLH@/DTXrWHGHFDSDFLWpVGHÀOWUDJH GHVLQWHUDFWLRQVDYHFO·HQYLURQQHPHQW$OSLQDXVHQVV\VWpPLTXHHVWPDQLIHVWHQH VHUDLWFHTX·DYHFODUpDOLVDWLRQGHWXQQHOVSHUPHWWDQWGHV·DIIUDQFKLUSRXUSDUWLHGHOD GRQQpHVDLVRQQLqUH&HWWHFRXUVHSRVHDORUVODTXHVWLRQGHVRQpYHQWXHOOHIHUPHWXUH GRQFGHVRQDXWRQRPLVDWLRQFRPSOqWHHQOLHQDYHFO·DIÀUPDWLRQG·XQHQRXYHDXWp

/pY\ -   /H WRXUQDQWJpRJUDSKLTXH 'DXSKLQp$  /HVWKpRULHVGHODFRP SOH[LWp FKH] OHV JpR JUDSKHV 3LJHRQ3  *pRJUDSKLHFULWLTXHGHV ULVTXHV )DUPHU)5  ©7RGD\·V ULVNVWKLQNLQJWKH XQWKLQNDEOHª /pY\-  /·(XURSH

0DLVSHXWLO\DYRLUHQFRUH©7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVªVDQVUHODWLRQDYHFO·$OSLQ"

3UpVDJHV



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH

9LEUDWLRQV 5HWRXUDX7HUULWRLUH  1RXV IRUPXORQV O·K\SRWKqVH TXH OH SRVLWLRQQHPHQW GH FH QRXYHDX V\V WqPHVRLWO·LGHQWLÀFDWLRQGHFHWWHQRXYHDXWpFRQVLVWHUDLWHQXQHDOWHUQDWLYHLQWHU PpGLDLUH j OD ELSRODULVDWLRQ GpFULWH &HWWH K\SRWKqVH DSSDUDvW VRXV OD IRPH G·XQH DLUH FRPSULVH HQWUH OHV SRODULWpV 6XFFHVVLRQ UpDOLWp PDWpULHOOH GX FDUDFWqUH LQGXV WULHO GX PRGH IHUURYLDLUH  &RPSpWLWLRQ FRQWH[WH GH OLEpUDOLVDWLRQ HQ FRXUV G·DI ÀUPDWLRQ  HW (VSDFH SROLWLVp /D FRQIURQWDWLRQ HQWUH XQH YRORQWp GH FRPSpWLWLRQ HW OD SHUPDQHQFH GH O·LPSRUWDQFH GX FDGUH SROLWLTXH FRPSULV FRPPH OD Pp WULTXH IRQGDPHQWDOH G·RUJDQLVDWLRQ GX V\VWqPH IHUURYLDLUH FRQVWLWXH XQ SUH PLHU SDUDGR[H PDMHXU VXU OHTXHO VH IRQGH O·DSSURFKH SUREOpPDWLTXH SURSRVpH

/pY\- /·(X URSH 0HLOODVVRQ6  ©/HV pOqYHV PR GqOHV«ª 6XWWR /   /H U{OH GH O·H[SHUWLVH pFR QRPLTXH GDQV O·pODER UDWLRQ GHV SROLWLTXHV DOSLQHV GH WUDQVSRUW HW GXSURMHW/\RQ7XULQL YHUV O·pPHUJHQFH G·XQ HVSDFHDOSLQ" 6XWWR /   © /HV HQMHX[ GH OD SROLWLTXH GHV WUDQV SRUWVGDQVOHVDOSHV OD JRXYHUQDQFH WHU ULWRULDOHHXURSHHQQH HQTXHVWLRQ"ª *UDQJH '- >GLU@   /·HVSDFH DOSLQ HWODPRGHUQLWp%LODQV HW SHUVSHFWLYHV DX WRXU QDQW GX VLqFOH TXD WULqPH SDUWLH ©/HV $OSHV WHUUDLQ GH UHFKHUFKHV VFLHQWL ÀTXHVª



&DUIRQGDPHQWDOHPHQWOHV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVQHUHÁqWHQWHOOHV SDVOHVOLPLWHVHWOHVLQFRKpUHQFHVGXV\VWqPHIHUURYLDLUHHXURSpHQHQH[D FHUEDQW OHV LQDGpTXDWLRQV HQWUH ORJLTXH PDUFKDQGH HW ORJLTXH GH JRXYHU QDQFHV GX IDLW GX PRUFHOOHPHQW JpRSROLWLTXH SDUWLFXOLqUHPHQW SURQRQFp "  8QHVHFRQGHK\SRWKqVHPDMHXUHHVWDLQVLIRUPXOpHHQUHODWLRQDYHFOHFRQVWDWHI IHFWXp GX PRUFHOOHPHQW JpRSROLWLTXH GH O·HVSDFH DOSLQ &H FRQWH[WH JpRSROLWLTXH Q·DSSDUDvWSDVGHSULPHDERUGFRPPHOHIDFWHXUH[SOLFDWLI GHO·LQFRKpVLRQVSDWLDOH WRXFKDQWOHV$OSHV/DVSDWLDOLWpSROLWLTXHQ·HQHVWSDVODFDXVHPDLVHOOHV·DIÀUPH FRPPHXQSULVPHH[DFHUEDQWOHVFDUDFWpULVWLTXHVjO·±XYUHjO·pFKHOOHGHO·(XURSH /pY\ $XFXQHVSpFLÀFLWpRXVLQJXODULWpVSDUWLFXOLqUHVGHUULqUHOHVTXHOOHVO·RE MHW$OSHVSRXUUDLWrWUHSODFpHWTXLRIIULUDLHQWDLQVLXQHUpSRQVHPLUDFOHGpWHUPL QLVWHQHVRQWLFLSRVWXOpHV/HV$OSHVVRQWDXF±XUGHO·(XURSHOHV$OSHVIHUUR YLDLUHVVRQWXQHSDUWLHGHO·(XURSHIHUURYLDLUH1RXVpPHWWRQVO·LGpHTXHO·LQWpUrW TX·XQHpWXGHGHFHWWHSDUWLHG·(XURSHVXVFLWHWLHQWHQFHWDVSHFWG·H[DFHUEDWLRQ GHV FDUDFWpULVWLTXHV TXL SHUPHW G·DPELWLRQQHU XQH PLVH HQ OXPLqUH GH SDUDGR[HV GpSDVVDQWOHVHXOFDGUHDOSLQLQWHUURJHDQWHQIDLWO·HQVHPEOHGXV\VWqPHHXURSpHQ TXLVHPHWHQSODFH&HWWHK\SRWKqVHHVWGRQFTXHOHV$OSHVSHXYHQWFRQVWLWXHUXQ ODERUDWRLUHGHUHFKHUFKHWDQWSRXUOHVHQWUHSULVHVIHUURYLDLUHV0HLOODVVRQ  TXH SRXU OH PRQGH XQLYHUVLWDLUH 6XWWR    *UDQJH   /D OLEpUDOL VDWLRQDpWpH[SpULPHQWpHGDQVOHV$OSHVLOHQIXWGHPrPHSRXUOHVVHUYLFHVGH URXWHV URXODQWHV RX DXWRURXWHV IHUURYLDLUHV VHORQ OH SD\V FRQVLGpUp  /H V\VWqPH 0RGDOKRUSDUH[HPSOHDYDQWG·rWUHGLIIXVpHQWUH/H%RXORXHW%HWWHPERXUJHWDX MRXUG·KXLMXVTX·DXVXGGHOD6XqGH DpWpWHVWpGHSXLVHQWUH$LWRQ0DXULHQQH  HW2UEDVVDQR7XULQ SDUOHWXQQHOGX)UpMXV/DGLPHQVLRQHXURSpHQQHUpWLFXODLUH HVWDLQVLSDUWLFXOLqUHPHQWIRUWHDXWUDYHUVGHV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpH$OSLQHVFHTXL DXWRULVHjLQWHUURJHUFHWWHQRXYHDXWpDQQRQFpHDXWUDYHUVG·XQHpYHQWXHOOHpYROX WLRQGHVUDSSRUWVGXV\VWqPHGH7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVjVRQHQYLURQQHPHQWWHUULWRULDO $OSLQ$VVLVWHWRQjXQHIHUPHWXUHSDUDFFURLVVHPHQWGHO·DXWRQRPLH"&HWWHDXWR 9LEUDWLRQV

,QWURGXFWLRQ/HV$OSHVXQODE\ULQWKHWUDYHUVDQW QRPLVDWLRQ DFFUXH HVWHOOH OD UpVXOWDQWH G·XQH ELIXUFDWLRQ QpH G·XQ QRXYHDX VDXW G·DFFpOpUDWLRQ"/DJpRJUDSKLHGHV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVQHVHFDUDFWpULVH UDLWHOOHSDVFRPPHXQHJpRJUDSKLHPpWURSROLWDLQHWRXMRXUVSOXVH[WpULRULVpH" &HWWH VXLWH G·LQWHUURJDWLRQV DSSHOOH XQ TXHVWLRQQHPHQW VXU OH VHQV GH O·HPSORL ©LG·HVSDFH DOSLQ ª DX VLQJXOLHU 6XWWR D  &RUUpOp j OD UHPDUTXH JpRSROLWLTXH GHEDVHHWDXFRQVWDWG·XQHIRUPHG·LQFRKpVLRQWHUULWRULDOHHWUpWLFXODLUHKpULWpHGH O·qUHPRGHUQHHWGHO·DIÀUPDWLRQGXFKHPLQGHIHUDXVHLQGHFHVFDGUHVQDWLRQDX[ ODFDUDFWpULVWLTXHGHV$OSHVQ·HVWHOOHSDVSOXW{WGHVHSUpVHQWHUFRPPHXQH VRPPHGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[FRVSDWLDX[QRQLQWpJUpV" /DVLQJXODULVDWLRQGHVFKDPSVG·pWXGHVSDUSD\V0HWH\HU QRWDPPHQWGHOD 6XLVVH7RUULFHOOL)LVFKHU0HWWDQ SHUPHWGHIRUPXOHUFHWWHK\SRWKqVH/HV (WDWVUHVWHQWHQHIIHWO·pFKHOOHpOpPHQWDLUHGHVpTXHQoDJHGHVDSSURFKHVTXDQWLWD WLYHVGDQVOHVRXYUDJHV0DUWLQ&KDWHDX FHTXLWUDGXLWO·DEVHQFHG·KRPRJp QpLWpGHO·DSSURFKHSDUOHVDGPLQLVWUDWLRQVQDWLRQDOHVGXSKpQRPqQH6XWWR  /DELIXUFDWLRQSURGXFWULFHGHQRXYHDXWpRXODVRPPHGHUpWURDFWLRQVHQTXHVWLRQ VHUDLWDORUVGHUULqUHXQHIRUPHGHIHUPHWXUHXQHLQYHQWLRQSROLWLTXHHWIRQFWLRQQHOOH DXF±XUGHO·(XURSHG·XQHFRKpUHQFHDOSLQHDXWRXUGHVSUREOpPDWLTXHVGHWUDQVLW &HODFRUUHVSRQGUDLWjO·LQYHQWLRQG·XQHIRUPHGHFRSUpVHQFHGHFHVV\VWqPHVQDWLR QDX[pFODWpV/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVVRQWG·DLOOHXUVVRXYHQWDIIXEOpHVGX WLWUHG·qUHGHVVROLGDULWpVDOSLQHVDXPRPHQWPrPHROHFRQWH[WHGHFRQFXUUHQFH Q·DMDPDLVpWpDXVVLLPSRUWDQW(QLqPHSDUDGR[HLQFLWDQWjSDUFRXULUOHVYRLHVGHOD FRPSUpKHQVLRQGHFHTXHSRXUUDLWrWUHXQV\VWqPHDOSLQLQWpJUp 'HVWUDYDX[RQWpWpFRQGXLWVjSDUWLUG·XQHHQWUpHpFRQRPLTXHVSDWLDOHPHQWFRQWH[ WXDOLVpH j O·pFKHOOH G·XQ D[H OH )UpMXVIXWXU /\RQ7XULQ 6XWWR D HW E  PDLV TX·HQHVWLOG·XQSRLQWGHYXHJpRJUDSKLTXHGHSXLVXQHHQWUpHjO·pFKHOOHGHO·DUF" &RPPHQWjODVXLWHGXJURXSHPLVHQSODFHSDUOD'pFODUDWLRQGH=ULFKGH UpHOOHSODWHIRUPHGHFRRSpUDWLRQFRQYHQWLRQQHOOHHQWUHOHV0LQLVWUHVGHVWUDQVSRUWV GHVSD\VDOSLQV ODTXHVWLRQGHODJHVWLRQGHVFLUFXODWLRQVGHWUDQVLWjWUDYHUVOHV$OSHVSHXW HOOHrWUHXQPRWHXUSRXUXQHWHOOHFRQVWUXFWLRQ"

/D7UDYHUVpHSDUOH)UDQFKLVVHPHQW  /·H[WpULRULVDWLRQ TXL FRQWULEXH j GpVDOSLQLVHU O·DSSURFKH GHV 7UDYHU VpHV $OSLQHV DX PpSULV PrPH GH VRQ DSSHOODWLRQ HQWUH HQ FRQWUDGLFWLRQ DYHF OD FRQÁLFWXDOLWp SRXU SDUWLH FDUDFWpULVWLTXH GHV 1RXYHOOHV 7UDYHUVpHV $OSLQHV /D FRQÁLFWXDOLWpjO·±XYUHGDQVOHVEDVVHVYDOOpHVLWDOLHQQHV9DOGH6XVH%DVVHYDO OpH GH O·$GLJH  FRQFHUQpHV SDU GHV SURMHWV GH WXQQHOV GH EDVH UHQYRLH j O·XWRSLH GH OD EDQDOLVDWLRQ GX © FKDvQRQ DOSLQ ª GDQV OD FKDvQH GH FLUFXODWLRQ HXURSpHQQH &HWWH GLPHQVLRQ UHÁqWH ÀQDOHPHQW OD PpWULTXH WHUULWRULDOH IRQGHPHQW SROLWLTXH HWLGHQWLWDLUHGHWRXWXQSDQGHO·REMHWVRFLDOTXHVRQWOHV$OSHV/DPLVHHQSUR EOpPDWLTXH GHV 1RXYHOOHV 7UDYHUVpHV $OSLQHV DSSHOOH DLQVL j XQH UHFRQVLGpUD WLRQ GH FHV LQWHUDFWLRQV HQWUH OH SKpQRPqQH G·pFKHOOH HXURSpHQQH HW XQ REMHW 9LEUDWLRQV

6XWWR/D © /·pPHUJHQFHHWOD FRQVWUXFWLRQG·XQ HVSDFHDOSLQGHV WUDQVSRUWVOXHVj WUDYHUVO·KLVWRLUHGX SURMHW/\RQ7X ULQª 0HWH\HU0  ©3URMHFWLRQVGHOD GHPDQGHHQ)UDQFH ª,Q5HFKHUFKH HXURSpHQQHHWWUDYHUVpHV DOSLQHV 7RUULFHOOL*3)LV FKHU&0HWWDQ1  ©L3ROLWLTXHV GHWUDQVSRUWHW UpJLRQVIURQWD OLqUHVXQH[HPSOH GHUHFKHUFKHHQ 6XLVVHª 0DUWLQ-3&KDWHDX % 7UDYHUVHU OHV$OSHVODURXWHHQ TXHVWLRQ 6XWWR/  ©/HVHQMHX[GH ODSROLWLTXHGHV WUDQVSRUWVGDQVOHV DOSHVODJRXYHU QDQFHWHUULWRULDOH HXURSHHQQHHQ TXHVWLRQ"Lª 6XWWR/E  /HU{OHGHO·H[SHUWLVH pFRQRPLTXHGDQVO·pOD ERUDWLRQGHVSROLWLTXHV DOSLQHVGHWUDQVSRUWHW GXSURMHW/\RQ7XULQ YHUVO·pPHUJHQFHG·XQ HVSDFHDOSLQ"



9LEUDWLRQV

MENTAL

SPATIAL

se projeter

TRAVERSER APPROCHE PAR LE CONTENANT

-

traversée

être en travers

-

(se) présenter

.6XWWRQ

longer

SPATIAL

TEMPOREL

écoulement du temps

+

passer à travers

KS, 2011.

FRANCHIR APPROCHE PAR LE CONTENU

MENTAL

)LJXUH7UDYHUVHUXQHGHVWLQpHGHIUDQFKLVVHPHQW

(se) tourner vers

(s’)affranchir

-

TEMPOREL

écoulement du temps +

+

+

-

se frayer un chemin

mi

+

ion

na

int en si t é du flu x

s t a bil ité du r éfé ren t



+

at nt ro nf é o e c ér t d sid en con m e e uv tacl mo ’obs àl

dy nt me x ne u flu n o ta iti os o r e p rapp d r e qu p a -

Traverser, une destinée de franchissement ?

de traversées en ambigüités : apparition d’un cône de contradiction

divergence du spectre de signification du terme Traverser

principaux sens établis du terme

extension antinomique du champ du terme

troisièmes mutations : la contradiction

secondes mutations : l’éclatement des sens

première mutation : la substantivation

sens étymologique

La trajectoire du sens de Traverser, l’invention d’un terme ambigüe

noeud de signification

pôle de signification de Franchir

pôle de signification de Traverser

étendue du champ de Traverser

étendue du champ de Franchir

Deux termes récents complémentaires

/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH

,QWURGXFWLRQ/HV$OSHVXQODE\ULQWKHWUDYHUVDQW JpRJUDSKLTXH TXL Q·D SDU HVVHQFH SDV GH UpHOOH GpÀQLWLRQ DEVROXH  OHV $OSHV /H FDUDFWqUH LQVDLVLVVDEOH GH FHW REMHW HVW DX IRQGHPHQW G·XQ UpHO SUREOqPH Vp PDQWLTXHTXLFRQFHUQHO·HVVHQFHGHFHWREMHW/HSUREOqPHSUHPLHUGDQVO·DSSURFKH GHV$OSHVVRXVO·DQJOHGHODWUDYHUVpHVHVLWXHGDQVOHUpIpUHQWVSDWLDOOXLPrPH/D WUDYHUVpH SHXW QpFHVVLWHU G·LGHQWLÀHU O·REMHW VSDWLDO SDUFRXUX  HOOH VRXVHQWHQG OD SRVVLELOLWp G·LGHQWLÀHU R OH SKpQRPqQH FRPPHQFH HW R FHOXLFL VH WHUPLQH /D QRWLRQGHWUDYHUVpHHVWDLQVLHQSRVLWLRQSDUDGR[DOHYLVjYLVGHO·DSSURFKHFRQWHP SRUDLQHGHV$OSHVIRQGpHVXUO·DFFHSWDWLRQGHO·LPSRVVLEOHGpÀQLWLRQVWULFWHGHVOL PLWHVH[WHUQHV'HEDUELHX[5XGD] /HYHUEH©WUDYHUVHUªHVWUpFHQWjO·pFKHOOH GHODODQJXHIUDQoDLVH5H\S ,OVHFRQVWUXLWjSDUWLUGHGHX[UDFLQHV ODWLQHV WUDQV HW YHUVDUH GRQQDQW OLWWpUDOHPHQW OH VHQV GH © WRXUQHU YHUV ª ÀJ   7UDYHUVHU HVW DLQVL pW\PRORJLTXHPHQW VH WRXUQHU YHUV RX rWUH WRXUQp YHUV /D GLPHQ VLRQVSDWLDOHHVWDORUVLQGLVVRFLDEOHGHO·LQYHQWLRQGHFHYHUEHHWGHVRQVXEVWDQWLI  ©WUDYHUVpHLª/DGLPHQVLRQVSDWLDOHVHGRXEOHG·XQHPpWDSKRUHPHQWDOHjODÀQGX ;9,qPHVLqFOHHQFHTXH©WUDYHUVHUªV·HQULFKLWGXVHQVGH©VHSUpVHQWHUjO·HVSULWLª 'XVSDWLDOOHFKDPSGXYHUEHV·pWHQGDXWHPSRUHOHQDYHFO·LGpHGH©LWUDYHU VHU XQH qUHLª )LQDOHPHQW GHX[ JUDQGHV VLJQLÀFDWLRQV VSDWLDOHV DQWLQRPLTXHV GH SULPH DERUG FRH[LVWHQW DX VHLQ GH FH YHUEH $YHF O·H[WHQVLRQ WHPSRUHOOH VHPEOH V·DIÀUPHUO·LGpHGH©VHIUD\HUXQFKHPLQªOjRVHORQXQHDSSOLFDWLRQGDQVOH FKDPS GH O·HVSDFH SOXV VWDWLTXH © WUDYHUVHU ª VLJQLÀH © rWUH HQ WUDYHUV ª &HWWH SRO\VpPLHSDUDGR[DOHQ·HVWSDVVDQVSRVHUGHSUREOqPHjVRQDSSOLFDWLRQDXFDGUH DOSLQ DYHF O·DSSHOODWLRQ © 7UDYHUVpHV $OSLQHV ª /D SUHPLqUH DSSOLFDWLRQ DOSLQH GX YHUEHGDWHGHSRXUFDUDFWpULVHUXQWHPSVVSDWLDOHQDOSLQLVPH/DFRQTXrWH KXPDLQHGHV$OSHVHPSRUWHGDQVVRQVLOODJHXQHH[WHQVLRQGXFKDPSG·DSSOLFDWLRQ GH©WUDYHUVHUªHWGH©WUDYHUVpHª/·DFWLRQGHWUDYHUVHUHQDOSLQLVPHFDUDFWpULVHDORUV OHWHPSVGXFKHPLQHPHQWOHORQJGHO·DUUrWHVRLWGHODSDUWLHSHUSHQGLFXODLUHjOD OLJQHGHSHQWH©7UDYHUVHUªHVWFKHPLQHUOHORQJGHODOLJQHGHFUrWHVRLWORQJHUHW QRQSDVVHUjWUDYHUV3DUDGR[DOHGHVWLQpHGXVHQVDOSLQGHFHYHUEHGqVORUVTX·XQH 7UDYHUVpH$OSLQHVHGpÀQLWDXMRXUG·KXLFRPPHXQHFLUFXODWLRQRXXQD[HIUDQFKLV VDQW OD OLJQH GH FUrWH SRXU UHOLHU OHV JUDQGV EDVVLQV YHUVDQWV G·(XURSH 5K{QH 5KLQ'DQXEH DXEDVVLQGX3{/·XWLOLVDWLRQGHFHYHUEHHVWG·DXWDQWSOXVSDUDGR[DOH TXHSDUH[WHQVLRQVVXFFHVVLYHVGXFKDPSG·DSSOLFDWLRQ©WUDYHUVHUªDpWpDVVRFLp jGHVREMHWVWHOVTXHOHVSRQWVOHVWXQQHOVRXDGHVDFWLRQVFRPPHWUDYHUVHUODUXH O·RFpDQ VRLW j GHV VpTXHQFHV LGHQWLÀDEOHV SDUFH TXH GpOLPLWDEOHV GDQV O·HVSDFH 7UDYHUVHUODUXHVLJQLÀHDOOHUG·XQWURWWRLUjXQDXWUHVLWXpHQIDFHO·DFWLRQGHWUD YHUVHUO·RFpDQHVWGpOLPLWpSDUOHVMHX[GHUXSWXUHVGHFKDUJHDXQLYHDXGHVSRUWV 7UDYHUVHUOHV$OSHV"0DLVRFRPPHQFHQWOHV$OSHV"  /DQRGDOLWpSRXUUDLWRIIULUXQHVROXWLRQGHGpÀQLWLRQ%HUQLHUL %DYRX[   %DYRX[ &KDSHORQ %HDXFLUH =HPEUL   2U O·pWXGH GH OD G\ QDPLTXHQRGDOHTX·HOOHVRLWH[WpULRULVDWLRQRXUpLQWpULRULVDWLRQSHUPHWVHXOHPHQW G·DIÀUPHUTXHOHVSRUWHVGHV$OSHVVRQWPRELOHVjO·LPDJHGHODGpÀQLWLRQGHO·REMHW TX·HOOHV VRQW FHQVpHV FRQWULEXHU j GpÀQLU 5RWWHUGDP 0DQQKHLP %kOH /XFHUQH )OHOHQ(UVWIHOGVRQWDXWDQWGHSRUWHVGHV$OSHV/HV$OSHVjO·LPDJHGHO·(XURSH Q·DXUDLHQWGRQFSDVGHOLPLWHVDEVROXHV'LUHODOLPLWHVHUDLWDLQVLGpMjH[SULPHUXQH IDoRQGHFRQVLGpUHUO·REMHW$XVVLIRUPXORQVQRXVO·K\SRWKqVHTXHSDUOHUGH©7UD YHUVpHV $OSLQHV ª DXGHOj GH O·XWLOLVDWLRQ G·XQ SOXULHO LQGLTXDQW WDQW XQH GLYHUVLWp 9LEUDWLRQV

'HEDUELHX[%5X GD]* /HV IDLVHXUVGHPRQWDJQH ,PDJLQDLUHVSROLWLTXHV HWWHUULWRULDOLWpV ;9,,,H;;,HVLqFOH 5H\$ 'LF WLRQQDLUHFXOWXUHOHQ ODQJXHIUDQoDLVH7 %HUQLHU;  ©L/HVFROVURXWLHUV GDQVODWUDYHUVpH GHVPRQWDJQHV IUDQoDLVHVLFRQWUL EXWLRQjXQHGpÀQL WLRQSOXULYDOHQWHHW G\QDPLTXHª %HUQLHU;  ©L7UDQVSRUWVHW PRQWDJQHTXHOOHV VSpFLÀFLWpVSRXUOHV V\VWqPHVQRGDX["ª %DYRX[--  ©/DQRGDOLWpXQ FRQFHSWIRQGDPHQ WDOGHO·RUJDQLVDWLRQ GHO·HVSDFHLª %DYRX[--%HDX FLUH)&KDSHORQ /=HPEUL3  *pRJUDSKLHGHV WUDQVSRUWV



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH

(QFDGUp /LJQHGHFUrWHRX/LJQHGHSHQGDJHGHVHDX[" &HVGHX[DSSHOODWLRQVGpVLJQHQWOHPrPHREMHWSK\VLTXHODOLJQHGHIDvWHGXPDVVLIVLWXpHHQWUHOHVJUDQGVEDVVLQV YHUVDQWVGHSUHPLHUQLYHDXpFKHOOHGHVÀHXYHV HQ(XURSH/¶XWLOLVDWLRQGH©/LJQHGHSHQGDJHGHVHDX[ªHVWH[SOL FLWpHGDQVXQWUDLWpPDUTXDQWXQWRXUQDQWGDQVOHUDSSRUWGHV(WDWVDX[$OSHVHQ(XURSHOHWUDLWpG¶8WUHFKW  /HV$OSHVDYDLHQWpWpOHWKpkWUHGXGpYHORSSHPHQWG¶HQWLWpVSROLWLTXHVjFKHYDOVXUVHVGHX[YHUVDQWV'DXSKLQp 6DYRLH7\URO/LJXHV*ULVRQQHV« OHSOXVVRXYHQWJXLGpSDUO¶HQMHXGXFRQWU{OHG¶XQH YRLHGHSDVVDJH/DIURQWLqUHpWDLWDORUVVLWXpHVXUODFRQÀXHQFHRXVXUODULYHG¶XQ FRXUVG¶HDXFRPPHGDQVO¶H[HPSOHLPDJLQDLUHFRQVWUXLWSDU+HUJpGDQVOH6FHSWUH G¶2WWRNDUHQWUHOD6\OGDYLHHWOD%RUGXULH/HWUDLWpG¶8WUHFKWLGHQWL¿HSRXUODSUHPLqUH IRLVGDQVOH'URLWLQWHUQDWLRQDOPRGHUQHODOLJQHGHFUrWHFRPPHOLJQHGHGLVFRQWLQXLWp SROLWLTXH/DSDUWLHDOSLQHGHFHWUDLWpVHFDUDFWpULVHSDUXQpFKDQJHGHWHUULWRLUHVHQWUH OH5R\DXPHGH)UDQFHHWOD0DLVRQGH6DYRLHD¿QGHIDLUHFRwQFLGHUOHXUIURQWLqUH DYHFFHWWHOHFWXUHGHVEDVVLQVYHUVDQWHXURSpHQVGXPRLQVSRXUVDSDUWLHRULHQWDOH

/D IURQWLqUH HQWUH OD 6\OGDYLH HW OD %RUGXULH GDQV OH 6FHSWUH G·2WWRNDU +HUJp 

©607&FqGHHWWUDQVSRUWHHQWRXWHVRXYHUDLQHWpj6$5ODYDOOpHGH3UDJHODV DYHFOHVIRUWVG¶([LOOHVHWGH)HQHVWUHOOHVOHVYDOOpHVG¶2XO[GH6H]DQQHGH%DU GRQQqFKHHWGH&KkWHDX'DXSKLQHWWRXWFHTXLHVWjO¶(DX3HQGDQWHGHV$OSHVGX F{Wp3LpPRQW6$5FqGHUpFLSURTXHPHQWj607&HWjVHVVXFFHVVHXUVHQ WRXWH6RXYHUDLQHWpODYDOOpHGH%DUFHORQQHWWHHWVHVGpSHQGDQFHVGHPDQLqUHTXH OHVVRPPLWpVGHV$OSHVHW0RQWDJQHVVHUYLURQWjO¶DYHQLUGHOLPLWHVHQWUHOD)UDQFH OH3LpPRQWHWOH&RPWpGH1LFH>«@ª 7UDLWpG¶8WUHFKWDUW,9 1RXVSUpVHQWRQVLFLOHWH[WHSURSRVpHQDQQH[HGH O¶RXYUDJH3%R\HU /HVIRUWL¿FDWLRQVGX%ULDQoRQQDLVS

$LQVLOHVSRVVHVVLRQVWUDQVDOSLQHVIUDQoDLVHVKpULWpHVGX'DXSKLQpKDXWHYDOOpHGH6XVHMXVTX¶j*UDYHUHVXUOH KDXWGXYHUURXGH6XVHODYDOOpHGHOD&KLVRQHMXVTX¶j3LJQHUROJDLQGXWUDLWpGH:HVWSKDOLH VRQWRIIHUWHVjOD 6DYRLHHQpFKDQJHGHODYDOOpHGHO¶8ED\H &HWWHOHFWXUHGHVGLVFRQWLQXLWpVSROLWLTXHVDOSLQHVQHV¶LPSRVHQWSDVGDQVO¶HQVHPEOHGHV$OSHV1RXVOHUHWURXYRQV jO¶LVVXHGHOD3UHPLqUH*XHUUH0RQGLDOHDYHFO¶DQQH[LRQGX7\UROGX6XGSDUO¶,WDOLH

+HUJp  /HVFHSWUHG·2WWRNDU 7LQWLQ %R\HU3  /HVIRUWLÀFDWLRQVGX %ULDQoRQQDLV %UXQHW 5   © /HV OLJQHV GH IRUFH GH O·HVSDFH HXUR SpHQLª0DSSHPRQGH /pY\- /·(X URSH %DUURW - (OOLVDOGH % 5RTXHV *   (XURSH (X URSHVHVSDFHVHQUHFRP SRVLWLRQ 5H\ $ GLU E  ©)UDQFKLUª ,Q 'LF WLRQQDLUH FXOWXUHO HQ ODQJXHIUDQoDLVH



GHPRGDOLWpTXHGHORFDOLVDWLRQVHWXQHUpSpWLWLRQFRQVWDQWHG·XQHDFFXPXODWLRQ G·LWLQpUDLUHV LQWHUURJHWLO VXU OD IDoRQ GH FRQVLGpUHU O·REMHW $OSHV /H UDSSRUW DX OLQpDLUHFRQFHQWUDWLRQRXDFFXPXODWLRQUHQYRLHXQHQRXYHOOHIRLVjXQHDQDORJLHDYHF O·pWXGHJpRJUDSKLTXHGHO·(XURSH5%UXQHW RSqUHXQHGLVWLQFWLRQQHWWHHQWUH ODGRUVDOHHWVHVpFKRVQRWDPPHQWRXHVW/DGRUVDOHVHFDUDFWpULVHSDUO·DFFXPXOD WLRQWRXWDXWDQWTX·HOOHHQHVWÀOOHO·pFKRRXHVWVRLWOHFRXORLU3DULV/\RQ0DUVHLOOH SkWLGHODFRQFHQWUDWLRQSDULVLHQQH5HWURXYHWRQFHMHXG·XQHGLDOHFWLTXHDFFXPX ODWLRQGDQVODSDUWLHFHQWUDOHGHO·DUFFRQFHQWUDWLRQjO·RXHVWjODTXHOOHVHMRLQWO·LGpHGH GLOXWLRQGpGHQVLÀFDWLRQjO·HVW>SDUWLH@/pY\%DUURW(OOLVDOGH5RTXHV " 4XHVWLRQQHPHQWTXLQHGHYUDSDVrWUHQpJOLJpPDLVTXLQHUpVRXWSDVSRXUO·KHXUH XQSUREOqPHGHIRQGO·LGHQWLÀFDWLRQGXFKDPSGHFHWWHpWXGHO·LGHQWLÀFDWLRQGHV ©7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVª /DFOpUpVLGHGDQVO·DFFHSWDWLRQHWOHGpSDVVHPHQWGXSDUDGR[HVpPDQWLTXH5HSDU WRQVGXIDLWTX·XQH7UDYHUVpH$OSLQHVHGpÀQLVVHFRPPHXQHFLUFXODWLRQRXXQD[H IUDQFKLVVDQWODOLJQHGHFUrWH/DWUDYHUVpHV·DIÀUPHFRPPHXQHIRUPHGHSUREOqPH WURXYDQWXQHVROXWLRQGHGpÀQLWLRQGDQVOHPDLOORQFHQWUDOODFRPSRVDQWOHIUDQ FKLVVHPHQW/DWUDYHUVpHVHGpÀQLUDLWDORUVSDUOHIUDQFKLVVHPHQW6LO·H[WHUQHQ·HVW SDVLGHQWLÀDEOHDYHFFHUWLWXGHO·pOpPHQWLQWHUQHIUDQFKLOXLSHXWO·rWUH,OV·DJLWGHOD OLJQHGHFUrWH$LQVLXQH7UDYHUVpH$OSLQHVHPEOHrWUHXQÁX[TXLIUDQFKLWXQH© OLJQHGHSHQGDJHGHVHDX[ªHQFDGUp  /DWUDMHFWRLUHGXPRWIUDQFKLVVHPHQWHVWWRXWDXVVLULFKHG·HQVHLJQHPHQWVHWG·LQ WHUURJDWLRQVTXHFHOOHGXYHUEH©WUDYHUVHUª5H\S 1RXVVRPPHVGH 9LEUDWLRQV

,QWURGXFWLRQ/HV$OSHVXQODE\ULQWKHWUDYHUVDQW QRXYHDXHQSUpVHQFHG·XQWHUPHUpFHQWDSSDUXjO·pSRTXHPRGHUQHGpULYpGXYHUEH ©DIIUDQFKLUª/HIUDQFKLVVHPHQWQDvWGRQFVRXVOHVLJQHGHODOLEpUDWLRQVRLWGX FRQWHQXDORUVTXH©WUDYHUVpHªHVWHQJHQGUpHSDUOHFRQWHQDQW)UDQFKLUV·HPSORLH jSURSRVG·XQREVWDFOHSHUoXOHVWD[HVODIURQWLqUH«GRQFG·XQpOpPHQWWUDYHUVDQW DXVHQVVWDWLTXH/HIUDQFKLVVHPHQWV·LPSRVHFRPPHOHGpSDVVHPHQWGHODWUDYHU VpHGDQVFHFRXSOH,OHVWDORUVSDUDGR[DOGHQHSRXYRLUGpÀQLUODWUDYHUVpHTXHSDU VRQGpSDVVHPHQW8QHSDUHQWpVHWLVVHDYHFO·DFFpOpUDWLRQUHQIRUoDQWDLQVLXQHVRUWH G·RSDFLWpGXODE\ULQWKHGDQVOHTXHOFHFKHPLQHPHQWWHQWHGHSURJUHVVHU  /DVROXWLRQ©IUDQFKLVVHPHQWªDSSRUWHWRXWGHPrPHXQORWGHUpSRQVHVDX SUREOqPHGHO·LGHQWLÀFDWLRQGHV$OSHV$XÀQDOSRXUTXRLVHSRVHUODTXHVWLRQGHV OLPLWHVGXPDVVLI "&RPPHQWGpÀQLWRQXQHPRQWDJQHVLFHQ·HVWSDUXQSURÀOGH KDXWHXUV/DPRQWDJQHHWSDUFRQVpTXHQWOHV$OSHVVHFRQFHSWXDOLVHOHSOXVIUpTXHP PHQWSDUOHKDXW8QHVRUWHGHGLDOHFWLTXHGHVKDXWVHWGHVEDVGHVVLQHG·DLOOHXUVXQH OLJQHGHUHSUpVHQWDWLRQGHVWXQQHOV8QHSDUHQWpH[LVWHHQWUHODFRQTXrWHGHVSUR IRQGHXUVHWODFRQTXrWHGHVKDXWHXUV6XWWRQ%R]RQQHW%DOOXL *XLFKRQQHW ,OIDXWXQHQRXYHOOHIRLVUHPHWWUHHQFRQWH[WHODFRQTXrWHGHV $OSHVSDUOHUDLOO·DOSLQLVPHSUDWLTXHDOSLQHGHO·H[WpULHXUV·LQYHQWHHQSUpFpGDQW GHSHXOHGpYHORSSHPHQWGXFKHPLQGHIHUGDQVOHVYDOOpHVDOSLQHV8QHP\VWLTXHGX KDXWKDELWHOHUDSSRUWDXSDUFRXUVGHVEDVYDOOpHVHWSODLQHV/·REMHWG·LQWpUrWQ·HVW SDVWDQWOHSRLQWGHGpSDUWTXHODOLJQHG·KRUL]RQLQFLWDQWDXPRXYHPHQWOHVHQVHVW GRQQpSDUO·REMHFWLIOHSDUFRXUVSRXYDQWVHVXIÀUHjOXLPrPH1RXVSRVWXORQVDLQVL TXHGpÀQLUOHV$OSHVQHUHYLHQGUDLWSDVjWUDFHUOHVOLPLWHVH[WHUQHVGXPDVVLIPDLV jGHVVLQHUOHVOLJQHVGHKDXWHXU/DOLJQHGHFUrWHLPSRVHVDPDMHVWpV\PEROLTXHHW P\WKRORJLTXHjO·LPDJHG·XQ:DOKDOODHQSRVDQWXQHTXHVWLRQG·pFKHOOHVXQHLQÀ QLHGHOLQpDLUHVV·DSSDUHQWHjXQWHOUDQJ8QHQRXYHOOHIRLVOHFULWqUHHVWO·KRUL]RQ HXURSpHQ7UDYHUVHUODFUrWHGXPDVVLI GHO·(SLQHGHUQLHUFKDvQRQJpRORJLTXHPHQW MXUDVVLHQPDLVELHQIRQFWLRQQHOOHPHQWDOSLQ HQWUH/\RQHW&KDPEpU\Q·HVWSDVDF FRPSOLUXQH7UDYHUVpH$OSLQHIUDQFKLUODOLJQHGHSHQGDJHGHVHDX[HQWUH0RGDQH HW%DUGRQQqFKHSDUOHWXQQHOGX)UpMXVRXL/DOLJQHGHFUrWHHVWGRQFLQGLVVRFLDEOH GHODUpIpUHQFHDX[EDVVLQVYHUVDQWV'HUULqUH©OLJQHGHFUrWHªLOIDXWHQWHQGUHOLJQH GH VpSDUDWLRQ GHV JUDQGV EDVVLQV YHUVDQWV G·(XURSH 8QH SDUWLH GHV VpTXHQoDJHV VSDWLDX[GHV$OSHVGHVWUDYHUVpHVHVWG·DLOOHXUVPDUTXpHGXVFHDXGHFHWWHDSSURFKH GXPDVVLI/DP\WKLÀFDWLRQGHODOLJQHGHFUrWHFRQWULEXHjJUDQGLUOHSDVVDJHGHFROV HQWXQQHOV/HSDVVDJHTXLSHUPHWOHIUDQFKLVVHPHQWHVWXQHYRLHGHFRQIURQWDWLRQ GHO·+RPPHHWGHVRQGpVLUG·DIIUDQFKLVVHPHQWYLVjYLVGHV©GDQJHUVGHODQDWXUH KRVWLOHHWOLPLWDQWHªGHFHVIRUFHVUHSUpVHQWpHVWDQW{WVRXVODIRUPHG·XQURFKHUPH QDoDQWWDQW{WjWUDYHUVXQSD\VDJHGHJRUJHVGLJQHVGHV(QIHUV*XLFKRQQHW  /HIUDQFKLVVHPHQWODOLEpUDWLRQHVWODUpFRPSHQVHGXSDUFRXUVGXODE\ULQWKH TXHUHSUpVHQWHODWUDYHUVpH/DWUDYHUVpHHVWODGpPDUFKHSUHPLqUHVHWRXUQHUYHUVHWVH IUD\HUXQFKHPLQjWUDYHUVXQREVWDFOHVHSUpVHQWDQWWDQWjO·HVSULWTXHSK\VLTXHPHQWOH IUDQFKLVVHPHQWHVWO·DFFRPSOLVVHPHQW/DPpWDSKRUHGXKDXWOLHXFRQIqUHDXFKH PLQHPHQWHWDXIDLWGHOHSDUFRXULUXQUDQJGHJpRV\PEROH%RQQHPDLVRQ   FHWWH QRWLRQ V·HQWHQGDQW SRXU XQ SRLQW FRPPH SRXU XQH WUDMHFWRLUH 3RXU %RQQHPDLVRQXQJpRV\PEROHSHXWFRQVLVWHUHQXQSqOHULQDJH2UOHV7UDYHUVpHV $OSLQHVVHPEOHQWDQLPpHVG·XQHIRUPHGHVDFUDOLWpFLYLTXH9DXFKH] SRU WpHWDQWSDUOHVHQVV\PEROLTXHSURMHWpVXUO·DFWLRQTXHSDUODSODFHGHO·LQIUDVWUXFWXUH FRPPHSRWHQWLHOG·XQLÀFDWLRQG·XQHVSDFHSROLWLTXH 9LEUDWLRQV

6XWWRQ.  ©7UDYHUVHUOHV$OSHV SDUO·DIÀFKHª %R]RQQHW-3  'HVPRQWV HWGHVP\WKHVO·LPD JLQDLUHVRFLDOGHOD PRQWDJQH %DOOX GLU@  /DUHOLJLRQ FLYLTXHjO·pSRTXH PpGLpYDOHHWPRGHUQH FKUpWLHQWpHWLVODP 



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH /XVVDXOW0  /·KRPPHVSDWLDO %HUQLHU;  ©/HVG\QDPLTXHV UpWLFXORWHUULWRULDOHV HWODIURQWLqUHHQ ]RQHGHPRQWDJQH DSSURFKHW\SROR JLTXHª )RXFKHU0  /·LQYHQWLRQGHV IURQWLqUHV *XHULQ-3  /·DPpQDJHPHQWGHOD PRQWDJQHSROLWLTXHV GLVFRXUVHWSURGXFWLRQ G·HVSDFHV *XLFKRQQHW3 5DIIHVWLQ&  *pRJUDSKLHGHV IURQWLqUHV $PLOKDW6]DU\$/  3UpIDFHGX QXPpUR©7UDYHU VHUHWXWLOLVHUOD IURQWLqUH$QGHV $OSHVª %UDYDUG-3 0DODYRL-5  (OpPHQWVG·K\GURPRU SKRORJLHÁXYLDOH 6XWWR/  /HU{OHGHO·H[SHUWLVH pFRQRPLTXHGDQVO·pOD ERUDWLRQGHVSROLWLTXHV DOSLQHVGHWUDQVSRUWHW GXSURMHW/\RQ7XULQL YHUVO·pPHUJHQFHG·XQ HVSDFHDOSLQ" 6XWWRQ.  /HVWUDYHUVpHVDOSLQHV FRQWULEXWLRQjXQHOHF WXUHSDUODFRVSDWLDOLWp %HUQLHU;  ©7UDQVSRUWVHW PRQWDJQHTXHOOHV VSpFLÀFLWpVSRXUOHV V\VWqPHVQRGDX["ª %HUQLHU;  ©L/HVFROVURXWLHUV GDQVODWUDYHUVpH GHVPRQWDJQHV IUDQoDLVHVFRQWUL EXWLRQjXQHGpÀQL WLRQSOXULYDOHQWHHW G\QDPLTXHª /·HIIHWIURQWLqUH GDQVOHV$OSHV  $FWHVGX FROORTXHLQWHUQD WLRQDO



)URQWLqUHV  /HV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVVRQWSURGXFWULFHVGHVSDWLDOLWpV/XVVDXOW HQ V·LQVFULYDQWGDQVXQUDSSRUWFRPSOH[HjODIURQWLqUH%HUQLHU)RXFKHUL *XHULQ*XLFKRQQHW5DIIHVWLQ$PLOKDW6]DU\ (FULUHVXUOHV $OSHVGHSXLVOD)UDQFHHWSOXVHQFRUHVXUODOLJQHGHFUrWHDFHFLGHSDUWLFXOLHUTXH OHUDSSRUWGHFHW(WDWjODOLJQHGHSHQGDJHGHVHDX[HVWGXUDEOHPHQWPDUTXpSDU OHWUDLWpG·8WUHFKW /DSDUWLHDOSLQHGXWUDLWpVWLSXOHOLWWpUDOHPHQWODSUHPLqUH FRQFRUGDQFHHQWUHODOLJQHGHSHQGDJHGHVHDX[HWOHVIURQWLqUHVVpSDUDQWOHV(WDWVGH 6DYRLHHWOH5R\DXPHGH)UDQFHHQFDGUp 3UpVLGDQWjO·pFKDQJHGHVSRVVHVVLRQV GHOSKLQDOHV WUDQVDOSLQHV DYHF OD KDXWH YDOOpH GH O·8ED\H FH SULQFLSH IURQWDOLHU HVW pWHQGXORUVGXWUDLWpGH7XULQGHSDUOHTXHOODSDUWLHFLVDOSLQHGHOD6DYRLHHVW UDWWDFKpHjO·(PSLUHIUDQoDLV/DFRQFRUGDQFHVHPEOHXQHOHFWXUHJpRSROLWLTXHGHV $OSHV©jODIUDQoDLVHª/D6XLVVHFRPPHO·$XWULFKHQ·HQWUHQWSDVGDQVFHSULQFLSH 0rPHOHFROGX6LPSORQTXLjSHWLWHpFKHOOHVHPEOHrWUHOHVXSSRUWGHODIURQWLqUH HQWUHOD6XLVVHHWO·,WDOLHRIIUHXQHFRQÀJXUDWLRQGLIIpUHQWHGXPRGqOHIUDQoDLVHQFH TXHODIURQWLqUHHVWSRUWpHVXUOHYHUVDQWVXGjODVRUWLHGHVJRUJHVGH*RQGR/HVFDV GHFRQFRUGDQFHLPSOLTXDQWO·$XWULFKHVRQWOH%UHQQHUHWOH7DUYLV/·pWDEOLVVHPHQW GXVHFRQGGHIDoRQG·DLOOHXUVLQFRPSOqWH WLHQWDXUDWWDFKHPHQWGHOD9pQpWLHjO·,WD OLHHQ&HOXLGX%UHQQHUTXDQWjOXLGDWHGXWUDLWpGH6DLQW*HUPDLQHQ/D\H RODGLSORPDWLHIUDQoDLVHHWVDOHFWXUHGXVHQVIURQWDOLHUDOSLQQ·HVWSDVDEVHQW,O IDXWGRQFVHJDUGHUG·XQDSULRULFXOWXUHOFHQ·HVWSDVODGLPHQVLRQLQWHUQDWLRQDOHGX IUDQFKLVVHPHQWSK\VLTXHTXLIDLWODWUDYHUVpHPDLVELHQODOLDLVRQGHGHX[EDVVLQV YHUVDQWVGHSUHPLHUQLYHDX jO·pFKHOOHGXFRQWLQHQW%UDYDUG0DODYRL j VDYRLUOH5KLQOH'DQXEHOH3{HWOH5K{QH&HWWHOHFWXUHÁXYLDOHLQWHUYLHQWFRPPH XQHUHVWULFWLRQGHO·KRUL]RQHXURSpHQDOSLQRFHQWUpDX[VHXOVEDVVLQVDOLPHQWpVSDU OHVHDX[DOSLQHV 'LIIpUHQWHV FRQÀJXUDWLRQV DX UHJDUG GH O·LQWHUQDWLRQDOLWp SHXYHQW HQWUHU HQ FRPSWH &HW DVSHFW Q·HVW SDV VHFRQGDLUH QRWDPPHQW HQ FH TXL FRQFHUQH O·HQMHX G·XQHDSSURFKHFRPPXQHGHVSKpQRPqQHVWUDYHUVDQWVjO·pFKHOOHGHO·HQVHPEOHGH O·DUF6XWWR &HUDSSRUWDXEDVVLQYHUVDQWHVWXQHVRXUFHG·DQDORJLHVGpYHORS SpHVjO·LVVXHGHQRWUHDQQpHGH0/·LGpHGHEDVVLQGHIUDQFKLVVHPHQWpWDLWHQ HIIHWSUpVHQWHGDQVOHVSDJHVG·RXYHUWXUHjODÀQGXPpPRLUH6XWWRQ &HWWH LGpHTXLVHUDGpYHORSSpHGDQVOHFRXUVGXSURSRVUHSRVHVXUOHSURORQJHPHQWGH FHWWHUpÁH[LRQVLFHQ·HVWSDVSDUOHFRQWRXUTXHO·RQSHXWGpÀQLUOHV$OSHVSHXWRQ GpÀQLUOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVGHSXLVO·H[WpULHXUGXPDVVLI "(QVRPPHjO·LPDJHGH O·LPSRUWDQFHTXHSUHQGODOLJQHGHFUrWHO·LGpHDJHUPpG·XQHUHSUpVHQWDWLRQHWG·XQH DSSURFKHQRQGHSXLVOHVSRUWVH[WpULHXUVPDLVGHSXLVOHVSRUWVLQWpULHXUV'HYDQWOH JOLVVHPHQWQRGDO%HUQLHU OHVHXOOLHXSRXYDQWSRWHQWLHOOHPHQWV·LQVFULUHGDQV XQHpSDLVVHXUOXLFRQIpUDQWXQHORJLTXHIRFDOH%HUQLHU HVWOHSRLQWGHSDVVDJH OXLPrPHGpPXOWLSOLpSDUIRLVJOLVVpPDLVFRQVHUYDQWVRQOLHQVLQJXOLHUjODOLJQHGH FUrWH7RXWFHODFRQFRXUWGHODPrPHGpPDUFKHGHFRQVLGpUHUODUpLQWpULRULVDWLRQ DOSLQHGHVSKpQRPqQHVWUDYHUVDQWV(WFHODQRXVSHUPHWGHIRUPXOHUFHWWHK\SR WKqVH PDMHXUH  VL OD UpLQWpULRULVDWLRQ HW O·pFODWHPHQW OLQpDLUH VRQW OHV G\QDPLTXHV FDUDFWpULVDQWOHV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV 9LEUDWLRQV

,QWURGXFWLRQ/HV$OSHVXQODE\ULQWKHWUDYHUVDQW O·HQMHXG·XQTXHVWLRQQHPHQWQRYDWHXUQHVHUDLWLOSDVOHGpÀGHO·LQYHQWLRQGX ©ORFDOªGDQVOHFDGUHGXPRUFHOOHPHQWHWGHODGLYHUVLWpDOSLQH" /·H[LJHQFHGXORFDOHVWXQHGHVFRPSRVDQWHVPDMHXUHVDIÀFKpHVGDQVOHVFRQWHVWD WLRQVVXVFLWpHVGDQVOHVEDVVHVYDOOpHVLWDOLHQQHV$XVVLpPHWWRQVQRXVO·K\SRWKqVH TXH OD QRXYHDXWp QH VHUDLW SDV j UHFKHUFKHU GDQV XQH VLPSOH PpWULTXH UpWLFXODLUH PDLVSOXW{WGDQVODPpWULTXHWHUULWRULDOHDVVRFLpH'HYDQWOHFRQVWDWG·LQFRKpVLRQ O·H[LJHQFHGHFRKpUHQFHHVWEUDQGLHSDUOHVVFKpPDVWHUULWRULDX[GHYDQWODFRQÁLF WXDOLWpO·DWWHQWHGHPpGLDWLRQHVWpPLVHSDUOHVSRSXODWLRQVORFDOHV

3KpQRPqQH  /HUHQRXYHOOHPHQWGXUDSSRUWjODIURQWLqUHGHODGLPHQVLRQSROLWLTXHDX[ GLPHQVLRQV IRQFWLRQQHOOHV pQRQFp GqV OH FROORTXH GH  WHQX j $RVWH /·HIIHW IURQWLqUH GDQV OHV $OSHV   FRQVWLWXH OH F±XU GH OD GpÀQLWLRQ GHV 1RXYHOOHV 7UDYHUVpHV $OSLQHV WHOOH TXH QRXV O·HQYLVDJHRQV HQFDGUp   /D VHXOH DVVRFLDWLRQ jO·DFWXHOOHSKDVHGHUpDOLVDWLRQGHVWXQQHOVGHEDVHHVWVDQVGRXWHUpGXFWULFHOHV 1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVQHVDXUDLHQWVHOLPLWHUjXQHPDQLIHVWDWLRQLQIUDVWUXF WXUHOOH $ OD VXLWHGH OD UpÁH[LRQ H[SRVpH OHV FRQGLWLRQV LQVWLWXWLRQQHOOHVHWRUJD QLVDWLRQQHOOHV GH PLVH HQ SODFH GHV FLUFXODWLRQV VRQW YDORULVpHV /D G\QDPLTXH GH OLEpUDOLVDWLRQTXLLQWURGXLWOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVGDQVO·qUHGXPDUFKpDLQVLTXHOD UHFKHUFKH G·LQWHURSpUDELOLWpV TXL WUDGXLW PDWp ULHOOHPHQWXQGLVFRXUVVXUOHVFRQWLQXLWpVVRQW (QFDGUp OHVGHX[SLOLHUVGHFHWWHGpÀQLWLRQ/HVWXQQHOV 9HUVXQHSUHPLqUHGpÀQLWLRQGHV GH EDVH VRQW XQH UpSRQVH WHFKQLTXH FHUWHV ©1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVª G·H[FHSWLRQjXQHSUREOpPDWLTXHIHUURYLDLUHHW SROLWLTXHGHSOXVSHWLWHpFKHOOH/HFRQWH[WHJp 1RXVSURSRVRQVGHGp¿QLUOHV©1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVª QRQ DX WUDYHUV GX VHXO LQGLFH GH OD UpDOLVDWLRQ HW GH OD QpUDOG·RXYHUWXUHGHVIURQWLqUHVSROLWLTXHVDX[ 17$  PLVHHQVHUYLFHGHVWXQQHOVGHEDVHPDLVSUHPLqUHPHQWSDU pFKDQJHVWURXYHXQpFKRSD\VDJHUHQO·DEVHQFH XQH UHQFRQWUH GH OD G\QDPLTXH GH OLEpUDOLVDWLRQ TXL LQWURGXLW GHSKDVHGHIRUWLÀFDWLRQHQSDUDOOqOHGHODUpD OHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVGDQVO¶qUHGXPDUFKpDYHFODUHFKHUFKH OLVDWLRQG·XQHLQIUDVWUXFWXUHGHIUDQFKLVVHPHQW G¶LQWHURSpUDELOLWpVTXLWUDGXLWPDWpULHOOHPHQWXQGLVFRXUVVXUOHV FRQWLQXLWpV UpWLFXODLUHV /HV WXQQHOV GH EDVH VRQW XQH UpSRQVH $ORUV TXH O·RXYHUWXUH GX WXQQHO GX )UpMXV HQ WHFKQLTXHFHUWHVG¶H[FHSWLRQjXQHSUREOpPDWLTXHIHUURYLDLUHHW V·pWDLWDFFRPSDJQpHGHODFRQVWUXFWLRQGX SROLWLTXHGHSOXVSHWLWHpFKHOOH/HFRQWH[WHJpQpUDOG¶RXYHUWXUH IRUWGX5HSODWRQDXGHVVXVGH0RGDQHHQ GHVIURQWLqUHVSROLWLTXHVDX[pFKDQJHVWURXYHXQpFKRSD\VDJHU HQO¶DEVHQFHGHSKDVHGHIRUWL¿FDWLRQHQSDUDOOqOHGHODUpDOLVD HWTXHVHVGpSODFHPHQWVVXFFHVVLIVVHVRQWWRXV WLRQG¶XQHLQIUDVWUXFWXUHGHIUDQFKLVVHPHQW/DFRQWUXFWLRQHXUR PDUTXpVSDUO·DGMRQFWLRQGHEORFNKDXVFRPPH SpHQQH V¶LPSRVH FRPPH OH FRQWH[WH SROLWLTXH FRQWLQHQWDO IRQ ©ODPDLVRQSHQFKpHªODUpDOLVDWLRQGHVWXQQHOV GDPHQWDOSHUPHWWDQWGHSDUOHUGH©QRXYHDXWpª0DLVFHIDFWHXU QpFHVVLWpG¶rWUHFURLVpDYHFFHOXLGHO¶DFFpOpUDWLRQTXLQHFRQVWL GH EDVH QH SUpVHQWHQW SDV GH FDUDFWpULVWLTXHV WXHSDVXQSRLQWGHQRXYHDXWpHQVRLPDLVTXLSHXWFRQWULEXHUj PLOLWDLUHVDVVRFLpHV/·DFFpOpUDWLRQQHFRQVWLWXH SURGXLUHXQHIRUPHGHUpWURDFWLRQSRVLWLYHVXUODSRQGpUDWLRQGH SDV XQ SRLQW GH QRXYHDXWp HQ VRL PDLV O·DF ODPpWULTXH7HUULWRLUH /DPDQLIHVWDWLRQGHV17$HVWjUHFKHUFKHUGDQVXQPRXYHPHQW FURLVVHPHQWVRXGDLQGHODYLWHVVHSRWHQWLHOOHGH GHUpLQWpULRULVDWLRQQRGDOHTXLFRH[LVWHUDLWDYHFXQHSRXUVXLWHGH IUDQFKLVVHPHQWSHXWFRQWULEXHUjSURGXLUHXQH VRQH[WpULRULVDWLRQ&HSDUDGR[HDSSDUHQWHVWFRUUpOpDXVHFRQG IRUPH GH UpWURDFWLRQ SRVLWLYH VXU OD SRQGpUD REMHWTXLPDQLIHVWHOHSKpQRPqQHGH17$O¶pFODWHPHQWOLQpDLUH FRQMRLQWjODFRQFHQWUDWLRQDXVHLQGHFRUULGRUVFRQWLQHQWDX[ WLRQGHODPpWULTXHWHUULWRLUH&HOOHFLV·H[SULPH /HV 1RXYHOOHV 7UDYHUVpHV $OSLQHV VH FDUDFWpULVHQW GRQF SDU VRXV OD IRUPH GH OD UpLQWpULRULVDWLRQ QRGDOH XQH VRUWH GH GLIIUDFWLRQ G¶XQ IDLW FLUFXODWRLUH HQ IDLVFHDX[ DQWL FRH[LVWDQWDYHFXQHSRXUVXLWHGHVRQH[WpULRUL QRPLTXHV 9LEUDWLRQV



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH VDWLRQDLQVLTXHGHO·pFODWHPHQWOLQpDLUHFRQMRLQWj ODFRQFHQWUDWLRQDXVHLQGHFRUULGRUVFRQWLQHQWDX[ /H FRUULGRU  TXL FRXUW GH 5RWWHUGDP j *rQHV FRPSUHQGGHX[JUDQGVD[HVDOSLQVOH*RWKDUGHWOH Entreprises Acceptabilité /|WVFKEHUJ6LPSORQTXLFRQYHUJHQWGDQVO·HVSDFH SpULDOSLQj%kOHHWj1RYDUHRX0LODQ&KDFXQGH VHVD[HVSURSRVHQWGHPXOWLSOHVLWLQpUDLUHVjO·LQWp ULHXUGHFKDTXHPRGH/HIHUURYLDLUHDpWppYRTXp Ubiquité Conflictualité SRXU OH /|WVFKEHUJ6LPSORQ QRXV SRXYRQV pYR TXHUOHFDVURXWLHUSRXUOH*RWKDUG8QHDXWRURXWH GHX[ URXWHV QDWLRQDOHV GRQW XQH YRLH UDSLGH XQH DQFLHQQHHPSULVHWUDQVIRUPpHHQVHQWLHUSLpWRQHW Nécessité LWLQpUDLUHF\FODEOH«SOXVLHXUVSRLQWVG·pFODWHPHQWV Noeuds de permanence : agent diffractif DSSDUDLVVHQWj*|VFKHQHQ$QGHUPDWW+RVSHQWKDO des faisceaux de mise en tension dusystème Cône de diffraction RXHQFRUH$LUROR/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV Points de transition : points de convergence VHFDUDFWpULVHQWGRQFSDUXQHVRUWHGHGLIIUDFWLRQ des faisceaux diffractés G·XQIDLWFLUFXODWRLUHHQIDLVFHDX[DQWLQRPLTXHVLQ )LJXUHƣ/·DSSDULWLRQG·XQF{QHGHGLIIUDFWLRQ WHUURJHDQW O·RSSRUWXQLWp PrPH GH O·LGHQWLÀFDWLRQ .6XWWRQ G·XQH VLQJXODULWp GpQRPpH © 1RXYHOOHV 7UDYHUVpHV $OSLQHVªTXHQRXVGpVLJQHURQVGRUpQDYDQWSDUOHVLJOH17$ 2QHQWHQGUDSDUGLIIUDFWLRQjODIRLVOHSURFHVVXVHWOHSKpQRPqQHGHGpYLDWLRQ TXHVXELWODWUDMHFWRLUHGXV\VWqPHGDQVVRQIRQFWLRQQHPHQWUpWLFXODLUHHWVHVUHOD WLRQVDX[ WHUULWRLUHV %HUQLHU6XWWRQjSDUDvWUH &HWWHGpYLDWLRQGHVIDLVFHDX[HVW H[SULPpHSDUODÀJXUHFRQVWUXLWHDXÀOGHFHWWHLQWURGXFWLRQÀJƣ (OOHLQWHUYLHQW VXUOHVWUDMHFWRLUHVGHVPRWHXUVG·DQLPDWLRQODFRQVWUXFWLRQHXURSpHQQHHWO·DFFpOp UDWLRQÀJƤ DX[TXDWUHSRUWHVGHO·DLUHG·H[SUHVVLRQPDWpULHOOHGHVFLUFXODWLRQVÀJ ƥ /HVDJHQWVGLIIUDFWLIVVRQWOHVQ±XGVGHSHUPDQHQFHjVDYRLUODFRQWLQXLWpWHU ULWRULDOHODSUpSRQGpUDQFHQDWLRQDOHODQpFHVVLWpHWODPRQXPHQWDOLWp/HVIDLVFHDX[ GLIIUDFWpV FRQYHUJHQW YHUV GHV SRLQWV GH WUDQVLWLRQ TXL VRQW GHV WKqPHV HW GHV DFWHXUV FOpV PLV HQ H[HUJXH GDQV B FHSURSRVOLPLQDLUH/HVHQWUHSULVHV D D ELHQV€UFRQVWLWXHQWOHSUHPLHUGH Ï M FHVSRLQWVFDUOHXUU{OHGDQVOHV\V Ï S WqPHHVWDFFUXSDUOHFDGUHGHOLEp B U UDOLVDWLRQ HW GH PDUFKDQGLVDWLRQ J P /·XELTXLWp FRPPH UrYH HW SDUD O GR[HGHO·DFFpOpUDWLRQODFRQÁLFWXD OLWp TXL H[SULPH XQH GHPDQGH GH construction européenne UHWRXUGXORFDOHWHQÀQO·DFFHSWDEL OLWp TXLWUDGXLW OD UpPDQHQFH GHOD PpWULTXHWHUULWRULDOHVRQWOHVWURLV DXWUHVSRLQWVGHFHMHXGLIIULQJHQW REVpGp SDU O·KRUL]RQ HXURSpHQ GpVDOSLQLVp&HWWHGLIIUDFWLRQSUR KS, 2011. GXLWGDQVODÀJXUHXQF{QHGHGLI IUDFWLRQpPHUJHQWG·XQHQVHPEOH )LJXUHƤ/HVPRWHXUVG·DQLPDWLRQGXV\VWqPH .6XWWRQ GLIIUDFWp *UDYLWDQW DXWRXU GHV Monumentalité

Continuités territoriales

Prépondérance nationale

KS, 2011.



9LEUDWLRQV

,QWURGXFWLRQ/HV$OSHVXQODE\ULQWKHWUDYHUVDQW WHPSRUDOLWpVOHVSRLQWVGHIRUFHHQVRQWOHVQ±XGVGHQRXYHDXWpOHVFRQWLQXLWpV UpWLFXODLUHVOHVEDVVLQVGHIUDQFKLVVHPHQWODYDOHXUDMRXWpHFRPPHDUJXPHQWG·DX WRULWpHWXQHVSDFHGRQWODGpÀQLWLRQHVWjUpLQWHUURJHUODEDVVHYDOOpH/DTXHVWLRQ GH OD YDOHXU DMRXWpH HVW SDUWLFXOLqUHPHQW j FUHXVHU /D UpÁH[LRQ JpRJUDSKLTXH VXU FHWKqPHGHSULPHDERUGpFRQRPLTXHHWÀQDQFLHUDpWpHQSDUWLFXOLHUPHQpHSDUOD JpRJUDSKLHGHODFLUFXODWLRQHWGHVWUDQVSRUWV&DYDLOOqV:RONRZLWVFK %DYRX[&KDSHORQ%HDXFLUH=HPEUL6DY\  /·LPSUHVVLRQG·HQVHPEOHHVWFHOOHG·XQHGLOXWLRQGHODQRWLRQGH©7UDYHUVpHV$O SLQHVªHQFHOOHGH©1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVª$WHOSRLQWTXHODTXHVWLRQGHOD SHUWLQHQFHGHFHWWHVHFRQGHQRWLRQSHXWrWUHSRVpH(VWHOOHTXHOTXHFKRVHHQHOOH PrPHRXQ·HVWHOOHTX·XQUpFHSWDFOHG·HQWLWpVGLIIUDFWpHVSURYHQDQWG·KRUL]RQV GLYHUV FRPPH XQH VRPPH GH VWUDWpJLHV GH UpVHDX[  VDQV FRKpUHQFH DXFXQH TXL SRXUUDLWMXVWLÀHUG·XQHLGHQWLÀFDWLRQHQVRL" (QVRPPHODTXHVWLRQDXWRXUGHODTXHOOHJUDYLWHO·HQVHPEOHGHVLQWHUURJDWLRQVH[ SRVpHVQ·HVWDXWUHTX·XQHQpFHVVDLUHPLVHHQTXHVWLRQGXU{OHGHVFRPPHQWDWHXUV PpGLDVHWVFLHQWLÀTXHVHWQRWDPPHQWGHODJpRJUDSKLH

 &DYDLOOHV+  ©,QWURGXFWLRQjXQH JpRJUDSKLHGHOD FLUFXODWLRQª :RONRZLWVFK0  *pRJUDSKLHGHV WUDQVSRUWV %DYRX[--%HDX FLUH)&KDSHORQ /=HPEUL3  *pRJUDSKLHGHV WUDQVSRUWV 6DY\0 /H WUDQVSRUWGHPDUFKDQ GLVHV

1RXVIRUPXORQVDORUVFRPPHFHWWHTXHVWLRQFHQWUDOH OHV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV VRQWHOOHVXQSKpQRPqQHRXXQHLOOXVLRQXWRSLHXWHPSLH JpRJUDSKLTXH"

ďĂƐƐŝŶĚĞ ĨƌĂŶĐŚŝƐƐĞŵĞŶƚ

ĐŽŶƟŶƵŝƚĠƐ ĐŽŶƟŶƵŝƚĠ ƌĠƟĐƵůĂŝƌĞƐ

ďĂƐƐĞǀĂůůĠĞ

ƚĞŵƉŽƌĂůŝƚĠƐ

sĂůĞƵƌĂũŽƵƚĠĞ KS, 2011.

Noeuds de nouveauté

Coeur du système

)LJXUHƥ/HVQRHXGVGHQRXYHDXWp OHV SRLQWV GH IRUFH GX V\VWqPH GH UHQRXYHOOHPHQW JUDYLWDQWDXWRXUGXFRHXU OHVWHPSRUDOLWpV .6XWWRQ

9LEUDWLRQV



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH

5pVRQQDQFHV 7UDMHFWRLUH

+HJHO*:)  3KpQR PpQRORJLHGHO·HVSULW +XVVHUO(  /·LGpH GHSKpQRPpQRORJLH 0HUOHDX3RQW\0  /·RHXLO HWO·HVSULW *KLWWL-0  ©0DXULFH0DHUOHDX 3RQW\/HOLHXj O·RHXYUHGDQVOD SHQVpHª /XVVDXOW0  ©UpJLPH GH 9LVLELOLWpª,Q 'LFWLRQQDLUHGHOD JpRJUDSKLHHWGHO·HVSDFH GHVVRFLpWpV %ODQFKDUG5  -HGpFRXYUHO·XQLYHUVLWp &DOEpUDFSDUWLH @ )DFHERRN DXGHOj GH OD IRQFWLRQ G·pFKDQJH HVW XQ OLHX G·DIIURQWHPHQW SDU H[HPSOH HQWUH OHV 1R 7$9 DQWL /\RQ7XULQ  HW OHV 6L 7$9 SUR /\RQ7XULQ  GDQV OH 3LpPRQW 1RXV HQ DYRQV IDLW XQH GHV HQWUpHV PDMHXUHVSRXUXQHFRPPXQLFDWLRQHWXQHSXEOLFDWLRQWUDLWDQWGHODVLWXDWLRQGDQV OD EDVVH YDOOpH SLpPRQWDLVH HQ OD FRPSDUDQW DYHF XQH DXWUH VLWXDWLRQ LWDOLHQQH WRXW DXVVL FRPSOH[H FDU GXDOH DXWRXU GX FKDQWLHU GX WXQQHO GH EDVH GX %UHQ QHU 6XWWRQ   1RXV DYLRQV GpMj HQWDPp XQH GpPDUFKH VLPLODLUH G·XWLOLVDWLRQ G·LQWHUQHW j O·pSRTXH GX 0 UHFKHUFKH 67''$' ORUV GX UHQGX G·pYDOXDWLRQ GX PRGXOH © DPpQDJHPHQW HQ (XURSH ª HQFDGUp SDU ( %RXOLQHDX HW ( %RQHUDQGL /HVUpVHDX[VRFLDX[Q·pWDLHQWSDVHQFRUHG·DFWXDOLWpHQPDLVODVLWRJUDSKLHSUR ORQJpHSDUXQHFDUWRJUDSKLHGHO·HVSDFHWLVVpSDUOHVSRVLWLRQVUHODWLYHVGHVVLWHVG·XQ SRLQWGHYXHGHVUHQYRLVHWGHVpFKDQJHVG·DUJXPHQWDLUHVDYDLWpWpULFKHG·HQVHLJQH PHQWV/HWKqPHpWpGpMjOHSUREOqPHGXEORFDJHDXWRXUGX/\RQ7XULQHWFHWUDYDLO DYDLWIDLWpPHUJpXQDVSHFWIRQGDPHQWDOOHVUpVHDX[GHSURPRWLRQHWG·RSSRVLWLRQ V·LJQRUDLHQWVXSHUEHPHQWO·XQO·DXWUH2UFHPDQTXHGHFRPPXQLFDWLRQHVWVDQVGRXWH XQHGHVEDVHVGHO·LQWHQVLWpGXEORFDJHTXHQRXVFRQQDLVVRQVWRXMRXUVORFDOHPHQW /·XWLOLVDWLRQG·LQWHUQHWGpERXFKHDORUVVXUXQHGpPDUFKHFDUWRJUDSKLTXHHWPRGp OLVDWULFH(QFHODQRXVUHWURXYRQVO·HQWUpHSDUOHSKpQRPqQH/DÀJXUHVFKpPD DIÀFKH  OD SKRWRJUDSKLH OD FDUWH OH GRFLPHQW SURVHFWXV SXEOLFLWDLUH  FRQVWL WXHQW GHV GLVFRXUV j SDUW HQWLqUH OD SURGXFWLRQ RX OH FKRL[ GH UHSURGXFWLRQ Wp PRLJQHG·XQHGpPDUFKHYLVXHOOH/HUHFRXUVjODUHSUpVHQWDWLRQFDUWRJUDSKLTXHHW j OD PRGpOLVDWLRQ HVW j OD IRLV XQ WUDLWHPHQW HW XQ RXWLO GH SURJUHVVLRQ GH OD Up ÁH[LRQ (OOH WpPRLJQH SOXV TXH OH WH[WH G·XQH VpOHFWLYLWp GDQV O·HQVHPEOH GHV IDLWV GqV ORUV TX·XQH ÀJXUH HVW KLpUDUFKLVpH HW LPSRVH GH VH SRVLWLRQQHU DX UH JDUGGHFHFKRL[/·pFKHOOHGHUHSUpVHQWDWLRQFDUWRJUDSKLTXHHWODFRPSRVLWLRQGX IRQG FRQVWLWXHQW HQ HOOHVPrPHV XQ GLVFRXUV VXU OHV 7UDYHUVpHV $OSLQHV 4XHOOH LQWHQVLWpGRLWUHYrWLUOHVIURQWLqUHVG·(WDWV"4XHOOHSODFHGRQQHUDX[DVSHFWVSK\ VLTXHV " &RPPHQW VXVFLWHU O·LGpH G·XQH OLPLWH GHV $OSHV VDQV SRXU DXWDQW O·DIÀU PHU FRPPH WHOOH " 4XHOOH PpWULTXH DGRSWHU " /D TXHVWLRQ GH OD OLPLWH HQWUH OHV UqJOHVGHFDUWRJUDSKLHHWFHOOHVGHODPRGpOLVDWLRQLQWHUURJHUDODSOXSDUWGHVÀJXUHV 8QH DPELWLRQ GH FH UHQGX HVW GH SURSRVHU XQH JUDPPDLUH JUDSKLTXH TXL VHUYLUD GHÀOFRQGXFWHXUjO·HQVHPEOHGHVÀJXUHVGXODE\ULQWKHFRPPHXQ©ÀOG·$ULDQHª YLVXHOOHORQJGXTXHOJOLVVHUDODOHFWXUHÀJHQFDGUp 

7UDQVPLVVLRQV  &KDFXQHGHVFRPPXQLFDWLRQVUpDOLVpHVDXFRXUVGHFHVWURLVDQQpHVDFRQVWL WXpXQPRGqOHUpGXLWGHO·HQVHPEOHGHFHWWHGpPDUFKH/HVGLIIpUHQWHVSURSRVLWLRQV IDLWHVRQWWRXMRXUVpWpVXVFLWpHVSDUXQHSURJUHVVLRQVXUOHWHUUDLQHWOHVFRPPXQLFD



5pVRQQDQFHV

,QWURGXFWLRQ/HV$OSHVXQODE\ULQWKHWUDYHUVDQW WLRQVOHVFRQFUpWLVDQWRQWV\VWpPDWLTXHPHQWIDLWO·REMHWG·LQYHVWLJDWLRQVSURSUHV$XVVL HVWLOLPSRUWDQWGHUHYHQLUVXUOHGpURXOpGHFHVWURLVDQQpHVWDQWODFRPSUpKHQVLRQ G·XQHSDUWLHGXSURSRVTXLVXLWQpFHVVLWHXQHFRQWH[WXDOLVDWLRQLQWHUQHGXWUDYDLO /H SUHPLHU SRLQW j SUpFLVHU HVW XQH IRUPH G·LQGLVVRFLDELOLWp GX SDUFRXUV GH UH FKHUFKH DYHF FHOXL G·HQVHLJQHPHQW $X FRXUV GH FHV FLQT DQQpHV FRPPH 35$* QRXVDYRQVHXO·RFFDVLRQG·LQWHUYHQLUGDQVWRXVOHVQLYHDX[GHOD/DX[05H FKHUFKHHW3URIHVVLRQQHOHQSDVVDQWSDUODSUpSDUDWLRQGHVFRQFRXUV&$3(6$JUp JDWLRQ 1RWUHDSSURFKHGHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVDpWpGXUDEOHPHQWPDUTXpHSDUQRV HQVHLJQHPHQWVVXUO·(XURSHHQ/JpRJUDSKLHHWSRXUOH&$3(6HWO·$JUpJDWLRQ /DSUDWLTXHGHVFRQFRXUVQRXVDSHUPLVGHFRQVWUXLUHGHVpFKDQJHVTXLRQWHQUL FKLVQRWUHSDUFRXUVQRWDPPHQWDYHF//DVOD]QRWUHYRLVLQGHEXUHDXDLQVLTXH &*DXFKRQHW33LJHRQDYHFTXLQRXVDYRQVSUpSDUpODTXHVWLRQ©(XURSHªGHV FRQFRXUV/HVHFRQGHQVHLJQHPHQWTXLDWRXWSDUWLFXOLqUHPHQWDFFRPSDJQpQRWUH SURJUHVVLRQ HVW FRQVWLWXp GHV LQWHUYHQWLRQV GDQV OH 0 SURIHVVLRQQHO 7,786 GH - 9DUOHW VXU OHV pYROXWLRQV GX V\VWqPH IHUURYLDLUH HXURSpHQ HW VXU O·LQWHUPRGDOLWp HQPRQWDJQH'DQVOHFDGUHGHFHPDVWHUQRXVRUJDQLVRQVDYHF-9DUOHWXQSDU FRXUVjWUDYHUVOHV$OSHVVRXYHQWHQ6XLVVHTXLQRXVDSHUPLVLQVLWXGHSUpFLVHUDX FRQWDFWGHVpWXGLDQWVOHVDYDQFpHVGHQRVUHFKHUFKHV&HVPRPHQWVVRQWSDUWLFX OLqUHPHQWULFKHVWDQWSRXUO·HQVHLJQDQWTXHSRXUOHFKHUFKHXUHWOHFROOqJXH1RXV DYRQVSXYLYUHXQHWHOOHH[SpULHQFHDYHFGHVpWXGLDQWVGH/PDLVGHIDoRQSOXV ©LQIRUPHOOHªHQYXHGHUpDOLVHUXQÀOPDÀQGHWUDLWHUOHXUVXMHWVXUOH*RWKDUG  &HWWHGLPHQVLRQSpGDJRJLTXHHVWDXF±XUGHO·LQYHQWLRQGXWKqPHGHUH FKHUFKHGHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV'HVHVSDFHVFRPPXQLFDWLRQVDX[H[SRVLWLRQVUpDOL VpHVjO·RFFDVLRQGHVDQQLYHUVDLUHVGHVWXQQHOVGHIDvWHXQHUpHOOHUpÁH[LRQVXUODWUDQV PLVVLRQWUDYHUVHO·HVSDFHDOSLQ1RWUHSDUFRXUVG·HQVHLJQDQWFRQVWLWXHXQHIRUPH GHPLVHHQSHUVSHFWLYHGHFHWWHGLPHQVLRQTXLUDSSHOOHDXWUDYHUVGHGLVFRXUVVXUOHV $OSHVO·LPSRUWDQFHGHVFDGUHVQDWLRQDX[QRWDPPHQWHQ6XLVVHROHV7UDYHUVpHV $OSLQHVDSSDUDLVVHQWWRXMRXUVFRPPHXQHIRUPHG·DSSUHQWLVVDJHGHODFLWR\HQQHWp YRLUHGHUHOLJLRQFLYLTXH9DXFKH] /HVGpSODFHPHQWVGDQVOHFDGUHSpGDJR JLTXHVRQWDLQVLSDUWLHSUHQDQWHGHVGpPDUFKHVHIIHFWXpHVDXORQJGHFHWUDYDLOGHWKqVH HWÀJXUHQWDXPrPHWLWUHTXHOHVGpSODFHPHQWVVSpFLÀTXHVGDQVODIULVHTXLVXLWÀJ  &HWWH ÀJXUH UpIpUHQFH OHV PLVVLRQV GH WHUUDLQ OHWWUHV  HW OHV FRPPXQLFDWLRQV FKLIIUHV  HIIHFWXpHV GXUDQW FHV WURLV DQQpHV /HV ÁqFKHV SUpVHQWHQW OD VXFFHVVLRQ GHVSDUFRXUVWHOVTX·LOVRQWpWpHIIHFWXpVPLVERXWjERXW&RQFUqWHPHQWFKDTXH ©OHWWUHªUHSUpVHQWHXQHVpTXHQFHTXLV·DFKqYHV\VWpPDWLTXHPHQWSDUXQUHWRXUj &KDPEpU\ RX j 3DULV /HV SpULRGHV GH WHUUDLQ YDULHQW GH OD MRXUQpH DE  j OD VH PDLQH L  /D PDMHXUH SDUWLH GH FH WUDYDLO D pWp HIIHFWXpH ORUV GH OD GHX[LqPH DQ QpH   &KDTXH WHUUDLQ D pWp WUDLWp GDQV FHV GHX[ FRQWH[WHV VDLVRQQLHUV

9DXFKH] $ >GLU@   /D UHOLJLRQ FLYLTXH j O·pSRTXH PpGLpYDOH HW PRGHUQH FKUpWLHQWpHWLVODP 

&KHPLQHPHQW  'X SDUFRXUV GH O·DUF j WUDYHUV OHV FROV HW OHV WXQQHOV DX GHVVHLQ GX UHQGX G·XQHWUDMHFWRLUHLQWHOOHFWXHOOHOHFKRL[GHODPRGDOLWpGHPLVHHQVXFFHVVLRQG·XQH SHQVpHWRXMRXUVSOXVVLPXOWDQpHQ·HVWSDVODFKRVHODSOXVDLVpH3OXVLHXUVIRUPXOHV VHVRQWDLQVLVXFFpGpHV&HOOHTXLDpWpÀQDOHPHQWUHWHQXHHVWQpHGHODÀJXUHGH 5pVRQQDQFHV



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH 7KLEDXOW6  ©6\VWqPHª,Q 'LFWLRQQDLUHGHODJpR JUDSKLHHWGHO·HVSDFH GHVVRFLHWpV 3DTXRW7/XVVDXOW 0 ©8WRSLHª ,Q'LFWLRQQDLUHGH ODJpRJUDSKLHHWGH O·HVSDFHGHVVRFLpWpV +DEHUPDV-  /DPRGHUQLWpXQ SURMHWLQDFKHYp 'LGL+XEHUPDQ*  *pELHGXQRQ OLHX$LUSRXVVLqUH HPSUHLQWHKDQWLVH $XJp0  1RQOLHX[,QWURGXF WLRQjXQHDQWKURSROR JLHGHODVXUPRGHUQLWp 5RVD+ $F FpOpUDWLRQ8QHFULWLTXH VRFLDOHGXWHPSV 0RUH7   /·XWRSLH (3((6  ©(YpQHPHQW VSDWLDOª/·HVSDFH JpRJUDSKLTXH /HXHQEHUJHU0 D +DEHPXV 7XQQHO

V\QWKqVH VpTXHQFpH WRXW DX ORQJ GH FHWWH LQWURGXFWLRQ ÀJ   (OOH FRQVWLWXH XQH UpHOOH PLVH j SODW GH FHWWH DSSURFKH /·DLUH G·H[SUHVVLRQ PDWpULHOOH GHV FLUFXOD WLRQVÀJƦ RUJDQLVpHDXWRXUGHTXDWUH©WRXUVª63$7,$/,7(0(',$7,21 7(;78$/,7(&2+(6,21 HVWGpFRXSpHHQTXDWUHJUDQGV©TXDUWLHUVª)RQF WLRQ )RQFWLRQQDOLWp 8WRSLH ,GHQWLWp &HWWH VWUXFWXUH pOpPHQWDLUH VH VXEGLYLVH HQ WURLV ©LvORWVª TXL IRUPHQW XQ WLVVDJH GH OD WUDPH JpQpUDOH GX SURSRV j YHQLU /·DQLPD WLRQ GH FHWWH ÀJXUH FRQGXLW j OD FRQFHYRLU HQ WURLV GLPHQVLRQV FH TXL IDLW DSSD UDvWUH YLVXHOOHPHQW SDUFH TXH JUDSKLTXHPHQW OD ORJLTXH GH GLIIUDFWLRQ DX F±XU GXV\VWqPH8QHDQDORJLHDYHFOHVEDVVLQVYHUVDQWVDSSDUDvWDYHFXQF{QHGHGLI IUDFWLRQTXLpPHUJH&HF{QHLQWHUDJLWDYHFODSDUWLHEDVVHOHVWRXUV SDUOHVYHU VDQWVFRQVWLWXpVGHVLOORQVGHGLIIUDFWLRQUHOLDQWOHVSRLQWVGHWUDQVLWLRQDX[WRXUV

EK>/d

^Wd/>/d

D/d/KE FONCTIONNALITE

K,ZE^

FONCTION

IDENTITE

UTOPIE

K,^/KE

dydh>/d dZZ/dKZ/>/d

Aire d’expression matérielle des circulation

K,^/KE

/HXHQEHUJHU0 E (SHUVL PXRYH

/HXHQEHUJHU0  6RXOHYHUGHV PRQWDJQHV

Les quatre tours apparaissant en négatif du cône de diffraction : les quatre thèmes clés pour l’étude des Nouvelles Traversées Alpines

)LJXUHƦ/HV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVXQHDLUHG·H[SUHVVLRQPDWpULHOOH GHVFLUFXODWLRQV .6XWWRQ

2IIQHU-0  ©/HVHIIHWVVWUXFWX UDQWVGHWUDQVSRUW P\WKHSROLWLTXH P\VWLÀFDWLRQVFLHQ WLÀTXHª 2IIQHU-0 3XPDLQ'  5pVHDX[HWWHUULWRLUHV VLJQLÀFDWLRQVFURLVpHV



KS, 2011.

Les portes de l’aire : régimes de visibilité de l’entrée des moteurs d’animation du système dans l’aire matérielle d’expression des circulations

Les quatre quartiers de l’aire

/HXHQEHUJHU0  /HVDQV GXWXQQHOGX6LPSORQ SLRQQLHUG·XQMRXU SLRQQLHUSRXUWRXMRXUV

YhKd//EEd

5pVRQQDQFHV

,QWURGXFWLRQ/HV$OSHVXQODE\ULQWKHWUDYHUVDQW  /D SUHPLqUH HQWUpH GDQV FHWWH DLUH WLHQW j OD TXHVWLRQ GH OD QRXYHDXWp /H IUDQFKLVVHPHQW HQ WDQW TXH FRPSRVDQWH PRELOH GX UDSSRUW )UDQFKLVVHPHQW 7UDYHUVpH DSSDUDvW FRPPH O·pYDSRUDWLRQ GH OD WUDYHUVpH DORUV PrPH TX·HOOH FRQVWLWXH OH UpIpUHQW À[H GH O·LGHQWLÀFDWLRQ G·XQH 7UDYHUVpH $OSLQH JUkFH j VD SD UHQWpDYHFODOLJQHGHFUrWH,GHQWLÀFDWLRQHWHIIDFHPHQWFRKDELWHQWVLELHQTXHOD QRXYHDXWp GHYLHQW XQH HQWUpH SRXU PHWWUH HQ TXHVWLRQ OD EDQDOLVDWLRQ GHV $OSHV &HOOHFLHVWjFRPSUHQGUHFRPPHODVRXUFHG·XQSRVLWLRQQHPHQWpSLVWpPR ORJLTXHHWK\SRWKpWLTXHTXLUHÁqWHOHWULRPSKHGXIUDQFKLVVHPHQWREMHWGH FRPPpPRUDWLRQHWGHIRQFWLRQQDOLWpGpSRVLWDLUHGHVDWWULEXWV GHODWUDYHUVpHSDUOXLUpKDELOLWpHFRPPHSURFHVVXVSUHPLqUHSDUWLH    /·DXWRQRPLVDWLRQFRPSOqWH7KLEDXOW GXIUDQFKLVVHPHQWSDUUDSSRUW j OD WUDYHUVpHV·DIÀUPHDORUVFRPPHXQHXWRSLH3DTXRW/XVVDXOW+DEHU PDV'LGL+XEHUPDQ$XJp5RVD0RUH DX ORQJ FRXUV FRQIURQWDQW O·DSSHOODWLRQ © 7UDYHUVpHV $OSLQHV ª HW O·pYROXWLRQ GH VRQ SRVLWLRQQHPHQWDYHFO·$OSLQHQWDQWTXHIRQGHPHQWWHUULWRULDO/HWXQQHOGHEDVH REMHW HW SURFHVVXV SRODULVDQW HVW LQYHQWp HQ pYpQHPHQW VSDWLDO (SHHV   SDU OHVGLVFRXUVHWO·LQWHQVLWpGHODFKDUJHV\PEROLTXHTXLOXLHVWFRQÀpH/HXHQEHUJHU DHWE2IIQHU2IIQHU3XPDLQ &HVGLVFRXUVWpPRL JQHQWSDUOHVHQVFRPPpPRUDWLIGXSRLGVGHVFDGUHVQDWLRQDX[GDQVO·LQYHQWLRQ VRFLDOHHWUpWLFXODLUHGHO·REMHWWHFKQLTXHFHTXLUDSSHOOHOHVHQVSUHPLHUGHV7UD YHUVpHV$OSLQHVODUHFKHUFKHREVpGpHGHODFRQWLQXLWpWHUULWRULDOH%HQ]  /D UHFKHUFKH G·DXWRQRPLH FURLVVDQWH QH VHPEOH G·DLOOHXUV SDV WHQGUH YHUV XQ DIIUDQFKLVVHPHQW GH FHW DQFUDJH SROLWLTXH DFFURLVVDQW PrPH OD IUDJ PHQWDWLRQ %UXQHW   *D\   *UDVODQG )UDQoRLV   5DIIHV WLQ   GHV GLIIpUHQWHV HQWLWpV WRXMRXUV SOXV FRVSDWLDOHV /pY\   $XVVLOHGHX[LqPHWHPSVGXSDUFRXUVFRQGXLWLOjFRQVLGpUHUOHVPDUTXHV GHODGLIIUDFWLRQUpWLFXODLUHjO·±XYUHDXVHLQGHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV&HWWH GLIIUDFWLRQVHFDUDFWpULVHSDUXQHTXrWHGHGpSDVVHPHQWGHVWHUULWRULDOLWpV SROLWLTXHVHWGHVTXRWLGLHQQHWpV$OSLQHV5DIIHVWLQ5DIIHVWLQ%UHVVR  GRQWODPDWpULDOLVDWLRQDSSDUDvWVRXVODIRUPHG·LQFRKpVLRQVSUR GXLWHVSDUOHVDJHQWVGLIIULQJHQWVTXHVRQWOHPDUFKpODFRPSpWLWLRQPpWUR SROLWDLQHRXHQFRUHODUHFKHUFKHGH9DOHXU$MRXWpHSHUPDQHQWHDVVRFLDEOHj O·DFFpOpUDWLRQGHX[LqPHSDUWLH   /DGLIIUDFWLRQDSSHOOHDORUVjLQWHUURJHUOHVUpWURDFWLRQVjO·±XYUHQRWDP PHQW OHV IRUPHV GH FRQÁLFWXDOLWpV HW OHV UpPDQHQFHV FRPPH OH FDGUH GHV (WDWV RXSDUDGR[DOHPHQWOHUHWRXUGHO·DIÀUPDWLRQGHO·H[LVWHQFHGHV$OSHV'HEDUELHX[ &ULYHOOL5DIIHVWLQ  8QGpSDVVHPHQWGHO·LQFRKpVLRQGHV$OSHVFLUFXODWRLUHVSDUXQHPERv WHPHQWG·LQWHUPpGLDWLRQV%DYRX[GH5RR DSSDUDvWFRPPH O·KRUL]RQjFRQVLGpUHU/·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpWHUULWRULDOHGHYLHQWO·HQMHX G·XQHQRXYHDXWp$OSLQHWURLVLqPHSDUWLH 

5pVRQQDQFHV

%HQ]* /HV $OSHVHWOHFKHPLQ GHIHU %UXQHW5  /HVSKpQRPqQHVGH GLVFRQWLQXLWpVHQ JpRJUDSKLH *D\-& OHV GLVFRQWLQXLWpVVSDWLDOHV *UDVODQG& )UDQoRLV-&  ©/DGLVFRQWLQXLWp HQJpRJUDSKLHRUL JLQHVHWSUREOqPHV GHUHFKHUFKHªHQ WUHWLHQDYHF5RJHU %UXQHW 5DIIHVWLQ&  ©/DIURQWLqUH FRPPHUHSUpVHQWD WLRQGLVFRQWLQXLWp JpRJUDSKLTXHHW GLVFRQWLQXLWpLGpR ORJLTXHLª /pY\- /H WRXUQDQWJpRJUDSKLTXH 5DIIHVWLQ&  ©5pLQYHQWHUO·KRV SLWDOLWpª 5DIIHVWLQ&%UHVVR 0 ©7UD GLWLRQPRGHUQLWp WHUULWRULDOLWpª 'HEDUELHX[%>GLU@  ©4XHOOH VSpFLÀFLWpPRQWD JQDUGH"ª 'HEDUELHX[% >GLU@ ©/D PRQWDJQHREMHWGH UHFKHUFKH"ª &ULYHOOL55DIIHV WLQ& © %ODQFKH1HLJHHW OHVVHSWQDLQVRX ODWUDQVIRUPDWLRQ GHV$OSHVHQSDWUL PRLQHFRPPXQª %DYRX[--  ©/DQRGDOLWpXQ FRQFHSWIRQGDPHQ WDOGHO·RUJDQLVDWLRQ GHO·HVSDFHLª 'H5RR3  /HVYLOOHVPR\HQQHV IUDQoDLVHV



WƌĠŚĞƐŝŽŶͬ ŶĐĞƌĐůĞŵĞŶƚ

5pVRQQDQFHV

Ubiquité

B D

Temporalités

urbanisation

intermédiation

ďĂƐƐĞƐǀĂůůĠĞƐ construction européenne

culte, religion civique

Acceptabilité

/d

YhKd//EEd

dydh>/d

M Conflictualité Ï S B U J P O effacement Nécessité des Alpes

ǀĂůĞƵƌ ĂũŽƵƚĠĞ

utempie ÏD

report modal

K,^/KE

diversités

ĐŽŶƟŶƵŝƚĠƐ ƌĠƟĐƵůĂŝƌĞƐ

éclatement linéaire/ dynamique laboratoire nodale

Entreprises

Ž ĠĐ ŵƉ ůĂ ĠƟ ƚĞ Ɵ ŵ ŽŶ ĞŶ ƚ D/d/KE

Monumentalité

ĐŽ ŶĐ D Ğ Ŷƚ ŽŶ ƌĂ ŽƉ ƟŽ Ŷ Žů Ğ

K,ZE^

Prépondérance nationale

EK>/d

processus jeu d’acteurs ďĂƐƐŝŶĚĞ des circulatoire ĨƌĂŶĐŚŝƐƐĞŵĞŶƚ tunnels de base séquençages

^Wd/>/d

Ŷ ŝŽ Ŷ ƐƐ ĂƟŽ Ğ ĐĐ ƌŝƐ ^Ƶ ĠƌŝŽ ƚ Ğdž

Continuités territoriales



ZĠƐĞĂƵͬ DĂƌĐŚĠ

Figure de synthèse de représentation des lignes de force du système d’évolution des Traversées Alpines

K,^/KE

^Wd/>/d

dydh>/d

D/d/KE

Temporalités

Sillons de diffraction

L’apparition d’un cône de diffraction

Une aire d’expression matérielle des circulations

Les noeuds de nouveauté, les points de force du système de renouvellement

Le coeur du système

Les moteurs d’animation du système

La toile des paradoxes

Etoile de mise en tension du système

/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH

3UHPLqUHSDUWLH

/D7UDYHUVpHQRXYHOOH XQIUDQFKLVVHPHQWJpQpUDOLVp"

/DEDQDOLVDWLRQGHV$OSHV FRPPHVRXUFHG·XQSRVWXODW pSLVWpPRORJLTXHHWK\SRWKpWLTXH jLQWHUURJHU

/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH

&KDSLWUH /DQRGDOLWpXQHHQWUpHGDQVODFRPSOH[LWp WUDYHUVDQWH  &KDSLWUH 'XSLHGGHFRODX3LHGGH)UDQFKLVVHPHQW /RUVTXHOH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWGHYLHQW XQIDLWJpRSROLWLTXH &KDSLWUH /·H[WpULRULVDWLRQOH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWHQWUHIURQ WLqUHVQDWLRQDOHVHWIDLWPpWURSROLWDLQ HXURSpHQ 

3DJHSUpFpGHQWH 3KRWR(QWUpHG·XQHUDPH,&(GDQVOHWXQQHOGHEDVHGX/|WVFKEHUJSDUOHSRUWDLOQRUGGH )UXWLJHQORUVGHVWHVWVSUpFpGDQWODPLVHHQVHUYLFHGHODQRXYHOOHLQIUDVWUXFWXUH %/6$OS7UDQVLW



3UHPLqUHSDUWLH/D7UDYHUVpHQRXYHOOHXQ)UDQFKLVVHPHQWJpQpUDOLVp" /DEDQDOLVDWLRQGHV$OSHVFRPPHVRXUFHG·XQSRVWXODWpSLVWpPRORJLTXHHWK\SRWKpWLTXHjLQWHUURJHU ©OH6SK\Q[HVWGHYDQWPRLLOP·LQWHUURJH MHQ·DLSDVjHVVD\HUGHFRPSUHQGUHOHVWHUPHVGHO·pQLJPHTX·LOPH SURSRVH LOQ·\DTX·XQHUpSRQVHSRVVLEOHXQHVHXOHUpSRQVHjWRXWO·KRPPH (KELHQQRQ ,O\DGHVTXHVWLRQVHWGHVUpSRQVHV /·KRPPHHVWVHXOHPHQWGHVRQSURSUHSRLQWGHYXHOHVHXOWpPRLQª 5REEH*ULOOHW$ 3RXUXQQRXYHDXURPDQSS

 ,OHVWEDQDOG·DIÀUPHUTXHOHV$OSHVVHVLWXHQWDXF±XUGHO·(XURSH9H\UHW HW9H\UHW.QDIRX /HV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVVHPEOHQWFRQVWLWXHUXQH LQWHUIDFHHQWUHOHV$OSHVHWOHUHVWHGXFRQWLQHQW/HSKpQRPqQHFLUFXODWRLUHXQLW OHVKRUL]RQVPDULWLPHVOHVG\QDPLTXHVPpWURSROLWDLQHVHWO·DFWHGHIUDQFKLUODOLJQH GHFUrWH(QFHODOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVSDUWLFLSHQWGHODGLPHQVLRQLVWKPLTXHGH O·(XURSH 1RXV IRUPRQV O·K\SRWKqVH TX·HOOHV IRUPHQW XQH VRUWH GH VROXWLRQ GH FRQWLQXLWpDXF±XUGXGLVSRVLWLI FRQWLQHQWDOGHPRELOLWp/HSKpQRPqQHSDUWLFL SHUDLW DORUV GH O·LQFRQWLQHQFH DX IRQGHPHQW PrPH GH O·HVVHQFH JpRJUDSKLTXH GH O·(XURSH FRQWLQHQW QRPPp FRPPH WHO © SDU LQFRQWLQHQFH GH ODQJDJH ª 0RULQ  S   &HWWH GLPHQVLRQ HXURSpHQQH Q·HVW SDV j UpGXLUH j OD VHXOH 8QLRQ (XUR SpHQQHOD6XLVVHOHPRQWUH(QFHODOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV²FRPPHVRPPHG·HQ MHX[ ² IRUPHUDLHQW XQH VRUWH GH Q±XG TXL DUWLFXOHUDLW OHV GLYHUV VHQV G·(XURSH /DQRGDOLWpFRQVWLWXHG·DLOOHXUVXQHHQWUpHPDMHXUHGDQVO·pWXGHGHV7UDYHUVpHV$O SLQHV /D EDVH pSLVWpPRORJLTXH GH FHWWH DSSURFKH FRQYHQWLRQQHOOH VH IRQGH SRXU SDUWLH VXU XQH pWXGHGHOD QRGDOLWp/HVWUDYDX[ GH)3ODVVDUG  HWOD FRUUp ODWLRQ TXL HQ UHVVRUW FRQVWLWXHQW OD EDVH LQWHOOHFWXHOOH GH WRXWH XQH FRQVLGpUDWLRQ GHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVIRQGpHVXUOHSDUDGLJPHGHO·H[WpULRULVDWLRQ6HORQFHWWH FRUUpODWLRQSOXVODYLWHVVHPR\HQQHDXJPHQWHSOXVRQDVVLVWHjXQSKpQRPqQHGH VLPSOLÀFDWLRQ GHV UpVHDX[ VHORQ XQH ORJLTXH GH FRQFHQWUDWLRQ TXL V·DFFRPSDJQH G·XQH VLPSOLÀFDWLRQ GHV MHX[ QRGDX[ TXL VH PD WpULDOLVH G·XQH G\QDPLTXH GH QRGRO\VH ÀJ   

9H\UHW 3 HW *   $X F±XU GH O·(XURSHOHV$OSHV .QDIRX 5   © /HV $OSHV 8QH PRQWDJQHDXFRHXU GH O·(XURSH ª /D 'RFXPHQWDWLRQ )UDQ oDLVH 0RULQ(  3HQVHUO·(XURSH 3ODVVDUG  ©/HVUpVHDXVGH WUDQVSRUWHWGH FRPPXQLFDWLRQª

 &H VRFOH pSLVWpPRORJLTXH SRUWH O·pWXGH ǀŝƚĞƐƐĞ GHV 7UDYHUVpHV $OSLQHV YHUV XQH OLQpDULWp TXL  VHPEOH DXMRXUG·KXL SDUYHQXH j XQH LPSDVVH /D UHFKHUFKH GH FRQWLQXLWpV OLQpDLUHV HQWUH OHV ĚŝƐƚĂŶĐĞĞŶƚƌĞůĞƐŶƈƵĚƐ GLIIpUHQWHV SKDVHV GH 7UDYHUVpH QH VHPEOH SDV ĨŽŶĐƟŽŶŶĞůƐ SHUPHWWUH GH FRQVLGpUHU OHV SDUDGR[HV SRUWpV SDU O·RXYHUWXUH GX WXQQHO GH EDVH GX /|WVFKEHUJ ŶŽŵďƌĞĚĞŶƈƵĚƐ   HW SDU OHV QRXYHDX[ FDGUHV G·H[SORLWDWLRQ ĨŽŶĐƟŽŶŶĞůƐ KS, 2006. G·pFKHOOH HXURSpHQQH 6HORQ FHWWH FRUUpODWLRQ  O·DFFURLVVHPHQW GH YLWHVVH FRQQDvW SRXU FRURODLUH )LJXUH  5HODWLRQ YLWHVVHQRPEUH GH QRHXG IRQF O·H[WpULRULVDWLRQ HWOD FRQFHQWUDWLRQ GHVLWLQpUDLUHV WLRQQHOVGLVWDQFH HQWUH OHV QRHXGV  UHSUpVHQWDWLRQ VFKpPDWLTXHGHODFRUUpODWLRQGH)3ODVVDUG GHIUDQFKLVVHPHQWHQD[HVHWHQFRUULGRUV&HSHQ .6XWWRQ GDQW QRXV SURSRVRQV GH UHQYHUVHU FHV UHODWLRQV  ,QWURGXFWLRQ



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH %DYRX[--  ©/DQRGDOLWpXQ FRQFHSWIRQGDPHQ WDOGHO·RUJDQLVDWLRQ GHO·HVSDFHª &KDPXVV\+  ©&LUFXODWLRQWUDQ VDOSLQHHWYLOOHVGH SLHGGHFRO%ULDQ oRQ0RGDQH6XVH $RVWH0DUWLJQ\ 'RPRGRVVRODª %HUQLHU;  ©/HVFROVURXWLHUV GDQVODWUDYHUVpHGHV PRQWDJQHVIUDQ oDLVHVFRQWULEXWLRQ jXQHGpÀQLWLRQ SOXULYDOHQWHHW G\QDPLTXHª %HUQLHU;  ©7UDQVSRUWVHW PRQWDJQHTXHOOHV VSpFLÀFLWpVSRXUOHV V\VWqPHVQRGDX["ª %HUQLHU;  ©/DSDWULPRQLDOLVD WLRQGHVURXWHVOH FDVGHOD6XLVVH(VVL GHPRGpOLVDWLRQGHV WUDMHFWRLUHVSDWULPR QLDOHVGHVURXWHVGH PRQWDJQHDSSOLTXp DX[UpVHDX[GH WUDQVSRUWVVXLVVHVª

LO VHPEOH TXH O·DFFpOpUDWLRQ SRUWpH SDU OHV 1RXYHOOHV 7UDYHUVpHV $OSLQHV V·DFFRPSDJQHjO·LQYHUVHG·XQHUpLQWpULRULVDWLRQGHVSKpQRPqQHVQRGDX[HW G·XQHVRPPHG·pFODWHPHQWVG·LWLQpUDLUHVGHIUDQFKLVVHPHQWHQGHVIDLVFHDX[ GHVLPXOWDQpLWpWHPSRUHOOH  /·pWXGHGXIDLWQRGDODVVRFLpDX[7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVVHPEOHSURSRVHUXQH HQWUpHGDQVODFRPSOH[LWpWUDYHUVDQWHFKDSLWUH &HWWHHQWUpHSHUPHWG·DSSUR IRQGLUQRWUHUpÁH[LRQDXWRXUGXFRXSOH7UDYHUVpH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWTXHQRXVLGHQ WLÀRQVFRPPHOHUDSSRUWIRQGDPHQWDOVXUOHTXHOO·pSLVWpPRORJLHGXWUDLWHPHQWJpR JUDSKLTXHGHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVVHIRQGH0DLVXQHQRXYHOOHIRLVLOVHPEOHTX·XQH WURLVLqPHFRPSRVDQWHVRLWVRXVHVWLPpHO·$SSURFKH/DIRUPXOHGHEDVHTXHQRXV pWDEOLVVRQVSURSRVHG·pWDEOLUO·pJDOLWp7 $)$ORUVTXHODEDQDOLVDWLRQGHV$OSHV GDQVOHFKDPSFLUFXODWRLUHHXURSpHQUHSRVHHVVHQWLHOOHPHQWVXUOHSRVWXODWG·XQHH[ WpULRULVDWLRQGX)UDQFKLVVHPHQWQRXVIRUPRQVO·K\SRWKqVHTXHO·RUGUHGHEDQDOLVD WLRQUHSRVHGDQVFHWWHWURLVLqPHFRPSRVDQWHO·$SSURFKHTXLFRQVWLWXHODGLPHQVLRQ LQVWDEOHGXUDSSRUWG·pJDOLWppWDEOL'HYDQWO·LQVWDELOLWpUHFRQQXHTX·HOOHVRLWH[WpULR ULVDWLRQFRQFHQWUDWLRQRXLQWpULRULVDWLRQLOGHYLHQWQpFHVVDLUHG·pWDEOLUXQHPHVXUH GHVFRPSRVDQWHVpOpPHQWDLUHVGHO·pJDOLWp/·pWXGHQRGDOHSHUPHWGHFRQVWUXLUHGH QRXYHDXXQVRFOHjPrPHGHSRXUVXLYUHFHEXWFKDSLWUH &HWWHGpPDUFKHQRXV FRQGXLUDjFRQVLGpUHUXQHSDUWLFXODULWpGX)UDQFKLVVHPHQWVDYDOHXUJpRSROLWLTXH HWFXOWXUHOOH,ODSSDUDvWTXHOH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWHVWXQHG\QDPLTXHSOXVTX·XQpWDW QpHG·XQHWHQVLRQSURGXLWHSDUGHX[YDOHXUVVSDWLDOHVTXLHQFDGUHQWOHSKpQRPqQH G·H[WpULRULVDWLRQOHVIURQWLqUHVQDWLRQDOHVHWOHVIDLWVPpWURSROLWDLQVFKDSLWUH 

Modellisation de l’hypothèse d’agencement des séquences de la Traversée

Col

Tunnel Itinéraire de Traversée

T = 2A + F

« Chemin de ronde » KS, 2011.

Traversée : contenant englobant de manifestations culturelles, techniques, identitaires et politiques tourné vers l’acte de franchir. La Traversée s’exprime au travers d’une action (l’action de traverser), fondée sur un acte (l’acte de franchir)

Jonction entre les séquences

Franchissement : séquence centrale de l’action de traverser qui se caractérise par l’acte de franchir, soit le fait de passer par-delà la ligne de crête Approche : Le temps qui porte le cheminement entre le point d’entrée dans l’espace circulatoire des Traversées Alpines et l’initialisation de la phase active de Franchissement. L’Approche apparaît comme une séquence d’accumulation de diversités, soit une forme d’espace de l’intermédiaire soumis à la double polarisation de la ligne de crête et des dynamiques métropolitaine qui l’entourent.

Ligne de crête

)LJXUH0RGHOOLVDWLRQGHO·K\SRWKqVHG·DJHQFHPHQWGHVVVpTXHQFHVGHOD7UDYHUVpH .6XWWRQ



,QWURGXFWLRQ

3UHPLqUHSDUWLH/D7UDYHUVpHQRXYHOOHXQ)UDQFKLVVHPHQWJpQpUDOLVp" /DEDQDOLVDWLRQGHV$OSHVFRPPHVRXUFHG·XQSRVWXODWpSLVWpPRORJLTXHHWK\SRWKpWLTXHjLQWHUURJHU

&KDSLWUH /DQRGDOLWp XQHHQWUpHGDQVODFRPSOH[LWpWUDYHUVDQWH  /DQRGDOLWpFRQVWLWXHXQHHQWUpHUpSDQGXHGDQVODOLWWpUDWXUHJpRJUDSKLTXH SRXU O·pWXGH GHV 7UDYHUVpHV $OSLQHV 6HORQ -- %DYRX[   OD QRGDOLWp HVW XQ FRQFHSWTXL©GpVLJQHO·HQVHPEOHGHVFDUDFWqUHVUHOHYDQWGHODPRUSKRORJLHGHVIRQFWLRQQHPHQWV HWGHVG\QDPLTXHVGHVQ±XGVGHWUDQVSRUWVTXHOOHTXHVRLWOHXUWDLOOHHWTXHOVTXHVRLHQWOHRXOHV PRGHVGHGpSODFHPHQWFRQVLGpUpVGXPRGHVWHFURLVHPHQWYLFLQDX[jODPpWURSROH©JOREDOHªªS  $XF±XUGHODQRGDOLWpUpVLGHDLQVLO·LGpHGHGLV MRQFWLRQVFDODLUHPDWULFHG·XQ SDQGHODJHQqVHGHVUpVHDX[/·DSSURFKHDQJORVD[RQQHHWJHUPDQLTXHGHVUpVHDX[ VXUYDORULVHG·DLOOHXUVODQRWLRQGHQ±XGDXWUDYHUVGHOHXUDSSURFKHGHODQRWLRQGH UpVHDX1HW1HW]VHSODFHHQUHJDUGGX5HWHRXGX5pVHDXODWLQ/·pWXGHGHVQ±XGV GHYLHQWOHPR\HQGHVDLVLUOHVUpDOLWpVG·XQSKpQRPqQHpYDQHVFHQWSXLVTXHGHÁX[ SDUOHXUVPDQLIHVWDWLRQVIRQFWLRQQHOOHVVSDWLDOHV'HVWUDYDX[G·+&KDPXVV\  jFHX[GH;%HUQLHU OHVQ±XGVRFFXSHQWXQHSODFHPDMHXUHGX IDLWGHOHXUFDUDFWqUHHQJOREDQW7UDLWHUGHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVQ·HVWSDVVHXOHPHQW pWXGLHUXQHVRPPHGHÁX[/HIDLWXUEDLQ7RUULFHOOL OHIDLWSRU WXDLUH%H\HU6DYLQ OHIDLWFXOWXUHOHWLGHQWLWDLUH%HUQLHU6XWWRQ  FRQVWLWXHQWDXWDQWGHYDOHXUVDXF±XUGXSRUWHIHXLOOHJpRJUDSKLTXHTXH VRQWOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV 1RXV FKRLVLVVRQV GH SHUSpWXHU FHWWHWUDGLWLRQ QRQ pWDEOLH HQ GpEXWDQW QRWUH SDU FRXUVSDUXQHpWXGHQRGDOH1RWUHLGpHQ·HVWSDVG·HQUHVWHUjXQHDQDO\VHXUEDLQH RX VHXOHPHQWUpWLFXODLUH 1RWUH DPELWLRQ HVWGHSURSRVHUXQH JULOOH GH PHVXUH GHV FRPSRVDQWHV IRQGDPHQWDOHV GH O·pJDOLWp pWDEOLH SUpFpGHPPHQW 7  $  ) /·REMHFWLI  HVW G·LQWHUURJHU OD SHUWLQHQFH G·pWDEOLU GHV LQGLFHV U\WKPLTXHV j PrPHGHGRQQHUjYRLUPDWpULHOOHPHQWOHVJUDQGHVG\QDPLTXHVTXLDQLPHQW O·pJDOLWpSUHPLqUH &HWWHDQLPDWLRQSHXWDXEHVRLQSUHQGUHODIRUPHG·LQpTXDWLRQVVRLWG·XQGpVpTXL OLEUDJHG·XQHDGGLWLRQFRPPXQpPHQWFRQVLGpUpHFRPPHpYROXWLYHPDLVVHXOHPHQW VXEVWLWXWLYH 6HORQ FHWWH HQWUpH /D 7UDYHUVpH VHUDLW DORUV OH FRPSRVp GH FHV GHX[ VpTXHQFHVVRLWO·DGGLWLRQGHO·$SSURFKHHWGX)UDQFKLVVHPHQW7 $) 6XW WRQ PDLVHOOHQHGpSHQGUDLWTXHGHFHGHUQLHUSRXUrWUH/D7UDYHUVpHSHXW VHSDVVHUGHO·$SSURFKHGHODPrPHIDoRQTXHOH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWVHPEOHSRXYRLU V·DXWRQRPLVHUGHOD7UDYHUVpH/·$SSURFKHVHUDLWDLQVLXQHYDULDEOHSDUGpIDXWLQV WDEOHHQFHTXHUpFHSWDFOHG·LQÁXHQFHVGLYHUVHVTXLV·\VXSHUSRVHQWVDQVSRXUDXWDQW

&KDSLWUH/DQRGDOLWpXQHHQWUpHGDQVODFRPSOH[LWpWUDYHUVDQWH

7RUULFHOOL*3  ©5HWLGLWUDV SRUWRHUHWLGLFLWWj LOFDVRGHOO·$UFR DOSLQRª 7RUULFHOOL*3  ©7UDYHUVpHV DOSLQHVYLOOHVHWWHU ULWRLUHOHSDUDGR[H GHODYLWHVVHª 7RUULFHOOL*3  ©/DFLUFROD ]LRQHWUDQVDOSLQD OHIHUURYLHHJOL HIIHWLVXOODFLWWj GHOOH$OSLª %H\HU$6DYLQ -& ©/HV SRUWVIURQWLqUHV GH7ULHVWH.RSHU HW5LMHNDIXWXUV GpERXFKpVSRXUOHV FRQWHQHXUVG·(X URSHFHQWUDOª %HUQLHU;  ©/HVG\QDPLTXHV UpWLFXORWHUULWRULDOHV HWODIURQWLqUHHQ ]RQHGHPRQWDJQH DSSURFKHW\SROR JLTXHª 6XWWRQ.  ©7UDYHUVHUOHV$OSHV SDUO·DIÀFKHª 6XWWRQ.D  ©/HSRUWDLOGHWXQ QHOFRPPHpFULWXUH PRQXPHQWDOHGHV WUDYHUVpHVDOSLQHV /·HQWUHSULVHIHUUR YLDLUHHWODPpPRLUH GXIUDQFKLVVHPHQW GDQVOHV$OSHV RFFLGHQWDOHVª 6XWWRQ.  /HVWUDYHUVpHVDOSLQHV FRQWULEXWLRQjXQHOHF WXUHSDUODFRVSDWLDOLWp



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH 9HUJQDXG*  ©7HUULWRLUHV LQWHUPpGLDLUHV PDLOORQVIDLEOHV" /·LQWHUPpGLDULWp QHXWUDOLVDQWHGHV QRXYHDX[WHUULWRLUHV ORFDX[HQ)UDQFHHW HQ(VSDJQHSD\VHW FRPDUFDV ª (PVHOOHP.  ©3RXUXQHJpRJUD SKLHGHVHVSDFHV LQWHUPpGLDLUHVª 9DQLHU0  ©4X·HVWFHTXHOH WLHUVHVSDFH"ª %DYRX[--  ©/D%RXUJRJQHXQ DUFKpW\SHG·HVSDFH LQWHUPpGLDLUHª ,17(5)$&(  /HFRQFHSW G·LQWHUIDFHFRPPH LQVWUXPHQWG·DQDO\VH GHVHVSDFHVIURQWDOLHUV HWG·RULHQWDWLRQGHOHXU DPpQDJHPHQW

VHPrOHU(OOHDSSDUDvWFRPPHXQHVpTXHQFHG·DFFXPXODWLRQGHGLYHUVLWpVVRLWXQH IRUPHG·HVSDFHGHO·LQWHUPpGLDLUH9HUJQDXG(PVHOOHP9DQLHU %DYRX[ ÀJ  8QWHOFKHPLQQHSHXWIDLUHO·pFRQRPLHGHUHYHQLUDXSUpDODEOHVXUODQRWLRQ GHSLHGGHFROWDQWFHOOHFLFRQVWLWXHODEDVHGHO·pWXGHGHVIRUPHVVSDWLDOHVQRGDOHV HW FHQWUDOHV DVVRFLpHV DX[ 7UDYHUVpHV $OSLQHV (Q VRPPH QRWUH SDUFRXUV GpEXWH SDUXQHPLVHHQTXHVWLRQGHODQRGDOLWpGDQVO·DFWHGHIUDQFKLU, 8QHW\SR ORJLHQRGDOHVHUDFRQVWUXLUHDXÀOGXUDLVRQQHPHQWSDUOHFURLVHPHQWGHIRUPHV G·LQWHUIDFHV,17(5)$&( GHIRUPHVQRGDOHVHWGHIRUPHVFHQWUDOHV1RXV UHWURXYHURQV DORUV OD GLDOHFWLTXH LQLWLDOH )UDQFKLVVHPHQW7UDYHUVpH GqV ORUV TX·XQHHQWUpHGHO·RUGUHGX)UDQFKLVVHPHQWDERXWLWLPPDQTXDEOHPHQWVXUXQHPLVH HQTXHVWLRQGHOD7UDYHUVpH,, WRXWHQUHQYHUVDQWOHVDWWULEXWLRQVFRQYHQXHVGH FKDFXQ,OHVWGHFRXWXPHGHFRQVLGpUHUOHVG\QDPLTXHVGX)UDQFKLVVHPHQWFRPPH O·DJHQWGHEDQDOLVDWLRQGHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVGXIDLWGHVDFDUDFWpULVWLTXHPRELOH DX VHLQ GX PDVVLI &HSHQGDQW QRXV SURSRVRQV G·LQWHUURJHU j O·LQYHUVH FHW RUGUH FRPPHFRQVHUYDQWOHVDWWULEXWV$OSLQVGHOD7UDYHUVpHDORUVPrPHTXHFHVHFRQG RUGUHSDUVDIXVLRQDYHFOHIDLWSROLWLTXHQDWLRQDOGDQVOHTXHOLOV·LQVFULWWHQGjJpQp UDOLVHUO·KRUL]RQIURQWDOLHUFRPPHXQVXEVWLWXWLI jODOLJQHGHFUrWH

.DQGLQVN\9  'XVSLULWXHOGDQVO·DUW

Etablissement d’un code couleur à partir des travaux de V. Kandinsky + Espérance

Couleur base de mélange

Couleur fruit de mélange +

-

Espérance

+

Axe de mise en tension avec intensité de la qualité mise en jeu

+ Faisceau de convergence des couleurs de base Distanciation / concentration

Diffusion

Aire de neutralité et d’immobilité + KS, 2011.

-

Possibilité

Couleur rouge, l’instabilité matrice des modalités qui s’exprime à la rencontre des couleurs de base par la production des tons modaux d’instabilité

-

)LJXUH(WDEOLVVHPHQWG·XQFRGHFRXOHXUjSDUWLUGHVWUDYDX[GH9.DQGLQVN\ .6XWWRQ



&KDSLWUH/DQRGDOLWpXQHHQWUpHGDQVODFRPSOH[LWpWUDYHUVDQWH

3UHPLqUHSDUWLH/D7UDYHUVpHQRXYHOOHXQ)UDQFKLVVHPHQWJpQpUDOLVp" /DEDQDOLVDWLRQGHV$OSHVFRPPHVRXUFHG·XQSRVWXODWpSLVWpPRORJLTXHHWK\SRWKpWLTXHjLQWHUURJHU

(QFDGUp *HQqVHSRXUXQHVpPLRORJLH HQWUHOLJQHGHV.DUZHQGHOHWUpÁH[LRQVXUO·HVWKpWLVPHODWKpRULHGHVFRXOHXUVGH9.DQGLQVN\ 

$¿QGHFRQVWUXLUHXQHVpPLRORJLHVSpFL¿TXHQRXVSURSRVRQVGHFRQYRTXHUODUpÀH[LRQVXUOHVFRXOHXUVPHQpHSDU 9.DQGLQVN\ /DOLJQHGHV.DUZHQGHO,QQVEUXFN*DUPLVFK0XQLFK DpWpXQGHVHVWKqPHVGHWUDYDLOORUVGHODSUHPLqUH SDUWLHGHVRQ°XYUHGHSXLVVDPDLVRQGH0XUQDX 6DWKpRULVDWLRQGHVFRXOHXUVVHFRQGHSDUWLHGHVRQWUDYDLO Q¶HVWELHQV€USDVGLUHFWHPHQWLVVXHGHFHVWUDYDX[WRXWHQ\SDUWLFL SHQW(OOHUHSRVHVXUWURLVRSSRVLWLRQVSULQFLSDOHV&KDTXHRSSRVLWLRQSHXWrWUHTXDOL¿pHSDUGHVFDUDFWpULVWLTXHVGHG\QDPLTXHV LVVXHVGXFURLVHPHQWHVFRXOHXUVFRQFHUQpHV,OHVWSRVVLEOHGHUHSUpVHQWHUFHWWHWKpRULHjWUDYHUVXQJUDSKHVLPSOH  /DSUHPLqUHRSSRVLWLRQHQWUHOHMDXQHHWOHEOHXHVWG\QDPLTXH/¶D[HTXLHQUHVVRUWFRQVWLWXHSRXUQRXVODOLJQHGH WHQVLRQHQWUHOHVGHX[SRODULWpVGHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVjVDYRLUOD7UDYHUVpHHWOH)UDQFKLVVHPHQW/HPRXYHPHQWTXLHVWjOD EDVHGXSKpQRPqQHpWXGLpQDvWGHODPLVHHQWHQVLRQG¶XQV\VWqPHHQWUHFHVGHX[SRODULWpV ©/DFKDOHXUHVWXQHWHQGDQFHDXMDXQHODIURLGHXUXQHWHQGDQFHDXEOHX/HMDXQHHWOHEOHXIRUPHQW OHSUHPLHUJUDQGFRQWUDVWHTXLHVWG\QDPLTXH>«@/HMDXQHSRVVqGHXQPRXYHPHQWH[FHQWULTXHHW OHEOHXXQPRXYHPHQWFRQFHQWULTXHXQHVXUIDFHMDXQHVHPEOHVHUDSSURFKHUGHQRXVWDQGLVTX¶XQH VXUIDFHEOHXHVHPEOHV¶pORLJQHU>«@/HMDXQHHVWODFRXOHXUW\SLTXHPHQWWHUUHVWUHGRQWODYLROHQFH SHXWrWUHSpQLEOHHWDJUHVVLYH/HEOHXHVWODFRXOHXUW\SLTXHPHQWFpOHVWHTXLpYRTXHXQFDOPHSUR IRQGª.DQGLQVN\SS 

1RXVSRXYRQVDORUVMXVWL¿HUQRWUHFKRL[LQLWLDOGHUHSUpVHQWDWLRQ¿JXUH /DJDPPHGHFRXOHXUUHODWLYHDX[REMHWVGHO¶RUGUHGH OD7UDYHUVpHVHGpFOLQHUDDLQVLHQXQHJDPPHGHEOHX/HEOHXSHUPHWGHUHQGUHFRPSWHGHODTXDOLWpSUHPLqUHLGHQWL¿pHSRXU O¶RUGUHGHOD7UDYHUVpHODFRQFHQWUDWLRQ$O¶LQYHUVHQRXVRSWRQVSRXUODJDPPHGHVMDXQHVSRXUV\PEROLVHUOH)UDQFKLVVHPHQW GXIDLWPrPHGHVDYDOHXUG¶pFODWHPHQWFRQWHQXHGDQVOHPRXYHPHQWH[FHQWULTXHpYRTXpSDUOHSHLQWUH  /DVHFRQGHRSSRVLWLRQSURSRVpHSDUOHSHLQWUHHVWVWDWLTXHHQWUHOHEODQFHWOHQRLU(OOHHVWIRQGpHVXUXQJUDGLHQWGH SRVVLELOLWpUHVVHQWLHOjRODSUHPLqUHpWDLWIRQGpHVXUXQJUDGLHQWGHGLVWDQFLDWLRQSHUoXHSDUOHVXMHW ©/DFODUWpHVWXQHWHQGDQFHYHUVOHEODQFHWO¶REVFXULWpXQHWHQGDQFHYHUVOHQRLU/HEODQFHWOHQRLU IRUPHQWOHVHFRQGJUDQGFRQWUDVWHTXLHVWVWDWLTXH>«@/HEODQFDJLWFRPPHXQVLOHQFHSURIRQGHW DEVROXSOHLQGHSRVVLELOLWpV>«@/HQRLUHVWXQQpDQWVDQVSRVVLELOLWpLOHVWXQVLOHQFHpWHUQHOHWVDQV HVSRLULOFRUUHVSRQGjODPRUW&¶HVWSRXUTXRLWRXWHDXWUHFRXOHXUUpVRQQHVLIRUWHPHQWjVRQYRLVL QDJHª.DQGLQVN\SS  'H FHV GHX[ RSSRVLWLRQV QDLVVHQW GHV FRXOHXUV QHXWUHVOHYHUWHWOHJULVTXLFRQVWLWXHQWOHVSROD ULWpVG¶XQHWURLVLqPHRSSRVLWLRQLPPRELOHIRQGpH VXUXQJUDGLHQWG¶HVSpUDQFH © /H PpODQJH GX EOHX HW GX MDXQH SURGXLW O¶LPPRELOLWp WRWDOH HW OH FDOPH OH YHUW >«@ /H PpODQJH GX EODQFHWGXQRLUFRQGXLWDXJULVTXL QH SRVVqGH DXFXQH IRUFH DFWLYH HW GRQWODWRQDOLWpDIIHFWLYHHVWYRLVLQH GHFHOOHGXYHUW/HJULVFRUUHVSRQG j O¶LPPRELOLWp VDQV HVSRLU LO WHQG YHUV OH GpVHVSRLU ORUVTX¶LO GHYLHQW IRQFpHWUHWURXYHXQSHXG¶HVSRLUHQ V¶pFODLUFLVVDQWª.DQGLQVN\ SHWS  1RXV IHURQV GqV ORUV UpIpUHQFH j FHWWH PDWULFH SRXU MXVWL¿HU OHV FRXOHXUV GH UHSUpVHQWDWLRQ GHV pOpPHQWVTXLVHURQWFRQVWUXLWVGDQVODVXLWHGHFH WUDYDLO

0XUQDYXHGXFKHPLQGHIHUHWGXFKkWHDX 9.DQGLQVN\

&KDSLWUH/DQRGDOLWpXQHHQWUpHGDQVODFRPSOH[LWpWUDYHUVDQWH



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH &KDPXVV\+  ©&LUFXODWLRQWUDQ VDOSLQHHWYLOOHVGH SLHGGHFRO%ULDQ oRQ0RGDQH6XVH $RVWH0DUWLJQ\ 'RPRGRVVRODª %ODQFKDUG5  /HV$OSHVRFFLGHQWDOHV 6XWWRQ .   /HV WUDYHUVpHV DOSLQHV FRQWULEXWLRQ j XQH OHF WXUHSDUODFRVSDWLDOLWp %HUQLHU;  ©7UDQVSRUWVHW PRQWDJQHTXHOOHV VSpFLÀFLWpVSRXUOHV V\VWqPHVQRGDX["ª

, 'HSLHGVHQWrWHODQRGDOLWpGDQVO·DFWHGHIUDQFKLU 8QKpULWDJHIRQGDWHXUODQRWLRQGHSLHGGHFRO 5HWRXUVXUOHVIRQGHPHQWVG·XQKDXWOLHXGHODJpRJUDSKLHDOSLQH

 /HFRQFHSWGHSLHGGHFROSRSXODULVpSDUO·DUWLFOHG·+&KDPXVV\  UHQGG·DERUGFRPSWHGHODVLWXDWLRQSDUWLFXOLqUHGH©WRPEpHªWHOOHTXH5%ODQ 6XWWRQ. /H FKDUG   OD GpÀQLW &HWWH VLWXDWLRQ HVW DVVRFLpH GDQV VHV pFULWV j XQ VLWH OD WXQQHO VRXV OH 0RQW JHQqYUH HQWUH P\WKHV HW FRQÁXHQFHVLWXpHDXSLHGWRSRJUDSKLTXHG·XQFROTXLVXSSRUWHXQHYRLHFRPPX UpDOLWpV QpPHQWHPSUXQWpHHQYXHGHOLHUOHVGHX[YHUVDQWV/DORJLTXHGHVFHQGDQWHHVWDLQVL %HUQLHU;  RULJLQHOOHPHQW DIÀUPpH 3DU pYROXWLRQ OH SLHG GH FRO VH FRPSUHQG GRQF SUHPLq ©/HVFROVURXWLHUV UHPHQWFRPPHODPDWpULDOLVDWLRQGHODUHQFRQWUHGHFHVLWHHWG·XQHVLWXDWLRQ GDQVODWUDYHUVpHGHV PRQWDJQHVIUDQ XQ SRLQW G·pFODWHPHQW GHV OLQpDLUHV TXL SHUPHWWHQW O·DVFHQVLRQ WHUPLQDOH G·XQ oDLVHVFRQWULEXWLRQ YHUVDQWGHFROVRLWFHWWHIRLVXQHORJLTXHDVFHQGDQWH6XWWRQ &HODVHWUDGXLW jXQHGpÀQLWLRQ SOXULYDOHQWHHW SDUXQFDUUHIRXUGHYDOOpHTXLFRwQFLGHDYHFXQFDUUHIRXUGHURXWHVWRXUQpHVYHUVOH G\QDPLTXHª )UDQFKLVVHPHQWGHODOLJQHGHFUrWHFRPPHO·LOOXVWUH%ULDQoRQ%HUQLHU &HWWH 3ODVVDUG  YLOOHVHVLWXHjO·RULJLQHGHWURLVLWLQpUDLUHVGHIUDQFKLVVHPHQWGHFROXQLQWHUQDWLRQDO ©/HVUpVHDXVGH OH0RQWJHQqYUH HWGHX[LQWpULHXUVSDUFRXUXVSDUOD5RXWHGHV$OSHVOH/DXWDUHWDX WUDQVSRUWHWGH FRPPXQLFDWLRQª QRUGHWO·,]RDUGDXVXG %ULDQoRQQHVHVLWXHSDVjODWRPEpHSK\VLTXHGHFHVWURLV FROVPDLV DEULWH OHFDUUHIRXU G·R O·D[H Le pied de col... GHOD51*DS0RQWJHQqYUH pFODWH Un pôle urbain... HQ XQ IDLVFHDX GH OLQpDLUHV 6XWWRQ ... né d’un noeud...  /HSLHGGHFROQ·HVWGRQFSDVLFL UpGXLW j OD WRPEpH WRSRJUDSKLTXH HW LO ... qui tend à s’en découpler... IDXWWRXMRXUVSOXVGpWDFKHUFHWWHIRUPH ... pour former une zone neutre. QRGDOHG·XQHDQDORJLHSK\VLTXHGRQWHOOH ... le lieu du choix KS, 2011. WLUHSRXUSDUWLHVRQQRPÀJ  Dès lors que le pied de col est accepté comme une zone neutre, les couleurs à convoquer tiennent du vert ou du gris. Temps du choix, il semble tendre vers une espérance et non vers un désespoir. 8Q FRO H[LVWH HQ PRELOLWpV SDUFH TX·LO Aussi choisissons-nous la couleur verte pour le représenter, et non le gris. VXSSRUWHXQLWLQpUDLUHXWLOLVpSRXUIUDQ FKLU OD OLJQH GH FUrWH %HUQLHU   )LJXUH/HSLHGGHFROSURSRVLWLRQGHUHSUpVHQWDWLRQ .6XWWRQG·DSUqV;%HUQLHU /H SLHG GH FRO GRLW GRQF rWUH DIÀUPp FRPPH XQH IRUPH GH FHQWUDOLWp GHV PRELOLWpVGHVVHUYLFHV DVVRFLpHjXQHTXDOLWpQRGDOHPRWLOHG·pFODWHPHQWXQ %DYRX[ - -   FDUUHIRXU JURXSpDXWRXUG·XQS{OHOHERXUJRXODYLOOH (QFHODLOVHFRPSRVHGH © /D QRGDOLWp  XQ FRQFHSW IRQGDPHQ IRQFWLRQVFHQWUDOHVHWGHIRQFWLRQVQRGDOHVGRQWODG\QDPLTXHGHFRQIURQWDWLRQHVW WDO GH O·RUJDQLVDWLRQ jLQWHUURJHU;%HUQLHU SDUOHjO·RFFDVLRQG·XQHpWXGHVXUO·D[H*UHQREOH GHO·HVSDFHª %ULDQoRQ6XVHG·XQHG\QDPLTXHGHGpFRXSODJHGHODQRGDOLWpHWGHODSRODULWp GDQV O·HVSDFH 3ODVVDUG   %DYRX[   /HV UpDOLVDWLRQV GH GpYLDWLRQV SDU H[HPSOHWHQGHQWjH[WpULRULVHUODQRGDOLWpYLVjYLVGHVS{OHV&HSHQGDQWFRPPH GDQVWRXWHG\QDPLTXHG·HVSDFHVXUEDLQVQRWDPPHQWGHYLOOHVSHWLWHVHWPR\HQQHV 

&KDSLWUH/DQRGDOLWpXQHHQWUpHGDQVODFRPSOH[LWpWUDYHUVDQWH

3UHPLqUHSDUWLH/D7UDYHUVpHQRXYHOOHXQ)UDQFKLVVHPHQWJpQpUDOLVp" /DEDQDOLVDWLRQGHV$OSHVFRPPHVRXUFHG·XQSRVWXODWpSLVWpPRORJLTXHHWK\SRWKpWLTXHjLQWHUURJHU %HUQLHU;6XWWRQ . ©8Q SDWULPRLQHIRUWL ÀpGHPRQWDJQH jO·pSUHXYHGH VDUHFRQYHUVLRQ /·H[HPSOHGH %ULDQoRQª

Le pied de col, une interface entre Approche et Franchissement

KS, 2011.

Une rencontre de séquences au sein de la Traversée

Un couple dissymétrique de lieux fondés autour du Franchissement

Franchissement Ligne de crête

Pied fort

Itinéraire de Traversée

Pied faible

Approche

Traversée Col

Contact entre les deux séquences

Col valorisé par le couple exposé

)LJXUH/HSLHGGHFROXQHLQWHUIDFHHQWUH$SSURFKHHW)UDQFKLVVHPHQW .6XWWRQ

QRXVDVVLVWRQVjXQHFRQYHUJHQFHGHVFHQWUDOLWpVYHUVOHVQRGDOLWpVRXSOXW{Wj XQpFODWHPHQWGHVFHQWUDOLWpVDXU\WKPHGHO·pFODWHPHQWGHVFRPSRVDQWHVGXQ±XG FRQVLGpUp%HUQLHU6XWWRQjSDUDvWUH %ULDQoRQHQHVWXQH[HPSOHOHFDUUH IRXUSULQFLSDODpWpGpSODFpGX&KDPSGH0DUVVRLWGHOD9LOOH+DXWHYHUVOHQRUG DXQLYHDXGHFHTXLHVWDXMRXUG·KXLDSSHOp©OD%RXFOHªHQUpIpUHQFHjODIRUPHGHV OLQpDLUHVjO·DFFXPXODWLRQGHURQGVSRLQWVHWjO·LQVWDOODWLRQG·XQFHQWUHFRPPHUFLDO LO\DSOXVGHDQVTXLSRUWHFHQRP5RXWLHU /·pFODWHPHQWVHPEOHGpÀQLWL YHPHQWFDUDFWpULVHUOH)UDQFKLVVHPHQW6XWWRQ  /HSLHGGHFROXQOLHXFRPSOH[H

'DX SKLQp$  /HV WKpRULHVGHOD FRPSOH[LWp FKH]OHV JpRJUDSKHV 3LJHRQ 3  *pRJUDSKLH FULWLTXHGHV ULVTXHV

 6L O·RQ UHFRQVLGqUH O·RULJLQH GHV SLHGV GH FRO VHORQ + &KDPXVV\   O·DQFUDJHGDQVXQHJpRJUDSKLHXUEDLQHHVWLQGpQLDEOH6HXOHPHQWODIRQFWLRQGHSLHG GHFROQ·HVWSDVOLpHDXERXUJSRXUO·DXWHXUPDLVjVRQRULJLQHOHFURLVHPHQWGHV ÁX[GRQFjXQIDFWHXUPRELOH/pY\ PDLVDXVVLLQGLUHFWHPHQWPRWLOH.DXI PDQQ-HPHOLQ +&KDPXVV\Q·HIIHFWXHSDVGHGLVWLQFWLRQHQWUHODGLPHQVLRQ QRGDOHHWFHQWUDOHGHO·REMHWXUEDLQTX·LOLGHQWLÀHGHUULqUHFHWWHIRUPHXUEDLQH/H IDLWGHPRXYHPHQWHWVRQFRQWH[WHO·LWLQpUDLUHGHWUDYHUVpHVRQWDXÀQDOOHVVHXOV pOpPHQWVFRQVLGpUpVÀJ 8QHSULPDXWpHVWIDLWHSDUOHJpRJUDSKHjO·DQWpFpGHQFH GHVÁX[VXUOHIDLWXUEDLQ&HWWHOHFWXUHVHUpYqOHVDQVGRXWHGLVFXWDEOHHQFHTXH OLQpDLUH HWVLPSOLVWH2IIQHU%DYRX[%HDXFLUH&KDSHORQ=HPEUL  ©L>«@DX[OLHX[RDIÁXDLHQWRXGLYHUJHDLHQWOHVFRXUDQWVGHVERXUJVQDTXLUHQWª&KDPXVV\ S ,OHVWDLQVLQpFHVVDLUHG·pODUJLUFHWWHDSSURFKHjXQHHQWUpHUpHOOHPHQW XUEDLQH$O·LVVXHGHVWUDYDX[GH*37RUULFHOOL LODSSDUDvW FODLUTX·XQHVRUWHGHFRpYROXWLRQ'DXSKLQp3LJHRQ DQLPHOHVUDS SRUWVHQWUHO·XUEDQLVDWLRQGHV$OSHVHWOHWLVVDJHGHVFRPSRVDQWHVGHVD[HVGH7UD YHUVpH'·DLOOHXUVjODÀQGHVRQDUWLFOH+&KDPXVV\GpYHORSSHO·LGpHVHORQODTXHOOH O·RUJDQLVDWLRQGXWUDLWHPHQWGXÁX[HVWXQHIRUPHGHWHUULWRULDOLVDWLRQG\QDPLTXH &KDSLWUH/DQRGDOLWpXQHHQWUpHGDQVODFRPSOH[LWpWUDYHUVDQWH

%HUQLHU;6XWWRQ .jSDUDvWUH  ©)UDJPHQWDWLRQV HWDFFHVVLEL OLWpG·XQWHUULWRLUH IRUWLÀpGHPRQ WDJQH%ULDQoRQ jO·pSUHXYHGHVD ODEHOOLVDWLRQª 5RXWLHU-  %ULDQoRQjWUDYHUV O·KLVWRLUH /pY\-  ©/HVQRXYHDX[ HVSDFHVGHOD PRELOLWpª .DXIPDQQ9 -HPHOLQ&  ©/DPRWLOLWp XQHIRUPHGH FDSLWDOSHUPHW WDQWG·pYLWHUOHV LUUpYHUVLELOLWpV VRFLRVSDWLDOHVª 2IIQHU-0  ©/HV HIIHWVVWUXFWXUDQWV GHWUDQVSRUW P\WKHSROLWLTXH P\VWLÀFDWLRQ VFLHQWLÀTXHª %DYRX[--%HDX FLUH)&KDSHORQ /=HPEUL3  *pRJUDSKLH GHVWUDQVSRUWV 7RUULFHOOL*3  ©5HWLGL WUDVSRUWRHUHWL GLFLWWjLOFDVR GHOO·$UFRDOSLQRª 7RUULFHOOL*3  ©7UDYHU VpHVDOSLQHVYLOOHV HWWHUULWRLUHOH SDUDGR[HGHOD YLWHVVHª 7RUULFHOOL*3  ©/DFLUFR OD]LRQHWUDQVDO SLQDOHIHUURYLHH JOLHIIHWLVXOODFLWWj GHOOH$OSLª



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH *LUDXW)9DQLHU0  ©3ODLGR\HU SRXUODFRPSOH[LWp WHUULWRULDOHª

WRXMRXUVSUpVHQWH&HODUHQGQpFHVVDLUHXQHDSSURFKHGXSLHGGHFROFRPPHOLHX FRPSOH[H*LUDXW9DQLHU 

%HUQLHU;  ©/HVFROVURXWLHUV GDQVODWUDYHUVpHGHV PRQWDJQHVIUDQ oDLVHVFRQWULEXWLRQ jXQHGpÀQLWLRQ SOXULYDOHQWHHW G\QDPLTXHª

 /H U{OH IRQFWLRQQHO G·XQ SLHG GH FRO HVW OD YDORULVDWLRQ G·XQ LWLQpUDLUH %HUQLHU    6XWWRQ   PDLV SRXU + &KDPXVV\ QRQ SDV WDQW GDQV O·LPPpGLDWHWp TXH GDQV O·pSDLVVHXU KLVWRULTXH /·LPDJH GX FDUDYDQVpUDLO XWLOLVpH jSURSRVGH6XVHHVWIRUWH©5DRXO%ODQFKDUGDPRQWUpTXH0RGDQHQ·DYDLW©SDVPrPH XQU{OHGHWRPEpHªVHXOHPHQW©XQHpWDSHIRXUQLVVDQWOHVDQLPDX[GHWUDQVSRUWVSRXUDIIURQWHU ODGXUHPRQWpHGHO·(VVHLOORQªXQHERXUJDGHPRLQVLPSRUWDQWHTXH/DQVOHERXUJRX7HUPLJQRQ (QUHYDQFKH6XVHHVWELHQODYLOOHGHSLHGGHFROGHUXSWXUHGHFKDUJHDXWHUPLQXVGHURXODJH XQYpULWDEOHFDUDYDQVpUDLOª&KDPXVV\S /HFDUDYDQVpUDLOQ·HVWSDVTX·XQ UHODLVLORIIUHGHVVHUYLFHVGHVWLQpVjSURGXLUHGHODYDOHXUDMRXWpH:RONRZLWVFK &DYDLOOqV&DUURXp%RVW9HOW] SDUXQWUDLWHPHQW DSSRUWpDXÁX[TXLSHUPHWGHFDSLWDOLVHUXQHUHQWHGHVLWXDWLRQ%HUGRXOD\  LFLOLpHjODWRPEpH&HWUDLWHPHQWWLHQWDXWDQWGHO·DFFRPSDJQHPHQWUHODLVGXPRGH GHWUDFWLRQ TXHGHODYDORULVDWLRQPDUFKpDFWLYLWpEDQFDLUHDVVRFLpH /HU{OHVSpFL ÀTXHGXSLHGGHFROHVWOHWUDLWHPHQWODYDORULVDWLRQO·RULHQWDWLRQOHU{OHGHO·pWDSH UHODLV VHOLPLWHjO·DFFRPSDJQHPHQW/HSLHGGHFROSRVVqGHFHWWHIRQFWLRQGHUH ODLVPDLVFHQ·HVWSDVHOOHTXLOXLSHUPHWGHSRVVpGHUVRQUDQJ6HXOHODSOXULDFWLYLWp DVVRFLpHDXPRXYHPHQWHWVXUWRXWODTXDOLWpG·pFODWHPHQWOHOXLSHUPHW(QFHOD FHWWHTXDOLWpQRGDOHFRQVWLWXHXQHSUHPLqUHIRUPHGHFRQWDFWHQWUHO·$SSURFKHHW OH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWHQSHUPHWWDQWGHGpOLPLWHUFHWWHGHUQLqUHVpTXHQFHjO·pFKHOOH GHVDPpWULTXHpOpPHQWDLUHG·LQVFULSWLRQO·LWLQpUDLUHÀJ 

%HUQLHU;  ©7UDQVSRUWVHW PRQWDJQHTXHOOHV VSpFLÀFLWpVSRXUOHV V\VWqPHVQRGDX["ª 6XWWRQ.  /HVWUDYHUVpHVDOSLQHV FRQWULEXWLRQjXQHOHF WXUHSDUODFRVSDWLDOLWp &KDPXVV\+  ©&LUFXODWLRQWUDQ VDOSLQHHWYLOOHVGH SLHGGHFRO%ULDQ oRQ0RGDQH6XVH $RVWH0DUWLJQ\ 'RPRGRVVRODª :RONRZLWVFK0  *pRJUDSKLHGHV WUDQVSRUWV &DYDLOOHV+  ©,QWURGXFWLRQjXQH JpRJUDSKLHGHOD FLUFXODWLRQª &DUURXp  *pRJUDSKLHGHOD PRQGLDOLVDWLRQ %RVW) ©(Q WUHSULVHVpFKHOOHVHW WHUULWRLUHVIDFHjOD PRQGLDOLVDWLRQª 9HOW]3  /HQRXYHDXPRQGH LQGXVWULHO %HUGRXOD\9  ©/HVYDOHXUVJpR JUDSKLTXHVª ,17(5)$&(  /HFRQFHSW G·LQWHUIDFHFRPPH LQVWUXPHQWG·DQDO\VH GHVHVSDFHVIURQWDOLHUV HWG·RULHQWDWLRQGHOHXU DPpQDJHPHQW *DXFKRQ&  ©'HVUpDOLVDWLRQV PpFRQQXHVOHVSOXV DQFLHQVWXQQHOVGHV $OSHVª



'HSLHGGHFROHQSRLQWIRFDO  /HU{OHGHSLHGGHFROQHFRQGXLWHQDXFXQFDVjXQHVWDQGDUGLVDWLRQGHVSUR ÀOVXUEDLQV©9RLOjGRQFVHSWYLOOHVDOSLQHVUHOHYDQWGHWURLVSD\VTXLQHSHXYHQWrWUHHQDXFXQ FDVFRPSDUpHVWRXWHVOHVVHSWWHUPHjWHUPHVLQRQVRXVO·DQJOHGHODYLHGHVUHODWLRQVTXLFRQVWLWXH OHXUGpQRPLQDWHXUFRPPXQª&KDPXVV\S /·pYROXWLRQGHVERXUJVPRQWUH O·KLVWRLUHGHVPXOWLSOHVSRVVLELOLWpVTX·RIIUHODUHQFRQWUHG·XQVLWHHWG·XQHVLWXDWLRQ WRXMRXUV FHWWH LGpH GH IDLVFHDX G·pFODWHPHQW  7RUULFHOOL   &HWWH U\WKPLTXH G·pFODWHPHQWGHVIRQFWLRQVGDQVOHWHPSVFKURQRORJLTXHHVWG·DLOOHXUVUpYpODWULFHGH FHTX·HVWU\WKPLTXHPHQWXQSLHGGHFROGDQVO·RUJDQLVDWLRQGXPRXYHPHQW8QSLHG GHFROHVWOHOLHXRV·H[HUFHXQFKRL[HQPDWLqUHG·LWLQpUDLUHGH)UDQFKLVVHPHQW 6XWWRQ &·HVWDLQVLXQFDUUHIRXUDXVHQVSURSUHGXWHUPHTXLVXUYLHQWDX WHUPHGHOD SKDVH YDOOpHQQHG·$SSURFKH%HUQLHU /HSLHGGHFRORIIUHXQ FKRL[G·RODQRWLRQGHOLHXG·pFODWHPHQW&HWH[WHSHLQWVXUOHW\PSDQGHODFKDSHOOH G·+RVSHQWDOYLOODJHVLWXpjODWRPEpHLPPpGLDWHGX*RWKDUGjSUR[LPLWpG·$QGHU PDWWOHSLHGQRUGGXFROGX*RWKDUGGDQVOH9DOG·8UVHUHQ O·LOOXVWUH,OLQWHUURJHOH YR\DJHXUGRF  ©,FLVHVpSDUHQWOHVFKHPLQV ÑDPLRYDVWX" 9HX[WXGHVFHQGUHYHUVOD5RPHpWHUQHOOH 9HX[WXDFFRPSDJQHUOH5KLQDOOHPDQGYHUV&RORJQHOD6DLQWH 9HX[WXSRXUVXLYUHYHUVO·RXHVWMXVTXHGDQVOHSD\VGHV)UDQFV"ª 7UDGXFWLRQSHUVRQQHOOH &KDSLWUH/DQRGDOLWpXQHHQWUpHGDQVODFRPSOH[LWpWUDYHUVDQWH

3UHPLqUHSDUWLH/D7UDYHUVpHQRXYHOOHXQ)UDQFKLVVHPHQWJpQpUDOLVp" /DEDQDOLVDWLRQGHV$OSHVFRPPHVRXUFHG·XQSRVWXODWpSLVWpPRORJLTXHHWK\SRWKpWLTXHjLQWHUURJHU

Gothard Gothard

Furka

Hospental

Vue de la chapelle d’Andermatt et détail du tympan. Photo A. Bazin, mars 2010.

Andermatt

« Ici se séparent les chemins Ô ami, où vas-tu ? Veux-tu descendre vers la Rome éternelle, Veux-tu accompagner le Rhin allemand vers Cologne la Sainte Veux-tu poursuivre vers l’ouest jusque dans le pays des Francs ? » (Traduction personnelle)

Schöllenen

Oberalp « Andermatt ». Affiche pour le syndicat d’initiative du village. Anonyme, atelier Brunner, 1927. Cette affiche met en acène de Val d’Urseren, vu depuis les lacets du col de l’Oberalp dessinés par la ligne du Furka-Oberalp (ligne ouverte en 1926). Le train à voie métrique fait d’ailleurs l’objet d’une mise en scène, notamment par l’entremise de la voiture panoramique découverte. Les villages d’Andermatt et d’Hospental se détachent de l’étendue, ainsi que les ouvertures vers les deux autres cols qui encadrent le Val, le Gothard et la Furka.

'RFXPHQW$QGHUPDWWHWOH9DOG·8UVHUHQXQFDUUHIRXUG·(XURSH 6FHVGLYHUVHVFRPSRVLWLRQ.6XWWRQ

9DQGHU PRWWHQ& 'p]HUW%  0RULQ(   3HQVHU O·(XURSH

$QGHUPDWWFRUUHVSRQGjXQHIRUPHGHSRLQWIRFDOG·(XURSH&HYLOODJHHVWjODIRLV XQHLQWHUIDFHGHW\SHDWWUDFWHXUjO·pFKHOOHGHO·D[HHWGHW\SHDGDSWDWHXUjO·pFKHOOH GHO·LWLQpUDLUHJURXSH,17(5)$&( GRF /jROHPDVVLI GX*RWKDUG V\PEROLVH SRXU OD 6XLVVH OH SRLQW GH FRQYHUJHQFH XQLWDLUH XQ FUHXVHW *DXFKRQ 3LJHRQ=DYRQL-RVW $QGHUPDWWFRQVWLWXHXQFDUUHIRXU GHVHVVHQFHVHXURSpHQQHV9DOpU\/pY\9DQGHUPRWWHQ'p]HUWL 0RULQ &HYLOODJHRXYUHDXVXGVXUOHFROGX*RWKDUGGRQFVXUODURXWHGH 5RPH  j O·HVW VXU OH FRO GH O·2EHUDOS GRQF VXU OH EDVVLQ GX 5KLQ DQWpULHXU TXL Q·HVWSDVPHQWLRQQpGDQVO·LQWHUURJDWLRQ ODURXWHGX©5KLQDOOHPDQGªHPSUXQWH O·pSUHXYHSUREDWRLUHGHVJRUJHVGHV6FK|OOHQHQDXQRUGSDUODYDOOpHGHOD5HXVV

3LJHRQ3  ©*HVWLRQGHV ULVTXHVHWSHXSOH PHQWVKHOYpWLTXHV /·H[HPSOHGX *RWKDUGª =DYRQL,  7UDQVLWXQG*UHQ]H $XI 8PZHJHQYRP *RWWKDUG]XU*UHQ]H LQ&KLDVVR -RVW+8  ©3ROLWLTXHVXLVVH HWP\WKHVGX *RWKDUGDX;;H VLqFOHª 9DOpU\3  9DULpWpV /pY\-  /·(XURSH

'RFXPHQW6\PEROHVJUDSKLTXHVGHVGLIIpUHQWVW\SHVG·LQWHUIDFHV JURXSH,17(5)$&(

&KDSLWUH/DQRGDOLWpXQHHQWUpHGDQVODFRPSOH[LWpWUDYHUVDQWH



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH

-RVW+8  ©3ROLWLTXHVXLVVHHW P\WKHVGX*RWKDUG DX;;HVLqFOHª *UDI %  ©(LQH5HLVHGXUFK GHQ*RWWKDUGPLW &DUO6SLWWHOHUª 6XWWRQ.D  ©7UDYHUVHUOHV $OSHVSDUO·DIÀFKHª 6XWWRQ.D  ©/HSRUWDLOGHWXQ QHOFRPPHpFULWXUH PRQXPHQWDOHGHV WUDYHUVpHVDOSLQHV /·HQWUHSULVHIHUUR YLDLUHHWODPpPRLUH GXIUDQFKLVVHPHQW GDQVOHV$OSHV RFFLGHQWDOHVª %R]RQQHW-3  'HVPRQWV HWGHVP\WKHV O·LPDJLQDLUHVRFLDOGH ODPRQWDJQH 0lGHU0  ©(VVD\²0\WKRV *RWWKDUGª %HUQLHU;  ©/HVFROVURXWLHUV GDQVODWUDYHUVpH GHVPRQWDJQHV IUDQoDLVHVFRQWUL EXWLRQjXQHGpÀQL WLRQSOXULYDOHQWHHW G\QDPLTXHª %HUQLHU;  ©7UDQVSRUWVHW PRQWDJQHTXHOOHV VSpFLÀFLWpVSRXUOHV V\VWqPHVQRGDX["ª



DIÁXHQWGHO·$DUHOOHPrPHDIÁXHQWGX5KLQHQÀQjO·RXHVWV·RXYUHOHFROGHOD )XUNDTXLDQQRQFHODYDOOpHGX5K{QHHWDLQVLOD)UDQFHSDUFHWWHYDOOpHHWXOWpULHX UHPHQWSDUOHFROGH-RXJQH5K{QH5KLQ3{SDUODYDOOpHGX7HVVLQLOQHPDQTXH TXHOH'DQXEHSRXUDFFRPSOLUFHWDEOHDXGHVEDVVLQVYHUVDQWVPDMHXUVGHO·(XURSH /DUHSUpVHQWDWLRQGX*RWKDUGHVWG·DLOOHXUVPDUTXpHSDUFHWWHUHQFRQWUHGHVEDVVLQV YHUVDQWVTXLGRQQHXQVHQVJpRJUDSKLTXHjODFURL[KHOYpWLTXH/D6XLVVHGpYHORSSH WRXWHXQHUKpWRULTXHDXWRXUGXFRXSODJHGHODFURL[HWGHODYDOHXUIRFDOHGX*R WKDUG QRWDPPHQW ORUV GH O·H[SRVLWLRQ QDWLRQDOH GH  -RVW   /H UpFLW GH 6SLWWHOHUSXEOLpGDQVOD1HXH=UFKHU=HLWXQJHQFLWpSDU%*UDI S  HVWSDUWLFXOLqUHPHQWH[SOLFLWH©,PDJLQH]XQHFURL[IDLWHGHTXDWUHYDOOpHVHWDXPLOLHX GHFHWWHFURL[XQLPPHQVHPDVVLI *HELUJVNQRUSHO²Q±XGGHPRQWDJQH DYHFXQFUHX[ HQVRQFHQWUHLªDYDQWG·pYRTXHUOHVÁHXYHVTXL\SUHQQHQWOHXUVVRXUFHVTXL©LGpYHUVHQW OHXUVHDX[HQGLUHFWLRQGHVTXDWUHUpJLRQVGXPRQGHª$QGHUPDWWVHVLWXHDLQVLjODFURLVpH GX)UDQFKLVVHPHQWGHV$OSHVHQFHTXHOHVJUDQGVEDVVLQVYHUVDQWVVHUHQFRQWUHQWj SUR[LPLWpVXUOHVKDXWHXUVTXHOHQ±XGVHUW/HEDVSUHQGOHVHQVGXKDXW6XWWRQ %R]RQQHW XQHLGpHTXHQRXVDOORQVUHWURXYHUSOXVWDUG>FKDSLWUH @1RXVVRPPHVLFLGHYDQWXQHUHQFRQWUHV\PEROLTXHTXLWUDGXLWXQGpVLUYRLUH XQEHVRLQGHGRQQHUXQVHQVjO·DFWLRQGHWUDYHUVHUSDUO·DFWHGHIUDQFKLUOHUpHO WHPSVIRUW$OSLQGHODFRPSRVLWLRQ0lGHU   /HV\PEROHJUDSKLTXHDSSHOpjUHSUpVHQWHUOHSLHGGHFROGRLWDLQVLWUDGXLUH FHWWHTXDOLWpG·LQWHUURJDWLRQSRUWpHSDUOHOLHXFRPSOH[H1RXVSURSRVRQVODFRPSR VLWLRQIDLWHSDU;%HUQLHU SXLVTX·\ÀJXUHO·LGpHG·XQOLHXIRQGpSDUODFURLVpH GHGHX[D[HVHWTXLVXSSRUWHXQQ±XG/HSLHGGHFROVHUDLWDLQVLFDUDFWpULVpWHU ULWRULDOHPHQWSDUOHFRXSODJHG·XQS{OHHWG·XQQ±XGTXLGpYHORSSHGHVIRQFWLRQV FHQWUDOHVOHS{OHQDLVVDQWGXQ±XG6HXOHPHQWFHWWHSRVLWLRQQ·HVWSDVÀJpHDXVVL OHVGHX[pOpPHQWVVRQWLOVOLpVSDUXQHOLJQHHQSRLQWLOOpV1±XGHWS{OHSHXYHQWHQ HIIHWSUpVHQWHUXQHG\QDPLTXHGHGpFRXSODJH%HUQLHU  &RPPHSRXUOHV]RQHVGHFRPPXWDWLRQpOHFWULTXHQRXVSRXYRQVSDUOHUGH]RQH QHXWUHSRXUOHSLHGGHFROGRQFG·XQH]RQHVLQJXOLqUH1RXVDVVRFLRQVFHWWHQRWLRQ GHWUDQVIRUPDWLRQjFHOOHGHWHUPLQDO/HSLHGGHFROHVWjODIRLVODÀQHWOHFRP PHQFHPHQWGHGHX[VpTXHQFHVO·$SSURFKHHWOH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWÀJ 

'HSLHGVHQWrWHODWUDMHFWRLUHQRGDOHGHO·DFWHGHIUDQFKLUHQTXHVWLRQ QH 1DvWSDVGHSLHGGHFROTXLYHXW/DWrWHGHWXQQHOHQTXHVWLRQ  /HWHUPH©SLHGGHFROªVHIRQGHVXUXQHPpWDSKRUHDQFUpHGDQVODYHUWLFD OLWpTXLLGHQWLÀHFHWWHIRUPHQRGDOHGHO·RUGUHGXEDVUHODWLYHPHQWDXSRLQWREMHWGX IUDQFKLVVHPHQWLGHQWLÀpFRPPHDSSDUWHQDQWjO·RUGUHGXKDXW%HUQLHU /H UpIpUHQWVSDWLDOGHO·DSSHOODWLRQHVWGRQFOHFROLF{QHGHVSDVVDJHVDOSLQV/HFROQ·HVW FHSHQGDQWSDVXQKDXWDEVROXGqVORUVTX·LOSHXWFRQVWLWXHUOHSRLQWGHGpSDUWRXXQ SRLQWLQWHUPpGLDLUHYHUVXQHDXWUHDVFHQVLRQ&·HVWOHFDVGXFROGX/DXWDUHWVRPPHW GHODOLDLVRQ%ULDQoRQ*UHQREOHPDLVVLPSOHSDOOLHUYHUVOH*DOLELHU%HUQLHU  1RXVUHQYR\RQVHQFHODjODW\SRORJLHGHVFROVSURSRVpHSDU;%HUQLHU  &KDSLWUH/DQRGDOLWpXQHHQWUpHGDQVODFRPSOH[LWpWUDYHUVDQWH

3UHPLqUHSDUWLH/D7UDYHUVpHQRXYHOOHXQ)UDQFKLVVHPHQWJpQpUDOLVp" /DEDQDOLVDWLRQGHV$OSHVFRPPHVRXUFHG·XQSRVWXODWpSLVWpPRORJLTXHHWK\SRWKpWLTXHjLQWHUURJHU 1±XGHWOLHXGXEDVODQRWLRQGHSLHGGHFROODLVVHHQWHQGUHXQHFRPSRVLWLRQGXDOH XQHORJLTXHGHFRXSOH6HXOHPHQWOHFRQFHSWGHSLHGGHFROQHFRPSRUWHHQDXFXQ FDVO·LGpHSUDWLTXHGHV\PpWULHTXLOXLHVWDEXVLYHPHQWDVVRFLpH6XWWRQ  $XFRQWUDLUH+&KDPXVV\LQVLVWHVXUODGLVV\PpWULHIRQGDPHQWDOHHQWUHOHVYHU VDQWVFLVHWWUDQVDOSLQVGXHjODSK\VLRQRPLHPrPHGHV$OSHV$LQVLOHSLHGGHFRO VHPEOHFRwQFLGHUDYHFOHGpEXWRXODÀQGHOD©0RQWDJQHªVXUOHYHUVDQWVXG,WDOLH HW7HVVLQ FHTXLQ·HVWSDVOHFDVVXUOHYHUVDQWFLVDOSLQ&HWWHGLVV\PpWULHHVWVXUWRXW IRQFWLRQQHOOH/·DXWHXUUHFRQQDvWODVWUXFWXUHQRGDOHTXLDFFRPSDJQHOHVURXWHVHW FKHPLQVGHFROVFRPPHELQDLUHPDLVGDQVOHPrPHWHPSV6XVHQHVHFRPSDUHSDV DYHF/DQVOHERXUJ8QQ±XGIRUWTXLRUJDQLVHGHIDLWOHU\WKPHGXIUDQFKLVVHPHQW VHGpJDJHHQSHUPDQHQFHGHVFRXSOHV/HVH[HPSOHVGX0RQW&HQLVHWGX0RQWJH QqYUHVRQWXWLOLVpV'DQVOHSUHPLHUFDVOHQ±XGSULQFLSDOHVW6XVHGDQVOHVHFRQG FDVOHQ±XGSULQFLSDOHVW%ULDQoRQPrPHVLODURXWHGX0RQWJHQqYUHFURLVH6XVH HQDYDO  &HWWH GLVV\PpWULH FRQQDvW VRQ DFFRPSOLVVHPHQW j O·kJH GX FKHPLQ GH IHU >FKDSLWUH @ VHORQ O·DXWHXU kJH TXL FRUUHVSRQG SRXU OHV $OSHV IUDQFRLWDOLHQQHV j O·kJH GH JpQpUDOLVDWLRQ GH OD IURQWLqUH SROLWLTXH VXU OD OLJQH GH FUrWH 'X SLHG GH FRO O·DXWHXU FUpH OD QRWLRQ GH WrWH GH WXQQHO IRQGDPHQWDOHPHQW XQLODWpUDOH HW VLQJXOLqUH&HQ±XGFRwQFLGHDYHFODORFDOLVDWLRQGHODJDUHIURQWLqUH©&HUWDLQHV YDOOpHVSURÀWHQWODUJHPHQWGXUDLOFHUWDLQVYLHX[ERXUJVGHWUDÀFVRXG·pWDSHGH©SLHGGHFROª YRQWGHYHQLU©WrWHVGHWXQQHOªRXQ±XGIHUURYLDLUHDMRXWHUSDUIRLVjOHXUVIRQFWLRQVFHOOHGHJDUH LQWHUQDWLRQDOHª&KDPXVV\S &·HVWSDUFHVTXHOTXHVPRWVTXHODQRWLRQGH WrWHGHWXQQHODSSDUDvWHQJpRJUDSKLHTXLVHUDUHSULVHSDUODVXLWH*DXFKRQL 6XWWRQ  /DSUHPLqUHOHFWXUHGHFHWHUPHHVWGHVFULSWLYH/·DXWHXULGHQWLÀHFHWWHIRUPHQRGDOH jXQHVLPSOHSRVLWLRQUHODWLYHSDUUDSSRUWjXQWXQQHO5DSLGHPHQWGDQVO·DUWLFOH O·LGpH LQLWLDOH GX SOXULHO © WrWHV GH WXQQHO ª QH V·HQWHQG SOXV TX·j O·pFKHOOH GH O·DLUH pWXGLpH$OSHVRFFLGHQWDOHV HWQRQSOXVjFHOOHGHO·D[H$FHWWHpFKHOOHOHVLQJXOLHU HVWGHULJXHXU/HFRQWH[WHG·XQHWrWHGHWXQQHOHVWIRQGDPHQWDOHPHQWIURQ WDOLHUFHTXLOLPLWHVRQFKDPSG·DSSOLFDWLRQDX[WXQQHOVGX)UpMXVGX6LPSORQHW GHV.DUDZDQNHQjO·pFKHOOHGHV$OSHVÀJ 3RVWXOHUTXHFHWWHIRUPHUHPSODFH XQLYHUVHOOHPHQWOHSLHGGHFROGDQVO·HVSDFH$OSLQWLHQWGRQFG·XQHGpIRUPDWLRQOLpH jXQHLOOXVLRQLVVXHGHO·DLUHpWXGLpHSDU+&KDPXVV\0RGDQHHW%ULJXHVRQWOHV GHX[H[HPSOHVPLVHQH[HUJXHGDQVO·DUWLFOH/HVGHX[YLOOHVSUpVHQWHQWODSDUWLFX ODULWpG·rWUHFKDFXQHVLWXpHjO·HQWUpHQRUGG·XQWXQQHOIHUURYLDLUHWUDQVIURQWDOLHUHW GHFRQFHQWUHUOHVIRQFWLRQVUpJDOLHQQHVHWWHFKQLTXHVOLpHVjFHWWHVLWXDWLRQLQWHUQD WLRQDOHGRXDQHVSHUVRQQHOIHUURYLDLUHGHVGHX[HQWUHSULVHVSROLFH &HVIRQFWLRQV FHQWUDOHVFRQVWLWXHQWOHIRQGHPHQWTXLSHUPHWG·LGHQWLÀHUXQHWrWHGHWXQQHO(Q VRPPHODWrWHHVWjODIRLVXQHPpWDSKRUHFRUSRUHOOHO·LGpHGHKDXWPDLVDXVVLHW VXUWRXWGDQVQRWUHDSSURFKH GHSRXYRLUSXLVTXHODTXDOLWpSUHPLqUHGHFHOLHXQ·HVW SDVQRGDOHPDLVFHQWUDOH(OOHLGHQWLÀHHQVLWXDWLRQIURQWDOLqUHXQHFRQFHQWUDWLRQ GHIRQFWLRQVFHQWUDOHVjO·pFKHOOHGHO·D[HPpWULTXHGRQWHOOHUpSRQGRSpUDQW FRPPHXQPDUTXHXUWHUULWRULDOSROLWLTXHjO·pFKHOOHGHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV1RXV HQWHQGRQV SDU PpWULTXH OD PHVXUH GH O·pFKHOOH pOpPHQWDLUH DX VHLQ GH ODTXHOOH OD IRQFWLRQQDOLWpGHVTXDOLWpVQRGDOHVHWRXFHQWUDOHVV·H[SULPHSOHLQHPHQW7URLVPp WULTXHVVRQWSURSRVpHVUHVSHFWDQWHQFHODO·HPERvWHPHQWVFDODLUHGHOLQpDLUHVSUR &KDSLWUH/DQRGDOLWpXQHHQWUpHGDQVODFRPSOH[LWpWUDYHUVDQWH

6XWWRQ.  /HVWUDYHUVpHV DOSLQHVFRQWULEXWLRQ jXQHOHFWXUHSDUOD FRVSDWLDOLWp &KDPXVV\+  ©&LUFXOD WLRQWUDQVDOSLQH HWYLOOHVGHSLHG GHFRO%ULDQoRQ 0RGDQH6XVH $RVWH0DUWLJQ\ 'RPRGRVVRODª *DXFKRQ&  ©/HV PRQXPHQWVGH SDVVDJHª



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH SRVpHQLQWURGXFWLRQO·LWLQpUDLUHSLHGGHFRO O·D[HODWrWHGHWXQQHO HWOHFRUULGRU /DJUDGXDWLRQGHVPpWULTXHVQ·HVWSDVOLpHjXQHpYHQWXHOOHYLWHVVHGHSDUFRXUVPDLV jXQHSRUWpHGHIRQFWLRQQDOLWpGHEDVHGXOLQpDLUH-/pY\ SDUOH G·DLOOHXUVGH©ODGLPHQVLRQQRQWDFK\PpWULTXHGHODPpWULTXHª /HSDVVDJHGXSLHGGHFROjODWrWHGHWXQQHOQHV·HQWHQGDLQVLSDVFRPPHXQJOLV VHPHQWGHQRGDOLWpPDLVFRPPHXQFKDQJHPHQWGHPpWULTXHHWG·RUGUHGDQV O·HQYLURQQHPHQWGHO·DFWHGHIUDQFKLU3DURUGUHQRXVHQWHQGRQVXQV\VWqPH FRPSRVpG·XQHQVHPEOHGHTXDOLWpVUHODWLYHVjXQHVpTXHQFHGpWHUPLQpH/HV WURLVJUDQGVRUGUHVVRQWOHVWURLVVpTXHQFHVTXHQRXVDYRQVLGHQWLÀpHVDXGpEXWGH FHFKDSLWUHOD7UDYHUVpHODWrWHGHWXQQHO O·$SSURFKHHWOH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWSLHGGH FRO $XVVLFKRLVLVVRQVQRXVG·DSSOLTXHUjODWrWHGHWXQQHOODFRXOHXURSSRVpHjFHOOH GXSLHGGHFROWRXWHQUHVWDQWGDQVODJDPPHGHO·D[HGHO·LPPRELOLWpGRQFOHJULV /pY\- /H &HWWHPRGLÀFDWLRQV·DFFRPSDJQHVSDWLDOHPHQWVRLWG·XQUHQIRUFHPHQWGHODFRPSR WRXUQDQWJpRJUDSKLTXH VDQWH©FHQWUDOLWpªGHODORJLTXHGXSLHGGHFROIRUWHWjO·HIIDFHPHQWGHFHOOHGXSLHG /pY\-  IDLEOHVRLWG·XQJOLVVHPHQWHQDYDOGHFHWWHIRQFWLRQFHQWUDOHFRPPHODWUDQVLWLRQ ©0pWULTXHª GXFROGX0RQW&HQLVYHUVOHWXQQHOGX)UpMXVO·LOOXVWUH RXGHVDWUDQVODWLRQYHUV %HUTXH$  XQHDXWUHYDOOpHGXPDVVLI jO·LPDJHGXWUDQVSRUWGHSXLVOH:XU]HQSDVVMXVTXHYHUV ©7HUULWRLUHHW OHWXQQHOGHV.DUDZDQNHQHQWUH$XWULFKHHW6ORYpQLH ,OHQUHVVRUWTXHO·RXYHUWXUH SHUVRQQHO·LGHQWLWp KXPDLQHª GHVWXQQHOVIHUURYLDLUHVGX;,;ƒVLqFOHHWGXGpEXWGX;;ƒVLqFOHVHFDUDFWpULVHSDU XQHSHUWXUEDWLRQGHVLPSUpJQDWLRQVUpFL La tête de tunnel... SURTXHVGXWHUULWRLUHHWGXUpVHDX%HUTXH 2IIQHU3XPDLQ  KS, 2011. 0RGDQHDSSDUDvWFRPPHO·DUFKpW\SHGHFHWWH IRUPHSDUWLFXOLqUHÀJ /HVHPSULVHVIHU ... une convergence de fonctions centrales en quête d’hôte nodal URYLDLUHV GH 0RGDQH FRQFHQWUHQW RXWUH OH Le passage du pied de col à la tête de tunnel ne s’entend pas comme un glissement de nodalité, mais comme un changement de métrique et d’ordre dans l’environnement de l’acte de franchir. EkWLPHQW HW OHV LQVWDOODWLRQV YR\DJHXUV OHV Nous choisissons d’appliquer à la tête de tunnel la couleur opposée à celle du pied de col, tout en restant dans la gamme de l’axe de l’immobilité, donc le gris. EXUHDX[GHOD3ROLFH$X[)URQWLqUHV3$) HW )LJXUH/DWrWHGHWXQQHOSURSRVLWLRQGHUHSUpVHQWDWLRQ GHVGRXDQHVIUDQoDLVHVOHVDQQH[HVWUDFWLRQV .6XWWRQ 61&)HW7UHQLWDOLDGHVRIÀFHVGHVGLYLVLRQV IUHW61&)HWFDUJRGH7UHQLWDOLDGDQVOHVOR FDX[VLWXpVVXUO·DQFLHQTXDLLQWHUQDWLRQDO,OIDXW\DMRXWHUOHIDLVFHDXLQWHUQDWLRQDO 2IIQHU-0 jO·RXHVWVXUODFRPPXQHGHV)RXUQHDX[HWODIURQWLqUHWHFKQLTXHpOHFWULTXHjO·HVW 3XPDLQ'  5pVHDX[HWWHUULWRLUHV /HFRQWDFWHQWUHOHVV\VWqPHVLWDOLHQVHWIUDQoDLVQRWDPPHQWpOHFWULTXHVV·HIIHFWXH VLJQLÀFDWLRQVFURLVpHV jODVRUWLHF{WpWXQQHOGHODJDUH8QHUDLVRQWHFKQLTXHVLPSOHO·H[SOLTXH/DWHQVLRQ /pY\-  GXUpVHDXLWDOLHQHVWGH9FRQWLQXVDORUVTXHODWHQVLRQVXUODOLJQHGHOD0DX /·HVSDFHOpJLWLPH ULHQQHHVWGH9FRQWLQXV'XPrPHFRXSLOHVWSRVVLEOHSRXUXQHORFRPRWLYH /pY\- /H LWDOLHQQHPrPHQRQLQWHURSpUDEOHG·HQWUHUHQVHFWHXUIUDQoDLVHWGHVHUHQGUHVXUOH WRXUQDQWJpRJUDSKLTXH IDLVFHDXGHV)RXUQHDX[PDLVjGHPLSXLVVDQFHODSXLVVDQFHHVWpJDOHDXSURGXLWGH /XVVDXOW0  ODWHQVLRQHWGHO·LQWHQVLWp3 8, /·HVSDFHGHVLQVWDOODWLRQVIHUURYLDLUHVHVWEDQDOLVp ©UpJLPHGH F·HVWjGLUHTX·LOQ·HVWSDVUpJLSDUOHVLQVWDOODWLRQVGHVpFXULWpKDELWXHOOHVHWSDUOHV 9LVLELOLWpª V\VWqPHVGHFRQWU{OHFRPPDQGHTXLFUpHQWG·DXWUHVHIIHWVGHGLVFRQWLQXLWpV$O·LQ %HUQLHU;6XWWRQ YHUVHOHFKHPLQV·DUUrWHjODSRWHQFHpOHFWULTXHIURQWLqUHSRXUOHVPDWpULHOVIUDQoDLV .jSDUDvWUH  ©)UDJPHQWDWLRQVHW QRQpTXLSpVGX9DXULVTXHGHUHQFRQWUHUXQHVXUWHQVLRQGDQVOHVPRWHXUV DFFHVVLELOLWpG·XQ $LQVL SOXV TX·DXWRXU GH O·HQWUpH GX WXQQHO OH UpJLPH GH YLVLELOLWp /pY\  WHUULWRLUHIRUWLÀpGH PRQWDJQH%ULDQ L/XVVDXOW%HUQLHU6XWWRQjSDUDvWUH GHFHOLHXHVWRUJDQLVpDXWRXUGH oRQjO·pSUHXYHGH FHVIRQFWLRQVIURQWLqUHV VDODEHOOLVDWLRQª



&KDSLWUH/DQRGDOLWpXQHHQWUpHGDQVODFRPSOH[LWpWUDYHUVDQWH

3UHPLqUHSDUWLH/D7UDYHUVpHQRXYHOOHXQ)UDQFKLVVHPHQWJpQpUDOLVp" /DEDQDOLVDWLRQGHV$OSHVFRPPHVRXUFHG·XQSRVWXODWpSLVWpPRORJLTXHHWK\SRWKpWLTXHjLQWHUURJHU La Traversée, une première discrétisation des espaces Alpins de la circulation

Roma 

1

NP Genoa

Modane Torino Bardonecchia Milano Verona

Venezia

Domodossola

Chambéry

Trieste

Brigue

Bellinzona

Trento Udine Jesenice

Goppenstein

Airolo

Brixen

Spiez

Göschenen

Rosenbach Bludenz

Brenner BöcksteinInnsbruck

Bruck-a.d.M.

ArthGoldau

Wörgl

Pied de col

Salzburg München

K. Sutton, 2011.

Bern

Zürich

St Anton-a.A 1. Un jeu entre nodalité et centralité

Selzthal Bischofshofen

Lausanne

Point focal Avant-porte de tunnel

Linz

Pied-de-Traversée Commutateur

2. Entre glissements et accumulations Basel les espaces de la Traversée Espace de la Traversée ferroviaire Itinéraire de franchissement produit d’une accumulation Itinéraire de franchissement produit d’un glissement Axe de glissement du franchissement Villes périalpines

Tête de tunnel

Port méditerranéen

)LJXUH/D7UDYHUVpHXQHSUHPLqUHGLVFUpWLVDWLRQGHVHVSDFHV$OSLQVGHODFLUFXODWLRQ .6XWWRQ

/H6LPSORQO·H[SpULHQFHGHODQRGRVLWp  *OLVVHPHQW WUDQVODWLRQ UHQIRUFHPHQW HIIDFHPHQW« 8QH QRXYHOOH IRLV OH 6LPSORQIDLWÀJXUHG·H[FHSWLRQ$ORUVTXHOHVD[HVDIÀUPpVjO·pSRTXHGHVURXWHV GHFROVHPEOHQWWRXVYRLUOHXUMHXQRGDOGHIUDQFKLVVHPHQWERXOHYHUVpDYHFO·HQWUpH HQ VFqQH GHV WXQQHOV 0RQW&HQLV)UpMXV *RWKDUG :XU]HQ.DUDZDQNHQ *ORF NHQSDVV7DXHUQ ÀJ LOVHPEOHjO·LQYHUVHTXHOHMHXGX6LPSORQVRLWFRQVROLGp .|SSHO+DDV6XWWRQ %ULJXHHW'RPRGRVVRODSHUSpWXHQWOHMHXEL QDLUHSDUGHOjODORJLTXHSK\VLTXHGHODVRUWLHGXWXQQHO%ULJXHVHYRLWFRQVROLGpH GDQVVDIDFHWWHGHSRUWHIRQFWLRQQHOOHHWSK\VLTXHGXSDVVDJH8QHHQVHLJQHG·K{WHO FRPPpPRUHG·DLOOHXUVFHWWHÀOLDWLRQGDQVO·HVSDFHXUEDLQÀJ ÀOLDWLRQFpOpEUpH MXVTXHGDQVOHKDOOGHODJDUHGHV&))SDUXQHVXLWHGHSDQQHDX[TXLUHODWHQWO·KLV WRLUHGXIUDQFKLVVHPHQWGX6LPSORQHWODIUDWHUQLWpTXLHVWFHQVpHHQGpFRXOHUHQWUH OHVGHX[FLWpVGHSDUWHWG·DXWUHGXSDVVDJHDX[PXOWLSOHVYLVDJHV6XWWRQ /D &KDSLWUH/DQRGDOLWpXQHHQWUpHGDQVODFRPSOH[LWpWUDYHUVDQWH

6XWWRQ.  ©/HSRUWDLOGHWXQ QHOFRPPHpFULWXUH PRQXPHQWDOHGHV WUDYHUVpHVDOSLQHV /·HQWUHSULVHIHUUR YLDLUHHWODPpPRLUH GXIUDQFKLVVHPHQW GDQVOHV$OSHV RFFLGHQWDOHVª .|SSHO 7 +DVV 6   6LPSORQ  DQVGXWXQQHOGX6LP SORQ



)LJXUH0RGDQHWUDMHFWRLUHXUEDLQHG·XQOLHXGHOD7UDYHUVpH 3KRWRVPDL HWFURTXLV .6XWWRQ

I. Un relais sur la route du Mont-Cenis (1805-1871) 1800

Urbanisation et trajectoire réticulaire

00 17

Route principale du Mont-Cenis Route secondaire

1600

Le Bourget

Espace bâti Village à proximité Lanslebourg

Trajectoire dominante de l’axe Courbe de niveau (équidistance 100 m)

Modane

0

150

Trajectoire réticulaire et trajectoire politique

1400

Direction de la frontière

0

130

0

120

Limite communale 1600

0

110

18

19

00

00

L’Arc 00

17

00

1500

1400

13

Chambéry

KS, 2011.

1100

1200

N

II. Une tête de tunnel ferroviaire (1871-1980) : le développement urbain industriel frontalier

200 m

La mise en place d’une centralité ferroviaire frontalière Réseau ferroviaire répondant de la gestion italienne Tunnel du Fréjus (étendue de 1946)

Faisceau ferroviaire sous gestion française Bâtiment d’exploitation SNCF

9XHGHODIURQWLqUHpOHFWULTXH HQWUHOH9IUDQoDLVHWOH 1800 9LWDOLHQ 00

17

Bâtiment d’exploitation FS

1600

Le Bourget

Faisceau fret des Fourneaux sous gestion française Gare SNCF de Modane Quai international Frontière technique ferroviaire : commutation 1500 V/3000 V Ancien portail inscrit aux monuments historiques (1926)

Fort St-Gobain

Caserne

Trajectoire dominante de l’axe

Modane 0 150

La mise en place d’un appareil de réversibilité de l’ouverture

Fort du Replaton 1400

0

130

Nouvelle orientation de la frontière

0

120

Empises militaires

1600

0

110

18

19

00

00

L’Arc

00

17

1500

1400

Les Fourneaux

13 00

1200

1100

Chambéry

KS, 2011.

Turin N

200 m

/HSRUWDLOPRQXPHQWDOGpIRQF WLRQQDOLVp



Fortification de proximité Bâtiment des douanes et de la police françaises Une diffusion de l’urbanisation associé au fait industriel et régalien Espace urbanisé entre 1871 et 1980 Extériorisation de la centralité et de la nodalité de Franchissemen

(QWUpHGXWXQQHOGX)UpMXVGHSXLV

III. Une tête de tunnel routière (1980- ) : la reconversion d’une centralité frontalière affaiblie Le contournement de l’espace urbain par l’action de traverser Autoroute Tunnel routier du Fréjus

1800

17

Trajectoire dominante de l’axe

00

Requalification de la route du Mont-Cenis Diminution de la charge de traitement de transit au faisceau des Fourneaux

1600

Le Bourget

Dédoublement de la centralité de contrôle du Franchissement Poste de contrôle du tunnel routier du Fréjus

Fort St-Gobain

L’épreuve de l’ouverture des frontières

Caserne

Contexte d’ouverture des frontières

Modane

Bâtiment des douanes et de la police françaises : permanences des contôles (quasi-systématiques) à la frontière ferroviaire Empises militaires abandonnées

0

150

Fort du Replaton

1400 0

130

0

120

Les Fourneaux

Reconversion patrimoniale du Fort de St-Gobain 1600

0

110

Reconversion patrimoniale de la «maison enchée»

18

19

00

00

L’Arc 00

17

1500

1400

00

13

Une urbanisation de type périrubaine

Milan

KS, 2011.

1100

1200

N

Paris

Espaces urbanisés depuis 1980

200 m

Parc logistique

$ERUGV GX WXQQHO URXWLHU GX )UpMXV 9XH VXU OH VFDQQHU GpWHFWHXU G¶LQFHQGLH GH SXLV OD QDYHWWH PRGDQH%DUGRQQqFKH G¶ROHÀRXGXFOLFKp

Pralognan-la-Vanoise 1800

17 00

3ODFHGHODJDUHSDQQHDXWDJHGHVHQWLHUV

IV. Un relais touristique (2000- ) :

une urbanisation en lien avec l’activité de tourisme 1600

Le Bourget

Station de sport d’hiver Route de Val-Cenis et de desserte du territoire depuis l’autoroute

Fort St-Gobain

Une autre logique réticulaire Caserne

Trajectoire dominante de l’axe La Norma

Modane

0

150

La gare, un noeud de sentiers

Fort du Replaton 1400 0

130

Un nouveau rapport à la limite

0

120

Les Fourneaux

Limite du Parce de la Vanoise

1600

0

110

18

00

19

L’Arc

00 17 00

1500

1400

00

13

KS, 2011.

Briançon N 200 m

3DQQHDX GH SURPRWLRQ WRXULVWLTXH  VLWXp VXUOHSDUNLQJGHOD©PDLVRQSHQFKpHª



1200

1100

3RQW VXU OH 5K{QH GH O¶DQ FLHQQHOLJQHGX)2YHUV1DWHUV DXMRXUG¶KXLHQIULFKH .6XWWRQPDUV

)DoDGHGHODJDUH&)).6XWWRQMXLQ

Brigue : un lieu du Simplon

00

14

00

elc Ch

13

h ac hb

00

Naters

12

00

11

0

0 'pSDUW GH OD UDPSH GX /|WV 10 FKEHUJ GH IDvWH  OH %/6 DI ¿FKHODFRXOHXU.6XWWRQMXLQ900 

0

80

0

70

*DUHGX0*% .6XWWRQMXLQ Sa R

e hôn

lti

na

Brigue

9XHGHVWRXUVGXFKk WHDXGH6WRFNDOSHU 3KRWR.6XWWRQMDQYLHU 

Glis

N 1000 m 80

0

0

70

KS, 2011.

I. Une accumulation de fonctions nodales et centrales II. Une convergence d’acteurs : un point focal Un pied de col Itinéraire historique, le sentier muletier : l’alte Simplonstrasse La route de col

Un point focal Voies CFF

Voies BLS

Gare CFF

Ateliers BLS

Noyau urbain historique

III. Un défi de cohérence urbaine

Portail nord du Simplon

Extensions résidentielles (80’)

Tunnel du Simplon

Extensions mixtes avec prépondérance des zones d’activité(80’)

Faisceau ferroviaire de l’avant/arrière gare de Brigue Urbanisation « densité » associée à la centralité Faubourgs industriels (Naters)

Bahnofstrasse : la gare comme continuité urbaine Le parvis de la gare, une logique de p ied de col réaffrimée

Courbes de niveau, équidistance 100 m.

)LJXUH%ULJXHXQOLHXGX6LPSORQ .6XWWRQ



©IpYULHUIpYULHU DQVDSUqVOHSHUFHPHQWGXWXQ QHOGX6LPSORQOHVYLOOHVGH'RPR GRVVROD HW GH %ULJXH UHQRXYHOOHQW DX QRP GH OD IUDWHUQLWp HQWUH OHV SHXSOHV O¶DPLWLp TXL OHV D WRXMRXUV OLpHª

Voies MGB (ex FO) Bâtiment de direction du MGB

Route nationale vers le col de la Furka

Une tête de tunnel

3ODTXHGXMXPHODJHHQWUH%ULJXH HW'RPRGRVVRODH[SRVpHGDQVOH FRXORLUGHODJDUHGH%ULJXHTXL SRUWHOD%DKQKRIVWUDVVH

&DUWHSRVWDOHGXSDUYLVGH ODJDUHGH%ULJXHGDQVOHV DQQpHV/DJDUH)2 HVWHQFRUHHQLPSDVVH pG.ORSSVWHLQ

Extériorisation du noeud vers le Simplon... ...depuis le pôle (château de Stockalper) Voie rapide vers le col Emprises techniques du MGB (ateliers de maintenance) Friche ferroviaire reconvertie

3KRWR.6XWWRQMXLQ

3UHPLqUHSDUWLH/D7UDYHUVpHQRXYHOOHXQ)UDQFKLVVHPHQWJpQpUDOLVp" /DEDQDOLVDWLRQGHV$OSHVFRPPHVRXUFHG·XQSRVWXODWpSLVWpPRORJLTXHHWK\SRWKpWLTXHjLQWHUURJHU JDUHGH%ULJXHDEULWHODSODTXHGXMXPHODJHHQWUHOHVGHX[YLOOHVUHQRXYHOpHQ jO·RFFDVLRQGXFHQWHQDLUHGHO·RXYHUWXUHjO·H[SORLWDWLRQGXWXQQHOGX6LPSORQÀJ   /HV JDUHV VHPEOHQW GpSRVLWDLUHV GH FHWWH IRQFWLRQ FDU OD SODTXH TXL \ IDLW OH SHQGDQWj'RPRGRVVRODVHUHWURXYHVXUODIDoDGHPRQXPHQWDOHGHODJDUHLQWHUQD WLRQDOH 'RPRGRVVROD FRQVHUYH G·DLOOHXUV XQ U{OH IRQFWLRQQHO QRQ QpJOLJHDEOH HQ FHTXHFHWWHJDUHFRQVWLWXHOHSRLQWIURQWLqUHGHO·D[H.|SSHO+DDV /HV JDUHVGH%ULJXHHWGH'RPRGRVVRODVRQWGHX[SRLQWVG·DUUrWVREOLJpVPDUTXpVSDUOD SUpVHQFHSK\VLTXHGHIDLVFHDX[IUHWG·DQQH[HVWUDFWLRQVGHEXUHDX[G·H[SORLWDWLRQ HWG·DGPLQLVWUDWLRQVUpJDOLHQQHV  /HFDVGH%ULJXHUpYqOHTXHODIRUPHGHWrWHGHWXQQHOSHXWVHJUHIIHUVXU XQHIRUPHQRGDOHDQWpULHXUHHQO·RFFXUUHQFHOHSLHGGHFRO&HSHQGDQWGDQVO·HV SDFHXUEDLQOHVFRPSRVDQWHVGHFKDFXQHGHFHVIRUPHVQHVHPpODQJHQWSDVÀJ  /·HVSDFHSLHGGHFROHVWKLVWRULTXHPHQWDQFUpGDQVOHFHQWUHDQFLHQGH%ULJXH V\PEROLVpSDUOHVWRXUVGXFKkWHDXGH6WRFNDOSHU&KDPXVV\.|SSHO+DDV &DPSDQD+DOGL6DOLV%D\YRQ6FKDOOHU)DXUH /HQ±XGTXL FRPPDQGHOHSLHGGHO·DVFHQVLRQGXFRODFRQQXXQHPLJUDWLRQWRXWG·DERUGYHUVOH QRUGjO·H[WpULHXUGHVPXUVDQFLHQVSXLVDYHFODPRGHUQLVDWLRQGHO·D[HURXWLHUHQ XQHYRLHUDSLGHYHUVO·RXHVWVXUODFRPPXQHGH*OLV/HQ±XGGXSLHGGHFROQ·HVW GRQFSOXVH[DFWHPHQW%ULJXH/DSRODULWpXUEDLQHDVVRFLpH\GHPHXUHFHSHQGDQWFH TXLRIIUHXQHQRXYHOOHLOOXVWUDWLRQGXSKpQRPqQHGHGLVVRFLDWLRQGHODTXDOLWpQRGDOH HWGXS{OH/HVIRQFWLRQVFHQWUDOHVGXERXUJRQWHOOHVPrPHVPLJUpHVYHUVO·RXHVW DFFRPSDJQDQW HQ FHOD O·pYROXWLRQ GH O·HVSDFH XUEDLQ GH O·HQVHPEOH %ULJXH*OLV *DPVHQ /DWrWHGHWXQQHOVHVLWXHHOOHDXQRUGHWjO·HVWGH%ULJXH/HVLQVWDOODWLRQVIHUUR YLDLUHVRQWpWpLQVWDOOpHVHQDXERUGGX5K{QHHQDPRQWGHODFRQÁXHQFHDYHF OD6DOWLQDHQ]RQHLQRQGDEOH0RVHU3IHLIHU0RVHU%|UUHW.VWQHU  /HERXUJQHV·pWHQGDLWDXSDUDYDQWTXHVXUODKDXWHXUTXLFRPSRVHO·LQWHUÁXYHGH FHVGHX[FRXUVG·HDXHQWUHPHWPG·DOWLWXGH/DJDUHHVWVLWXpHjPHW FRPEOHDYHFOHVIDLVFHDX[LQVWDOOpVGDQVVRQSURORQJHPHQW(VWOHKLDWXVHQWUHO·HV SDFHXUEDLQHWOHÁHXYH/·DUULYpHGXFKHPLQGHIHUFRQWULEXHjUpRUJDQLVHUOHVSROD ULWpVGXERXUJ8QHSODFHHVWDLQVLFUppHRXYUDQWVXUXQHSHUVSHFWLYHERUGpHG·K{WHOV GHV DQQpHV  O·DFWXHOOH %DKQKRIVWUDVVH  TXL JXLGH YHUV OD JDUH &HOD FRQWULEXH j PHWWUHHQVFqQHODJDUHGDQVO·HVSDFHXUEDLQHQIDLVDQWGHFHOLHXjO·RULJLQHH[FHQWUp XQHSRODULWpXUEDLQH/DJDUHIDLWDLQVLFRQYHUJHUO·HVSDFHXUEDLQYHUVVRQIDXERXUJ LQGXVWULHO1DWHUVVLWXpVXUO·DXWUHULYHGX5K{QH1DWHUVHVWODFRPSRVDQWHXUEDLQH ©WrWHGHWXQQHOªGqVORUVTXHFHIDXERXUJV·HVWSDUWLFXOLqUHPHQWGpYHORSSpDYHFOD FRQVWUXFWLRQGXWXQQHOGX6LPSORQHQWUHHW/HSD\VDJHGHWrWHGHWXQQHO HVWHQOXLPrPHFRPSRVpGXODUJHIDLVFHDXGHUHPLVDJHTXLFRXUWGHODJDUHjO·HQWUpH GXWXQQHOHWTXLVHUWDXWDQWG·DUULqUHJDUHDX[WUDLQVQDWLRQDX[TXHG·DYDQWJDUHDX[ WUDLQVYHQDQWGXWXQQHO&HIDLVFHDXHVWERUGpDXVXGHVWSDUO·DQQH[HWUDFWLRQGHV &))DLQVLTXHGHVEkWLPHQWVGHGpGRXDQHPHQWGHVPDUFKDQGLVHVLPSRUWpHV6HX OHPHQWWRXWHVOHVFRPSRVDQWHVIHUURYLDLUHVQ·pPDUJHQWSDVjODWrWHGHWXQQHO8QH SDUWLHSHUSpWXHjFHWHPSODFHPHQWPrPHODIRQFWLRQGHSLHGGHFRO/DMX[WDSRVLWLRQ ODSOXVYLVLEOHHVWHQFRUHODSODFHGHODJDUHFRPSUHQGUHOHSDUYLV&HWHVSDFHPHW HQFRQWDFWOHVWUDLQVQDWLRQDX[DYHFOHUpVHDXjYRLHPpWULTXHGX0*%TXLFRXUH GHSXLV=HUPDWWYLD9LqJHMXVTX·j$QGHUPDWWHW'LVHQWLVYLDOHWXQQHOGHOD)XUND &KDSLWUH/DQRGDOLWpXQHHQWUpHGDQVODFRPSOH[LWpWUDYHUVDQWH

.|SSHO 7 +DVV 6   6LPSORQ  DQVGXWXQQHOGX6LP SORQ &KDPXVV\+  ©&LUFXODWLRQ WUDQVDOSLQHHWYLOOHV GHSLHGGHFRO %ULDQoRQ0RGDQH 6XVH$RVWH0DU WLJQ\'RPRGRV VRODª &DPSDQD&+DOGL -36DOLV%D\YRQ  &6FKDOOHU0/  9R\DJH SLWWRUHVTXHGH*HQqYHj 0LODQSDUOH6LPSORQ  )DXUH*  $X[ODFVLWDOLHQV 0RVHU%3IHLIIHU3  ©6LPSORQ /DXVDQQH%ULJ'R PRGRVVRODª 0RVHU%%|UUHW5 .VWQHU7  ©*ODFLHU([SUHVV 9RQ6W0RULW] QDFK=HUPDWWª



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH HWOHFROGHO·2EHUDOS6XLWHDX[LQRQGDWLRQVGHHWjODIXVLRQGX%ULJ9LVS =HUPDWW%9= HWGX)XUND2EHUDOS)2 HQ&KHVVXP0RVHU%|UUHW .VWQHU ODFRQÀJXUDWLRQHQLPSDVVHGHFHWWHVHFRQGHJDUHIHUURYLDLUHDpWp WUDQVIRUPpHHQSDVVDJHjO·DLGHG·XQYLDGXFORQJHDQWjO·HVWOHVHPSULVHVIHUURYLDLUHV &))0RVHU%|UUHW.VWQHU -XVTXHOjOHFKDQJHPHQWG·DFWHXUVVHPDUTXDLW SDUXQUHEURXVVHPHQWVXUOHSDUYLV/DOLJQHGHOD)XUNDFRQWRXUQDLWOHVHPSULVHV IHUURYLDLUHV&))SDUODULYHGURLWHGX5K{QHjO·DLGHGHGHX[YLDGXFVDXMRXUG·KXL HQIULFKH HWG·XQHWUDYHUVpHGH1DWHUV/HSDUYLVFRQVHUYHXQJR€WGHSLHGGHFRO HQFHTX·LOFRQVWLWXHOHSRLQWG·pFODWHPHQWGHVOLQpDLUHVHWGHVVHUYLFHVYHUVOHFROHW OHWXQQHOGX6LPSORQOHWXQQHOVRXVOHFROGHOD)XUNDHWOHWXQQHOGX/|WVFKEHUJ /HVLQVWDOODWLRQVWHFKQLTXHVIHUURYLDLUHVVLWXpHVjO·RXHVWGHODJDUHVHFRQGHDQQH[H WUDFWLRQ DSSDUWLHQQHQWjO·H[SORLWDQWKLVWRULTXHGHODOLJQHGX/|WVFKEHUJOH%/6 3RXUFHUpVHDX%ULJXHHVWKLVWRULTXHPHQWOHSRLQWEDVGHO·LWLQpUDLUHGHIUDQFKLVVH PHQW$YHFO·RXYHUWXUHGXWXQQHOGHEDVHFHOXLFLHVWWRSRJUDSKLTXHPHQWGHYHQX 9LqJH PDLV SDV IRQFWLRQQHOOHPHQW SXLVTXH OH %/6 Q·\ SRVVqGH DXFXQH HPSULVH %ULJXHUHVWHGRQFOHSLHGG·DVFHQVLRQSOXVTXHGHFRO&HWWHSDUWLHRXHVWHVWGp ÀQLWLYHPHQW OH SURORQJHPHQW GH FHWWH IRQFWLRQ SXLVTXH OH VLqJH GX 0*% \ D pWp FRQVWUXLW&HODUHQIRUFHO·pFODWHPHQWGHVFRPSRVDQWHVQRGDOHVGX)UDQFKLVVHPHQW TXLVHUpDSSURSULHQWXQOLHXjO·RULJLQHGHOD7UDYHUVpHHWGHODFRQFHQWUDWLRQODWrWH GHWXQQHO /DWrWHGHWXQQHOFRPPHSDUDVLWHQRGDO

&KHVVXP5  ©6XLVVHQDLVVDQFH GX0*%ª 0RVHU%%|UUHW5 .VWQHU7  ©*ODFLHU([SUHVV 9RQ6W0RULW]QDFK =HUPDWWª 3LQL*  ©/·LQWHUDFWLRQ VSDWLDOHª *D\ -&   OHV GLVFRQWLQXLWpVVSDWLDOHV



 %ULJXHHW0RGDQHQHVRQWGRQFSDVGHVWrWHVGHWXQQHOVLPLODLUHV,OVHPEOH DLQVLTXHFHWWHIRUPHQHSXLVVHV·HQWHQGUHVHXOH(OOHQHFRQVLVWHG·DLOOHXUVSDVHQ XQHTXDOLWpQRGDOHPDLVHQXQHTXDOLWpFHQWUDOH$XVVLSURSRVRQVQRXVGHFRQVL GpUHUODWrWHGHWXQQHOFRPPHXQHIRUPHGHFHQWUDOLWpTXLUpSRQGG·XQHPpWULTXH G·D[HHWTXLVHSUpVHQWHVRXVODIRUPHG·XQHLQWHUIDFHGHW\SHVpOHFWHXU$O·pFKHOOH GHO·D[HHOOHDJLWFRPPHXQHFRQFHQWUDWLRQGHIRQFWLRQVFHQWUDOHVFHTXLODIDLWDS SDUWHQLUjO·RUGUHGHOD7UDYHUVpH(OOHLQWHUYLHQWFRPPHXQIDFWHXUGHUpPDQHQFH G·XQFDGUHSROLWLTXHG·pWDEOLVVHPHQWGHVOLJQHVIHUURYLDLUHVPDUTXpSDUO·LP SRUWDQFH GX WHUULWRLUH SROLWLTXH QDWLRQDO 1RXV XWLOLVRQV © UpPDQHQFHRª SRXU FDUDFWpULVHUODSHUVLVWDQFHG·XQpWDWDSUqVODGLVSDULWLRQGHVDFDXVH/DWrWHGHWXQQHO FRQVWLWXHXQDJHQWGHODUHFKHUFKHGHUpYHUVLELOLWpG·RXYHUWXUHTXLDFFRPSDJQH jO·RULJLQHO·RXYHUWXUHGHVWXQQHOV>FKDSLWUH@$LQVLjO·pFKHOOHGHV7UDYHUVpHV$O SLQHV FHWWH IRUPH GH FHQWUDOLWp LQWHUYLHQW FRPPH XQ PDUTXDJH WHUULWRULDO IDF WHXU GH GLVFRQWLQXLWpV 3LQL   *D\   /·DUUrW j 0RGDQH VXU OD UHODWLRQ ©L7*9$UWHVLDª3DULV0LODQHVWSDUH[HPSOHPDUTXpTXDVLV\VWpPDWLTXHPHQWSDU XQFRQWU{OHGHOD3$)HWSDUIRLVGHVGRXDQHVIUDQoDLVHVDLQVLTXHSDUOHFKDQJHPHQW G·pTXLSHGHFRQGXLWHHWG·DFFRPSDJQHPHQWFRPPHUFLDO/HWHPSVGHVWDWLRQQHPHQW SHXW SDUIRLV DWWHLQGUH SOXV GH  PLQXWHV Oj R XQ DUUrW FRPPHUFLDO QH GpSDVVH UDUHPHQWPLQXWHVHQWHPSVQRUPDOSRXUXQHJDUHDFFXHLOODQWXQWUDÀFVLPLODLUH 0RGDQHVHFDUDFWpULVHHQFHODFRPPHXQHWHUPLQDLVRQ3OXVH[DFWHPHQWODWrWHGH WXQQHO©0RGDQHªVHPEOHQpFHVVLWHUODTXDOLWpQRGDOHGHWHUPLQDLVRQSRXUrWUH/D WrWHGHWXQQHOVHPEOHDYRLUEHVRLQG·XQVXSSRUWQRGDOSRXUH[LVWHUVSDWLDOHPHQW/H ÀJXUpJUDSKLTXHTXHQRXVSURSRVRQVFKHUFKHjWUDGXLUHFHEHVRLQGHVXSSRUWHQOH OLPLWDQWjXQVLPSOHUHFWDQJOHJULVDSSHOpjrWUHFXPXOpDYHFFHOXLGHODIRUPHQRGDOH G·DFFXHLO &KDSLWUH/DQRGDOLWpXQHHQWUpHGDQVODFRPSOH[LWpWUDYHUVDQWH

3UHPLqUHSDUWLH/D7UDYHUVpHQRXYHOOHXQ)UDQFKLVVHPHQWJpQpUDOLVp" /DEDQDOLVDWLRQGHV$OSHVFRPPHVRXUFHG·XQSRVWXODWpSLVWpPRORJLTXHHWK\SRWKpWLTXHjLQWHUURJHU  7URLVIRUPHVQRGDOHVVHPEOHQWDSULRULFRPSDWLEOHVDYHFODTXDOLWpFHQWUDOHGH ODWrWHGHWXQQHOOHUHODLVODWHUPLQDLVRQHWOHSRLQWIRFDO/DWrWHGHWXQQHOGRQQHUDLW VDPpWULTXHjVRQVXSSRUWO·D[H DLQVLTXHVRQRUGUHG·DSSDUWHQDQFHOD7UDYHUVpH R OHVXSSRUWDSSRUWHUDLWVDIRUPHHWVDTXDOLWpQRGDOH  /DWrWHGHWXQQHOWHUPLQDLVRQ0RGDQH  0RGDQHSUpVHQWHXQSUHPLHUFRXSODJHWrWHGHWXQQHOWHUPLQDLVRQ/DWHU PLQDLVRQQ·HVWSDVXQHIRUPHG·LQWHUIDFHPDLVHOOHDJLWHQUpWURDFWLRQSRVLWLYHVXUOD TXDOLWpGHVpOHFWLRQGHODWrWHGHWXQQHOGDQVXQVHQVSROLWLTXH&RXSOpHjXQREMHW GHPpWULTXHD[LDOHGHO·RUGUHGHOD7UDYHUVpHODWHUPLQDLVRQV·HQWHQGFRPPHXQH VXUSRQGpUDWLRQGXFRQWH[WHSROLWLTXHG·LQVFULSWLRQGXOLQpDLUHYLDLUH(OOHUHMRLQW HWUHQIRUFHODFDUDFWpULVWLTXHGHODWrWHGHWXQQHOjO·pFKHOOHGHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV jVDYRLUXQIDFWHXUGHSURGXFWLRQGHGLVFRQWLQXLWpVSROLWLTXHHWWHFKQLTXHDVVR FLpHVDXFDGUHSROLWLTXHG·pWDEOLVVHPHQWGXUpVHDX/DTXDOLWpQRGDOHGHODWHUPLQDL VRQHVWO·DERXWLVVHPHQWFHHQTXRLLQGLYLGXHOOHPHQWHOOHUpSRQGG·XQHPpWULTXH G·LWLQpUDLUH0DLVFRPPHQRXVO·DYRQVSRVWXOpGDQVOHFDGUHG·XQFRXSODJHDYHFXQH WrWHGHWXQQHOVHXOHFHWWHGHUQLqUHDSSRUWHVDPpWULTXH$XVVLOHFRXSODJHUHOqYHWLO GHODPpWULTXHD[LDOH /·DERXWLVVHPHQW VRXVHQWHQG OD La terminaison... Une porte... SRVVLELOLWp G·XQH QpJDWLRQ GH O·DFWH GH IUDQFKLU &HOD VLJQL ... qui peut fermer... ÀH TXH SULVH LQGLYLGXHOOHPHQW OD ... le tunnel ferroviaire... WHUPLQDLVRQ Q·DSSDUWLHQW SDV DX ... qui franchit FKDPS GHV 7UDYHUVpHV $OSLQHV ... un potentiel de fermeture la frontière politique. /·pOpPHQW FDSLWDO GH GpÀQLWLRQ GH graphique que nous proposons pour la terminaison veut valoriser ce rapport à la frontière politique O·DFWLRQO·DFWHGHIUDQFKLUSHXWHQ Leausymbole travers d’un segment transversal qui coupe un espace viaire en deux avant l’exercice de l’acte de franchir et qui regarde vers la portion considérée HIIHW rWUH QLp SDU FHWWH IRUPH QR GDOH /D WHUPLQDLVRQ DSSDUWLHQW )LJXUH/DWHUPLQDLVRQSURSRVLWLRQGHUHSUpVHQWDWLRQ DXUpVHDXQDWLRQDOG·LQVFULSWLRQ .6XWWRQ HW SRUWH OD 7UDYHUVpH GDQV FHWWH PrPHLQVFULSWLRQ(QFHODHOOHQH SHXWSDVUpSRQGUHGHO·RUGUHGX)UDQFKLVVHPHQWRXGHOD7UDYHUVpHPDLVGHO·$S SURFKHÀJ  KS, 2011.

 /DWrWHGHWXQQHOSRLQWIRFDO%ULJXH  %ULJXHGXIDLWGHODVXSHUSRVLWLRQGHVHVIRQFWLRQVGHSLHGGHFROHWGHWrWH GHWXQQHOVHPEOHSURSRVHUXQFRXSODJHWrWHGHWXQQHOSRLQWIRFDO$ÀQGHGpÀQLU ODQRWLRQGHSRLQWIRFDOQRXVSURSRVRQVGHUHSUHQGUHODGpÀQLWLRQpWDEOLHSDU; %HUQLHUS jSURSRVGX©FROSRLQWIRFDOªGDQVVDW\SRORJLHGHVFROV ©/HFROURXWLHUGHYLHQWDORUVSOXVTXHMDPDLV©SRLQWIRFDOªHQFHVHQVTX·LOFRQFHQWUHGHPXOWLSOHV IRQFWLRQVHWFRUUHVSRQGjXQHGpÀQLWLRQSOXULYDOHQWH>«@3{OHUHPDUTXDEOHHWDWWUDFWLILOGHYLHQW VRXYHQWXQKDXWOLHXWRXULVWLTXHHWDFTXLHUWGHVGLPHQVLRQVV\PEROLTXHVGDQVOHVUHSUpVHQWDWLRQV WHUULWRULDOHVª/DTXDOLWpQRGDOHGXSRLQWIRFDOHVWODFRQQHFWLYLWpF·HVWjGLUHODFDSD FLWpjV·LQVFULUHGDQVXQUpVHDXPDLOOpjSURGXLUHXQQ±XGTXLVWUXFWXUHXQHPDLOOH GRQF GH SHUPHWWUH XQH UHGLVWULEXWLRQ GH ÁX[ %DYRX[   %DYRX[ %HDXFLUH &KDSHORQ=HPEUL9DUOHW=HPEUL &RPPHOHSLHGGHFROOHSRLQW IRFDODVVRFLHXQHTXDOLWpQRGDOHDYHFXQHIRUPHGHS{OH2UFHS{OHFLQ·HVWSDVXQ &KDSLWUH/DQRGDOLWpXQHHQWUpHGDQVODFRPSOH[LWpWUDYHUVDQWH

%DYRX[--  ©/DQRGDOLWpXQ FRQFHSWIRQGDPHQ WDOGHO·RUJDQLVDWLRQ GHO·HVSDFHª %DYRX[ -- %HDX FLUH ) &KDSHORQ /=HPEUL3  *pRJUDSKLH GHV WUDQV SRUWV 9DUOHW - =HPEUL 3   $WODV GHV WUDQVSRUWV  /HV SD UDGR[HV GH OD PLVH HQ UpVHDXGXPRQGH



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH IDFWHXUG·pFODWHPHQWjO·pFKHOOHGHVD PpWULTXHO·D[H PDLVGHFRQFHQWUD WLRQ/jUpVLGHOHVGHX[GLYHUJHQFHV ... porteur d’une qualité d’interface attracteur... PDMHXUHV HQWUH OH SLHG GH FRO HW OH KS, 2011. ... dont la fonction première SRLQWIRFDOVHORQFHWWHW\SRORJLHTXH est la redistribution. ... concentrer pour connecter QRXVSURSRVRQV$O·pFKHOOHGHV7UD YHUVpHV $OSLQHV OH SRLQW IRFDO DV Le symbole graphique que nous proposons vise ainsi à mettre en valeur ce rôle de polarisation. En cela, la modélisation de l’interface attracteur proposée par le groupe INTERFACE (2007) VXUH XQH IRQFWLRQ GH UHGLVWULEXWLRQ nous semble particulièrement bien appropriée pour rendre compte de l’aspect concentration sous-jacent. 6DLQW-XOLHQ   HW QRQ G·pFODWH )LJXUH/HSRLQWIRFDOSURSRVLWLRQGHSUHSUpVHQWDWLRQ .6XWWRQ PHQWFHTXLIDLWGHOXLXQHPDWULFH G·LWLQpUDLUHV UHMRLJQDQW HQ FHOD OH SLHGGHFRO/·H[HPSOHGH%ULJXHHQSURSRVHGHVLOOXVWUDWLRQVjWUDYHUVOHVLWLQpUDLUHV GX/|WVFKEHUJGHOD)XUNDRXHQFRUHGX6LPSORQ/HSRLQWIRFDOHVWDLQVLXQHIRUPH G·LQWHUIDFHDWWUDFWHXUHQFHTX·LOSRODULVHOHUpVHDXGDQVXQEXWG·pFKDQJHDXVHLQGHV ÁX[GHPRELOLWp &HW\SHGHQ±XG©K{WHªIRUPHXQHVRUWHG·LQWHUPpGLDLUHHQWUHOD7UDYHUVpHHW OH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWHQFHTX·LODWWLUHGHVTXDOLWpVGHFHVGHX[RUGUHV6RQIRQGHPHQW Q·HVW SDV XQ SRVLWLRQQHPHQW IURQWDOLHU RX O·DIÀUPDWLRQ G·XQH IURQWLqUH SROLWLTXH PDLV VRQ DUWLFXODWLRQ DX VHLQ G·XQ UpVHDX &KDSHORQ -RXYDXG 5RPDUD   ,O 6DLQW-XOLHQ7 RSqUHFRPPHXQDJHQWGHFRQWLQXLWpGDQVXQHVRPPHKpWpURJqQHURXWHIHU  ©'LIIXVLRQ URYLDLUHjpFDUWHPHQWQRUPDOHWpWURLW 3ULVVLQJXOLqUHPHQWLOUHOqYHGHO·$SSURFKH VSDWLDOHª PDLVSRXUGHVUDLVRQVDXWUHVTXHODWHUPLQDLVRQ&HOOHFLSHXWFRXSHUGX)UDQFKLVVH &KDSHORQ/ PHQWSDUXQHLQWHUGLFWLRQ$O·LQYHUVHOHSRLQWIRFDOODLVVHXQFKRL[TXLQHFRQGXLW -RXYDXG%5RPDUD 6 ©3RXUXQ SDVQpFHVVDLUHPHQWjRSWHUSRXUOH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWPDLVLOQHO·LQWHUGLWSDV/DGL V\VWqPHLQWpJUpGH PHQVLRQGHIHUPHWXUHSRWHQWLHOOHGH%ULJXHWLHQWjODFRPSRVDQWHWrWHGHWXQQHOGX SUpHWSRVWDFKHPL QHPHQWGHVWUDÀFV FRXSOHQRQGXSRLQWIRFDOÀJ  Le point focal...

Un pôle urbain...

IHUURYLDLUHVJUDQGHV OLJQHVª 0RVHU%-RVVL8  ©'LH%/6 (LQHPRGHUQH $OSHQEDKQª



 /DWrWHGHWXQQHOUHODLV"  /HWURLVLqPHFRXSODJHpQRQFpDSULRULWrWHGHWXQQHOUHODLV UHVWHjLQWHU URJHU/HUHODLVSHXWVHGpÀQLUFRPPHXQHVLPSOHpWDSHOHORQJG·XQLWLQpUDLUHTXL FRQVWLWXH G·DLOOHXUV VD PpWULTXH pOpPHQWDLUH /H UHODLV HVW OD IRUPH QRGDOH OD SOXV QHXWUHTXLQ·RSqUHjO·pFKHOOHGHO·LWLQpUDLUHFRPPHGHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVTX·HQ V·LQVFULYDQWGDQVOHPRXYHPHQWJpQpUDO1LFRQFHQWUDWLRQQLpFODWHPHQWQLSRODUL VDWLRQOHUHODLVQ·HVWTX·XQSRLQWGHGHVVHUWHGHSXLVOHTXHOSHXYHQWUD\RQQHUGHVVHU YLFHVG·LUULJDWLRQGXWHUULWRLUH(QFHODjO·pFKHOOHGHO·LWLQpUDLUHLODSSDUDvWFRPPHXQ IDFWHXUGHO·LPSUpJQDWLRQUpFLSURTXHGXUpVHDXHWGXWHUULWRLUH+LVWRULTXHPHQWLOQH VHUWjO·pFKHOOHGHOD7UDYHUVpHTX·HQWDQWTXHSRLQW Le relais... GH UDYLWDLOOHPHQW HQ HDX RX FRPPH RXWLO VSDWLDO GH JHVWLRQ GHV FLUFXODWLRQV SDU H[HPSOH ORUVTX·LO IDXWRUJDQLVHUXQFURLVHPHQWGHWUDLQVXUXQHYRLH XQLTXHRXXQGpSDVVHPHQW,OHVWSXUHFRQWLQXLWp LOQHVHFDUDFWpULVHGRQFSDVFRPPHXQHLQWHUIDFH KS, 2011. jO·pFKHOOHGHOD7UDYHUVpH&·HVWSRXUFHODTXHQRXV SURSRVRQVGHOHUHSUpVHQWHUSDUXQVLPSOHFHUFOH ... l’agent en continuité par excellence &HWWHDEVHQFHGHYDOHXUGHGLVFRQWLQXLWpSHXWHOOH )LJXUH  /H UHODLV SURSRVLWLRQ rWUHFRPSDWLEOHDXÀQDODYHFODWrWHGHWXQQHO"/D GHUHSUpVHQWDWLRQ FRPELQDLVRQ VHUDLW SRVVLEOH j OD FRQGLWLRQ G·XQH .6XWWRQ &KDSLWUH/DQRGDOLWpXQHHQWUpHGDQVODFRPSOH[LWpWUDYHUVDQWH

3UHPLqUHSDUWLH/D7UDYHUVpHQRXYHOOHXQ)UDQFKLVVHPHQWJpQpUDOLVp" /DEDQDOLVDWLRQGHV$OSHVFRPPHVRXUFHG·XQSRVWXODWpSLVWpPRORJLTXHHWK\SRWKpWLTXHjLQWHUURJHU WUDQVIRUPDWLRQG·XQHWHUPLQDLVRQHQUHODLVVRXVOHFRXSG·XQHH[SORLWDWLRQLQWH URSpUDEOH8QHWHUPLQDLVRQTXLYHUUDLWVHVTXDOLWpVGHGLVFRQWLQXLWpVHIIDFpHVGH YLHQGUDLWXQUHODLV2UWRXWHTXDOLWpUpJDOLHQQHVHUDLWDLQVLQLpH6LELHQTXHOHUHODLV VHPEOHO·pFXHLOGHODWrWHGHWXQQHOHQSRVVpGDQWOHSULQFLSHGHVDQpJDWLRQÀJ    &HFRXSODJHQ·HVWHQHIIHWSDVDFWXHOOHPHQWYLVLEOHFHTXLWUDGXLWO·LPSRU WDQFHGHVKpULWDJHVQDWLRQDX[1LODFRQVWUXFWLRQHXURSpHQQHQLOHVGpPDUFKHVGH UHFKHUFKH G·LQWHURSpUDELOLWpV QH SHUPHWWHQW G·HIIDFHU FHV PDUTXHXUV HQ GpSLW GHV DFFRUGV6FKHQJHQRXGHVGpUpJXODWLRQVGHPDUFKp&HWLQGLFHPRQWUHGLUHFWHPHQW TXH O·DXWRQRPLVDWLRQ GHV 7UDYHUVpHV $OSLQHV YLVjYLV GX UpVHDX QDWLRQDO G·LQVFULSWLRQHVWXQHG\QDPLTXHQRQDFKHYpH/DPpWULTXHVSDWLDOHG·DQFUDJH GXIHUURYLDLUHUHVWHHQFRUHIRQGDPHQWDOHPHQWWHUULWRULDOH-HVHQLFHOHPRQWUHFHWWH WURLVLqPHWrWHGHWXQQHOjODIURQWLqUHHQWUHGHX[(WDWVGHO·8(SURSRVHFRPPH %ULJXHXQFRXSODJHWrWHGHWXQQHOSRLQWIRFDO/DGLPHQVLRQIURQWDOLqUHQ·HVWSDV SOXVHIIDFpHTX·j0RGDQH0DLV0RGDQHGHPHXUHXQHVLQJXODULWpGDQVOHSD\VDJHGHV WrWHVGHWXQQHOSXLVTXHOHTXDWULqPHFDVSRXYDQWUHYHQGLTXHUFHUDQJ'RPRGRV VRODpPDUJHDXVVLDXFRXSODJHDYHFOHSRLQWIRFDO

/DIURQWLqUHXQVHQVQRGDO$OSLQ" 'X6LPSORQDX/|WVFKEHUJYHUVO·DYDQWSRUWHGHWXQQHO"  /·KpULWDJHGXSLHGGHFRODSSOLTXpDX[WXQQHOVIHUURYLDLUHVQ·HVWGRQFSDVj FKHUFKHUGDQVODWrWHGHWXQQHO/DWrWHQHVHUDSSRUWHSDVDXSDVVDJHPDLVjODIURQ WLqUH 2U GHV FRPSRVLWLRQV QRGDOHV HW WHUULWRULDOHV H[LVWHQWDX[ SRUWHVGH WXQQHOV IHUURYLDLUHVHQGHKRUVGHWRXWHTXHVWLRQIURQWDOLqUH/DPDMRULWpGHVWXQQHOVVRQW G·DLOOHXUVLQWUDQDWLRQDX[ /H/|WVFKEHUJGHIDvWHSURSRVHXQH[HPSOHGHIRUWHGLVV\PpWULHQRGDOHVDQVDXFXQH FRPSRVDQWHIURQWDOLqUHSROLWLTXHRXWHFKQLTXH([SORLWpSDUOH%/6MXVTX·j%ULJXH FHWLWLQpUDLUHSRVWpULHXUjO·RXYHUWXUHGXWXQQHOGX6LPSORQWUDYDX[GHSHUFHPHQW UpDOLVpVHQWUHHW LGHQWLÀHFHQ±XGFRPPHOHSRLQWEDV/HFKDQWLHUGX /|WVFKEHUJDLQYHQWpXQOLHXGLW*RSSHQVWHLQHQHQIDLVDQWOHGHX[LqPHIR\HUGH SHXSOHPHQWGX9DODLVDSUqV6LRQ0RVHU-RVVL *RSSHQVWHLQKDPHDXGpSHQ GDQWGHODFRPPXQHGH)HUGHQFRQVWLWXHXQOLHXGX)UDQFKLVVHPHQWHWQRQGX IHUURYLDLUHHQFHTX·LOHVWXQQ±XGLQWHUPRGDOGHFKDUJHPHQWGHODQDYHWWHDXWRTXL SDOOLHO·DEVHQFHGHURXWHGLUHFWHHQWUHODSDUWLHFHQWUDOHGX9DODLVHW%HUQH/HSHXSOH PHQWGHFHOLHXGLWDXMRXUG·KXLPRGHVWHHVWHVVHQWLHOOHPHQWOHIDLWGX%/6SXLVTXH jO·H[FHSWLRQG·XQHDXEHUJHTXLWLUHSDUWLGHODSRVLWLRQQRGDOHHWGHVDORFDOLVDWLRQ OHORQJGHODYRLHG·DFFqVDX/|WVFKHQWDOO·DFWLYLWpGXOLHXHVWH[FOXVLYHPHQWOHIDLW GHFHWWHHQWUHSULVH/HVLWHVHUWGHEDVHGHVWRFNDJHGXPDWpULHOG·HQWUHWLHQGXWXQ QHOGH3&GHUpJXODWLRQGHVFLUFXODWLRQVOHORQJGHO·LWLQpUDLUHGHQ±XGLQWHUPRGDO 2Q\WURXYHDXVVLXQHDJHQFHGHFRPPHUFLDOLVDWLRQGHVSURGXLWVWRXULVWLTXHVGHOD FRPSDJQLH%/6SKRWR *RSSHQVWHLQWLHQWGHODWrWHGXWXQQHOODFRPSRVDQWH UpJDOLHQQHIURQWDOLqUHHQPRLQV(OOHFRUUHVSRQGjO·DUFKpW\SHGHFHTXHO·RQSURSRVH &KDSLWUH/DQRGDOLWpXQHHQWUpHGDQVODFRPSOH[LWpWUDYHUVDQWH



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH Portail sud du tunnel de faîte du Lötschberg. K. Sutton, novembre 2010.

Goppenstein, une avant-porte de tunnel, un lieu du Franchissement

Bâtiment de la gare qui abrite le centre de voyage du BLS K. Sutton, novembre 2010.

Vue du hameau de Goppenstein. K. Sutton, mars2010. Gare routière pour les cars Steg-Lötschental en correspondance avec les régionaux. K. Sutton, novembre 2010.

Image Google earth de Goppenstein. Google, 2007.

Vue des rampes et des voies constituant le terminal de la navette-auto Goppenstein-Kandersteg construit en 1975. K. Sutton, mars2010.

3KRWR*RSSHQVWHLQXQHYDQWSRUWHGXWXQQHOXQOLHXGX)UDQFKLVVHPHQW .6XWWRQ

GHQRPPHUXQHDYDQWSRUWHGHWXQQHOÀJ 8QWHOVLWHQ·DSDVHQSUHPLHUOLHXGH TXDOLWpQRGDOHRXSRODULVDQWH,OHVWSRODULVpSDUOHWXQQHOVDUDLVRQG·rWUHVHUpVXPH jOXL,OQHSHXWVHFRQFHYRLUHQGHKRUVGHOXL  /HSOXVVRXYHQWO·RXYUDJHGHIUDQFKLVVHPHQWHVWjO·RULJLQHGHODFUpDWLRQ G·XQHVLWXDWLRQ&HOXLFLUpSRQGGRQFGHO·RUGUHGX)UDQFKLVVHPHQWHWGHODPpWULTXH GHO·LWLQpUDLUH,OHVWHQIDLWODIRUPHVSDWLDOHGLUHFWHPHQWLVVXHGXSLHGGHFRODSSOL TXpHDXWXQQHO0DLVLOHQDSHUGXOHVYDOHXUVQRGDOHHWSRODULVDQWHTXHOHWXQQHOV·HVW DFFDSDUp1RXVUHWURXYRQVFHW\SHGHVLWHSDUWRXWROHWXQQHOFRQVWLWXHXQQ±XG HQ OXLPrPH %HUQLHU  L’avant-porte de tunnel... Un tunnel...   F·HVWjGLUH ORUVTX·LO VH VLWXH DX VHLQ G·XQH WUDPH ... en lien avec lequel un lieu tourné vers lui XQLTXH G·H[SORLWDWLRQ HW R est engendré... VHXOHODVLWXDWLRQGHSUR[LPLWp DYHFFHQ±XGGHSDVVDJHH[ KS, 2011. ... à qui toutes les possibilités SOLTXHVDORFDOLVDWLRQ sont ouvertes. &HWWHDGDSWDWLRQGHODJHQqVH ... un lieu du Franchissement GX SLHG GH FRO FRPPH SUR Lla forme spatiale directement issue du pied de col appliquée au tunnel qui aurait perdu SRVpH SDU + &KDPXVV\ DX[ les valeurs nodale et polarisante que le tunnel s’est accaparé. WXQQHOV IHUURYLDLUHV GH IDvWH )LJXUH/·DYDQWSRUWHGHWXQQHOSURSRVLWLRQGHUHSUpVHQWDWLRQ SHUPHW G·pYLWHU O·pFXHLO GH OD .6XWWRQ 

&KDSLWUH/DQRGDOLWpXQHHQWUpHGDQVODFRPSOH[LWpWUDYHUVDQWH

3UHPLqUHSDUWLH/D7UDYHUVpHQRXYHOOHXQ)UDQFKLVVHPHQWJpQpUDOLVp" /DEDQDOLVDWLRQGHV$OSHVFRPPHVRXUFHG·XQSRVWXODWpSLVWpPRORJLTXHHWK\SRWKpWLTXHjLQWHUURJHU VXUYDORULVDWLRQGHO·HIIHWIURQWLqUH%|FNVWHLQO·HQWUpHQRUGGXWXQQHOGHV7DXHUQ UpSRQGGHFHW\SHGHVLWHGHPrPHTXH5RVHQEDFK.DUDZDQNHQ &HVWURLVVLWHV VRQWORFDOLVpVGDQVGHVIRQGVGHYDOOpHVQRQSUpFpGHPPHQWWUDYHUVpVSDUXQHURXWH GHFRO,OVRQWpWpLQYHQWpVORUVGHVWUDYDX[GHSHUFHPHQWGXWXQQHOHWRQWpWpSDUOD VXLWHSpUHQQLVpVSRXUOHVEHVRLQVGHO·H[SORLWDWLRQ*RSSHQVWHLQ%|FNVWHLQ RX SDUFHTX·XQHGHVVHUWHIHUURYLDLUHDSHUPLVGHOHVDVVRFLHUjODG\QDPLTXHG·XUED QLVDWLRQGXUHVWHGHODYDOOpHHWGXYHUVDQW5RVHQEDFK   &HW\SHGHVLWHQ·DSSHOOHDXFXQHV\PpWULHLOQHV·HQWHQGTXHSRXUOXLPrPH GDQVVRQUDSSRUWDXWXQQHO/·DXWUHH[WUpPLWpGX/|WVFKEHUJGHIDvWH.DQGHUVWHJ HVW XQ VLWH WRXULVWLTXH UpSXWp WRXUQp YHUV XQH FOLHQWqOH DOpPDQLTXH GRQF YHUV OD YDOOpHTXLWRXUQHHQTXHOTXHVRUWHOHGRVDXWXQQHO/HWXQQHOQ·HVWG·DLOOHXUVSDV YLVLEOHGHSXLVO·HQVHPEOHXUEDLQFRPSRVpG·XQHDFFXPXODWLRQGHFKDOHWVjO·LQYHUVH GH*RSSHQVWHLQROHSRUWDLOGXWXQQHOFRQVWLWXHOHPRQXPHQWIpGpUDWHXUGX OLHX6XWWRQ /H/|WVFKEHUJSURSRVHDLQVLXQHVLWXDWLRQGHGLVV\PpWULHVDQV SUpVHQFHG·XQHTXHOFRQTXHIURQWLqUHSROLWLTXHRXWHFKQLTXHTXLFRQGXLWjUpLQWHUUR JHUOHVUDSSRUWVHQWUHIURQWLqUHSROLWLTXHHW)UDQFKLVVHPHQW /H*RWKDUGRXOHVpFKRVG·XQHGLVV\PpWULHSROLWLTXHQRUGVXGjO·$OSLQH  &HODSHXWrWUHIDLWDXWUDYHUVGHODFRQVLGpUDWLRQG·XQHFRPELQDLVRQVLQJX OLqUHOH*RWKDUG6LWXpDXFHQWUHGHV$OSHVFRORQQHYHUWpEUDOHGHODSDUWLHFHQWUDOH GHV$OSHVFHWD[HGHWUDYHUVpHVHFDUDFWpULVHSDUODFRPELQDLVRQODSOXVFRPSOqWH GH SRVVLELOLWpV GH )UDQFKLVVHPHQW GHSXLV OHV FKHPLQV GH FRO SDWULPRQLDOLVpV MXVTX·DXWXQQHOGHEDVHHQFRXUVGHUpDOLVDWLRQ/DSUHPLqUHSDUWLFXODULWpTXLVHGRQQH jYRLUjODVLPSOHFRQVLGpUDWLRQGXWUDFpGHO·D[HHVWOHUHODWLI pTXLOLEUHGHVWURQoRQV GHSDUWHWG·DXWUHGXWXQQHO$UWK*ROGDX*|VFKHQHQNP$LUROR%HOOLQ]RQD NP TXLGpPHQWFDWpJRULTXHPHQWOHSUpVXSSRVpG·XQHGLVV\PpWULHGHYHUVDQWSDUWD JpHjO·pFKHOOHGHV$OSHV9LD6WRULD(OVDVVHU0RVHU3IHLIIHU0RVHU -RVVL3IHLIIHU ,OQ·\DSDVSOXVGHGLVV\PpWULHQRGDOHGqVORUVTXHODORJLTXH GXDOHGHVSLHGVGHFROVHUHWURXYHLQÀQHGDQVFHOOHGHVHQWUpHVGHWXQQHOFHUWHVDYHF XQHQRWLRQGHKLpUDUFKLHTXLDQFUHOHYHUVDQWQRUGFRPPHOHYHUVDQWIRUWGXFRXSOH (QFHODQRXVUHWURXYRQVXQIDLWSROLWLTXHPDMHXU/H*RWKDUGHVWOHIR\HUGHGpYH ORSSHPHQWGHOD6XLVVH©SULPLWLYHªF·HVWjGLUHGHVWURLVFDQWRQVXQLVSDUOHSDFWH GX*UWOL-RVW=DYRQL6HOOLHU6HOOLHU &HWWHSUDLULHVLWXpHVXU OHVERUGVGXODFGHVTXDWUHFDQWRQVYRLWOHVWURLVFDQWRQV8UL6FKZ\]8QWHUZDOG  VFHOOHUXQSDFWHGpIHQVLI FRQWUHOHV+DEVERXUJ HWSDUOjPrPHXQLUOHXUWHU ULWRLUHHWOHXUIRUFHSRXUWHQGUHYHUVXQREMHFWLI pFRQRPLTXHHWSROLWLTXHFRPPXQ OHFRQWU{OHGHODURXWHGX*RWKDUG/HVWURLVFDQWRQVFKHUFKHQWDLQVLjFRQWU{OHU OHYHUVDQWVXGGXFROOH7HVVLQHW\LPSRVHXQEDLOODJHFRPPXQTXLPDUTXHHQFRUH DXMRXUG·KXLO·HVSDFHXUEDLQGH%HOOLQ]RQDGHVWURLVFKkWHDX[FRUUHVSRQGDQWjFKDFXQ GHFHVWURLVFDQWRQVGRPLQDWHXUVGRF /H7HVVLQQHGHYLHQWXQFDQWRQGHSOHLQ GURLWTX·HQVRXVOD0pGLDWLRQGH%RQDSDUWH/HVIRQFWLRQVQRGDOHVDVVRFLpHV DX FRO VRQW GRQF ORJLTXHPHQW DFFXPXOpHV DX QRUG G·DXWDQW SOXV TX·$QGHUPDWW VHVLWXHDXFDUUHIRXUGHFROVFRPPXQpPHQWHPSUXQWpVGDQVOHVpFKDQJHVHQWUHOHV KDXWHVYDOOpHV/HYHUVDQWQRUGVHFRPSUHQGDLQVLFRPPHXQFDUUHIRXUSRODULVDQW OHVÁX[G·RODTXDOLÀFDWLRQGHSRLQWIRFDOSRXU$QGHUPDWW HWFURLVDQWOHVpFKHOOHV &KDSLWUH/DQRGDOLWpXQHHQWUpHGDQVODFRPSOH[LWpWUDYHUVDQWH

%HUQLHU;  ©/HVFROVURXWLHUV GDQVODWUDYHUVpH GHVPRQWDJQHV IUDQoDLVHVFRQWUL EXWLRQjXQHGpÀQL WLRQSOXULYDOHQWHHW G\QDPLTXHª %HUQLHU;  ©7UDQVSRUWVHW PRQWDJQHTXHOOHV VSpFLÀFLWpVSRXUOHV V\VWqPHVQRGDX["ª 6XWWRQ .   ©/H SRUWDLO GH WXQ QHO FRPPH pFULWXUH PRQXPHQWDOH GHV WUDYHUVpHV DOSLQHV /·HQWUHSULVH IHUUR YLDLUHHWODPpPRLUH GX IUDQFKLVVHPHQW GDQVOHV$OSHVRFFL GHQWDOHVª 9LD 6WRULD (OVDV VHU .   'HU 'LUHNWH :HJ LQ GHQ 6GHQ 0RVHU%3IHLIIHU 3 ©6%% *RWWKDUGEDKQª 0RVHU%-RVVL8 3IHLIIHU3 © *RWWKDUGEDKQ'HU GLUH[WH:HJLQGHQ 6GHQª -RVW+8  ©3ROLWLTXHVXLVVHHW P\WKHVGX*RWKDUG DX;;HVLqFOHª =DYRQL,  7UDQVLWXQG*UHQ]H $XI 8PZHJHQYRP *RWWKDUG]XU*UHQ]H LQ&KLDVVR 6HOOLHU-6HOOLHU $ $WODV GHVSHXSOHVG·(XURSH RFFLGHQWDOH



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH G·pFKDQJH/HSURFHVVXVGHSHUFHPHQWGXWXQQHOIHUURYLDLUHUHQIRUFHFHWWHSRODUL VDWLRQQRUGQRWDPPHQWGXIDLWGHODSUpSRQGpUDQFHGHVFDSLWDX[LVVXVGHODUpJLRQ PpWURSROLWDLQHGXQRUGGHOD6XLVVH/DGLVV\PpWULHSROLWLTXHPXHDLQVLHQGLV V\PpWULHQRGDOHHWPpWURSROLWDLQH

2(UQVW %HOOLQ]RQD3ODNDWVDPPOXQJ=XULFK

'RFXPHQW%HOOLQ]RQDjO·DIÀFKH XQHVLOKRXHWWHGHVFKkWHDX[ /D VLOKRXHWWH GH OD YLOOH HW OD YLVLELOLWp TXL HQ HVW GRQQpH SDU OHV DI¿FKHVWRXULVWLTXHVPHWWHQWHQDYDQWODVLQJXODULWpPRUSKRORJLTXH FRQIpUpH SDU O¶DVVHPEODJH GHV  FKkWHDX[ /¶DI¿FKH GH JDXFKH MRXHSDUWLFXOLqUHPHQWDYHFODIRUPHHQFUHX[GHVVLQpHSDUODWRSR JUDSKLHSRXUO¶RSSRVHUjODIRUPHHQSOHLQGXYHUVDQWjO¶KRUL]RQ

%&DUXJRDQQpHV %HOOLQ]RQD3ODNDWVDPPOXQJ=XULFK



&KDSLWUH/DQRGDOLWpXQHHQWUpHGDQVODFRPSOH[LWpWUDYHUVDQWH

3UHPLqUHSDUWLH/D7UDYHUVpHQRXYHOOHXQ)UDQFKLVVHPHQWJpQpUDOLVp" /DEDQDOLVDWLRQGHV$OSHVFRPPHVRXUFHG·XQSRVWXODWpSLVWpPRORJLTXHHWK\SRWKpWLTXHjLQWHUURJHU

,, /D7UDYHUVpH XQHEDQDOLVDWLRQGHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV"

1RGDOLWpHWJHVWLRQGXIDLWIURQWLqUH /H%UHQQHUO·REVHVVLRQGHODFRQWLQXLWpIURQWDOLqUH  /H%UHQQHUIDLWO·DUWLFXODWLRQHQWUHOHVHFWHXUFHQWUDOHWOHVHFWHXURULHQWDO GHV$OSHV1RXVSURSRVRQVGHOHFRQVLGpUHUFRPPHXQHQVHPEOHVLQJXOLHUDYHFVRQ DQWHQQHGHSpQpWUDWLRQGX3XVWHUWDO,OQ·HVWSDVLFLTXHVWLRQGHWrWHGHWXQQHOGqV ORUVTXHOHSDVVDJHHPSUXQWHOHFRO8QHDXWUHFRPELQDLVRQGHIDFWHXUVDSSDUDvWR OD IURQWLqUH DYHF VHV GLVFRQWLQXLWpV SROLWLTXHV HW PRWLOHV DOLPHQWDWLRQ pOHFWULTXH JUDSKHGHFLUFXODWLRQJHVWLRQQDLUHGHUpVHDX OHFRODYHFVDORJLTXHELQDLUHGHSLHG DVVRFLpHO·DFFXPXODWLRQG·LWLQpUDLUHVGH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWSDVHQFRUHGDQVODYHUWLFD OLWpFRPPHSRXUOH*RWKDUG PDLVKRUL]RQWDOHPHQWVXUOHSODWHDXGXFRO /·DFFXPXODWLRQDSSDUDvWG·DLOOHXUVFRPPHXQHFDUDFWpULVWLTXHSHUPHWWDQWGHWLVVHU XQHSDUHQWpHQWUHOH*RWKDUGHWOH%UHQQHUVDQVSRXUDXWDQWLQFLWHUjOHVFRQIRQGUH HQ XQ PrPH HQVHPEOH GX IDLW GH OHXUV GLYHUJHQFHV GH WUDMHFWRLUHV SROLWLTXHV G·DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ HW GH SRVLWLRQQHPHQW VXU OH PDUFKp GX WUDQVLW HXURSpHQ %DYRX[)UHVFKL:LHQHU /H%UHQQHUSURSRVHXQHWUDMHFWRLUH VLQJXOLqUH HQ FH TXH OHV IRQFWLRQV GH WUDLWHPHQW GX ÁX[ VRQW SURMHWpHV j OD JDUH GHFRQWDFW%UHQQHURVLWXpHDXFROVXUOHWHUULWRLUHLWDOLHQ&HWWHJDUHFRQVWLWXHXQ Q±XGOjVHWURXYHOHSRLQWGHFRQWDFWHQWUHOHVJULOOHVKRUDLUHVFDGHQFpHVGX7\URO HWGHO·DUWqUH9pURQH%UHQQHUR/DSUHPLqUHHVWRUJDQLVpHDXWRXUGXQ±XGFHQWUDO G·,QQVEUXFNODVHFRQGHDXWRXUG·XQFKDSHOHWGHQ±XGVKLpUDUFKLVpVDYHFSRXUWrWH UpJLRQDOH%RO]DQR%R]HQTXLWURXYHHQ)RUWH]]D)UDQ]HQIHVWXQpFKRQRUGPHW WDQWHQUHODWLRQODOLJQHGX3XVWHUWDODYHFFHOOHGX%UHQQHU%HUJPHLVWHU  /DORJLTXHGHSLHGGHFROHVWWRXMRXUVLQGLUHFWHPHQWSUpVHQWHPDLVHOOHVHFRPSUHQG GH SDUW HW G·DXWUH FRPPH GHV VRPPHV GH Q±XGV DJHQFpV HQ XQ HQVHPEOH IRQF WLRQQHO/HSDVVDJHSDU,QQVEUXFNQ·HVWSOXVREOLJpHQYXHGHSDUFRXULUO·D[HGHSXLV 0XQLFKSDU.XIVWHLQ/·,QQWDO7XQQHOWXQQHOGHODYDOOpHGHO·,QQ RXYHUWHQ SHUPHWDX[WUDLQVGHIUHWGHVKXQWHUOHQ±XGGHODFDSLWDOHW\UROLHQQHHWDXWRULVHGX PrPHFRXSXQDFFURLVVHPHQWGHVFDSDFLWpVHQJDUHHWVXUODOLJQHGHO·$UOEHUJ SRXUODTXHOOHOHSDVVDJHHQJDUHUHVWHREOLJp  &{WpLWDOLHQOHVIRQFWLRQVGHSLHGGHFROQHVRQWTXHGLIÀFLOHPHQWLGHQWLÀDEOHVGX IDLWGHODVWUXFWXUHOLQpDLUHGXUpVHDXXUEDLQ3K\VLTXHPHQWO·LWLQpUDLUHGX%UHQQHU VH FRPSRVH G·XQH DGGLWLRQ GH GHX[ FROV FRPPH SHXW O·rWUH FHOXL GX *DOLELHU HQ )UDQFH /D URXWH GX *DOLELHU QpFHVVLWH GHSXLV OHV +DXWHV$OSHV O·DVFHQVLRQ SUpD ODEOH GX /DXWDUHW FRPPH OHV LWLQpUDLUHV GX %UHQQHU QpFHVVLWHQW XQ UHERQG VXU OH FROOH,VDUFR/DWRPEpHGXFROVHUDLWDORUVOHSRLQWGHFRQYHUJHQFHGHVGHX[FROVj &KDSLWUH/DQRGDOLWpXQHHQWUpHGDQVODFRPSOH[LWpWUDYHUVDQWH

%DYRX[--  ©'X)UpMXVDX %UHQQHUOHV WUDQVLWVHWOHXUV HQMHX[DXF±XUGH O·(XURSHª )UHVFKL/  ©/·D[HGX%UHQQHUª :LHQHU0  ©g%%LP:DQGHOª %HUJPHLVWHU&  %UHQQHU%DVLV WXQQHO/HEHQVUlXPH XQG9HUNHKUVZHJH



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH L’axe du Brenner : un pont identitaire et fonctionnel au coeur de l’Europe

Innsbruck

Innsbruck

Brenner

Brenner

Brenner Eisach Pass

Innsbruck

Franzenfest

Colle Isarco

Fortezza Bressanone

Merano

Brixen Bozen Trent

Colle Isarco

Merano

Fortezza Bolzano

Bressanone

Bolzano Trento

Trento KS, 2011.

1. Un pont intérieur au Tyrol, 2. Une intériorisation de la frontière politique, 3. L’émergence d’une zone neutre une voie de projection de la centralité politique une double projection dont la fonction première est la connexité des sillons : vers les périphéries italiennes (1869) des fonctions nodales vers le col : le Brenner comme agent de continuité un lieu de la continuité communautaire (2011) au-delà de la discontinuité politique (1938) Versant cadencé depuis Innsbruck Pied de col

Col topographique

Matérialisation de la discontinuité politique par la discontinuité technique

Centralité administrative sud

Ligne électrifiée 3 KV (Italie)

Ligne électrifiée 15 KV 50 Hz (Autriche) Noeud intermédiaire Frontière politique

Zone neutre : le col comme zone franche Commutateur L’Inntal Tunnel ouvert en 1994

Projection des fonctions nodales

Ligne de crête Voie ferrée traction autonome

Versant cadencé depuis Bolzano

Le nouveau système de Franchissement en cours de réalisation : Unterinntal Bahn et tunnel de base

Pied-de-Traversée Ligne italienne modernisée Ligne historique transformée en piste cyclable Une intériorisation de la frontière identitaire : l’affirmation d’une entité culturelle et fonctionnelle «Tirol»

)LJXUH/·D[HGX%UHQQHUXQSRQWLGHQWLWDLUHDXFRHXUGHO·(XURSH .6XWWRQ

VDYRLU9LSLWHQR6WHU]LQJ0DLVG·XQSRLQWGHYXHIHUURYLDLUHHWPLOLWDLUHOHVLWHQp GHODUHFKHUFKHG·RXYHUWXUHHWGHUpYHUVLELOLWpHVW)RUWH]]D)UDQ]HQIHVWGRQWOH QRPVLJQLÀDQW©IRUWHUHVVHªWUDGXLWXQHIRQFWLRQGHFRQWU{OHjODFRQÁXHQFHQRQ GHGHX[YDOOpHVTXLVHVLWXHj%UHVVDQRQH%UL[HQ PDLVGHGHX[URXWHVFHOOHTXL GHVFHQGGX%UHQQHUHWFHOOHTXLSDUFRXUWOH3XVWHUWDO&HOLHXSRXUUDLWrWUHFRQVLGpUp FRPPHOHSLHGGHFROPDLVOHVIRQFWLRQVFHQWUDOHVDVVRFLpHVjFHW\SHGHQRGDOLWpQH V·\VRQWMDPDLVWURXYpHV&HOOHVFLVRQWUHSRUWpHVDXVLqJHGHO·pYrFKp%UHVVDQRQH %UL[HQYRLUHGLUHFWHPHQWFRQFHQWUpHVGDQVODFHQWUDOLWpSROLWLTXHFLYLOHGHODYDOOpH %RO]DQR%R]HQÀJ  &HWWHFRPSOH[LWpQRGDOHVHPEOHDYRLUpWpVLPSOLÀpHSDUODORJLTXHG·H[SORLWDWLRQQpH GHODSDUWLWLRQGX7\UROHQ$O·RXYHUWXUHGHO·LWLQpUDLUHIHUURYLDLUHHQOD YRLHFRQVLVWHHQXQWUDLWG·XQLRQHQWUHOHVGHX[YHUVDQWVG·XQPrPH(WDWHWG·XQH PrPHUpJLRQ/HFROSRUWDLWDORUVXQHIRQFWLRQGHVLPSOHUHODLV$YHFO·LGHQWLÀFDWLRQ GHODOLJQHGHFUrWHSRXUIURQWLqUHOHFROHWVDJDUHIURQWLqUHGHYLHQQHQWjO·LQYHUVH GHFHTXHO·RQSRXUUDLWFURLUHXQOLHXGHFRQYHUJHQFHSOXVTXHGHGLYHUJHQFHFHTXL WUDGXLWXQHSURMHFWLRQV\PpWULTXHGHVIRQFWLRQVQRGDOHVYHUVOHSRLQWVLQJXOLHU VRPPLWDO3ROLWLTXHPHQWFHODHVWLOOXVWUpSDUODUHQFRQWUHHQWUH+LWOHUHW0XVVROLQL HQ FHWWHJDUH OH  PDUV  FKDFXQ D\DQW JUDYL SDU OH WUDLQ © VRQ ª YHUVDQW GX 

&KDSLWUH/DQRGDOLWpXQHHQWUpHGDQVODFRPSOH[LWpWUDYHUVDQWH

3UHPLqUHSDUWLH/D7UDYHUVpHQRXYHOOHXQ)UDQFKLVVHPHQWJpQpUDOLVp" /DEDQDOLVDWLRQGHV$OSHVFRPPHVRXUFHG·XQSRVWXODWpSLVWpPRORJLTXHHWK\SRWKpWLTXHjLQWHUURJHU %UHQQHU/DORJLTXHGHFRQYHUJHQFHVHUHWURXYHDXMRXUG·KXLGHIDoRQSOXVSDFLÀTXH VXUIRQGGHGpVLUGHPDWpULDOLVDWLRQG·XQHFRQVWUXFWLRQHXURSpHQQHUHQGXHFRQFUqWH SDU XQH FRQQH[LWp GHV UpVHDX[ SOXV TXH SDU XQH GpPDWpULDOLVDWLRQ GHV IURQWLqUHV 8QSD\VDJHGHIURQWLqUHGRPLQHG·DLOOHXUVWRXMRXUVHWIDLWO·REMHWG·XQHIRUPHGH SDWULRQLDOLVDWLRQSKRWR /·DFFXHLOSDUXQSDQQHDXSUpFLVDQWOHFKDQJHPHQWG·(WDW DLQVLTXHG·RSpUDWHXUHQHVWOHSUHPLHUH[HPSOH/DSUpVHQFHpYHQWXHOOHGHODSROLFH DXVVL/RUVTXHO·RQYLHQWG·$XWULFKHOHFKDQJHPHQWGHIRUPHGHVVLJQDOpWLTXHVSDQ QHDX[V\PEROHVJUDSKLTXHV« UHQIRUFHFHWWHLPSUHVVLRQ/DGLYHUVLWpGHVPDWpULHOV HWGHOHXUVOLYUpHVRSqUHGHPrPH/HSD\VDJHSHXWUHVVHPEOHUjFHOXLGH0RGDQH O·LPSRUWDQFH GH O·HPSULVH GX IDLVFHDX GH WULDJH O·H[LJLWp GX VLWH  3RXU DXWDQW IRQFWLRQQHOOHPHQWXQHIUDQFKHGLVWLQFWLRQGRLWrWUHIDLWHHQWUHFHVGHX[JDUHV /D JDUH GH %UHQQHUR FRQVWLWXH j OD IRLV XQ SRLQW GH WHUPLQDLVRQ GHV JUDSKHV GH FLUFXODWLRQ QDWLRQDX[ XQ SRQW HQWUH GHX[ WHUULWRLUHV G·H[SORLWDWLRQ j O·pFKHOOH Up JLRQDOHHWXQIDFWHXUG·LQWpJUDWLRQVHORQXQHORJLTXHGHFRUULGRUjO·pFKHOOHHXUR SpHQQH/·LPSRUWDQFHGXWUDÀFLQWHUQDWLRQDO\HVWSRXUEHDXFRXS/DÁXLGLWpHVWOD SUREOpPDWLTXHTXLXQLÀHO·D[H/HVJUDSKHVGHFLUFXODWLRQVRQWDLQVLWUDFpVGHSXLV

Vue du terminal de Rola de Brennersee. Chargement en cours (phase arrimage) avant départ vers Wörgl. Photo. K. Sutton, décembre 2009.

Centre commercial côté autrichien. Photo. K. Sutton, décembre 2009.

Jonction entre la ligne historique et l’Inntal Tunnel au sud d’Innsbruck. Photo. K. Sutton, mai 2010. Une matérialisation de la frontière politique par l’affichage des opérateurs de réseau. Photo. K. Sutton, mai 2010.

La frontière politique patrimonialisée par la mise en valeur de la borne. Photo. K. Sutton, décembre 2009.

Vue Google earth des emprises ferroviaires de Brennero. Google, 2007. Monument en l’honneur de l’ingénieur qui réalisé la ligne, Carl von Etzel, situé sur le quai de la gare de Brennero. Photo. K. Sutton, décembre 2009.

3KRWR%UHQQHURXQHIURQWLqUHXQFRPPXWDWHXU 3KRWR%UHQQHURXQFRPPXWDWHXUXQHIURQWLqUH 0RQWDJH.6XWWRQ 0RQWDJH.6XWWRQ

&KDSLWUH/DQRGDOLWpXQHHQWUpHGDQVODFRPSOH[LWpWUDYHUVDQWH



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH GHVQ±XGVH[WpULHXUVPDLVOHFROFRUUHVSRQGjXQSRLQWG·KDUPRQLVDWLRQGHFHX[ FL GH PpGLDWLRQ SRXUULRQVQRXV GLUH QRQ GH WHUPLQDLVRQ 8Q H[HPSOH YpFX HQ HVWODFRRUGLQDWLRQGHIDFWRGHVKRUDLUHVGHVWUDLQVUpJLRQDX[DXFRO8QHSDUWLHGH ODPDLQG·±XYUHHWGHVpWXGLDQWVGHODKDXWHYDOOpHGHO·$GLJHFRQYHUJHWRXVOHV MRXUVYHUV,QQVEUXFN6HORQOHVLQGLFDWHXUVKRUDLUHVHQOLJQHVXULQWHUQHWVLWHV|EE DWHWWUHQLWDOLDLWFRQVXOWpVOH OHVWUDLQVQ·DSSDUDLVVHQWSDVHQFRUUHVSRQ GDQFHLPSRVDQWXQKLDWXVWHPSRUHOG·DXPRLQVPLQXWHVOHPDWLQ'DQVOHVIDLWV LOVOHVRQWPDLVDYHFPRLQVGHPLQXWHVG·LQWHUYDOOHVFHTXLHQLQWHUGLWXQHYHQWH FRQWUDFWXHOOHGqVORUVTXHO·H[SORLWDQWQHSHXWSDVJDUDQWLUODFRUUHVSRQGDQFH'HV GpODLVPLQLPXPGHFRUUHVSRQGDQFHSRXUODFRPPHUFLDOLVDWLRQGHVVHUYLFHVH[LVWHQW SRXUFKDTXHHQWUHSULVH/D61&)QHSURSRVHSDVGHFRUUHVSRQGDQFHjPRLQVGH PLQXWHVGDQVXQHJDUHGHWDLOOHVHFRQGDLUHHWjPRLQVGHPLQXWHVGDQVXQHJDUH SULQFLSDOH(QWUHOHVJDUHVSDULVLHQQHVOHGpODLHVWELHQV€UVXSpULHXU(Q6XLVVHHQ UDLVRQGHO·KRUDLUHFDGHQFpOHSUREOqPHQHVHSRVHSDVHQFHVWHUPHV,OV·DJLWSOXV G·XQ HQFKDvQHPHQW GH OLHX GH FRUUHVSRQGDQFH TXH GH GpODLV GH FKDQJHPHQW /HV WUDLQV V·DWWHQGHQW HW GDQV OH SLUH GHV FDV OD UHSURGXFWLRQ j PLQXWHV À[HV FKDTXH KHXUHYRLUHGHPLKHXUH SHUPHWXQHUpVLOLHQFHSRXUWRXWHVOHVVLWXDWLRQVGHGpV\Q FKURQLVDWLRQDXEHVRLQSDUODVXSSUHVVLRQG·XQHUpSpWLWLRQTXLDXUDLWSULVWURSGH UHWDUG/HVg%%SURSRVHQWXQHVLWXDWLRQLQWHUPpGLDLUHDYHFGHVFRUUHVSRQGDQFHV DX[PLQXWHV &HWWHVLWXDWLRQGHIDLWHVWUHQGXHSRVVLEOHSDUXQHPRWLOLWpRUJDQLVDWLRQQHOOH/D WUDPHKRUDLUHWLHQWFRPSWHG·XQHPpWULTXHGHWUDQVLWGRPLQDQWH$XVVLOHVVLOORQV VRQWLOVOHSOXVVRXYHQWFRQQH[HVHQWUHOHVGHX[YHUVDQWV1RXVVRPPHVGHYDQW XQFDVGHFRQQHFWLYLWpUpJLRQDOHUHQIRUFpHSDUFDSLWDOLVDWLRQVXUXQHEDVHGH FRQQH[LWpG·pFKHOOHHXURSpHQQH8QHORJLTXHWHUULWRULDOHWUDQVIURQWDOLqUHpPHUJH DLQVLDXGHOjGHVULYDOLWpVTXLDQLPHQWOHVUDSSRUWVHQWUHOHVRSpUDWHXUVFRQFHUQpV 5DSSHORQVFHWpOpPHQWpYRTXpHQLQWURGXFWLRQOHVUHODWLRQVYR\DJHXUVLQWHUQDWLR QDOHVOHORQJGHFHWD[HRQWIDLWO·REMHWG·XQHGHVSUHPLqUHVH[SORLWDWLRQVHQRSHQ DFFHVV GqV OH  GpFHPEUH  VRLW GqV OD GDWH OpJDOH À[pH SDU OD &RPPLVVLRQ (XURSpHQQH&HWWHFRRUGLQDWLRQUpJLRQDOHHVWOHIUXLWG·XQHYRORQWpSROLWLTXHQRQ PDVTXpHGRXEOpHG·XQVHQVLGHQWLWDLUHW\UROLHQUHYHQGLTXpDLQVLTXHGHODERQQH YRORQWpGHVDJHQWVGHFLUFXODWLRQGHFHWWHJDUHTXLWUDYDLOOHQWHQHQWHQWH /H7DUYLVFRQWLQXLWpVHXURSpHQQHVSRODULVpHVHWGLVFRQWLQXLWpVORFDOHV

&DUURXp /   /·(XURSH &ROODUGH\%  ©/·,WDOLHUDMHXQLWVD OLJQHGX7DUYLVª &ROODUGH\%  ©/·LWLQpUDLUHDXVWUR LWDOLHQGX7DUYLV HQWLqUHPHQWPRGHU QLVpª



 7DQW GDQV VD G\QDPLTXH GH PRGHUQLVDWLRQ TXH GDQV VD FRQÀJXUDWLRQ SR OLWLTXHO·D[HTXLV·DSSDUHQWHOHSOXVDX%UHQQHUHVWOH7DUYLVHQWUH8GLQHHW 9LOODFK ,O V·DJLW GH GHX[ FROV TXL DFFXHLOOHQWXQH YRLH IHUUpH XQH DXWRURXWH XQH QDWLRQDOHHWXQHIURQWLqUH0DLVGDQVO·RUJDQLVDWLRQGHVFLUFXODWLRQVFRPPHGDQVOHV W\SHVGHWUDÀFVOH7DUYLVSHXWrWUHSDUDGR[DOHPHQWFRQVLGpUpFRPPHOHVWULFWRS SRVpGX%UHQQHU&HWD[HDpWpSURJUHVVLYHPHQWGpGLpDXIUHWSRUWpORUVGHVDQQpHV HWGXGpEXWGHVDQQpHVSDUODORJLTXHGHVRXVWUDLWDQFHGHVJURXSHVLQGXV WULHOVG·(XURSHRFFLGHQWDOHHQ(XURSHFHQWUDOHQRWDPPHQWOHJURXSH)LDW&DUURXp  /HVVHXOVWUDLQVYR\DJHXUVTXLIUDQFKLVVHQWOHFROFLUFXOHQWDXMRXUG·KXLODQXLW HQWUH5RPHHW9LHQQH$O·LQYHUVHGX%UHQQHULOQ·H[LVWHSDVGHFRQQHFWLYLWpGH SUR[LPLWpHQWUHOHVGHX[YHUVDQWVGXFRO'HMRXUGHVUHODWLRQVLQWHUQDWLRQDOHV VRQW DVVXUpHV SDU OHV FKHPLQV GH IHU DXWULFKLHQV PDLV SDU DXWRURXWH FH TXL UHQG &KDSLWUH/DQRGDOLWpXQHHQWUpHGDQVODFRPSOH[LWpWUDYHUVDQWH

3UHPLqUHSDUWLH/D7UDYHUVpHQRXYHOOHXQ)UDQFKLVVHPHQWJpQpUDOLVp" /DEDQDOLVDWLRQGHV$OSHVFRPPHVRXUFHG·XQSRVWXODWpSLVWpPRORJLTXHHWK\SRWKpWLTXHjLQWHUURJHU LPSRVVLEOH WRXWH FRQQH[LRQ GLUHFWH HQWUH 7DUYLVLR HW 9LOODFK $ÀQ GH UpDOLVHU FH WUDMHWG·XQHWUHQWDLQHGHNLORPqWUHVLOHVWQpFHVVDLUHG·HPSUXQWHUOHWUDLQUpJLRQDO LWDOLHQMXVTX·j8GLQHG·RO·RQUpFXSqUHOHFDUTXLDVVXUHODUHODWLRQ9HQLVH8GLQH 9LOODFK.ODJHQIXUW /H KLDWXV IHUURYLDLUH VH VLWXH VXU OH YHUVDQW DXWULFKLHQ $XFXQ WUDLQUpJLRQDOQHFLUFXOHDXMRXUG·KXLHQWUHOHQ±XGUpJLRQDO9LOODFKHWOHSRLQWIURQ WLqUHGH7DUYLVLR%RVFRYHUGH8QHGLPHQVLRQSROLWLTXHQDWLRQDOHDXWULFKLHQQHSHXW O·H[SOLTXHU GqV ORUV TXH OHV GHQVLWpV VRQW WUqV IDLEOHV OH ORQJ GX YHUVDQW QRUG TXL DFFXHLOOHFHWWHDVFHQVLRQ/HSHXSOHPHQWDXWULFKLHQVHWURXYHHQIDLWGDQVODYDOOpH GHOD*DLOWDOGRQWODOLJQHVHGpWDFKHGHO·D[HLQWHUQDWLRQDOj$UQROGVWHLQ8QHWUDPH UpJLRQDOHFDGHQFpHDX[GHX[KHXUHVH[LVWHG·DLOOHXUVHQWUH+HUPDJRUHW9LOODFK/H KLDWXV IHUURYLDLUH HVW DLQVL HQFRUH SOXV WpQX SXLVTX·LO QH FRQFHUQH TXH OD SRUWLRQ HQWUHFHWWHJDUHHWOHFROVRLWNLORPqWUHV6XUOHYHUVDQWLWDOLHQXQHWUDPHFDGHQFpH DX[GHX[KHXUHVGHVVHUWODOLJQHGHSXLV8GLQHÀJ   /HFROYRLWDFWXHOOHPHQWSDVVHUDXWRXUGHWUDLQVSDUMRXUVGDQVOHVGHX[ VHQVFRQWUHXQHPR\HQQHGHSRXUOH%UHQQHUHWSOXVGHSRXUOH*RWKDUG /DIRQFWLRQSUHPLqUHGHFHWD[HHVWDLQVLOHWUDQVLWGHIUHWHQWUHO·,WDOLHHWO·(XURSH FHQWUDOHSOXVSUpFLVpPHQWHQWUHODIDoDGHSRUWXDLUHGXJROIHGH7ULHVWH.RSHUHQ 6ORYpQLH7ULHVWH HWO·$XWULFKHHWO·$OOHPDJQH&ROODUGH\  1RXV WRXFKRQV LFL XQH SDUWLFXODULWp GH O·HQVHPEOH DOSLQ RULHQWDO  OHV SDVVDJHV QH SHXYHQW SDV V·HQWHQGUH HQ HX[PrPHV G·XQ SRLQW GH YXH GHV ÁX[ j O·pFKHOOH GHV 7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV,OVDSSDUWLHQQHQWjXQV\VWqPHFRQQH[HGHIUDQFKLVVHPHQW PLVHQSODFHSDUODGRXEOHPRQDUFKLHDXGpEXWGX;;ƒVLqFOHDÀQGHWLUHUSDUWLGHV D[HVIHUURYLDLUHVSUpFRFHPHQWGHVVLQpVOH6HPPHULQJRXYHUWHQ HWOH7DUYLV RXYHUWHQ  /D FRQVWLWXWLRQ GH FH V\VWqPH GH IUDQFKLVVHPHQW HVW IRQGpH VXU XQH GRXEOH OR JLTXHGHPDLOODJHHWGHFRQYHUJHQFHGHVD[HVYHUVXQQ±XGFHQWUDO9LOODFK Le Brenner, un pont régional entre deux Etats gérer la diversité

Le Tarvis, un hiatus voyageurs dans le réseau européen homogénéiser pour accroître la capacité

ĂǀŝğƌĞ Hermagor

Rosenheim

Limites régionales

Villach Arnoldstein

Wörgl

dLJƌŽů

Tarvis

Gemona del Friuli

Innsbruck

Brenner

Fortezza

Services Régionaux RegioBayern DB Tirol Takt ÖBB REX ÖBB

Bressanone

Udine

,ĂƵƚͲĚŝŐĞ;WƌŽǀŝŶĐĞ ĂƵƚŽŶŽŵĞͿ

&ƌŝŽƵůsĠŶĠƟĞ:ƵůŝĞŶŶĞ Services Régionaux Regio ÖBB Regionale Trenitalia

Bolzano

Services Nationaux

Regionale Trenitalia Regio Südtirol Trenitalia Regio Trento Trenitalia

Services Nationaux

Trieste

Trento

dƌĞŶƟŶ;WƌŽǀŝŶĐĞ ĂƵƚŽŶŽŵĞͿ

Roveretto

IC/ÖEC ÖBB

60 km

EC de nuit Allegro

Venise KS, 2011.

Services Internationaux

Hiatus ferroviaire voyageurs de jour

sĠŶĠƟĞ

EC TEE Alliance

IC/ÖEC ÖBB

Services Internationaux

Eurostar Italia Trenitalia

Rola Ökombi et fret

ĂƌŝŶƚŚŝĞ

Rola Ökombi et fret ÖBB IC Bus

Vérone KS, 2011.

60 km

)LJXUH%UHQQHUYV7DUYLVGHX[SURÀOVGH7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVRSSRVpV .6XWWRQ

&KDSLWUH/DQRGDOLWpXQHHQWUpHGDQVODFRPSOH[LWpWUDYHUVDQWH



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH 6XWWRQ. /H WXQQHO VRXV OH 0RQW JHQqYUH HQWUH P\WKHV HW UpDOLWpV ,17(5)$&(  /HFRQFHSW G·LQWHUIDFHFRPPH LQVWUXPHQWG·DQDO\VH GHVHVSDFHVIURQWDOLHUV HWG·RULHQWDWLRQGHOHXU DPpQDJHPHQW 3DS5  :HOWNXOWXUHUEH 6HPPHULQJEDKQ/DQG 1LHGHU|VWHUUHLFK %HUGRXOD\9  ©/HVYDOHXUVJpR JUDSKLTXHVª &KDPXVV\+  ©&LUFXODWLRQWUDQ VDOSLQHHWYLOOHVGH SLHGGHFRO%ULDQ oRQ0RGDQH6XVH $RVWH0DUWLJQ\ 'RPRGRVVRODª

&·HVWSRXUFHODTXHQRXVSURSRVRQVG·DSSHOHUFHWHQVHPEOHFRPSRVpGHV7DUYLV 6HPPHULQJ7DXHUQHW.DUDZDQNHQ©O·pWRLOHGH9LOODFKª6XWWRQ /DQRWLRQ G·pWRLOHV·RSSRVHjWRXWHDSSURFKHSDUODQRWLRQGHWrWHGHWXQQHOGqVORUVTXHOHEDV O·HPSRUWHVXUOHKDXW9LOODFKUpSRQGG·XQHORJLTXHIRFDOHQRQHQWDQWTX·pOpPHQWGH FRQQHFWLYLWpPDLVGHFRQQH[LWp,OQHFRQVLVWHGRQFSDVHQXQSRLQWIRFDOPDLVHQ XQ©FRPPXWDWHXUª1RXVSURSRVRQVG·DLOOHXUVGHUHSUHQGUHOHV\PEROHJUDSKLTXH GHFHWWHIRUPHG·LQWHUIDFHÀJ ,17(5)$&( /HVXSSRUWGHFHWWHLQWHU IDFHHVWXQS{OHQpG·XQQ±XGGRQWODIRQFWLRQSUHPLqUHHVWO·DLJXLOODJHGHVWUDLQV FROOHFWpVGHSXLVOHVTXDWUHSDVVDJHVDOSLQV,OVHUDSSURFKHGHFHIDLWGXSLHGGHFRO 3HQVpVjO·RULJLQHFRPPHGHVSDVVDJHVLQWpULHXUVFHVWXQQHOVQ·RQWSDVpWpÁDQTXpV GHFRQVWUXFWLRQVQRGDOHVGHSUR[LPLWpFRPPHGHVWHUPLQDLVRQV6HXOVOHVFHQWUHV IHUURYLDLUHVXUEDLQVGXEDVGRQQHQWVHQVjFHVLWLQpUDLUHVDLQVLTXHO·pYROXWLRQGX FDGUHSROLWLTXH/HSpULPqWUHGH7UDYHUVpHVHPEOHDORUVVHIRQGUHGDQVOHSpULPqWUH GHO·(WDWTXLDIRUWHPHQWFKDQJpGHSXLVODPLVHHQSODFHGHVUpVHDX[/·LGHQWLÀFD WLRQGH-HVHQLFHFRPPHXQHWrWHGHWXQQHOWLHQWGHFHFKDQJHPHQWSROLWLTXH&HOD DSSXLHOHIDLWTXHO·DFWHGHIUDQFKLUQ·HVWLFLTX·XQRXWLODXVHUYLFHG·XQHDGPL QLVWUDWLRQG·XQWHUULWRLUHDYDQWPrPHWRXWHORJLTXHGHWUDQVLW/·RUGUHTXLSUpVLGH GRQFjO·DSSURFKHGHFHWHQVHPEOHG·LWLQpUDLUHVJURXSpVDXJUpGHVÁX[HQD[HVHVW OD7UDYHUVpH(QUHYDQFKHODPpWULTXHpOpPHQWDLUHGHODIRUPHQRGDOHGRQW9LOODFK UpSRQGHVWO·LWLQpUDLUHHQFHTXHOHS{OHTXLFRpYROXHDYHFOHQ±XGIDLWJUDYLWHU XQH VRPPH GH OLQDLUHV FORV Le commutateur... PLV HQ D[H SDU OD PpGLDWLRQ GH Un pôle urbain... O·DFWHGHFRPPXWDWLRQ ... né d’un noeud...

 'HX[ PRGLÀFDWLRQV SULQFL SDOHV VRQW LQWHUYHQXHV GDQV OD Le support de cette interface est un pôle, né d’un nœud, dont la fonction première est l’aiguillage des trains collectés . WUDMHFWRLUHGHO·HQVHPEOHODG\ Il se rapproche de ce fait du pied de col. La métrique élémentaire de cette forme nodale est l’itinéraire en ce que le pôle qui co-évolue avec le nœud fait graviter une somme de linaires clos, mis en axe par la médiation de l’acte de commutation. QDPLTXHGHSDWULPRQLDOLVDWLRQ )LJXUH/HFRPPXWDWHXUSURSRVLWLRQGHUHSUpVHQWDWLRQ GH OD OLJQH GX 6HPPHULQJ HW OH .6XWWRQ IUDFWLRQQHPHQW WHUULWRULDO TXL DDIIHFWpOHV.DUDZDQNHQ'DQV OHSUHPLHUFDVO·LQYHQWLRQGHODYDOHXUPpPRULHOOHGHO·LQIUDVWUXFWXUHDLGHQWLÀpOD JDUH GH 6HPPHULQJ FRPPH XQ OLHX G·H[SRVLWLRQ HW GH FRPPXQLFDWLRQ DXWRXU GX FODVVHPHQW81(6&2GHO·HQVHPEOHGHODOLJQH3DS &HWWHJDUHVHFRQGDLUH GHYLHQWDLQVLXQS{OHVXUODOLJQHHWQRQXQQ±XG(OOHYLWSDUFHTX·HOOHHVWDVVRFLpH DXWXQQHOGRQWHOOHFRQVWLWXHO·HQWUpHQRUGPDLVHOOHQ·HVWSDVQpHGHOXL(QFHOD 6HPPHULQJQ·HVWSDVFRPPH*RSSHQVWHLQXQHSRUWHGHWXQQHO,OQHV·DJLWSDVG·XQH IRUPHQRGDOHRXFHQWUDOHGHO·DFWLRQGHWUDYHUVHUPDLVG·XQHSRODULWpGHO·DSSUR SULDWLRQ WHUULWRULDOH GX SKpQRPqQH TXL WLUH SDUWLH G·XQH UHQWH GH VLWXDWLRQ %HUGRXOD\&KDPXVV\ LFLPpPRULHOOH1RXVUHWURXYRQVXQHQRXYHOOH IRLVXQHSDUHQWpDYHFOHSLHGGHFROGRQFDYHFO·RUGUHGX)UDQFKLVVHPHQWFRPPH KDXWOLHXGHO·DFWLRQGHWUDYHUVHUHWFRPPHYLVDJHGHFHOOHFL 'DQVOHFDVGHV.DUDZDQNHQOH3&UpJXODWLRQGHODFLUFXODWLRQGDQVOHWXQQHOVHVLWXH j5RVHQEDFK/HVWUDLQVUpJLRQDX[G·RULJLQH9LOODFK\PDUTXHQWOHXUWHUPLQXVPDLV OHVWUDLQVLQWHUQDWLRQDX[GHHWYHUV/MXEOMDQD=DJUHEHW%HOJUDGHQ·\PDUTXHQWSDV O·DUUrW5RVHQEDFKHVWXQHSRUWHGHWXQQHOHWXQHWHUPLQDLVRQ1RXVQ·\WURXYRQV SDVQRQSOXVGHIDLVFHDXGHVWRFNDJHSRXUOHVWUDLQVGHIUHWTXLFRQYHUJHQWGLUHFWH KS, 2011.

... de redistribution.

... la connexité comme essence



&KDSLWUH/DQRGDOLWpXQHHQWUpHGDQVODFRPSOH[LWpWUDYHUVDQWH

3UHPLqUHSDUWLH/D7UDYHUVpHQRXYHOOHXQ)UDQFKLVVHPHQWJpQpUDOLVp" /DEDQDOLVDWLRQGHV$OSHVFRPPHVRXUFHG·XQSRVWXODWpSLVWpPRORJLTXHHWK\SRWKpWLTXHjLQWHUURJHU PHQWYHUVOHWULDJHGH9LOODFK:DUPEDG'HSOXVDYHFOHGpYHORSSHPHQWGHVWUDLQV LQWHURSpUDEOHVHWOHJDLQGHSDUWGHPDUFKpGHVg%%FDUJRHQ6ORYpQLHFHWWHJDUH Q·DSSRUWHQLSOXVYDOXHDXÁX[QLDXFXQHH[SUHVVLRQGHGLVFRQWLQXLWp(OOHQHIDLW TXH YRLU SDVVHU OHV WUDLQV LQWHUQDWLRQDX[ 3ROLWLTXHPHQW OD VpOHFWLRQ DVVRFLpH j OD IURQWLqUHIHUURYLDLUHDpWpLQVWLWXpHj-HVHQLFHjODVRUWLHVXGGXWXQQHODXMRXUG·KXL HQ6ORYpQLH -HVHQLFHRIIUH XQHFRQÀJXUDWLRQ TXLSRUWHj LGHQWLÀHUGHVFDUDFWpULVWLTXHVGHWrWH GHWXQQHO)DLVFHDXIUHWSUpVHQFHGHVDGPLQLVWUDWLRQVUpJDOLHQQHVFKDQJHPHQWGH JHVWLRQQDLUHG·LQIUDVWUXFWXUHHWHQWUpHGDQVOHJUDSKHGHFLUFXODWLRQGHV6ORYHQVNH=H OHQLFH6= -HVHQLFHHVWWRXWjODIRLVXQHWHUPLQDLVRQWHUULWRULDOHVORYqQHYHUVODTXHOOH FRQYHUJHQWGHX[D[HVKpULWpVGHO·pSRTXHDXVWURKRQJURLVHYHUV/MXEOMDQDHWYHUV 7ULHVWH TXLUDSSHOOHQWOHIRQGHPHQWGHO·HQVHPEOHGHVWXQQHOVGHO·pWRLOHGH9LOODFK O·DFFqVjODPHU$GULDWLTXHHWODGHVVHUWHGHVSRUWVGXJROIHGH7ULHVWH3DS -XYDQHF0&KHVVXP0HLOODVVRQ 

-XYDQHF0&KHV VXP5 © /HVFKHPLQVGHIHU VORYqQHVV·RXYUHQW jO·(XURSHª 0HLOODVVRQ6  ©6ORYpQLH ODG\QDPLTXH HXURSpHQQHª 6XWWRQ.  /HVWUDYHUVpHV DOSLQHVFRQWULEXWLRQ jXQHOHFWXUHSDUOD FRVSDWLDOLWp %DYRX[--%HDX FLUH)&KDSHORQ /=HPEUL3  *pRJUDSKLH GHVWUDQVSRUWV

 /·DVVRFLDWLRQHQWUHO·DLUHGHOD7UDYHUVpHHWO·HVSDFHSROLWLTXHQDWLRQDODXWUL FKLHQDSSDUDvWDXWHUPHGHFHSUHPLHUWHPSVGHO·pWXGHQRGDO1RXVSRVWXORQVTXH FHWWHDVVRFLDWLRQHVWOHIRQGHPHQWG·XQHEDQDOLVDWLRQGHODGLPHQVLRQ$OSLQH GHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV$ÀQGHO·DSSUpKHQGHUQRXVSURSRVRQVGHFRQVWUXLUHXQ LQGLFHTXLSHUPHWG·LGHQWLÀHUO·pWHQGXHGHODVpTXHQFHGHOD7UDYHUVpHGDQVOHUpVHDX IHUURYLDLUHOH3LHGGH7UDYHUVpH

9HUVXQHPHVXUHGHOD7UDYHUVpHOH3LHGGH7UDYHUVpHQ±XGGHFRQFHQWUDWLRQ 9HUVXQHGpÀQLWLRQU\WKPLTXHGHOD7UDYHUVpHOH3LHGGH7UDYHUVpH  8QHSUHPLqUHGpÀQLWLRQDSULRULGHOD7UDYHUVpHSHXWODIDLUHFRUUHVSRQGUH DXPDVVLI 6XWWRQ 3RXUFHODLOIDXWTXHOHVOLPLWHVH[WHUQHVGHO·$SSURFKH VRLHQWGpÀQLHVSDUOHVSRUWHVGHV$OSHVHOOHVPrPHV1RXVVRPPHVDORUVGHQRX YHDXFRQIURQWpVjO·DSRULHGHO·LGHQWLÀFDWLRQGHV$OSHVTXHVWLRQTXLQ·DDXIRQG SDVUpHOOHPHQWGHVHQVSRXUODSURJUHVVLRQGHQRWUHUDLVRQQHPHQWGqVORUVTXHQRXV DERUGRQVO·HVSDFH$OSLQSUHPLqUHPHQWFRPPHXQHVSDFHSROLWLTXHHWVRFLDO /HVOLPLWHVH[WHUQHVGHODVpTXHQFH$SSURFKHQHVRQWGRQFSDVjUHFKHUFKHUGDQVXQ FULWqUHSK\VLTXHPDLVGDQVXQHFRQÀJXUDWLRQUpWLFXODLUH/·HQWUpHODSOXVVLPSOH PDLVDXVVLODSOXVGDWpHVHUDLWGHFRQVLGpUHUOHSRLQWXOWLPHGHFRQFHQWUDWLRQGHV OLQpDLUHVDYDQWOHODQFHPHQWGHODUDPSHTXLSHUPHWG·DFFpGHUDXSRLQWGHSDVVDJH &HODLGHQWLÀHUDLWSDUH[HPSOH0RQWPpOLDQHW7XULQSRXUO·D[HGX)UpMXV%ULJXHHW 'RPRGRVVRODSRXUOH6LPSORQ$UW*ROGDXHW%HOOLQ]RQDSRXUOH*RWKDUG,QQV EUXFNHW)RUWH]]DSRXUOH%UHQQHU«&HWWHHQWUpHQHVHUDLWTX·H[FOXVLYHPHQWIRQGpH VXUXQHFRQVLGpUDWLRQLQIUDVWUXFWXUHOOHHWQRQVXUOHVFRQGLWLRQVGHSURGXFWLRQGHV FLUFXODWLRQV 1RXVSURSRVRQVDORUVGHFRQVLGpUHUOHSRLQWG·HQWUpHGDQVOD7UDYHUVpHjWUDYHUVOD SRLQWHGXJUDSKHjSDUWLUGHODTXHOOHOHVVLOORQV%DYRX[%HDXFLUH&KDSHORQ =HPEUL TXLFRQGXLVHQWDX[SRUWHVGHO·DFWHGHIUDQFKLUVRQWWUDFpV1RXV SURSRVRQV GH QRPPHU FHWWH SRLQWH ©3LHGGH7UDYHUVpHª QRQ SRXU OD PpWDSKRUH &KDSLWUH/DQRGDOLWpXQHHQWUpHGDQVODFRPSOH[LWpWUDYHUVDQWH



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH Le Pied-de-Traversée... La pointe du graphe... ... qui collecte les itinéraires péri-alpins... ... et les concentre... KS, 2011.

... dans un axe vers le tunnel.

... la mesure de la Traversée Un Pied-de-Traversée opère l’intégration du réseau considéré comme « à spécificités Alpines » dans le réseau national. Il agit ainsi comme un commutateur scalaire entre un horizon de la Traversée et la séquence concrète de Traversée.

)LJXUH/H3LHGGH7UDYHUVpHSURSRVLWLRQGHUHSUpVHQWDWLRQ .6XWWRQ

FRUSRUHOOH TXH FHWWH DS SHOODWLRQSHXWSRUWHUPDLV SRXUOHVHQVGH©PHVXUHLª 6XWWRQ    3OX VLHXUV FDV DSSDUDLVVHQW HQ IRQFWLRQ GH O·DSSURFKH GH OD FLUFXODWLRQ IHUURYLDLUH FHOOHFL UHVWDQW HQFRUH XQH VRPPH GH IDLWV QDWLRQDX[ ÀJ 

9HUVXQHFDUDFWpULVDWLRQGX3LHGGH7UDYHUVpHSDUO·H[HPSOHGX*RWKDUG

6XWWRQ.  /HVWUDYHUVpHVDOSLQHV FRQWULEXWLRQjXQHOHF WXUHSDUODFRVSDWLDOLWp 6XWWRQ .   ©/H SRUWDLO GH WXQ QHO FRPPH pFULWXUH PRQXPHQWDOH GHV WUDYHUVpHV DOSLQHV /·HQWUHSULVH IHUUR YLDLUHHWODPpPRLUH GX IUDQFKLVVHPHQW GDQVOHV$OSHVRFFL GHQWDOHVª .|SSHO 7 +DVV 6   6LPSORQ  DQV GX WXQQHO GX 6LP SORQ &ROODUGH\% &KHVVXP5  ©/D6XLVVHSDUDGLV GXUDLOª 0RVHU%3IHLIIHU 3 ©6%% *RWWKDUGEDKQª 0RVHU%-RVVL8 3IHLIIHU3  ©*RWWKDUGEDKQ'HU GLUH[WH:HJLQGHQ 6GHQª



 &RQVLGpUHU XQ H[HPSOH VXLVVH j WUDYHUV XQH WHOOH GpPDUFKH GHPDQGH GH SUHQGUHHQFRPSWHODSDUWLFXODULWpGXFDGHQFHPHQWJpQpUDOLVpTXLIDLWGXSD\V XQH VRUWH G·vOH RX GH JUDQGH YLOOH 6XWWRQ E  /H U\WKPH G·DJHQFHPHQW GHV VLOORQV HVW DORUV GRQQp SDU OHV Q±XGV GH FRUUHVSRQGDQFH  OHV FLUFXODWLRQV YR\DJHXUVQDWLRQDOHVGHYLHQQHQWDLQVLOHPpWURQRPHGXV\VWqPH1RXVLGHQWLÀRQV FRPPHHQWUpHJpQpUDOHGDQVOD7UDYHUVpHOHVQ±XGVH[WUrPHVGHFRUUHVSRQGDQFH TXLRIIUHQWXQHFRQQHFWLYLWpFRPSOqWHjO·pFKHOOHGXUpVHDXQDWLRQDO7DQWSRXU OHFDVGX*RWKDUGTXHSRXUFHOXLGX6LPSORQQRXVUHWURXYRQVOHVPrPHVSRLQWVTXH SUpFpGHPPHQW%ULJXHHW'RPRGRVVROD$UWK*ROGDXHW%HOOLQ]RQD $O·pFKHOOHGX /|WVFKEHUJ6SLH]HW9LqJHV·LPSRVH.|SSHO+DDV  /HVFLUFXODWLRQVIUHWLQWHUQDWLRQDOHVVRQWLQLWLpHVDX[IURQWLqUHVQDWLRQDOHV&·HVWXQH PDWpULDOLVDWLRQGHODSROLWLTXHVXLVVHGHVWUDQVSRUWVTXLHQFRXUDJHDXUHSRUWPRGDOL XQHGHVPHVXUHVG·HQFRXUDJHPHQWFRQVLVWHjVSpFLÀHUGHVVLOORQVGHTXDOLWpVDQV WURSGHUXSWXUHHWG·DWWHQWH HQWUDQVLWGHMRXUFRPPHGHQXLW0DLVOHVpTXHQoDJH VSDWLDOGHFHW\SHGHVLOORQV·DOLJQHDXÀQDOVXUOHVVWUXFWXUHVGHVJUDSKHVQDWLRQDX[ DYHFOHVTXHOVLOVFRPSRVHQW/HVHVVDLVGHFRRUGLQDWLRQjO·pFKHOOHHXURSpHQQHPH QpV VRXV O·pJLGH GX SURJUDPPH 5DLO 1HW (XURSH 51(  LGHQWLÀHQW OHV SULQFLSDX[ Q±XGVTXLDUWLFXOHQWO·HVSDFHFLUFXODWRLUHHXURSpHQ&ROODUGH\ /·LGpHHVWGH SURSRVHU XQ VpTXHQoDJH GH UpIpUHQFH FRPPXQ j O·HVSDFH FLUFXODWRLUH IHUURYLDLUH HXURSpHQDLQVLTX·XQHSODWHIRUPHLQWHUQHWXQLTXHGHUpVHUYDWLRQGHVFUpQHDX[GH FLUFXODWLRQ(QFHTXLFRQFHUQHOHVGHX[D[HVVXLVVHVOHVQ±XGVLGHQWLÀpVjFHWWH pFKHOOHVRQW%kOHHW0LODQ&KDFXQHGHVVWUXFWXUHVQDWLRQDOHVGHJHVWLRQGRLWDJHQ FHUFHVpTXHQoDJHHXURSpHQGDQVVDSURSUHORJLTXHVSDWLDOH&HODSHXWQpFHVVLWHUj O·RFFDVLRQGHVSpFLÀHUXQLWLQpUDLUHSRXUOHIUHWHQWUDQVLW&·HVWQRWDPPHQWOHFDV SRXUO·D[HGX*RWKDUGTXLYRLWXQWHOLWLQpUDLUHWUDFpHQWUH%kOHHW$UWK*ROGDXSDU /HQ]EXUJDYDQWGHFRQYHUJHUYHUVO·D[HJpQpUDOj,PPHQVHH6XWWRQ0RVHU 3IHLIIHU0RVHU-RVVL3IHLIIHU ÀJ   6HORQOHVFULWqUHVpQRQFpVXQHSUHPLqUHFRQWUDGLFWLRQSRXUUDLWrWUHDSSRUWpH DXVXMHWGHO·D[HGX*RWKDUG/·KRUDLUHFDGHQFpVXLVVHLQWqJUHGDQVXQHPrPHWUDPH JpQpUDOHWRXVOHVPRGHVGHWUDQVSRUWVH[WUDPpWURSROLWDLQV2UVLOHVFRUUHVSRQ GDQFHVDYHFOHUpVHDXjYRLHPpWULTXHVRQWFRQVLGpUpHVOHSRLQWQRUGFRUUHVSRQGDQW DX[FULWqUHVpQRQFpVSRXUUDLWDXVVLrWUH*|VFKHQHQ&HWWHTXHVWLRQVHSRVHHQIDLWHQ WHUPHVG·pFKHOOHV*|VFKHQHQQHFRQVWLWXHTX·XQQ±XGGHFRUUHVSRQGDQFHUpJLRQDO &KDSLWUH/DQRGDOLWpXQHHQWUpHGDQVODFRPSOH[LWpWUDYHUVDQWH

3UHPLqUHSDUWLH/D7UDYHUVpHQRXYHOOHXQ)UDQFKLVVHPHQWJpQpUDOLVp" /DEDQDOLVDWLRQGHV$OSHVFRPPHVRXUFHG·XQSRVWXODWpSLVWpPRORJLTXHHWK\SRWKpWLTXHjLQWHUURJHU Le Gothard, un faisceau d’itinéraires d’Approche Rotterdam/ Mannheim

Anvers

Stuttgart/ Singen Bâle

Frontière de la Suisse

Zurich

Itinéraire à priorité voyageurs

Arth-Goldau

Itinéraire à priorité fret

Lucerne Göschenen

Tunnel de faîte Airolo

Bellinzona Pied-de-Traversée Chiasso

Milan Novare Vérone/Brescia Turin Alexandrie/ KS, 2011. Gênes Bologne Gênes

N

50 km

)LJXUH/H*RWKDUGXQIDLVFHDXG·LWLQpUDLUHVG·$SSURFKH .6XWWRQ

TXLSHUPHWDX[KDXWHVYDOOpHVGX5K{QHGX5KLQHWGHOD5HXVVG·rWUHLQVpUpHVGDQV OHUpVHDXQDWLRQDOOHORQJGHO·D[HGX*RWKDUGSDUODPpGLDWLRQGXQ±XGG·$UWK*RO GDX&HWWHJDUHFRQVWLWXHOHGHUQLHUQ±XGGHFRUUHVSRQGDQFHTXLUHOLHFHVHFWHXUDX UpVHDXQDWLRQDOOHVUHODWLRQV,&(&QHPDUTXHQWSDVG·DUUrWVHQWUHHOOHHW%HOOLQ ]RQD/DJDUHGH*|VFKHQHQLQWHUYLHQWGRQFFRPPHXQQ±XGQDWLRQDOGHVHFRQG QLYHDXSXLVTXHQHV·\DUUrWHQWTXHGHVWUDLQV,5%kOH&KLDVVR/RFDUQR  ,GHQWLÀHUO·HQWUpHGDQVOD7UDYHUVpHQ·HVWGRQFSDVXQHpYLGHQFH/H*RWKDUGSDV VDJHGHFRPPXQLFDWLRQLQWpULHXUHSRUWHXUG·XQHGLPHQVLRQLQWHUQDWLRQDOHG·pFKHOOH FRQWLQHQWDOH PDLV DXVVL FDUUHIRXU UpJLRQDO SURSRVH XQH JDPPH FRPSOqWH GHV W\SHVG·LQIUDVWUXFWXUHHWGHWUDÀF,OSHXWVHUYLUGHODERUDWRLUHjO·pWDEOLVVHPHQW GH QRWUH GpÀQLWLRQ VSDWLDOH GH OD 7UDYHUVpH *|VFKHQHQ Q·RIIUH DX ÀQDO TX·XQH FRQQHFWLYLWpSDUWLHOOHHQFHTXHFHWWHJDUHQ·HVWSDVXQFRPPXWDWHXULQWHUVFDODLUH FRPSOHW /H YUDL 3LHGGH7UDYHUVpH QRUG GX *RWKDUG QH SHXW rWUH TX·$UWK*RO GDX3OXVTX·XQQ±XGFHWWHJDUHRIIUHXQHUpHOOHQRGRVLWp%DYRX[3ODVVDUG %HUQLHU6XWWRQ VRLWXQHVXSHUSRVLWLRQHWXQHVLPXOWDQpLWpGH GLIIpUHQWVpWDWVQRGDX[VXUXQPrPHD[H3DUQRGRVLWpQRXVHQWHQGRQVXQ©GHJUp VXSpULHXUGHFRPSOH[LÀFDWLRQQRGDOHª%DYRX[S /DQRGRVLWpQDvWGH©GLYHUV SKpQRPqQHVG·DJUpJDWLRQ>TXL@SHXYHQWpYHQWXHOOHPHQWDFFRPSDJQHUXQHQRGDOLWpFLUFXODWRLUH>«@ 'HQRPEUHXVHVLQWHUDFWLRQVVSDWLRIRQFWLRQQHOOHVRQWODIDFXOWpGHPXOWLSOLHUOHVDFWLYLWpVVXUOHVLWH QRGDOHWG·DQLPHUGHVPpFDQLVPHVUHOHYDQWGHODFULVWDOOLVDWLRQHWGHODFDWDO\VHª&HQ±XGFRO OHFWHHWFRQQHFWHOHVLWLQpUDLUHVYR\DJHXUVYHQDQWGH/XFHUQHHWGH=XULFKDLQVL TXHO·LWLQpUDLUHIUHWGpGLpWUDFpGHSXLV%kOHSDU/HQ]EXUJ/DTXDOLWpQRGDOHSUHPLqUH G·XQ3LHGGH7UDYHUVpHHVWDXWHUPHGHFHWWHSUHPLqUHDSSURFKHODFRQFHQWUDWLRQ GHVÁX[GDQVXQPrPHD[H&HWWHTXDOLWpV·H[SULPHGDQVXQU{OHGHFRPPXWDWHXU LQWHUVFDODLUHDFFRPSOLF·HVWjGLUHTXLUHOLHO·HQVHPEOHGHVpFKHOOHVGDQVOHVTXHOOHV O·DFWLRQGHWUDYHUVHUHVWPDQLIHVWpH,OQHSRUWHGRQFSDVODPrPHÀOLDWLRQTXHOHSLHG GHFRO &KDSLWUH/DQRGDOLWpXQHHQWUpHGDQVODFRPSOH[LWpWUDYHUVDQWH

%DYRX[--  ©/DQRGD OLWpXQFRQFHSW IRQGDPHQWDOGH O·RUJDQLVDWLRQGH O·HVSDFHª 3ODVVDUG)  ©,QWHUFRQQH[LRQV HWQRXYHOOHVSRODUL WpVª %HUQLHU;  ©7UDQVSRUWVHW PRQWDJQHTXHOOHV VSpFLÀFLWpVSRXU OHVV\VWqPHV QRGDX["ª



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH %kOHRX0LODQQHSHXYHQWSDVFRUUHVSRQGUHjXQWHOQ±XG2UFHWWHSUHPLqUHRE VHUYDWLRQSDUO·RUJDQLVDWLRQGHVVLOORQVODLVVHjSHQVHUTX·XQHG\QDPLTXHG·H[WpULR ULVDWLRQHVWHQFRXUV(QFHODQRXVUHWURXYRQVXQHREVHUYDWLRQHQFRKpUHQFHDYHF OHVIRQGHPHQWVpSLVWpPRORJLTXHVGHODELEOLRJUDSKLHTXLIRQWWRXMRXUVUpIpUHQFH O·LGpH G·XQH VLPSOLÀFDWLRQ GX UpVHDX GH IUDQFKLVVHPHQW SDU XQH FRQFHQWUD WLRQGHVOLQpDLUHVDXMRXUG·KXLLOOXVWUpHSDUODUpGXFWLRQGXQRPEUHGHWXQQHOVHQ FKDQWLHUSDUUDSSRUWjODVRPPHGHVWXQQHOVH[LVWDQWV jODVXLWHGHVGLIIpUHQWHV SKDVHVG·DFFpOpUDWLRQTXLHQJHQGUHXQHH[WpULRULVDWLRQGHVMHX[QRGDX[ÀJ 3ODVVDUG )   © /HV UpVHDX[ GH  ,O\DXUDLWH[WpULRULVDWLRQVLXQHIRUPHQRGDOHDVVRFLpHDX)UDQFKLVVHPHQWVH WUDQVSRUW HW GH UHWURXYDLWLGHQWLÀpHDXGHOjGX3LHGGH7UDYHUVpH'DQVOHPrPHWHPSVXQHSUH FRPPXQLFDWLRQª PLqUH UHPLVH HQ FDXVH GH FHV PrPHV IRQGHPHQWV pSLVWpPRORJLTXHV DSSDUDvW  OD UHODWLRQpWDEOLHSDU3ODVVDUG SRVWXOHXQHFRUUpODWLRQHQWUHFURLVVDQFHGH YLWHVVH FRQFHQWUDWLRQ HW VLPSOLÀ Expression schématique du rapport communément proposé dans la littérature scientifique FDWLRQGXMHXQRGDOSDUQRGRO\VH pour exprimer l’effet de l’accroissement de la vitesse sur la densité du nombre de passages 'H WRXWH pYLGHQFH FHOD Q·HVW SDV OH FDVLFLLQRXVDYRQVELHQSOXVDIIDLUHj XQHVXSHUSRVLWLRQGHMHX[QRGDX[ VRLWjXQSKpQRPqQHGHQRGRVLWp &ƌĂŶĐŚŝƐƐĞŵĞŶƚͬ EŽŵďƌĞĚĞƉĂƐƐĂŐĞƐ

dƌĂǀĞƌƐĠĞ

н

LJŶĂŵŝƋƵĞĚ͛ŝŶƐĞƌƟŽŶĚƵƌĠƐĞĂƵ ĚĞƉŝĞĚĚĞĐŽůĚĂŶƐůĞŵĂƐƐŝĨ

 KS, 2006.

/H3LHGGH7UDYHUVpHjO·pSUHXYHGH OD WUDQVIURQWDOLDULWp  )UpMXV HW 6LP SORQ

/D GpÀQLWLRQ GH OD QRWLRQ GH 3LHG GH7UDYHUVpH QH SHXW SDV IDLUH O·pFR QRPLH GH O·pSUHXYH GH OD WUDQVIURQ .6XWWRQ WDOLDULWpWDQWODIURQWLqUHRFFXSHXQH SODFHLPSRUWDQWHGDQVO·LPDJLQDLUHDV VRFLpDX[7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV/HMHXQRGDOHWOpJDOHVWG·DXWDQWSOXVFRPSOH[HTX·XQH IURQWLqUHSROLWLTXHYLHQWjVHVXSHUSRVHUjODOLJQHGHFUrWHVRLWVXUOHWHPSVGHO·DFWH GHIUDQFKLU1RXVSURSRVRQVGHFRQVLGpUHUOHFDVGHO·D[HGX)UpMXV /·DEVHQFHGHFRQWLQXLWpLQLWLDOHGXJUDSKHGHFLUFXODWLRQGHSDUWHWG·DXWUHGHODOLJQH GHFUrWHHVWOHFRQWH[WHjVRXOLJQHU0RGDQHUHVWHXQSRLQWGHGLVMRQFWLRQGRF  /HVSRLQWVGHSXLVOHVTXHOVVRQWFDOFXOpVOHVFUpQHDX[GHFLUFXODWLRQSURMHWpVOHORQJ GHVGHX[SpQpWUDQWHVDOSLQHVUHOLpHVSDUOHWXQQHOVRQW&KDPEpU\SRXUOD)UDQFHHW 7XULQSRXUO·,WDOLH/HJUDSKHLQWHUQDWLRQDOHVWTXDQWjOXLLQLWLpj'LMRQHW/\RQj O·RXHVWVRLWGHSXLVOHVSULQFLSDX[WHUPLQDX[IUpTXHQWpVSDUOHVWUDLQVGHIUHWLQWHUQD WLRQDX[QRWDPPHQWGXFRPELQp$O·HVWOHJUDSKHHVWLQLWLpj7XULQ0DLV0RGDQH UHVWHXQSRLQWGHGLVFRQWLQXLWpSUpVHQWMXVTXHGDQVOHVVFKpPDWLVDWLRQVGXGLVSR VLWLI jO·pFKHOOHHXURSpHQQH51(  $XÀQDOFRPPHOH3LHGGH7UDYHUVpHGpSHQGDYDQWWRXWGHVRQFRQWH[WHRUJDQLVD WLRQQHOjO·pFKHOOHQDWLRQDOHODTXHVWLRQGHODFRQWLQXLWpWHUULWRULDOHSROLWLTXHWRXW DXORQJGHO·D[HQ·LQWHUYLHQWSDVGDQVOHVHQMHX[GHVRQLGHQWLÀFDWLRQ&·HVWSDUWLFX OLqUHPHQWOHFDVORUVTXHODIURQWLqUHWHFKQLTXHPDUTXHODIURQWLqUHSROLWLTXHF·HVWj GLUHORUVTXHOHVVHUYLFHVORFDX[GHGHVVHUWHQHIUDQFKLVVHQWTXHSHXODOLJQHGHFUrWH 'DQV OH FDV GX )UpMXV QRXV VRPPHV UpHOOHPHQW GHYDQW GHV WUDPHV QDWLRQDOHV HW UpJLRQDOHVMX[WDSRVpHV6HXOXQ7*93DULV0LODQIUDQFKLWOHWXQQHOXQLTXHUHODWLRQ

)LJXUH([SUHVVLRQVFKpPDWLTXHGXUDSSRUWFRPPXQpPHQWSUR SRVp GDQV OD OLWWpUDWXUH VFLHQWLÀTXH SRXU H[SULPHU O·HIIHW GH O·DF FURLVVHPHQWGHODYLWHVVHVXUODGHQVLWpGXQRPEUHGHSDVVDJHV



&KDSLWUH/DQRGDOLWpXQHHQWUpHGDQVODFRPSOH[LWpWUDYHUVDQWH

3UHPLqUHSDUWLH/D7UDYHUVpHQRXYHOOHXQ)UDQFKLVVHPHQWJpQpUDOLVp" /DEDQDOLVDWLRQGHV$OSHVFRPPHVRXUFHG·XQSRVWXODWpSLVWpPRORJLTXHHWK\SRWKpWLTXHjLQWHUURJHU

'RFXPHQW5HSUpVHQWDWRQVFKpPDWLTXHGHVFRUULGRUV5DLO1HW(XURSH KWWSZZZUQHHXLQGH[SKS&RUULGRUB,QIRKWPOFRQVXOWDWLRQVHSWHPEUH

YR\DJHXUVjO·HPSUXQWHUDXMRXUG·KXL/HVVHUYLFHVUpJLRQDX[%DUGRQQqFKH0RGDQH j$5MRXU RQWpWpUHSRUWpVSDU OHWXQQHOURXWLHU0RGDQHODJDUHIURQWLqUH FRQVWLWXHjO·pFKHOOHLQWHUQDWLRQDOHFRPPHQDWLRQDOHXQHSRLQWHGHSXLVODTXHOOHOH JUDSKHGHFLUFXODWLRQHVWLQLWLpRXSOXW{WUpLQLWLp (Q VRPPH WDQW TXH OHV ORJLTXHV WHUULWRULDOHV SROLWLTXHV HW UpWLFXODLUHV FRwQFLGHQW FRPPHGDQVOHFDVGX)UpMXVO·LGHQWLÀFDWLRQGHV3LHGVGH7UDYHUVpHFRUUHVSRQGDX ULGHDXGHVPpWURSROHVSpULDOSLQHVVWUXFWXUDQWOHV©FKHPLQVGHURQGHªH[WpULHXUV  /HSUREOqPHQHVHSRVHSDVGDQVOHVPrPHVWHUPHVSRXUOH6LPSORQDXWUH SDVVDJHWUDQVIURQWDOLHUGqVORUVTXHO·HVSDFHGXFDGHQFHPHQWVXLVVHV·pWHQGVXUOHV GHX[ULYHVGXWXQQHO/HFDGHQFHPHQWQ·LGHQWLÀHQL%ULJXHQL'RPRGRVVRODFRPPH GHVWHUPLQDLVRQVH[FHQWUpHVGHO·KRUDLUHQDWLRQDO/HWXQQHOQHFRQVWLWXHSDVHQFHOD XQHGRXEOHGLVFRQWLQXLWpFRPPHGDQVOHFDVGX)UpMXVPDLVSOXW{WOHF±XUG·XQ GLVSRVLWLI GH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWUHODWLYHPHQWDXWRQRPHJDUDQWLSDUO·LPSRUWDQFH GHVGHX[SRLQWVIRFDOTXLO·HQFDGUHQW 'RPRGRVVRODERXUJLWDOLHQHVWLQWpJUpGDQVO·HVSDFHWDULIDLUHGX6ZLVV7UDYHO6\V WHP HW GH O·KRUDLUH FDGHQFp GH OD 6XLVVH ,O FRQVWLWXH GRQF XQH SRLQWH H[WUrPH GX JUDSKH VXLVVH QRQ HQ SRVLWLRQ GH WHUPLQDLVRQ PDLV GH S{OH G·pFKDQJH DYHF XQH YRLH PpWULTXH SHUPHWWDQW GH UHOLHU O·D[H GX 6LPSORQ j FHOXL GX *RWKDUG SDU /R FDUQR  OHV &HQWRYDOOL 'RPRGRVVROD WHQG j UHPSOLU GHV IRQFWLRQV GH FRQWLQXLWpV UpWLFXODLUHHWWHUULWRULDOHVXLVVHVLGHQWLTXHVjFHOOHVGH*|VFKHQHQPDLVDYHFXQ &KDSLWUH/DQRGDOLWpXQHHQWUpHGDQVODFRPSOH[LWpWUDYHUVDQWH



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH 9LD 6WRULD (OVDV VHU .   'HU 'LUHNWH :HJ LQ GHQ 6GHQ $U[YRQ +  'HU.OXJHUHLVWLP =XJH

pYHQWDLOG·pFKHOOHVFRQQHFWpHVVXSpULHXU,OMRXHHQHIIHWXQU{OHGHFRPPXWDWHXU LQWHUVFDODLUHVXLVVHFRPSOHWPDLVHQWHUUHLWDOLHQQH(QFHODLOFRQVWLWXHOHSRLQWGH FRQFHQWUDWLRQDXVXGSRXUOHWXQQHOGX6LPSORQFRPPHVRQSD\VDJHHQWpPRLJQH 'RPRGRVVROD VH FDUDFWpULVH SDU VHV GHX[ IDLVFHDX[ IUHW HW SDU OD FRQYHUJHQFH GH GHX[YRLHVO·XQHDUULYDQWGH1RYDUHHWO·DXWUHGH0LODQ'RPRGRVVRODHVWHQFHODOD SRLQWHG·XQHIRXUFKHTXLVHSURORQJHMXVTX·j%ULJXHJDUHTXLMRXHOHPrPHU{OHDX QRUG,FLODFRQWLQXLWpWHPSRUHOOHHWODVXSHUSRVLWLRQVSDWLDOHV·LPSRVH/·LQDGpTXD WLRQHQWUHOHIDLWIURQWLqUHSROLWLTXHHWWHFKQLTXHFRQGXLWjXQHVWDELOLWpGHVMHX[ QRGDX[PXVHQXQHQRGRVLWpTXLVHPEOHDYRLUJDJQpHQDXWRQRPLHYLVjYLV GXUHVWHGXFRQWH[WHWUDYHUVDQW /DFRQFHQWUDWLRQSRXUTXDOLWpQRGDOHO·D[HSRXUPpWULTXHpOpPHQWDLUH  'HO·DSRULHGHODGpÀQLWLRQGHVH[WUpPLWpVH[WHUQHVGXPDVVLIQRXVVRPPHV DUULYpV j TXHVWLRQQHU O·LQGLFH TXL LGHQWLÀH LQ ÀQH O·HVSDFH GH OD 7UDYHUVpH /D TXD OLWpQRGDOHG·LGHQWLÀFDWLRQGX3LHGGH7UDYHUVpHDSSDUWLHQWjO·RUGUHGHOD7UDYHUVpH SDUOHIDLWGHODFRQFHQWUDWLRQSDURSSRVLWLRQjO·pFODWHPHQWTXLFDUDFWpULVHO·RUGUH GX)UDQFKLVVHPHQW1RXVHQWHQGRQVSDUTXDOLWpQRGDOHOHSRWHQWLHOGHPRXYHPHQW RIIHUWDX[ÁX[SDUODIRUPHQRGDOHLGHQWLÀpH/D7UDYHUVpHIDLWO·REMHWG·XQHPH VXUHSDUO·LQGLFHGHODFRQFHQWUDWLRQTXLVHUDSSRUWHjXQHIRUPHGHFROOHFWHXU &HOXLFLDJLWFRPPHXQHOHQWLOOHTXLIDLWFRQYHUJHUGHVIDLVFHDX[GHFRXOHXUHQXQ VHXOUD\RQGHOXPLqUHTXLFRQVWLWXHO·D[HPpWULTXHpOpPHQWDLUHG·DSSUpFLDWLRQGHOD TXDOLWpQRGDOHGHFRQFHQWUDWLRQ8QHSUHPLqUHFRUUpODWLRQ7UDYHUVpHD[HFRQFHQWUD WLRQDSSDUDvWjWUDYHUVFHWWHIRUPHQRGDOHGHPHVXUH &HQ±XGFRUUHVSRQGKLVWRULTXHPHQWDXSRLQWGHFKDQJHPHQWG·RSpUDWHXU/HVDQ WHQQHVSRUWHXVHVGHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVRQWpWpSDUIRLVFRQVWUXLWHVSDUGHVHQWUH SULVHVSULYpHV/DSOXSDUWGHVWXQQHOVRQWpWpSHUFpVDYDQWO·pPHUJHQFHGHVFRPSD JQLHVQDWLRQDOHV&))61&))6 /H*RWKDUGDpWpFRQVWUXLWHW H[SORLWpMXVTX·HQSDUODFRPSDJQLHGX*RWWKDUG%DKQ*% /H6LPSORQDpWp ODQFpSDUOH-6DYDQWTXHFHWWHFRPSDJQLHVRLWLQWpJUpHGqVOHXUFRQVWLWXWLRQGDQVOHV &))/DMRQFWLRQHQWUHOH*%HWOHVFRPSDJQLHVDOHQWRXUVVHIDLVDLHQWKLVWRULTXHPHQW j=RXJHW/XFHUQH$UWK*ROGDXMRXDLWDORUVOHU{OHGHQ±XGGHFRQYHUJHQFHGHV LWLQpUDLUHVGXUpVHDX9LD6WRULD(OVDVVHUYRQ$U[  8Q 3LHGGH7UDYHUVpH QH V·HQWHQG SDV FRPPH XQ WHUPLQXV GH OLJQH ELHQ DX FRQWUDLUH,ORSqUHO·LQWpJUDWLRQGXUpVHDXFRQVLGpUpFRPPH©jVSpFLÀFLWpV$OSLQHVLª IRUWHVSHQWHVFRXUEHVpWURLWHV« GDQVOHUpVHDXQDWLRQDO,ODJLWDLQVLFRPPHXQ FRPPXWDWHXUVFDODLUHHQWUHXQKRUL]RQGHOD7UDYHUVpHODVpTXHQFHH[WpULHXUHjOD FRPSRVLWLRQ HWODVpTXHQFHFRQFUqWHGH7UDYHUVpH,ORXYUHDORUVVRLWVXUXQHSKDVH G·$SSURFKH $UWK*ROGDX &KDPEpU\ %HOOLQ]RQD %LVFKRIVKRIHQ :LHQHU1HXV WDGW VRLWGLUHFWHPHQWVXUODSKDVH)UDQFKLVVHPHQW'RPRGRVVROD%ULJXH 



&KDSLWUH/DQRGDOLWpXQHHQWUpHGDQVODFRPSOH[LWpWUDYHUVDQWH

(FODWHPHQW



$ERXWLVVHPHQW

)RXUQLWXUH

&RQQHFWLYLWp

3LHGGHFRO 1RGDOLWpHWSRODULWp

7rWHGHWXQQHO FHQWUDOLWp

7HUPLQDLVRQ QRGDOLWp

5HODLV QRGDOLWp

3RLQWIRFDO 1RGDOLWpHWSRODULWp

&KDSLWUH/DQRGDOLWpXQHHQWUpHGDQVODFRPSOH[LWpWUDYHUVDQWH

(FODWHPHQW

3LHGGH )UDQFKLVVHPHQW 1RGDOLWpHWFHQWUDOLWp )UDQFKLVVHPHQW

)UDQFKLVVHPHQW

)UDQFKLVVHPHQW

$SSURFKH

$SSURFKH

$SSURFKH

7UDYHUVpH

)UDQFKLVVHPHQW

7UDYHUVpH

2UGUH G·DSSDUWHQDQFH

&RUULGRU

LWLQpUDLUH

LWLQpUDLUH

$[H

,WLQpUDLUH

,WLQpUDLUH

$[H

,WLQpUDLUH

$[H

0pWULTXH pOpPHQWDLUH

&RPPXWDWHXU 

&RPPXWDWHXU &RQWLQXLWp



$WWUDFWHXU 3{OH



6pOHFWHXU )LOWUH

$GDSWDWHXU 3ULVPH

&ROOHFWHXU /HQWLOOH

$UWLFXODWLRQ PDWULFHGH FRUULGRU

3RODULVDWLRQ PDWULFHG·D[H

$XVHUYLFHGX WXQQHO

&RQYHUJHQFH &RPPXWDWHXU VFDODLUHPDWULFH G·D[H 'LYHUJHQFH 0DWULFH G·LWLQpUDLUH &RQFHQWUDWLRQGH IRQFWLRQV FHQWUDOHV )DFWHXUGH UpPDQHQFH 7HUPLQXV 0DWULFH G·LWLQpUDLUH 'HVVHUWH IDFWHXU G·LPSUpJQDWLRQ 3RODULVDWLRQ )DFWHXUGH FRQFHQWUDWLRQ 

0RXYHPHQWj O·pFKHOOHGHOD PpWULTXH

*ULV

0DUTXDJH WHUULWRULDO IDFWHXUGH GLVFRQWLQXLWpV

&RXOLVVHVQRQ SRUWpHVj YLVLELOLWp $UWLFXODWLRQ PDWULFHGH FRUULGRU 'LYHUJHQFHGHV HQVHPEOHV )DFWHXU G·LQFRKpVLRQ

5HGLVWULEXWLRQ PDWULFH G·LWLQpUDLUHV

9HUW

2UDQJH

%ODQF

2UDQJH

%ODQF

1RLU

9HUW

&RQYHUJHQFH )DFWHXUGH YXOQpUDELOLWp

)URQWLqUH )DFWHXUGH GLVFRQWLQXLWpV (WDSH )DFWHXUGH JHVWLRQ

%OHX

'LYHUJHQFH )DFWHXU G·LQFRKpVLRQ

.6XWWRQ



















0RXYHPHQWj O·pFKHOOHGH 6\PEROH O·HQVHPEOHGHV &RXOHXU JUDSKLTXH 7UDYHUVpHV $OSLQHV

7DEOHDX7DEOHDXGHV\QWKqVHGHVIRUPHVQRGDOHVHWFHQWUDOHVG·HQFDGUHPHQWGXSKpQRPqQHGH7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV

&RQQH[LWp

&RPPXWDWHXU 1RGDOLWpHWSRODULWp

SRODULVp



&RQFHQWUDWLRQ

3LHGGH7UDYHUVpH QRGDOLWp

$YDQWSRUWHGHWXQQHO 

4XDOLWpQRGDOH

$SSHOODWLRQHW IRUPH

7\SHG·LQWHUIDFH GH FRUUHVSRQGDQFH

3UHPLqUHSDUWLH/D7UDYHUVpHQRXYHOOHXQ)UDQFKLVVHPHQWJpQpUDOLVp" /DEDQDOLVDWLRQGHV$OSHVFRPPHVRXUFHG·XQSRVWXODWpSLVWpPRORJLTXHHWK\SRWKpWLTXHjLQWHUURJHU



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH

 &HWWHSUHPLqUHpWDSHDSHUPLVGHUpLQVpUHUXQHHQWUpHIRQGDPHQWDOH GHV 7UDYHUVpHV $OSLQHV HQ JpRJUDSKLH OD QRGDOLWp 3OXVLHXUV FDUDF WpULVWLTXHV VRQW DLQVL DSSDUXHV QRWDPPHQW OD QpFHVVLWp GH GpSDVVHU O·DSSURFKHGHIRUPHVQRGDOHVVLQJXOLqUHVSRXUFRQVLGpUHUXQIDLWGHQR GRVLWp/H3LHGGH7UDYHUVpHHVWXQHIRUPHGHPDWULFHG·D[HHWGHED QDOLVDWLRQGHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVSDUFRQQHFWLYLWpHWFRQQH[LWp&HWWH SUHPLqUH FRQVLGpUDWLRQ GHV IRUPHV GH QRGDOLWpV HW GH OHXUV ÀOLDWLRQV DPqQHjGLVWLQJXHUO·RUGUHGHOD7UDYHUVpHHWO·RUGUHGX)UDQFKLVVH PHQW/HSUHPLHUWHQGjEDQDOLVHUOHFDUDFWqUH$OSLQGHV7UDYHUVpHV SDUODUHFKHUFKHGHFRQWLQXLWpVjO·pFKHOOHGXUpVHDXQDWLRQDOG·LQVFULS WLRQjO·DLGHGHQ±XGVGHSODLQHV3LHGGH7UDYHUVpH HWGHVpOHFWLYLWp HQDOWLWXGHWrWHGHWXQQHO $O·LQYHUVHOH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWVHUYLSDU OHSLHGGHFROHWODSRUWHGHWXQQHOVHPEOHFRQVHUYHUMDORXVHPHQWVHV DWWULEXWV$OSLQV/HVPLVHVHQVFqQHGHVSRUWDLOVREMHWGXWXQQHOSDU H[FHOOHQFHHWOHVUpFHQWHVFRPPpPRUDWLRQVGHVDQQLYHUVDLUHVGHVWXQQHOV GHIDvWHHQRIIUHQWGHVLOOXVWUDWLRQVOH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWVHPEOHUpKDEL OLWHUOD7UDYHUVpHGDQVVDVLQJXODULWp



&KDSLWUH/DQRGDOLWpXQHHQWUpHGDQVODFRPSOH[LWpWUDYHUVDQWH

3UHPLqUHSDUWLH/D7UDYHUVpHQRXYHOOHXQ)UDQFKLVVHPHQWJpQpUDOLVp" /DEDQDOLVDWLRQGHV$OSHVFRPPHVRXUFHG·XQSRVWXODWpSLVWpPRORJLTXHHWK\SRWKpWLTXHjLQWHUURJHU

&KDSLWUH 'XSLHGGHFRODX3LHGGH)UDQFKLVVHPHQW /RUVTXHOH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWGHYLHQW XQIDLWJpRSROLWLTXH  /D7UDYHUVpHVHPEOHEDQDOLVpHSDUVDFROOXVLRQDYHFOHSpULPqWUHSROLWLTXH GHVUpVHDX[QDWLRQDX[KpULWpV'DQVOHFRXSOHLQLWLDOHPHQWPLVHQYDOHXU7UDYHUVpH )UDQFKLVVHPHQWLODSSDUDvWTXHFHVRLWFHGHUQLHUTXLSRUWHOHVUHVWHVGHODVLQJXODULWp $OSLQHGXSKpQRPqQHpWXGLp1RXVVRPPHVLFLGDQVOHFRQWH[WHpSLVWpPRORJLTXH FRQVLGpUpFRPPHODUpIpUHQFHTXLELSRODULVHOHMHXGHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVDXWRXU GHVGHX[HQWLWpV7UDYHUVpHHW)UDQFKLVVHPHQW&HFDGUHSRVHODGLPHQVLRQJpRSR OLWLTXHHXURSpHQQHFRPPHXQSDUDGLJPHjODIRQGDWLRQGXSKpQRPqQH5DIIHVWLQ  SDUIRLVHQPLQLPLVDQWSDUOjPrPHODUpDOLWpQDWLRQDOHTXLVWUXFWXUHOHIRQG GXUDSSRUWGHVWHUULWRLUHVDX)UDQFKLVVHPHQW/DFRQVLGpUDWLRQGXIDLWQRGDOQRXVD SRXUWDQWSRUWpjFRQVLGpUHUWRXWHO·LPSRUWDQFHGHFHFDGUHQDWLRQDO/·HQWUpHSDWUL PRQLDOHQRXV\SRUWHDXVVL /DELSRODULVDWLRQpSLVWpPRORJLTXHFRQIqUHDX)UDQFKLVVHPHQWXQHYDOHXUELHQSOXV LPSRUWDQWHTX·jOD7UDYHUVpH&HOOHFLVHUDLWO·pOpPHQWLQYDULDEOHSXLVTX·DVVRFLpHDX[ SpULPqWUHVSROLWLTXHVpWDEOLVDORUVTXHOH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWVHUDLWGDQVFHUDSSRUWOD FRPSRVDQWHPRELOHTXLVHUDLWFDUDFWpULVpHSDUXQHIDLWG·H[WpULRULVDWLRQ1RXVUH WURXYRQV LFL O·LPSRUWDQFH GH OD FRUUpODWLRQ GH 3ODVVDUG   FRPPH IRQG LQWHO OHFWXHOjO·pWDEOLVVHPHQWGHFHWWHK\SRWKqVHHQSDUDGLJPH'·DXWDQWTXHFHOOHFLQH IDLWTXHSHXO·REMHWGHGLVFXVVLRQVGDQVODOLWWpUDWXUHJpRJUDSKLTXH%HUQLHU 6XWWRQ9H\UHWHW9H\UHW0DUWLQ 1RXVSURSRVRQVG·HQWDPHU XQHPLVHHQTXHVWLRQGHFHVSRVWXODWVHQSRXUVXLYDQWO·pWXGHQRGDOHHQWUHSULVH GDQVOHFKDSLWUHSUpFpGHQW /·LGpHHVWjO·LPDJHGHFHTXHQRXVDYRQVIDLWSRXUOD7UDYHUVpHGHSURSRVHU ODFRQVWLWXWLRQG·XQLQGLFHGHPHVXUHGX)UDQFKLVVHPHQW 0DLVQRXVFKRLVLVVRQVDÀQGHQHSDVIDLUHGHODQRGDOLWpXQDEVROXGHSURSRVHU XQHHQWUpHSDUXQIDLWSDWULPRQLDOSDUWLFXOLqUHPHQWUpYpODWHXUGHVG\QDPLTXHVGHV 7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVOHVFRPPpPRUDWLRQVGHVDQQLYHUVDLUHVGHVWXQQHOVIHUUR YLDLUHV6XWWRQ  ,OHVWDORUVQpFHVVDLUHG·LQWURGXLUHjODVXLWHGHQRVSURSRVSUpFpGHQWVXQDFWHXUIRQ GDPHQWDOO·(QWUHSULVH)HUURYLDLUH() /HULVTXHLQKpUHQWjWRXWHFRQYRFDWLRQ

5DIIHVWLQ&  ©/HVURXWHVHWOHV WUDQVSRUWVURXWLHUV GDQVO·DUFDOSLQª 3ODVVDUG)  ©/HVUpVHDX[GH WUDQVSRUWHWGH FRPPXQLFDWLRQª %HUQLHU;  ©/HVFROVURXWLHUV GDQVODWUDYHUVpH GHVPRQWDJQHV IUDQoDLVHVFRQWUL EXWLRQjXQHGpÀ QLWLRQSOXULYDOHQWH HWG\QDPLTXHª 6XWWRQ.  /HVWUDYHUVpHV DOSLQHVFRQWULEXWLRQ jXQHOHFWXUHSDUOD FRVSDWLDOLWp 9H\UHW3HW*  $XF±XUGH O·(XURSHOHV$OSHV 0DUWLQ-3  ©/DWUDYHUVpHGHV $OSHVª 6XWWRQ. © 7UDYHUVHUOHV$OSHV SDUO·DIÀFKHª 6XWWRQ.  ©/HSRUWDLOGHWXQ QHOFRPPHpFUL WXUHPRQXPHQWDOH GHVWUDYHUVpHV DOSLQHV/·HQWUH SULVHIHUURYLDLUH HWODPpPRLUHGX IUDQFKLVVHPHQW GDQVOHV$OSHV RFFLGHQWDOHVª

&KDSLWUH'XSLHGGHFRODX3LHGGH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWORUVTXHOH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWGHYLHQWXQIDLWJpRSROLWLTXH



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH

=HPEUL3  3RXUXQHDSSURFKH JpRJUDSKLTXHGHOD GpUpJOHPHQWDWLRQGHV WUDQVSRUWV *DXFKRQ&  ©/HVPRQXPHQWV GHSDVVDJHª %HUQLHU;  ©/DSDWULPRQLDOL VDWLRQGHVURXWHV OHFDVGHOD6XLVVH (VVLGHPRGpOLVD WLRQGHVWUDMHFWRLUHV SDWULPRQLDOHVGHV URXWHVGHPRQ WDJQHDSSOLTXpDX[ UpVHDX[GHWUDQV SRUWVVXLVVHVª 6XWWRQ.D  ©/HSRUWDLOGHWXQ QHOFRPPHpFULWXUH PRQXPHQWDOHGHV WUDYHUVpHVDOSLQHV /·HQWUHSULVHIHUUR YLDLUHHWODPpPRLUH GXIUDQFKLVVHPHQW GDQVOHV$OSHV RFFLGHQWDOHVª &KRD\)  /·DOOpJRULHGXSDWUL PRLQH *DU]DUR6  )UpMXV/DIHUURYLDGD 7RULQRD0RGDQHH &KDPEpU\ /HVFD&  7UHLQJHQLHULSHUXQ WUDIUR/DVWRULDGHOOD IHUURYLDGHO)UHMXV



GXSROLWLTXHHVWGHOHFRQVWLWXHUHQQRXYHDXGpWHUPLQLVPH/HV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV VRQWWRXWjODIRLVXQREMHWSROLWLTXHHWLGHQWLWDLUHGDQVOHXUGLPHQVLRQWHUULWRULDOHHW pFRQRPLTXHFRPPHGDQVOHXUDVSHFWSURGXFWLI8QMHXG·DFWHXUFRPSOH[HDQLPHOHV FRXOLVVHVGHODSURGXFWLRQGHVÁX[HQFHVWHPSVGHOLEpUDOLVDWLRQV=HPEUL  8QHIDoRQGHSHUSpWXHUO·LPSUpJQDWLRQUpFLSURTXHGHVUpVHDX[HWGHVWHUULWRLUHVHVW SRXUO·()HWOHSRXYRLUSROLWLTXHGHPHWWUHHQVFqQHOHVREMHWVSK\VLTXHVTXL SHUPHWWHQWO·DFWHGHIUDQFKLUHQYXHGHIDLUHFRQYHUJHUOHVWHUULWRLUHVHWOHVUp VHDX[DXVHLQG·XQGLVFRXUVSDWULPRQLDOGRQFPpPRULHO*DXFKRQ%HUQLHU 6XWWRQ &UpHUO·pYpQHPHQWDXWRXUGHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVHVWXQDFWH SROLWLTXHTXLSHXWDXVVLVHSDUHUGHVDWRXUVG·XQDFWHFLWR\HQ &HWWHSDWULPRQLDOLVDWLRQSURSRVHDLQVLXQHFRQIURQWDWLRQHQWUHOHVpFULWXUHVSROL WLTXHHWIRQFWLRQQHOOHGHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVSDUVDFRPSRVDQWH)UDQFKLVVHPHQW 8QOLHXSRUWHWRXWSDUWLFXOLqUHPHQWOHVLQWHQWLRQVUpFLSURTXHVOHSRUWDLOGHWXQQHO 1RXVUHWURXYRQV)&KRD\ HQFHTXHOHVGpÀVHWOHVSUREOpPDWLTXHVGHO·() FRPPHGXSRXYRLUSROLWLTXHVHUpYqOHQWjWUDYHUVOHVGLVFRXUVSRUWpVVXUFHWREMHW )&KRD\pFULWHQHIIHWTXHOHSDWULPRLQH©HVWOHUpYpODWHXUpFODWDQWG·XQpWDWGHVRFLpWpHW GHVTXHVWLRQVTXLO·KDELWHQWªSS , &HWWHHQWUpHQRXVSURSRVHUDO·RSSRUWXQLWpGH PHWWUHXQHSUHPLqUHIRLVHQTXHVWLRQODWHQGDQFHPDMHXUHVHPEODQWFDUDFWpULVHUOD G\QDPLTXHGHIRQGTXLDQLPHOH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWO·H[WpULRULVDWLRQ,, 

, /HSRUWDLOGHWXQQHO XQGpÀSDWULPRQLDOUpYpODWHXUGHVSUREOpPDWLTXHV GHO·HQWUHSULVHIHUURYLDLUH

/HPRQXPHQWSRUWDLOXQHJpRSROLWLTXHPpPRULHOOHGX)UDQFKLVVHPHQW /·pFULWXUHGHO·H[SORLW  /HSRUWDLOHVWOHYLVDJHGHO·HQWUHSULVHGHSHUFHPHQWGXWXQQHO6XWWRQ  6DSUHPLqUHIRQFWLRQHVWWUDGLWLRQQHOOHPHQWGHFpOpEUHUOHWULRPSKHGHO·DXGDFH GHODSHUFpHGRQFGHVRQHQWUHSUHQHXU/·H[HPSOHW\SHHVWO·HQWUpHPRQXPHQWDOH GXWXQQHOGX)UpMXVj0RGDQHVXUODFRPPXQHGHV)RXUQHDX[SKRWR &HSRU WDLOLQVFULWGHSXLVjO·LQYHQWDLUHGHVPRQXPHQWVKLVWRULTXHVHVWFRPSRVpG·XQ pFKDQWLOORQGHURFKHVUHQFRQWUpHVORUVGXSHUFHPHQW9LVDJHGXWULRPSKHGHO·DX GDFHOHSRUWDLOHVWDXVVLOHYLVDJHGXWULRPSKHGHO·HQWUHSUHQHXUHWGHODWHFKQLTXH ,O SRUWH O·HPSUHLQWH GH VRQ KpURV  * 6RPPHLOOHU *DU]DUR   /HVFD   6DLQW-HRLUHHQ)DXFLJQ\FRPPXQHQDWDOHGHO·LQJpQLHXUUHWHQXGHFHF{WpFLGHO·RX YUDJHFRPPHOHSqUHGXWXQQHOÀJXUHSDUPLOHVEODVRQVTXLFRPSRVHQWODIULVHGX PRQXPHQW &HWWH HPSUHLQWH HVW G·DLOOHXUV SOXV GLVFUqWH TXH VRXKDLWpH j O·RULJLQH  LO UHVWH VXU FHWWHIDoDGHPRQXPHQWDOHXQHHQFRFKHOLEUHGHVWLQpHjO·RULJLQHjUHFHYRLUODSKUDVH &KDSLWUH'XSLHGGHFRODX3LHGGH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWORUVTXHOH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWGHYLHQWXQIDLWJpRSROLWLTXH

3UHPLqUHSDUWLH/D7UDYHUVpHQRXYHOOHXQ)UDQFKLVVHPHQWJpQpUDOLVp" /DEDQDOLVDWLRQGHV$OSHVFRPPHVRXUFHG·XQSRVWXODWpSLVWpPRORJLTXHHWK\SRWKpWLTXHjLQWHUURJHU Modane, l’enjeu du lieu de l’écriture de la mémoire de l’entreprise

ĂůĂŝƐ ^ƚ:ĞŽŝƌĞ

WĂƌŝƐ

dƵƌŝŶ

>LJŽŶ

ƌŝŶĚŝƐŝ

ŚĂŵďĠƌLJ

'ġŶĞƐ ZŽŵĞ

' ϭϬ ϮϬ

ϱϬ

Terminaux nord en fonction du nombre de navettes traitées par semaine Terminal géré par Hupac

)LJXUH/HUpVHDXGHVVHUYLFHVVKXWWOHGH+XSDF XQHpFULWXUHGHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVSRODULVpHVGHSXLVOHVWHUPLQDX[VXG .6XWWRQ +RZDOG3  ©/HWUDÀFFRPELQp SDUWHQDLUHGHOD ORJLVWLTXHYHUWHª 0HLOODVVRQ6  ©%LHQW{W 6%%&DUJR,QWHU QDWLRQDOª 0HLOODVVRQ6 D ©/H QRXYHDX&URVVUDLO HVWQpª 0HLOODVVRQ6 E ©)UHW &URVVUDLOHW'/&VH PDULHQWª +XSDF  6KXWWOH1HW1HWZRUN IRULQWHUPRGDO WUDQVSRUW



+RZDOG V·HVWVSpFLDOLVpGDQVOHWUDÀFFRPELQpjWUDYHUVOHV$OSHV,OQ·DHXGH FHVVHGHUHSRXVVHUOHVOLPLWHVQRUGHWVXGGHVHVUHODWLRQV3RXUFHOD+XSDFDIRQGp HQHQSDUWHQDULDWDYHFOHV&))XQH()VSpFLDOLVpHGDQVOHIUHWLQWHUQDWLRQDO GH GURLW VXLVVH 6%% &DUJR ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 0HLOODVVRQ   &HWWH HQWUHSULVH HVW OH WUDFWLRQQDLUH OH SOXV IUpTXHQWSRXU OHVUHODWLRQV $OOHPDJQH6XLVVH,WDOLH +XSDF SHXWDXVVLDYRLUUHFRXUVjXQDXWUHSUHVWDWDLUHGDQVOHTXHOOHJURXSHSRVVqGHDXVVL GHVSDUWVGHSXLV&URVVUDLOHQWUHSULVHSULYpHLQWpULHXUHVXLVVHTXLV·HVWLQWHU QDWLRQDOLVpHSDUVRQPDULDJHDYHF'/&XQHVRFLpWpEHOJH0HLOODVVRQDHWEL +XSDF   /H UpVHDX SURSRVp DXMRXUG·KXL HVW WRXW DXWDQW DOSLQ TXH SRUWXDLUH WDQW O·DFWHXU HVW SUpVHQW GDQV O·DFKHPLQHPHQW GX FRPELQp SUpSRVWPDULWLPH /D SURPHVVHG·XQHDVVRFLDWLRQIRQFWLRQQHOOHHQWUHOHVWXQQHOVDOSLQVHWOHVSRUWVSRUWpH SDUOHSRUWDLOPRQXPHQWDOGH0RGDQHHVWGRQFDFFRPSOLH/DJpRJUDSKLHGHVVLQpH SDUFHUpVHDXHVWSDUWLFXOLqUHPHQWSRODULVpHQRQDXWRXUGHVSRUWVPDLVGHVSDV VDJHV DOSLQV HW GHV WHUPLQDX[ LWDOLHQV /HV SRUWV HW DXWUHV WHUPLQDX[ DX QRUG GHV$OSHVDSSDUDLVVHQWFRPPHGHVDQWHQQHVGHVVHUYLHVSDUGHVOLJQHVWUDFpHVGHSXLV GHVSDVVDJHVDOSLQVQRWDPPHQWVXLVVHV/HVSDVVDJHVQ·DSSDUDLVVHQWSDVFRPPHGHV &KDSLWUH/·H[WpULRULVDWLRQOH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWHQWUHIURQWLqUHVQDWLRQDOHVHWIDLWPpWURSROLWDLQHXURSpHQ

3UHPLqUHSDUWLH/D7UDYHUVpHQRXYHOOHXQ)UDQFKLVVHPHQWJpQpUDOLVp" /DEDQDOLVDWLRQGHV$OSHVFRPPHVRXUFHG·XQSRVWXODWpSLVWpPRORJLTXHHWK\SRWKpWLTXHjLQWHUURJHU

6DOVD$  9LDJ JLRDOOH$OSL $OOHRULJLQLGHO WXULVPRDOSLQR 6XWWRQ.  © 7UDYHUVHUOHV $OSHVSDU O·DIÀFKHª /·$OSH  )UDQFKLUOHV $OSHV

LQWHUPpGLDLUHVPDLVFRPPHOHVUpIpUHQWVVSDWLDX[3OXVH[DFWHPHQWFHUpIpUHQWHVW OHFRPSRVpGHVD[HVGX/|WVFKEHUJ6LPSORQHWGX*RWKDUGDLQVLTXHGXWHUPLQDO %XVWR$UVL]LR+XSDFIDLWFRQYHUJHUODJUDQGHPDMRULWpGHVHVWUDÀFVYHUVFHWHUPL QDORLOVVRQWWUDLWpVHWUHGLVWULEXpVFHTXLIDLWGLUHj0/HXHQEHUJHU TXH ©LWRXWHVOHVURXWHVPqQHQWj%XVWRª/·DVVRFLDWLRQWUqVÀQHHQWUHOHSDVVDJHHWOHWHUPLQDO FRQGXLWjXQHIRUPHGHQRUPDOLVDWLRQGHO·H[SORLWDWLRQGXSDVVDJH/HWXQQHOVH WURXYHDLQVLEDQDOLVpSDUO·H[WHQVLRQGHODORJLTXHIRQFWLRQQHOOHGX)UDQFKLVVHPHQW VpTXHQFHGRQWLOpWDLWSRXUWDQWOHF±XU $XF±XUGHO·LVWKPHHXURSpHQOH*RWKDUG  /·pFULWXUHG·XQH(XURSHHWPrPHG·XQPRQGHTXLWRXUQHUDLWDXWRXUGHVSDV VDJHVDOSLQVHVWWRXWDXWDQWDQFLHQQH+\PDQV$QFRQD'DYLGL %HQ] ,OVXIÀWGHFRQVLGpUHUWRXWXQSDQGHODSURGXFWLRQG·DIÀFKHV IHUURYLDLUHV DVVRFLpH j OD SURPRWLRQ GHV MHXQHV OLJQHV GH OD ÀQ GX ;,;ƒ VLqFOH HW GXGpEXWGX;;ƒVLqFOHSRXUV·HQFRQYDLQFUH6DOVD6XWWRQ/·$OSH  /H*RWKDUGHVWOHWXQQHOO·D[HTXLVHPEOHOHSOXVDYRLULQVSLUpFHJHQUHGH SURMHFWLRQ3OXVH[DFWHPHQWOH*RWWKDUG%DKQ*% VHPEOHDYRLUpWpO·RSpUDWHXUOH

/HXHQEHUJHU0  (SHUVL PXRYH +\PDQV/  /H0RQW&HQLVHWOH 6DLQW*RWKDUG $QFRQD8  /DJDOOHULDGHO 6HPSLRQH 'DYLG-(  /HWXQQHOGX6LPSORQ %HQ]* /H SHUFHPHQWGX6LPSORQ DQVGHQpJRFLDWLRQV HQIDYHXUGHO·(XURSH %HQ]* /HV WUDQVSRUWVXQGpÀ HXURSpHQ

« Gloire du Gothard » : affiche des ateliers Chiattone (Milan, 1902) et croquis interprétatif Une mise en scène de l’acteur : le Gotthard Bahn

La mise en scène de la prouesse technique : une singularisation du réseau du GB et notamment des ouvrages techniques comme les tunnels hélicoïdaux... ... et le tunnel de faîte.

Une mise en scène de la desserte Faisceau de convergence : le Gothard comme centre d’un monde... fait de lacs... ... accessibles grâce aux voitures directes qui triomphent des discontinuités passées grâce au tunnel (et à l’acteur).

Une mise en scène de l’Europe

KS, 2011.

Une unité accomplie par l’entremise de la ligne et du tunnel alpin... ... et le chemin de fer à qui sont associés les attributs de Mercure... ... par lesquels les deux ennemis géopolitiques qui font la division de l’Europe convergent en un même centre éternel du continent, Rome.

'RFXPHQW©*ORLUHGX*RWKDUGªOH*RWKDUGRXO·DFFRPSOLVVHPHQWGHO·(XURSH $IÀFKHGHVDWHOLHUV&KLDWWRQH0LODQ HWFURTXLVLQWHUSUpWDWLI .6XWWRQ

&KDSLWUH/·H[WpULRULVDWLRQOH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWHQWUHIURQWLqUHVQDWLRQDOHVHWIDLWPpWURSROLWDLQHXURSpHQ



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH

7RUULFHOOL*3  ©7UDYHUVpHV DOSLQHVYLOOHVHWWHU ULWRLUHOHSDUDGR[H GHODYLWHVVHª %DOOXGLU@ 3UHQRQVO·H[HPSOHGHO·DIÀFKHFRPPXQpPHQWDSSHOpH©*ORLUH GX*RWKDUGª7RUULFHOOLGRF GRQWODYHUVLRQODSOXVFRQQXHGDWHGH &KLDWWRQH   ,O HVW QpFHVVDLUH GH FRQVLGpUHU TXH O·DIÀFKH TXL YDQWH O·RXYHU WXUHG·XQWXQQHOHVWXQPDQLIHVWHjODJORLUHGXWXQQHOGHODOLJQHHQWLqUHHWGHVRQ FRQTXpUDQWO·H[SORLWDQW%DOOX6XWWRQ)DYUH  $ERUGVHWWXQQHOVQHIRQWTX·XQGDQVO·HVSDFHGHODFRPPXQLFDWLRQ6LO·LPDJLQDLUHHVW IDVFLQpSDUODSHUFpHO·DUJXPHQWSD\VDJHUGHYHQWHUHVWHOHVHQWLPHQWGHSURXHVVH SHUFHSWLEOHDXFRXUVGXYR\DJH&HQ·HVWSDVOHWXQQHOTXLSUpVHQWHOHVSOXVIRUWHV FRQWUDLQWHVG·H[SORLWDWLRQRXOHVYLWHVVHVOHVSOXVPDUTXpHVSDUO·HIIRUWGHWUDFWLRQ FHVRQWOHVYRLHVSRXU\DFFpGHUGRQFOHVUDPSHV/·DIÀFKHTXHQRXVSURSRVRQVGH FRQVLGpUHUGDQVFHSUHPLHUWHPSVLQVLVWHVXUODSURXHVVHWHFKQLTXHGHVWXQQHOVKp OLFRwGDX[TXLFDUDFWpULVHQWOHVUDPSHVGX*RWKDUGOHVERXFOHVGH:DVVHQÀJ  HWGH)DLGR&HVSURXHVVHVWHFKQLTXHVIRQWG·DLOOHXUVWRXMRXUVO·REMHWGHODFXULRVLWp WDQWGHVYR\DJHXUVTXHGHVWRXULVWHV8QULWXHOVHPEOHVHGpURXOHUjFKDTXHIRLVTXH OHWUDLQ,5HQWUHGDQVFHJUDQGKXLWYHUWLFDOOHVFXULHX[VHSUHVVHQWG·XQHIHQrWUH jO·DXWUHHWUHVWHQWLQWULJXpVSDUODUpSpWLWLRQG·XQSD\VDJHTXLGXUDQWPLQXWHV HVWSDUFRXUXQRQKRUL]RQWDOHPHQWPDLVYHUWLFDOHPHQWFRPPHGDQVXQDVFHQVHXU $FKDTXHIRLVTXHQRXVDYRQVHPSUXQWpFHWWHOLJQHOHPrPHULWXHOV·HVWSURGXLW 1RXVPHQWLRQQHURQVWRXWHIRLVXQFRQWUDVWHHQWUHODFOLHQWqOHGHV,&(&HWGHV,5 SXLVTXH FH SKpQRPqQH VH SURGXLW j ERUG GHV VHFRQGV EHDXFRXS PRLQV GHV SUH PLHUVTXLWUDQVSRUWHQWXQHFOLHQWqOHLQWHUPpWURSROLWDLQH=XULFK%HOOLQ]RQD0LODQ  SOXVKDELWXpHHWSHXWrWUHPRLQVHQFOLQHjIDLUHGpPRQVWUDWLRQGHFHWpWRQQHPHQW 9XGHO·H[WpULHXUQRWDPPHQWGXVHQWLHUGpFRXYHUWHGHODUDPSHQRUGGX*RWKDUG OHV ERXFOHV GH :DVVHQ FRQVWLWXHQW XQ GHV © VSRWV ª PDMHXUV GH O·LWLQpUDLUHGpFRX YHUWH 8Q QRPEUH LPSRUWDQW GH SDQQHDX[ HVW FRQFHQWUp GDQV O·HVSDFH GpÀQL SDU ODVXSHUSRVLWLRQGHVWURLVOLQpDLUHVSDQQHDX[ ,OHQYDGHPrPHGDQVODSUHVVH IHUURYLDLUHVSpFLDOLVpHQRWDPPHQWGDQVOHVQXPpURVVSpFLDX[VXUO·D[HGX*RWKDUG XQQRPEUHGHSDJHVFRQVpTXHQWV·\UDSSRUWH(OVDVVHU0RVHU3IHLIIHU SSHWSSVRLWSDJHVVXU /·pJOLVHGXYLOODJHGH:DVVHQIDLWWRXW SDUWLFXOLqUHPHQWO·REMHWG·XQHPLVHHQOXPLqUHWDQWFRPPHEHOYpGqUHSRXUOHVHQ WLHUTXHFRPPHOLHXGHYLVLELOLWpGDQVODFKDvQHGXPRXYHPHQWIHUURYLDLUH:DVVHQ VHVLWXHVXUXQUHSODWHQWUHGHX[UXSWXUHVGHSHQWHDXSLHGGXYHUURXÀQDOSRXUOD OLJQHVXUOHTXHOHVWMXFKp*|VFKHQHQ/HSLHGGHFROGX6XVWHQSDVVYRLWVRQIDFLqV WRXWSDUWLFXOLqUHPHQWFDUDFWpULVpSDUVRQpJOLVHTXLVXUSORPEHODYDOOpH&HWWHpJOLVH FRQVWLWXHOHKDXWOLHXGXSD\VDJHLQYHQWpSDUOHSDUFRXUVHQERXFOHV(OOHHVW HQHIIHWOHSRLQWGHUHSqUHDXWRXUGXTXHOODOLJQHV·HQURXOH&HUWDLQHVDIÀFKHVHQ RQWG·DLOOHXUVMRXpHQLGHQWLÀDQWFHPRPHQWFRPPHXQWHPSVIRUWGXSDUFRXUVGHOD OLJQH&HWWHpJOLVHFRQVWLWXHDLQVLXQKDXWOLHXGXSD\VDJHIHUURYLDLUH/DOLJQHGX *RWKDUGDpWpODSUHPLqUHUpDOLVDWLRQGHJpQLHSXEOLTXHjXWLOLVHUGHVERXFOHVKpOLFRw GDOHV(OOHVFRQWULEXHQWjFRQIpUHUjODOLJQHXQGHVVLQVLQJXOLHUTXLFRQVWLWXHVDFDUWH GHYLVLWH/HVDIÀFKHV\RQWIRUWHPHQWFRQWULEXpSXLVTXHVLOHVKRUL]RQVHXURSpHQV VRQWVRXYHQWYDJXHVRXÁRXVOHQLYHDXGHGpWDLOGHOHXUGHVVLQWHQGjXQHSUpFLVLRQ TXLVXUYDORULVHOHXUpWHQGXHGDQVO·HVSDFHGHODOLJQH/HVERXFOHVSOXVTXHOHWXQQHO SRUWHOHUpJLPHGHYLVLELOLWpGHO·H[SORLWWHFKQLTXHGHODOLJQHHWGXWXQQHO(Q HIIHWOHÀJXUpGXVRXWHUUDLQUHVWHVXUQRWUHDIÀFKHO·DSDQDJHGXWXQQHOTXLIUDQFKLW ODOLJQHGHFUrWH/DUHFWLWXGHGHVRQWUDFpWUDQFKHDYHFOHVERXFOHVTXLO·HQWRXUHQW &KDSLWUH/·H[WpULRULVDWLRQOH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWHQWUHIURQWLqUHVQDWLRQDOHVHWIDLWPpWURSROLWDLQHXURSpHQ

Affiche pour les CFF de promotion de la ligne du Gothard par la mise en scène du paysage qui s’offre au voyageur dans les boucles de Wassen E. Cardinaux, 1914.

1000

1500

100 0

KS, 2011.

Croquis des boucles de Wassen réalisé à partir de la carte Swisstopo 1/25 000 K. Sutton, 2011.

1500

2000

2000

&KDSLWUH/·H[WpULRULVDWLRQOH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWHQWUHIURQWLqUHVQDWLRQDOHVHWIDLWPpWURSROLWDLQHXURSpHQ Village de Wassen

Courbes de niveau (éq. 100m)

Angle de vue proposé

Route nationale Sentier

Belvédère de l’église de Wassen situé sur le sentier-découverte de la rampe nord du Gothard, et détail du panneau «tunnels hélicoïdaux». Photo. K. Sutton, juillet 2010.

Autoroute Autoroute en souterrain

Voie ferrée Voie ferrée en souterrain

)LJXUH/HVERXFOHVGH:DVVHQXQKDXWOLHXGXSD\VDJHIHUURYLDLUHHQ(XURSH 0RQWDJH.6XWWRQ

1 km

N

00 15

Vue depuis le bas du village de Wassen des rampes composant les boucles Photo. K. Sutton, juillet 2010.

Les boucles de Wassen, un haut lieu du paysage ferroviaire en Europe

3UHPLqUHSDUWLH/D7UDYHUVpHQRXYHOOHXQ)UDQFKLVVHPHQWJpQpUDOLVp" /DEDQDOLVDWLRQGHV$OSHVFRPPHVRXUFHG·XQSRVWXODWpSLVWpPRORJLTXHHWK\SRWKpWLTXHjLQWHUURJHU



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH

6XWWRQ.  ©7UDYHUVHUOHV $OSHVSDUO·DIÀFKHª )DXUH*  $X[ODFVLWDOLHQV /RWL3  $]L\DGp %R]RQQHW-3  'HVPRQWV HWGHVP\WKHV O·LPDJLQDLUHVRFLDOGH ODPRQWDJQH %DOOXFKDSLWUH @ &HW pWDW GH IUDQFKLVVHPHQW FRUUHVSRQG j OD PpWULTXH QpHGHODSHQVpHSROLWLTXHSUpVLGDQWjODPLVHHQSODFHGHVD[HVGHWUDYHUVpH'H PpWULTXH D[LDOH HW GH O·RUGUH GH OD 7UDYHUVpH OH WHPSV GHV (WDWV FRQFUpWLVH IRQF WLRQQHOOHPHQW OH WUDQVIHUW GH OD FHQWUDOLWp SROLWLTXH YHUV O·HVSDFH PpWURSROLWDLQ SpULDOSLQYRLUHYHUVODSODLQH,OV·DJLWG·XQHH[WHUQDOLVDWLRQGHVFRPSpWHQFHVGH PLVHHQSODFHGHVUpVHDX[TXLDFFRPSDJQHOHSDVVDJHPHQWLRQQpSDU&5DIIHVWLQ  HW*37RUULFHOOL jSURSRVGXVHQVGHVURXWHVGHFRO/·LQIUDV WUXFWXUHGHIUDQFKLVVHPHQWGHYLHQWO·RXWLOSROLWLTXHGHODSURMHFWLRQGHO·XQLWpG·XQ WHUULWRLUHQDWLRQDO/HVHUYLFHGHSRVWHRXODFRPSDJQLHQDWLRQDOHGHFKHPLQGHIHU YLHQWDFFRPSOLUOHWRXW/·DSSDULWLRQGHFHWpWDWGHIUDQFKLVVHPHQWGDWHGHODPLVH HQSODFHG·XQUpVHDXGHURXWHGHFROUDLVRQQpGHSXLVODSpULSKpULHGHV$OSHVjGHV ÀQVSROLWLTXHVHWVWUDWpJLTXHVHWQRQpFRQRPLTXHVHQSUHPLHUOLHX/HVLQWHUUHODWLRQV HQWUH OH WHUULWRLUH WUDYHUVp HW OH OLQpDLUH FRPPHQFHQW j VH GLVWHQGUH /·DVVRFLDWLRQ 5pVHDX7HUULWRLUHV·HQWHQGjO·pFKHOOHQDWLRQDOH/HVLQWHUUHODWLRQVORFDOHVVRQWSOXV OHIDLWGHVQpFHVVLWpVWHFKQLTXHVUHODLVGHSRVWHSRXUOHVFKHYDX[UHODLVWUDFWLRQHW G·DYLWDLOOHPHQWGHODORFRPRWLYHHQFKDUERQHWHQHDX  /·DFFURLVVHPHQWGXJDEDULWGHVLQIUDVWUXFWXUHVGDQVOHV$OSHVQ·HVWSDVWRXMRXUVDS SURSULpORFDOHPHQWFRPPHO·LOOXVWUHOHFDVGX6LPSORQ&HFRODUpJQpVXUOHVLWL QpUDLUHV DOSLQV RFFLGHQWDX[ GX WHPSV GHV PXOHWV HW GHV FKHPLQV GH FRO VRXV OH © UqJQHLª GH - YRQ 6WRFNDOSHU   PDLV D SpULFOLWp DSUqV O·LQWURGXFWLRQ GH O·DWWHODJH OH ORQJ GHV LWLQpUDLUHV FRQFXUUHQWV .|SSHO +DDV  (Q GpSLW GH OD PRGHUQLVDWLRQGHO·LQIUDVWUXFWXUHGHO·LWLQpUDLUHO·D[HQHV·HVWSDVUHQRXYHOpGDQVVHV VWUXFWXUHVPRELOHVG·H[SORLWDWLRQ/HSDVVDJHG·XQpWDWjO·DXWUHQHVDXUDLWGRQFV·HQ WHQGUHFRPPHXQUHQRXYHOOHPHQWGHO·LQIUDVWUXFWXUHPDLVFRPPHXQHFRQYHUVLRQ GHVPRGHVG·H[SORLWDWLRQ&HIDLWSHUPHWGHVRXOLJQHUXQHOLPLWHGHWRXVOHVUDL

%HUQLHU;  ©/HVFROVURXWLHUV GDQVODWUDYHUVpH GHVPRQWDJQHV IUDQoDLVHVFRQWUL EXWLRQjXQHGpÀ QLWLRQSOXULYDOHQWH HWG\QDPLTXHª 5DIIHVWLQ&  ©/HVURXWHVHWOHV WUDQVSRUWVURXWLHUV GDQVO·DUFDOSLQª 7RUULFHOOL*3  ©5HWLGL WUDVSRUWRHUHWL GLFLWWjLOFDVR GHOO·$UFRDOSLQRª 7RUULFHOOL*3  ©7UDYHU VpHVDOSLQHVYLOOHV HWWHUULWRLUHOH SDUDGR[HGHOD YLWHVVHª .|SSHO7+DVV 6 6LPSORQ DQVGXWXQQHOGX 6LPSORQ

&KDSLWUH'HODYLWHVVHjO·DFFpOpUDWLRQOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVFRPPHpFULWXUHDXWRDOLPHQWpHGXSURJUqV



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH

Le modèle du temps du marché (1) F ≥ T – 2A

KS, 2011.

L’accomplissement de l’extériorisation du Franchissement

La frontière, ultime franchissement du Franchissement

Un Franchissement généralisé... La frontière politique des Etats centraux dépassée...

... par une diffusion de l’effet de tunnel ... par l’expression de la projection ultra-frontalière : le Pied-de-Franchissement La Traversée comme rémanence

L’Approche expulsée hors de la Traversée sous l’effet de l’extériorisation absolue du Franchissement

)LJXUH/HWHPSVGXPDUFKp .6XWWRQ /HV©1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVªWURXYHUDLHQWDLQVLXQHH[SUHVVLRQPDWKpPDWLTXHTXLFDUDFWpULVHUDLWXQSKpQRPqQHG¶H[WpULRULVDWLRQDF FRPSOLGX)UDQFKLVVHPHQW)•7±$ /¶pFKHOOHVHUDLWHQFRUHQDWLRQDOHSXLVTXHQRXVQHVHULRQVTXHGDQVXQHGpFOLQDLVRQGHODG\QDPLTXHTXL DSUpVLGpDXSUpFpGHQWSDVVDJH

VRQQHPHQWVWHPSRUHOVTXHQRXVDYRQVH[SRVpVGDQVOHWDEOHDXHWVXUOHVTXHOVQRXV DYRQV UHERQGL  OHV VpTXHQoDJHV UpDOLVpV SDU OHV JpRJUDSKHV VRQW WRXV FHQWUpV VXU O·LQIUDVWUXFWXUHFHTXLHQIDLWDORUVXQHÀQHQVRLDORUVTXHQRWUHMHXGHSpULRGLVDWLRQ UHODWLYH VH IRQGH VXU OHV PRGDOLWpV G·H[SORLWDWLRQ &RPSUHQGUH O·HQFKDvQHPHQW G·XQpWDWGHIUDQFKLVVHPHQWjO·DXWUHDSSHOOHjFRQVLGpUHUODQpFHVVLWppWDEOLHFRPPH IRQGHPHQWGHODPLVHHQIRUPHG·XQHLQWHUYHQWLRQFRRUGRQQpHHQYXHGHSHUPHWWUH O·DFWHGHIUDQFKLU /DQpFHVVLWpGXSUHPLHUWHPSVWLHQWGHO·RUGUHGHODFRQFXUUHQFHHQWUHOHVYDOOpHV DOSLQHVHWGHO·DVSLUDWLRQGHVFRPPXQDXWpVjFRQWU{OHUGHVGHX[YHUVDQWVGHO·REMHW SRUWHXUGHYDOHXUDMRXWpHSRWHQWLHOOHOHFRO/DQpFHVVLWpGXGHX[LqPHWHPSVUp SRQGGXFRQWU{OHWHUULWRULDOTXLHQFDGUHOHMHXGHFLUFXODWLRQSDUOHVDGPLQLVWUDWLRQV GHGRXDQHVHWDXWUHVpPDQDWLRQVGHO·(WDW,ODSSDUDvWTXHO·pWDEOLVVHPHQWGHVWXQQHOV 

&KDSLWUH'HODYLWHVVHjO·DFFpOpUDWLRQOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVFRPPHpFULWXUHDXWRDOLPHQWpHGXSURJUqV

'HX[LqPHSDUWLH/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVRXO·XWRSLHGHO·DXWRQRPLH 8QHTXrWHGHGpSDVVHPHQWGHVWHUULWRULDOLWpVSROLWLTXHVHWGHVTXRWLGLHQQHWpV$OSLQHV

Le modèle du temps du marché (2) F ≥ 2A – T

KS, 2011.

L’accomplissement de l’extériorisation du Franchissement

Entre frontière et ligne de crête, un emboîtement d’intermédiarités

Un Franchissement généralisé...

La frontière politique des Etats centraux, un marqueur en écho...

... à la ligne de crête

... par une diffusion de l’effet de tunnel Intermédiarité interaxiale Une Traversée réduite à son plus simple appareil : l’acte de franchir intermédiarité intraaxiale : les basses vallées L’Approche dilatée qui occupe l’espace laissé libre par l’intériorisation de la Traversée et l’extériorisation du franchissement : vers une autonomisation de la séquence intermédiaire sous l’effet de l’intégration métropolitaine

)LJXUH/HPRGqOHGXWHPSVGXPDUFKp .6XWWRQ 6HORQFHWWHK\SRWKqVHFHQHVHUDLWSDVOH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWTXLHIIDFHUDLWSRWHQWLHOOHPHQWOD7UDYHUVpHPDLVO¶$SSURFKHVRLWODYDULDEOHFRQVLGp UpHFRPPHSROLWLTXHPHQWHWIRQFWLRQQHOOHPHQWODSOXVIDLEOHGHFHUDSSRUW1RXVDVVLVWRQVjXQHIRUPHGHUXSWXUHGqVORUVTX¶XQSKpQRPqQHGH UpLQWpULRULVDWLRQGHVHQMHX[DSSDUDvWUDLW/¶pFKHOOHWHUULWRULDOHGHYLHQGUDLWXQHpFKHOOHGHORFDOjpWHQGXHYDULDEOHGHODEDVVHYDOOpHjO¶pFKHOOH G¶XQHYDOOpHRXHQFRUHjXQHUpJLRQHQWLqUHjO¶pFKHOOHGHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV&HWWHLQpTXDWLRQFRUUHVSRQGUDLWjODUHYDQFKHGHVLQWHUPpGLD ULWpVLVVXHVGXWHPSVGHV(WDWV

GHEDVHQHVHPEOHSDVHQWUHUGDQVFHGHX[LqPHWHPSVWDQWO·DVSHFWpFRQRPLTXHHW ÀQDQFLHUPDUFKDQGFRQVWLWXHOHSULQFLSHGHMXVWLÀFDWLRQHWGHUHFRXUVDXWKqPH GHODQpFHVVLWpGDQVOHVGLVFRXUV$XVVLHVWLOQpFHVVDLUHG·HQYLVDJHUXQDXWUHF\FOHOH F\FOHGHV17$ 'HOD7UDYHUVpHDX)UDQFKLVVHPHQWJpQpUDOLVp" /HWHPSVGXPDUFKpHQWUH)•7²$HW)•$7  /HV©1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVªWURXYHUDLHQWDLQVLXQHH[SUHVVLRQPD WKpPDWLTXH TXL FDUDFWpULVHUDLW XQ SKpQRPqQH G·H[WpULRULVDWLRQ DFFRPSOL GX )UDQ FKLVVHPHQW)•7²$ 1pDQPRLQVXQHLQFHUWLWXGHSHUVLVWHVXUODTXHOOHQRXVQH SRXYRQVSRXUOHPRPHQWSDVWUDQFKHUjSURSRVGHVHIIHWVGHFHWWHH[WpULRULVDWLRQ &KDSLWUH'HODYLWHVVHjO·DFFpOpUDWLRQOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVFRPPHpFULWXUHDXWRDOLPHQWpHGXSURJUqV



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH (VWHOOHXQHUpWUDFWDWLRQDEVROXHGHO·$SSURFKHMXVTX·jVDGLVSDULWLRQRXjO·LQ YHUVHHVWHOOHOHSURGXLWG·XQHH[WHQVLRQGHO·$SSURFKHGDQVOHVOLPLWHVGHOD7UD YHUVpHTXLHIIDFHUDLWFHWWHGHUQLqUH)•$²7 "6HORQFHWWHK\SRWKqVHFHQHVHUDLW SDVOH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWTXLHIIDFHUDLWSRWHQWLHOOHPHQWOD7UDYHUVpHPDLVO·$SSURFKH VRLWODYDULDEOHFRQVLGpUpHFRPPHSROLWLTXHPHQWHWIRQFWLRQQHOOHPHQWODSOXVIDLEOH GHFHUDSSRUW(QFHODODVHXOHQpFHVVLWpGXPDUFKpjO·pFKHOOHHXURSpHQQHVHUDLW FRQWUDLUHjO·HQMHXWHUULWRULDOPDMHXUTXHFHWWHLQpTXDWLRQSURSRVH&HWWHDIÀUPDWLRQ GHO·$SSURFKHVHUDLWXQGpÀSROLWLTXHWHUULWRULDOPXOWLVFDODLUHTXLSUHQGUDLWVSDWLDOH PHQWFRUSVjO·pFKHOOHORFDOHQRWDPPHQWGHVEDVVHVYDOOpHV/DFRQÁLFWXDOLWpGDQV FHVWHUULWRLUHVHQ,WDOLHDVVRFLpHDX[WXQQHOVGHEDVHGHO·8(/\RQ7XULQ%UHQQHU  QHVRXOLJQHUDLWHOOHSDVXQHLQDGDSWDWLRQGHO·LQpTXDWLRQGRPLQDQWHGHFRQVLGpUD WLRQGXSKpQRPqQH17$)•7²$ " &HWpWDWGHIUDQFKLVVHPHQWVHFDUDFWpULVHUDLWSDUXQHRXYHUWXUHGHVPDUFKpVG·H[ SORLWDWLRQ j OD FRQFXUUHQFH GDQV OH FDGUH G·XQH UHFKHUFKH GH FRQWLQXLWpV UpWL FXODLUHV DEVROXHV /H WKqPH GH OD FRQWLQXLWp QH VHUDLW SOXV WHUULWRULDO j O·pFKHOOH QDWLRQDOHPDLVUpWLFXODLUHjO·pFKHOOHGXPDUFKpHWQRQGXFRQWLQHQW/HFRQWLQHQW SHXWrWUHOHSpULPqWUHTXHUHFRXYUHOHPDUFKpPDLVF·HVWELHQFHOXLFLTXLHVWO·REMHW VSDWLDOYLVp6HXOHPHQWODFRH[LVWHQFHGHVGHX[LQpTXDWLRQVODLVVHjSHQVHUTXH ODGLPHQVLRQWHUULWRULDOHQHGRLWSDVrWUHpYDFXpHGHV17$'DQVODSUHPLqUHFRP ELQDLVRQ7²$ ÀJ O·pFKHOOHVHUDLWHQFRUHQDWLRQDOHSXLVTXHQRXVQHVHULRQV TXH GDQV XQH GpFOLQDLVRQ GH OD G\QDPLTXH TXL D SUpVLGp DX SUpFpGHQW SDVVDJH  GDQVODVHFRQGH$²7 ÀJ QRXVDVVLVWHULRQVjXQHIRUPHGHUXSWXUHGqVORUV TX·XQSKpQRPqQHGHUpLQWpULRULVDWLRQGHVHQMHX[DSSDUDvWUDLW/·pFKHOOHWHUULWRULDOH GHYLHQGUDLWXQHpFKHOOHGHORFDOjpWHQGXHYDULDEOHGHODEDVVHYDOOpHjO·pFKHOOH G·XQHYDOOpHRXHQFRUHjXQHUpJLRQHQWLqUHjO·pFKHOOHGHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV&HWWH LQpTXDWLRQFRUUHVSRQGUDLWjODUHYDQFKHGHVLQWHUPpGLDULWpVLVVXHVGXWHPSVGHV (WDWV 0DLVGDQVOHPrPHWHPSVODPpWULTXHGDQVODTXHOOHV·HQWHQGFHWHPSVGXPDUFKp HVW IRQGDPHQWDOHPHQW OH FRUULGRU SXLVTX·XQ VDXW VFDODLUH VHPEOH QpFHVVDLUH DÀQ GHSDUOHUGHQRXYHDXWHPSV/·RUGUHGRQWFHWHPSVUpSRQGUDLWHVWLQFHUWDLQSRXU OHV UDLVRQV pYRTXpHV ,O SHXW j O·pFKHOOH G·XQH OHFWXUH GX SKpQRPqQH PDUFKDQG FRUUHVSRQGUH j XQ UHQRXYHDX GX )UDQFKLVVHPHQW WULRPSKDQW WRXW FRPPH j O·pFKHOOHG·XQHOHFWXUHGXSKpQRPqQHWHUULWRULDOHQFRXUVUpSRQGUHGHO·$SSURFKH /HVGHX[GLPHQVLRQVVHPEOHQWFRH[LVWHUÀJ IXVLRQQDQWOHVGHX[G\QDPLTXHV SDUDGR[DOHV G·H[WpULRULVDWLRQH[WHUQDOLVDWLRQ HW GH UpLQWpULRULVDWLRQ DX VHLQ G·XQH PrPHG\QDPLTXHG·DFFpOpUDWLRQ

3ODVVDUG )   © /HV UpVHDX[ GH WUDQVSRUW HW GH FRPPXQLFDWLRQª



 /·DFFpOpUDWLRQ VHPEOH V·DIÀUPHU FRPPH OD G\QDPLTXH DFFRPSDJQDQW OHV VDXWVVFDODLUHVTXLSHUPHWWHQWOHSDVVDJHG·XQWHPSVjXQDXWUH/DPLVHHQTXHV WLRQGHODFRPSRVDQWHGHEDVHGHODFRUUpODWLRQGH3ODVVDUG GRLWDORUVrWUH PLVHHQTXHVWLRQ6LODYLWHVVHDSSDUDLVVDLWFRPPHWHOOHGDQVFHUDLVRQQHPHQWIRQ GDWHXUGHWRXWXQFRXUDQWpSLVWpPRORJLTXHGHODJpRJUDSKLHGHVWUDYHUVpHVDOSLQHV XQHSHQVpHGHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVQHGRLWHOOHSDVVHWRXUQHUYHUVO·DQLPDWLRQGHFH UDSSRUWSRWHQWLHOjVDYRLUO·DFFpOpUDWLRQ"

&KDSLWUH'HODYLWHVVHjO·DFFpOpUDWLRQOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVFRPPHpFULWXUHDXWRDOLPHQWpHGXSURJUqV

'HX[LqPHSDUWLH/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVRXO·XWRSLHGHO·DXWRQRPLH 8QHTXrWHGHGpSDVVHPHQWGHVWHUULWRULDOLWpVSROLWLTXHVHWGHVTXRWLGLHQQHWpV$OSLQHV

)LJXUH/HV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVXQHVLPXOWDQpLWpG·pWDWVGHIUDQFKLVVHPHQWXQHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHWHPSRUDOLWpV .6XWWRQ

&KDSLWUH'HODYLWHVVHjO·DFFpOpUDWLRQOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVFRPPHpFULWXUHDXWRDOLPHQWpHGXSURJUqV



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH

,, /·DFFpOpUDWLRQRXOHGLDORJXHGXPRWLOHHWGXPRELOH 8QHLQYHQWLRQGHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV /·$OSH  )UDQFKLUOHV$OSHV /·$OSH  1RXYHOOHVWUDYHUVpHV IHUURYLDLUH 7RUULFHOOL*3  ©5HWLGL WUDVSRUWRHUHWL GLFLWWjLOFDVR GHOO·$UFRDOSLQRª 7RUULFHOOL*3  ©7UDYHUVpHV DOSLQHVYLOOHVHWWHU ULWRLUHOHSDUDGR[H GHODYLWHVVHª 7RUULFHOOL*3  ©/DFLUFR OD]LRQHWUDQVDOSLQD OHIHUURYLHHJOL HIIHWLVXOODFLWWj GHOOH$OSLª *XLFKRQQHW3  ©7UDFpVHW FRQWH[WHVGHODWUD YHUVpHGHV$OSHVDX FRXUVGHVVLqFOHVª 5DIIHVWLQ&  ©/HVURXWHVHWOHV WUDQVSRUWVURXWLHUV GDQVO·DUFDOSLQª %DYRX[--%HDX FLUH)&KDSHORQ /=HPEUL3  *pRJUDSKLH GHVWUDQVSRUWV %UXQHW5GLU  /HVPRWVGHOD JpRJUDSKLH /pY\-/XVVDXOW0 GLU 'LFWLRQ QDLUHGHODJpRJUDSKLH HWGHO·HVSDFHGHV VRFLpWpV 5RVD+ $F FpOpUDWLRQ8QHFULWLTXH VRFLDOHGXWHPSV



/HV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVXQHVSDFHGHO·DFFpOpUDWLRQ /·DFFpOpUDWLRQYDULDWLRQVXUODYLWHVVH  /·DFFpOpUDWLRQHVWXQSULVPHSDUOHTXHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVRQWpWppFULWHV GHSXLV OH WRXUQDQW pYRTXp GH O·pSRTXH PRGHUQH /·$OSH    7RUULFHOOL     *XLFKRQQHW   5DIIHVWLQ   (QFRUH DXMRXUG·KXL OHV WXQQHOVGHEDVHVRQWGRQQpVjYRLUFRPPHGHVYHFWHXUVG·DFFpOpUDWLRQ,FLUHV VXUJLWO·DPELJLWpHQWUHDSSURFKHLQIUDVWUXFWXUHOOHHWG·H[SORLWDWLRQ/·DFFpOpUDWLRQ Q·HVW SDV OD YLWHVVH  Oj R OD YLWHVVH Q·DFFHSWH TXH OD PRELOLWp UDSSRUW HQWUH XQH GLVWDQFHHWOHWHPSVGHSDUFRXUVGHFHOOHFL O·DFFpOpUDWLRQHQJOREHWDQWODPRELOLWp TXHODPRWLOLWp8QHLQIUDVWUXFWXUHQRXYHOOHRXQRXYHOOHPHQWPRGHUQLVpHLQYHQWH XQHPRWLOLWpDFFpOpUpHF·HVWjGLUHXQSRWHQWLHOG·DFFURLVVHPHQWGHODYLWHVVHGH VRQSDUFRXUV0DLVFHQ·HVWSDVSDUFHTXHODYRLHDXWRULVHXQHFHUWDLQHYLWHVVHTXH OHVpOpPHQWVPRELOHVORFRPRWLYHVZDJRQVYRLWXUHVUDPHV ODFRQVRPPHURQWRX VHURQWHQPHVXUHGHODFRQVRPPHU1RXVHPSOR\RQVOHYHUEH©FRQVRPPHUªHQFH TXHODYLWHVVHGHSDUFRXUVHVWXQVHUYLFHSURSRVpSDUOHJHVWLRQQDLUHG·LQIUDVWUXF WXUHjVRQFOLHQWO·H[SORLWDQW&HOXLFLSHXWDFKHWHUOHVHUYLFHRSWLPDODXWUDYHUVGH O·REMHWGHOHXUWUDQVDFWLRQOHVLOORQRXQHFRQVRPPHUTX·XQHSUHVWDWLRQLQIpULHXUH /LEUHDXYHQGHXUORXHXUGHFRQFpGHUFHWWHYHQWHHQIRQFWLRQGHODGHPDQGHSUpYXH VXUO·LWLQpUDLUHGRQFG·HQJpUHUOHWDX[G·RFFXSDWLRQ/·DFFpOpUDWLRQQ·HVWSDVXQ DEVROXHOOHHVWDYDQWWRXWXQpOpPHQWUHODWLI&HWHUPHQHIDLWO·REMHWG·DXFXQHHQWUpH GDQVOHVGLFWLRQQDLUHVGHJpRJUDSKLHQLPrPHGDQVOHGHUQLHUPDQXHOGHJpRJUDSKLH GHVWUDQVSRUWV%DYRX[%HDXFLUH&KDSHORQ=HPEUL 9LWHVVHIDLWO·REMHWG·XQ DUWLFOHGDQVOHGLFWLRQQDLUHGH5%UXQHWS PDLVSDVGDQVFHOXLGLULJpSDU -/pY\HW0/XVVDXOW   /·DFFpOpUDWLRQVHFRPSUHQGFRPPXQpPHQWFRPPHXQSKpQRPqQHSK\ VLTXHG·DFFURLVVHPHQWG·XQHG\QDPLTXHGHYLWHVVHJDLQRXSHUWHGHYLWHVVH /·DV SHFWVRFLDOGXSURFHVVXVQ·HVWFHSHQGDQWSDVjQpJOLJHUO·DFFpOpUDWLRQHVWDXVVLXQ SKpQRPqQHVRFLDOTXLUHSRVHVXUXQV\VWqPHSDUDGR[DOGHSHUFHSWLRQFRPSD UDWLYH/RUVTXHO·RQpYRTXHXQHDFFpOpUDWLRQHQIRQFWLRQGHODSHUFHSWLRQTXHO·RQD G·XQHVpTXHQFHGHYLWHVVHRQOHIDLWHQFRPSDUDLVRQDYHFOHVRXYHQLUG·XQHVpTXHQFH GHYLWHVVHYpFXHGDQVXQWHPSVDQWpULHXU/·RUGUHG·H[SpULPHQWDWLRQGHO·DFFpOpUD WLRQHVWDLQVLODVXFFHVVLRQ2UODFRXUVHGHO·DFFpOpUDWLRQGDQVVDGLPHQVLRQOD SOXVSDUDGR[DOHWHQGYHUVXQHVLPXOWDQpLWp5RVD XQHLQVWDQWDQpLWpSRXU &KDSLWUH'HODYLWHVVHjO·DFFpOpUDWLRQOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVFRPPHpFULWXUHDXWRDOLPHQWpHGXSURJUqV

'HX[LqPHSDUWLH/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVRXO·XWRSLHGHO·DXWRQRPLH 8QHTXrWHGHGpSDVVHPHQWGHVWHUULWRULDOLWpVSROLWLTXHVHWGHVTXRWLGLHQQHWpV$OSLQHV UHSUHQGUHXQWHUPHFRPPXQpPHQWXWLOLVpHQJpRJUDSKLHGHVWUDQVSRUWVGHSXLVVD ©LJUDQGHDQFWLHQQHªODJpRJUDSKLHGHVFLUFXODWLRQV&DYDLOOqV &HWWHLQVWDQ WDQpLWpHVWDLQVLO·H[SUHVVLRQGX©SDUDGR[HDFFpOpUpªpYRTXpHQLQWURGXFWLRQ /HWKqPHGHO·LQVWDQWDQpLWpHVWVRXYHQWDVVRFLpDXFKDPSGXYLVXHODX[LPDJHV ©8QDXWUHFDUDFWqUHIUDSSDQWGHFHVLPDJHVHVWFHTXHO·RQSRXUUDLW DSSHOHUOHXULQVWDQWDQpLWp/DYDJXHTXLV·DSSUrWHjGpIHUOHUO·HQIDQW TXLMRXHDXFHUFHDXVXUODSODJHDLOOHXUVODVWDWXHG·XQSHUVRQQDJH HQWUDLQG·DFFRPSOLUXQJHVWHpORTXHQWPrPHVLOHVHQVHQHVWG·DERUG DEVHQWjO·pWDWGHUpEXV RXO·REMHWÀJXUpjPLFKHPLQGXVROHWGHOD PDLQTXLYLHQWGHOHOkFKHUWRXWHVWGRQQpFRPPHHQSOHLQPRXYHPHQW PDLVÀJpDXEHDXPLOLHXGHFHPRXYHPHQWLPPRELOLVpSDUODUHSUp VHQWDWLRQTXLODLVVHHQVXVSHQVWRXVOHVJHVWHVFKXWHVGpIHUOHPHQWVHWF OHVpWHUQLVDQWGDQVO·LPPLQHQFHGHOHXUÀQHWOHVFRXSDQWGHOHXUVHQV (QLJPHVYLGHVWHPSVDUUrWpVLJQHVTXLUHIXVHQWGHVLJQLÀHUJURVVLVVH PHQWJpDQWGXGpWDLOPLQXVFXOHUpFLWVTXLVHUHIHUPHQWVXUHX[PrPHV QRXVVRPPHVGDQVXQXQLYHUVSODWHWGLVFRQWLQXRFKDTXHFKRVHQH UHQYRLHTX·jVRL8QLYHUVGHODÀ[LWpGHODUpSpWLWLRQGHO·pYLGHQFH DEVROXHTXLHQFKDQWHHWGpFRXUDJHO·H[SORUDWHXU«ª $5REEH*ULOOHWE 3RXUXQQRXYHDXURPDQS /·DFFpOpUDWLRQHVWXQH©IRXGUR\DQWHFRQGHQVDWLRQGHODYLWHVVHªOkFKpHHQXQLQV WDQWFRPPHGDQVOHERQGXFKDWGHODVFqQHpYRTXpHSDU&6LPRQ  /·DFFpOpUDWLRQQDvWGHO·LPPRELOLWpHWG·XQGpVLUGHPLVHHQPRXYHPHQWHWDERX WLW HQ UHWRXU j XQH IRUPH DOWHUQDWLYH G·LPPRELOLWp HQ PRXYHPHQW TX·HVW O·LQVWDQ WDQpLWp /·LQVWDQWDQpLWp Q·HVW GRQF SDV DPRELOLWp 8QLYHUV GX GLVFRQWLQX HOOH HVW PRELOLWp PDLV GDQV XQH IRUPH G·LPPRELOLWp G·LQVWDQWV IUDJPHQWpV À[pV PDLV UpSpWpVFRPPHOHVSL[HOVG·XQHSKRWRJUDSKLHGqVORUVTXHO·RQFRQVLGqUHODPRELOLWp SDU OD SHUFHSWLRQ SK\VLTXH G·XQ GpSODFHPHQW &H MHX SDUDGR[DO pWDLW GpMj SUpVHQW GDQV OHV WUDYDX[ GH 7 +lJHUVWUDQG  DYHFVRQ WUDYDLO GH UHSUpVHQWDWLRQ JUD SKLTXHG·XQH©JpRJUDSKLHGXWHPSVª2QUHWURXYHGHWHOOHVUpÁH[LRQVDXWRXUGHV ÁX[GHPpPRLUHSDUH[HPSOHFKH]$5REEH*ULOOHWD 0%XWRU  RXHQFRUH&6LPRQ MXVTXHGDQVODVWUXFWXUHVSDWLDOGHV URPDQVGHFHGHUQLHU'XQFDQ /·DFFpOpUDWLRQHVWGRQFODIXVLRQGXPRWLOHHW GXPRELOHFHWWHHQWUpHGpQRQFHDLQVLOHXUVpSDUDWLRQRUJDQLVDWLRQQHOOHHQJDJpHSDU ODGLUHFWLYHHXURSpHQQH /·DFFpOpUDWLRQSRXU9DOHXU$MRXWpHO·DFFpOpUDWLRQXQHSpGDJRJLHGHO·HVSDFH  &HWWHDFFpOpUDWLRQHVW9DOHXU$MRXWpHGDQVO·LQYHQWLRQpFRQRPLTXHHWVR FLDOHGHVWXQQHOVGHEDVH'X/\RQ7XULQDX6HPPHULQJSURMHWHQFRUHDXVWDGHGHV pWXGHVHWGXOREE\LQJXQSULQFLSHQRXYHDXGHQpFHVVLWpDSSDUDvWGDQVOHVRFOHGH MXVWLÀFDWLRQVJDJQHUHQYLWHVVHSRXUOHUDLODÀQGHUHPSRUWHUOHGpÀGXUHSRUW PRGDO/DURXWHGHYLHQWDLQVLOHUpIpUHQWDEVROXGHFHWREMHFWLI WHFKQLTXHPXHQ SURFHVVXVSROLWLTXH/·LOOXVWUDWLRQPrPHVHWURXYHGDQVO·,QIRSRLQWG·$OS·7UDQVLW *RWKDUGj6HGUXQSKRWR 6XWWRQ /HMRXHWRXOHPRGpOLVPHVHIDLWRXWLO SpGDJRJLTXHGDQVFHWWHVpTXHQFHDÀQGHUpSRQGUHjO·REMHFWLI SUHPLHUGHFHW\SH

&DYDLOOHV+  ©,QWURGXFWLRQj XQHJpRJUDSKLHGH ODFLUFXODWLRQª 5REEH*ULOOHW$ E 3RXUXQ QRXYHDXURPDQ +lJHUVWUDQG7  ©6SDFH WLPHDQGKXPDQ FRQGLWLRQª 5REEH*ULOOHW$ D /·DQQpHGHU QLqUHj0DULHQEDG %XWRU0  /D PRGLÀFDWLRQ 6LPRQ&   /·KHUEH 6LPRQ&  /D URXWHGHV)ODQGUHV 'XQFDQ$  &ODXGH6LPRQ 2HXYUHV 6XWWRQE  ©/·DFFpOpUDWLRQ FRPPHLQYHQWLRQ SHUSpWXHOOHGHV7UD YHUVpHV$OSLQHVª

&KDSLWUH'HODYLWHVVHjO·DFFpOpUDWLRQOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVFRPPHpFULWXUHDXWRDOLPHQWpHGXSURJUqV



 Sens de circulation des trains

ƌƐƞĞůĚ

Ϭ

Ϭ

ϱϬϬ

ϭϬϬϬ

ϭϱϬϬ

ϮϬϬϬ

ϮϱϬϬŵ

ŝƌŽůŽ 'ƂƐĐŚĞŶĞŶ

ϱϬŬŵ ŽĚŝŽ

dƵŶŶĞů ĚĞďĂƐĞ

^ĞĚƌƵŶ

dƵŶŶĞů ĚĞĨĂŠƚĞ

Žů ĚƵ^ƚ'ŽƚŚĂƌĚ

&ĞƌƌŽǀŝĂŝƌĞ dƵŶŶĞůĚĞĨĂŠƚĞ

ƵƚŽƌŽƵƚĞ dƵŶŶĞůĚĞ ĨĂŠƚĞ

ZŽƵƚĞ ĚĞĐŽů

FKDSLWUH@/HWXQQHOGX6LPSORQGLI IqUHVXUELHQGHVSRLQWVGHVHVFRQWHPSRUDLQV,OHVWWRXWG·DERUGVLWXpEHDXFRXS SOXVEDV5DSSHORQVTXHOHKDXWGHODOLJQHGX6LPSORQFRUUHVSRQGDXSRLQWEDVGH ODOLJQHGX/|WVFKEHUJTXLHQHVWSRXUWDQWVDFDGHWWH/H6LPSORQDpWpUpDOLVpHQWUH HWGDWHjODTXHOOHOHVWUDYDX[GX/|WVFKEHUJGpEXWHQWSRXUV·DFKHYHUHQ /DOLJQHGX6LPSORQVHVLWXHHQPR\HQQHPqWUHVSOXVEDVTXHOHVDXWUHV LWLQpUDLUHVGHWUDYHUVpHIHUURYLDLUH(QFHODOHTXDOLÀFDWLI GH©WXQQHOGHEDVHªOXL DYDLWpWpDWWULEXpjVRQpSRTXH/H6LPSORQHVWDLQVLWRSRJUDSKLTXHPHQWSDUODQW OHSUHPLHUWXQQHOGHEDVHGHO·KLVWRLUHGHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV/DVWDELOLWpGHVRQ IDLWXUEDLQDVVRFLpHVWSDUWLFXOLqUHPHQWPDUTXDQWH&HODLGHQWLÀHODFRPSRVLWLRQGHV &KDSLWUH/HVWXQQHOVGHEDVHDXGHOjGHO·pYpQHPHQWWHFKQLTXHXQGpÀJpRJUDSKLTXH



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH Inventer un exutoire alpin pour développer un réseau romand coordoné : genèse pour un passage valaisan (Conférence de Fribourg, 1852)

Paris

BA DE

EMPIRE D’AUTRICHE BAVIERE

WURTEMBERG

Munich Vienne

FRANCE

Fribourg SEMMERING

SUISSE

Simplon Lyon

Gd St B. Milan

Turin

Venise

Trieste

E

Gênes PIEMONTSARDAIGNE

Ϭ

Marseille

Contexte géopolitique



FRANCE

FKDSLWUH@/DYLOOHDG·DLOOHXUVFRQVHUYpTXHOTXHFKRVHGXFKDQWLHU/RUV GXSHUFHPHQWGXWXQQHOHQXQHSRFKHG·HDXSDUWLFXOLqUHPHQWLPSRUWDQWHIXW GpJDJpH6RQYROXPHPHQDoDG·LQRQGHUO·HQVHPEOHGHODJDOHULHGpMjFUHXVpHSDUOH QRUG$XVVLIXWLOGpFLGpGHFRQVWUXLUHXQVDVG·DFLHUjO·DLGHG·XQHVROLGHSRUWHTXL FRQGDPQDOHWXQQHOOHWHPSVGHUHMRLQGUHSDUOHVXGODSRFKHHWG·pYDFXHUSDU,VHOOH OHYROXPHG·HDXHQTXHVWLRQ&HWWHSRUWHHVWDXMRXUG·KXLH[SRVpHDXPXVpHGH5X PLQHj/DXVDQQHSKRWR  -XVTX·j O·RXYHUWXUH GX WXQQHO GX /|WVFKEHUJ OH 3LHGGH7UDYHUVpH QRUG GX 6LP SORQ D pWp /DXVDQQH '·DLOOHXUV MXVTX·j O·RXYHUWXUH GX WXQQHO GH EDVH OH Q±XG YDXGRLV FRQVWLWXDLW OH GHUQLHU Q±XGGHFDGHQFHPHQWDYDQW%ULJXH/H9DODLVVHWURXYH DLQVLSDUWLFXOLqUHPHQWGpSHQGDQWGHVRQH[XWRLUHRXHVW MXVTX·HQ/·KLVWRLUHGHODSHUFpHDOSLQHGHOD6XLVVH URPDQGHjO·pFKHOOHGHFHWHQVHPEOHUpJLRQDOUpYqOHOD PLVHHQSpULSKpULHGH*HQqYHYLVjYLVGXIDLWWUDYHUVDQW TXLQHV·HQWHQGUDLWSDVGHODPrPHIDoRQSRXUO·KLVWRLUH GHO·DOSLQLVPHRXGHO·pTXLSHPHQWWRXULVWLTXHGXPDVVLI  GX0RQW%ODQF'HEDUELHX[ /DXVDQQHV·DIÀUPH FRPPHODSRUWHGHV$OSHVURPDQGHVJUkFHjFHWWHIRUWH SRODULVDWLRQGH*HQqYHVXUOHKDXWOLHXTXHFRPSRVHFH PDVVLI  HW j VHV OLHQV DYHF OHV VWUXFWXUHV FDSLWDOLVWLTXHV IUDQoDLVHV$WUDYHUVOH6LPSORQ/DXVDQQHHVWGHYHQXH XQ Q±XG IHUURYLDLUH WRXMRXUV SOXV FHQWUDO DXMRXUG·KXL Q±XGGHFDGHQFHPHQWIDLVFHDXGHJHVWLRQGHVWUDLQVGH IUHWYHUVOH6LPSORQ HWOHQ±XGGHVLQWpUrWVGHOD6XLVVH RFFLGHQWDOHHWSDVVHXOHPHQWURPDQGH0DLV/DXVDQQH 3KRWR  3RUWH SRVpH DÀQ GH SUpVHUYHU OD JDOHULH GX 6LPSORQ H[FDYpH HQ  GH Q·D SDV GpSRVVpGp %ULJXH GH VHV IRQFWLRQV DVVRFLpHV j O·LQRQGDWLRQ VXLWH DX GpJDJHPHQW G·XQH O·DFWHGHIUDQFKLUFRPPHQRXVDYRQVSXOHGpPRQWUHU LPSRUWDQWHSRFKHG·HDX&HWWHSRUWHHVWDX (QFHODLOV·DJLWELHQG·XQHIRUPHGHSDUWDJHGXSDVVDJH MRXUG·KXLH[SRVpHDXPXVpHGH5XPLQH j GHX[ pFKHOOHV GLIIpUHQWHV HW FRPSOpPHQWDLUHV &HWWH 3KRWR.6XWWRQMDQYLHU FRQÀJXUDWLRQ HVW GH QRXYHDX ELHQ GLIIpUHQWH GH FHOOH 

&KDSLWUH/HVWXQQHOVGHEDVHDXGHOjGHO·pYpQHPHQWWHFKQLTXHXQGpÀJpRJUDSKLTXH

'HX[LqPHSDUWLH/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVRXO·XWRSLHGHO·DXWRQRPLH 8QHTXrWHGHGpSDVVHPHQWGHVWHUULWRULDOLWpVSROLWLTXHVHWGHVTXRWLGLHQQHWpV$OSLQHV SURSRVpH SDU OH /\RQ7XULQ TXL SURSRVH XQH IRUPH G·DFFDSDUHPHQW GH O·DFWH GH IUDQFKLUSDUOHVPpWURSROHVVLWXpHVDX[GHX[H[WUpPLWpVGXSURMHW /HWXQQHOGHEDVHGX6HPPHULQJ9LHQQHFRQWUHO·(XURSH"  /HSURMHWGHWXQQHOGHEDVHVRXVOH6HPPHULQJSURSRVHXQHDXWUHLOOXVWUDWLRQ 3DS5  :HOWNXOWXUHUEH GHJHQqVHTXLV·RSSRVHjFHOOHGX/\RQ7XULQ/HWXQQHOGX6HPPHULQJHVWOHSUH 6HPPHULQJEDKQ PLHUWXQQHOIHUURYLDLUHSHUFpjWUDYHUVOHV$OSHV'HWDLOOHFHUWHVSOXVUpGXLWHTXHVHV &ROODUGH\%  VXFFHVVHXUVP LOUHVWHXQGHVSDVVDJHVOHVSOXVDFWLIVjWUDLQVSDUMRXU ©$XWULFKHO·LWLQp SRXUOHVGHX[VHQVFRQIRQGXV 2XYHUWjODFLUFXODWLRQHQLOSHUPHWGHUpDOLVHU UDLUHGX6HPPHULQJ DXUDVRQWXQQHOGH O·D[H9LHQQH7ULHVWHTXLHVWDFKHYpHQ/H6HPPHULQJHVWODSRUWHPDULWLPH EDVHª GHODFDSLWDOHDXWULFKLHQQHSKRWR &HSDVVDJHHVWHQWLqUHPHQWDVVRFLpj9LHQQH :LHQHU0 © HWGDQVOHPrPHWHPSVOHSDVVDJHHVWFKDQWpMXVTXHVXUOHVPXUVGHVDGPLQLVWUDWLRQV g%%LP:DQGHOª IHUURYLDLUHVGDQVODYLOOHSKRWR /DIRUPHGHVYLDGXFVIDLWODVSpFLÀFLWpDUFKL &RPPLVVLRQ WHFWXUDOHGHODOLJQHTXLDpWpVDOXpHSDUVRQFODVVHPHQWjO·81(6&2HQ3DS (XURSpHQQH   /DVLOKRXHWWHGHVVLQpHSDUFHWWHIRUPHFRQVWLWXHOHUpHOYLVDJHGHODOLJQH$ 57(7 O·LQYHUVHGHOD6XLVVHFHQHVRQWSDVOHVSRUWDLOVGHWXQQHOTXLVRQWUHSUpVHQWpVHQ$X WULFKHPDLVOHVSRQWV1RXVOHUHWURXYRQVj WUDYHUVOHVDIÀFKHVSRXUFHWWHOLJQHRXHQFRUH SRXUFHOOHGHV7DXHUQ/HVOLYUpHVGRQWOHVOR FRPRWLYHVRQWpWpSHOOLFXOpHVjO·RFFDVLRQGHV  DQV GH O·H[SORLWDWLRQ GH OD OLJQH RQW GH QRXYHDXGpFOLQpFHWWHIRUPH 9LHQQHHVWODVRXUFHGX6HPPHULQJHWFHWWH DVVRFLDWLRQIDLWDXMRXUG·KXLO·REMHWG·XQHUH PRELOLVDWLRQjGHVÀQVQDWLRQDOHVSOXVTX·HX URSpHQQHV0RLQVFRQQXTXHOHVTXDWUHDXWUHV WXQQHOV GH EDVH OHV g%% RQW GpYHORSSp OH SURMHWG·XQQRXYHDXWXQQHOVRXVOH6HPPH ULQJ ORQJ G·XQH WUHQWDLQH GH NLORPqWUHV /D SDUWLFXODULWp GH OD OLJQH DFWXHOOH HVW GH SUp VHQWHUGHVUD\RQVGHFRXUEHSDUWLFXOLqUHPHQW VHUUpVTXLOLPLWHQWODFKDUJHGHVWUDLQVVXUOD OLJQH2UHQOLHQDYHFO·pODUJLVVHPHQWGHO·8( ODOLJQHGX6HPPHULQJDYXVDIUpTXHQWDWLRQ IRUWHPHQWFURvWUH&ROODUGH\:LHQHU   &HSHQGDQW QRXV QH WURXYRQV QXOOH WUDFH GH FH SURMHW GDQV OD SODQLÀFDWLRQ HX URSpHQQH &RPPLVVLRQ (XURSpHQQH   &HWXQQHOQ·H[LVWHSRXUO·KHXUHTXHGDQVOHV FDUWRQVGHO·(WDWDXWULFKLHQHWGHVRQJHVWLRQ QDLUHG·LQIUDVWUXFWXUHg%%3DUDOOqOHPHQWOH 3KRWR6FXOSWXUHUpDOLVpHSDUXQFKHPLQRWLWDOLHQHWH[SR Q±XGIHUURYLDLUHGH9LHQQHIDLWO·REMHWG·XQH VpHSDUVHVFROOqJXHVDXWULFKLHQVGDQVOHKDOOGHO·DQFLHQQH JDUHGXVXGHQ FRPSOqWHPRGHUQLVDWLRQGHSXLVSOXVG·XQDQ /D OLJQH GX 6HPPHULQJ HVW UHSUpVHQWpH DYHF VRQ SURORQJHPHQW TXLHOOHEpQpÀFLHGXVRXWLHQFRPPXQDXWDLUH SDUOH7DUYLVFRPPHOHYHFWHXUG·XQHIUDWHUQLWpHQWUH$XWUFLKHHW g%% D HW E  &HWWH PRGHUQLVDWLRQ YD ,WDOLHSRUWpHSDUOHVYHUWXVGXFKHPLQGHIHU V·DFKHYHUSDUXQHUHIRQWHWRWDOHGHVJDUHV 3KRWR.6XWWRQMXLQ &KDSLWUH/HVWXQQHOVGHEDVHDXGHOjGHO·pYpQHPHQWWHFKQLTXHXQGpÀJpRJUDSKLTXH



 E

'ƺƌƚĞů

ZŝŶŐ

,ŽĚŽƐͲĂůĂůƂǀƂ

6HPPHULQJ



ϭ

.6XWWRQ

&KDSLWUH/HVWXQQHOVGHEDVHDXGHOjGHO·pYpQHPHQWWHFKQLTXHXQGpÀJpRJUDSKLTXH

Le chantier de la nouvelle gare centrale de Vienne

Réseau urbain majeur de Vienne, le TEN-13

Un noeud pour un corridor

Projet de nouveaux tunnels de base

Le projet de ligne de base du Semmering

Principaux ports de l’Adriatique (golfe de Trieste)

Une ouverture maritime pour le pivot d’un isthme continental

Berlin, l’autre pivot majeur de la «réunification européenne» (Kundera)

Vienne, un pivot d’Europe

Principales villes du réseau urbain viennois considéré dans son acceptation la plus large

Un enjeu à l’échelle du treillis européen (Brunet, 2002)

... à Villach, le commutateur clé.

Le tunnel de base du Semmering, un enjeu à l’échelle du réseau urbain de l’Autriche du sud Graz, seconde ville du pays, un pivot sud potentiel en écho...

1955, un axe urbain symbolique

Un corridor Baltique-Adraitique ? une extension potentielle du TEN-23

Corridor V (TEN-T 6)

E

ϲ͗'ĂƌĞĚƵ^ƵĚ

Aide financière de l’UE pour la réouverture d’Hodos-Zalalovo

Actuelle frontière de l’UE à 27

Ancienne frontière de l’UE des 15

Le choix du corridor, la mise en scène d’une stratégie de politique régionale

Budapest, l’ancien parlement de Cisleithanie, actuel point de convergence dans la programmation communautaire

Le choix nodal européen, un choix de corridor

Une mise en question du sens d’Europe

)LJXUH/DJDUHFHQWUDOHGH9LHQQHOHSURMHWGX6HPPHULQJEDVHHQMHX[PXOWLVFDODLUHVSRXUXQGHVWLQHXURSpHQ Echo oriental inaccompli

Echo occidental à la dorsale

Dorsale européenne

ϱ͗>ĞĞůǀĠĚğƌĞ

ϰ͗ŵďĂƐƐĂĚĞĚĞ&ƌĂŶĐĞ

ϯ͗DŽŶƵŵĞŶƚă ů͛ĂƌŵĠĞƐŽǀŝĠƟƋƵĞ

Ϯ͗^ĐŚǁĂƌnjĞŶďĞƌŐͲ ƉůĂƚnj

ϭ͗KƉĞƌĂ

Emplacement de la Gare du sud, demain de la gare centrale

La localisation de la gare comme sense du réseau urbain

ϲ

ϭŬŵ

ϰ Ϯ ϯ ϱ

Vienne, d’un entre-deux à un pivot régional

ZŝũĞŬĂ

>ũƵďůũĂŶĂ

DĂƌŝďŽƌ

'ƌĂnj

ƵĚĂƉĞƐƚ

Corridor X

E

.DUDZDQNHQ

.RUDOP

6FKREHU

6HPPHULQJ

ƌĂƟƐůĂǀĂ

Lieux de l’invention de la Nouvelle Autriche (de 1955)

ϭϬϬŬŵ

dƌŝĞƐƚĞ h^/KE͗ĐƌŽƋƵŝƐĚĞƐLJŶƚŚğƐĞ s/EE

ĂƵƐĂŶŶĞ

,,/HVD[HVGHWUDQVLW H[SUHVVLRQGHFRPSURPLVWHUULWRULDX[ 8QFRQWH[WHQDWLRQDO

/LJQHSULQFLSDOH 3ULQFLSDOHOLJQHUpJLRQDOH

1RHXGLPSRUWDQW

$FKDFXQVRQSURMHW 5pDOLVDWLRQ GHO¶D[HGX*RWKDUG  5pDOLVDWLRQ GHO¶HQVHPEOH /|WVFKEHUJ6LPSORQ 5pDOLVDWLRQ GHVFKHPLQVGHIHU5KpWLTXHV 

*DUHIURQWLqUH 1RHXGVWUXFWXUDQW OHFDGHQFHPHQW

7LUDQR

&HQHHUL &HQHUL

'RPRGRVVROD

&ƌĠũƵƐϭϴϳϭ

%HUQLQ %HUQLQD L D

ĞůůŝŶnjŽŶĂ

6LLPSOOR 6 6LPSORQ RQ

3DULV/\RQ &KDPEpU\

$OE $OEXOD O XOD O

* WKDUG *R *RWKDUG

%ULJXH

%XFKV

9HUHLQ 9HUHLQD L D

2EHUDOS 2EHUDOS

$QGHUPDWW

sŝĞŶŶĞ

6W *DOO

$UWK*ROGDX /XFFHUUQH /XFHUQH 3RUWD $OSLQD &RLUH &RLUHH

/DXVDDQQH /DXVDQQH

*RWKDUG

=XULFK

KůƚĞŶ

0LODQ ,,,/HV1/)$ODUpDIILUPDWLRQGXFRPSURPLV FRPPHSDFWHWHUULWRULDO 8QHUpLQYHQWLRQKHOYpWLTXHGHVD[HVGHWUDQVLW 7XQQHOGHEDVHRXYHUW/|WVFKEHUJ 7XQQHOGHEDVHHQWUDYDX[*RWKDUG&HQHUL 8QHPRGHUQLVDWLRQSUpODEOHGHO¶D[H©FRKpVLRQª 7XQQHOGHEDVHjYRLHPpWULTXH )XUND9HUHLQD

8QHSpUpTXDWLRQWHUULWRULDOHGHVpTXLSHPHQWVQRQDERXWLH 3URMHWDEDQGRQQpGH3RUWD$OSLQD

La Suisse, le sens du compromis territorial au coeur de l’Europe

/¶LPSRUWDQFHGHO¶D[HGHODFRKpVLRQWRXMRXUV

 /DGRUVDOHGXUpVHDXVXLVVH HWVRQpFKRVXG

)LJXUH/D6XLVVHOHVHQVGXFRPSURPLVWHUULWRULDODXFRHXUGHO·(XURSH .6XWWRQ

&KDSLWUH/DFRQYHUJHQFHPXOWLVFDODLUHFRPPHVRXUFHGHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH

/DFRQWLQXLWpWHUULWRULDOHOHVWUDQVSRUWVFRPPHSHQVpHGHODFRKpVLRQGXWHUULWRLUH

0DUWLQ-3&KDWHDX %   7UDYHUVHU OHV$OSHVODURXWHHQ TXHVWLRQ %HQ]* /H SHUFHPHQWGX6LPSORQ DQVGHQpJRFLDWLRQV HQIDYHXUGHO·(XURSH %HQ]* /HV $OSHV HW OH FKHPLQ GH IHU %/6 ©/|WV FKEHUJ%DVLVWXQQHO GLH(U|IIQXQJ GHV-DKUKXQGHUW EDXZHUNVª .|SSHO 7 +DVV 6   6LPSORQ  DQVGXWXQQHOGX6LP SORQ %HQ]* /HV WUDQVSRUWVXQGpÀ HXURSpHQ



 /HSURMHW3RUWD$OSLQDQ·pWDLWjO·RULJLQHSDVWDQWWHFKQLTXHTXHSROLWLTXH &RPPH WRXWH GpFLVLRQ GH FHWWH LPSRUWDQFH OD YDOLGDWLRQ SDU YRWDWLRQ HVW LQGLV SHQVDEOH HQ 6XLVVH /H 6RXYHUDLQ YDOLGD OH SURMHW 1/)$ GDQV VD YHUVLRQ j GHX[ WXQQHOV HW VRQ PRGH GH ÀQDQFHPHQW OH IRQGV )73 HQ   /H 3HXSOH 6XLVVH DYDLWSUpFpGHPPHQWYRWpHQIDYHXUGHO·,QLWLDWLYHGHV$OSHVLQVFULSWLRQG·REMHFWLIV GHUHSRUWPRGDOGDQVODFRQVWLWXWLRQ SRXUODPLVHHQSODFHGH5HGHYDQFH 3RLGV /RXUGV VXU OD 3UHVWDWLRQ 53/3  WD[DWLRQ GHV SRLGV ORXUGV HQ WUDQVLW GRQWOHIRQGVHUWjÀQDQFHUOHVUpDOLVDWLRQVIHUURYLDLUHV5DLOHW1/)$ 0DUWLQ &KDWHDX%HQ]%/6.|SSHO+DDV /DVROXWLRQj GHX[WXQQHOVQ·pWDLWSDVXQHpYLGHQFHORUVTXHHQOHVSUHPLHUVWUDFpVSRXUXQ QRXYHDXV\VWqPHGHWXQQHOVVRQWH[DPLQpV/HV&))SRXVVDLHQWSOXW{WSRXUXQHYD ULDQWHFRQFHQWUpHVXUOH*RWKDUGjODULJXHXUHQFKDSLWUH@PDLV O·(WDWLWDOLHQLPSRVDXQGpERXFKpVXUVRQWHUULWRLUHSRXUGHVUDLVRQVVWUDWpJLTXHV (QFHODO·,WDOLHXWLOLVHOH6LPSORQSRXUV·DIÀUPHUFRPPHXQ(WDWHXURSpHQjSDUW HQWLqUHTXLIDLWYDORLUVHVLQWpUrWVWHUULWRULDX[HWIDLWUHVSHFWHUVHVIURQWLqUHV1RXV SRXYRQVHQWURXYHUGHVWUDFHVGDQVODPLVHHQVFqQHGX5RL9LFWRU(PPDQXHO,,, GDQVO·LFRQRJUDSKLHG·DORUVHWDXWUDYHUVGHVLQVFULSWLRQVVXUODIDoDGHGHODJDUHGH 'RPRGRVVROD/·LQDXJXUDWLRQGXPDLGRQQHO·RFFDVLRQDXFKHI GHO·(WDW G·DSSDUDvWUHDXSUHPLHUUDQJGHO·DFFRPSOLVVHPHQWG·XQSURMHWGHWDLOOHHXURSpHQQH &KDSLWUH/DFRQYHUJHQFHPXOWLVFDODLUHFRPPHVRXUFHGHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH 'pWDLOGXPRQXPHQWGHRUQDQWODIDoDGHGH OD JDUH GH 'RPRGRVVROD TXL FRPPpPRUH O·RX YHUWXUHGXWXQQHOGX6LPSORQ .6XWWRQQRYHPEUH

©/HMRXUGXPDL VRXVOHVDXVSLFHV GH 9LFWRU(PPDQXHO,,, HWGX &RQVHLO)pGpUDO6XLVVH O·8QLRQHQWUHGHX[SHXSOHV FRQTXLVH SDUOHVKHXUHXVHVDXGDFHVGXWUDYDLO IXWLFLFRQVDFUpH /·2VVRODH[XOWDQWH SRVDFHWWHVWqOHHQKRPPDJHª

$UULYpH GX 5RL G·,WDOLH HQ JDUH GH %ULJXH ORUV GHV IrWHV G·LQDXJXUDWLRQGXWXQQHOGX6LPSORQ 6%%+LVWRULF 'RFXPHQW/H6LPSORQXQHYRLHSRXUO·DIÀUPDWLRQGHO·(WDWLWDOLHQHQ(XURSH

%HQ]* /HV $OSHVHWOHFKHPLQ GHIHU 3RPHWWD'  6DQLWlUH(LWQULFKWXQ JHQXQGlU]WOLFKH (UIDKUXQJHQEHLP %DXGHV6LPSORQWXQ QHOV .|SSHO7+DVV 6 6LPSORQ DQVGXWXQQHOGX 6LPSORQ



GRF  6HXOHPHQW OH FKDQWLHU VXG LQVWDOOp HQ ,WDOLH j ,VHOOH QH GpURJH SDV DX WUDLWHPHQW LPSRVp DX[ RXYULHUV LWDOLHQV SXLVTXH O·HQFDGUHPHQW VXLVVH FRQWLQXH GH OHV WUDLWHU FRPPHGHVLPPLJUpV&HFKDQWLHUYRLWSRXUWDQWGHVDPpOLRUDWLRQVGDQVOHVFRQGL WLRQVGHWUDYDLOHWGHORJHPHQWQRWDPPHQWVRXVO·LPSXOVLRQGHVPpGHFLQVGXFKDQ WLHU OHV 'U 9RODQWH HW 3RPHWWD 0DLV FHV DPpOLRUDWLRQV QRWDPPHQW OHV EDUDTXH PHQWVHWDXWUHVUpIHFWRLUHVQ·RQWSDVUHQFRQWUpOHVXFFqVHVSpUpFKH]OHVRXYULHUV %HQ]3RPHWWD.|SSHO+DDV /DSUHVVHLWDOLHQQHVHVDLVLWDORUV GXVXMHWDLQVLTXHO·DVVRFLDWLRQ'DQWH$OLJKLHUL8QIURQWGHSUHVVLRQVHFRQVWLWXDSRXU TXH O·(WDW PHWWH HQ SODFH GHV PHVXUHV G·DFFRPSDJQHPHQW j O·pPLJUDWLRQ QR WDPPHQWHQWHUPHVG·pGXFDWLRQGHVMHXQHVLWDOLHQVQpVVXUOHVFKDQWLHUVRXGDQVOHV DXWUHVDLUHVG·pPLJUDWLRQ/HFKDQWLHUGX6LPSORQGRQQHDLQVLO·RSSRUWXQLWpjO·(WDW LWDOLHQGHV·DIÀUPHUDXVVLVXUOHSODQQDWLRQDO&HFKDQWLHUSUpVHQWHFHFLGHSDUWLFX &KDSLWUH/DFRQYHUJHQFHPXOWLVFDODLUHFRPPHVRXUFHGHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV

'HX[LqPHSDUWLH/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVRXO·XWRSLHGHO·DXWRQRPLH 8QHTXrWHGHGpSDVVHPHQWGHVWHUULWRULDOLWpVSROLWLTXHVHWGHVTXRWLGLHQQHWpV$OSLQHV OLHUTXHHQUDLVRQGHVIRUWHVFKDOHXUVDWWHQGXHVXQHFDPSDJQHGHUHFUXWHPHQWGH PDLQG·±XYUHHXWOLHXGDQVOHVXGGHO·,WDOLH&HWWHDSSURFKHGpWHUPLQLVWHFRQVWLWXH ODEDVHGHODUHQFRQWUHGHO·HQVHPEOHGHVUpJLRQVLWDOLHQQHVGDQVXQHPrPHpSUHXYH FRPPHpYRTXpSUpFpGHPPHQW PLVHHQVFqQHjO·pFKHOOHQDWLRQDOHSDUODSUHVVHHW FHSRXUODSUHPLqUHIRLVGHO·KLVWRLUHGXMHXQH(WDW1RXVHQUHWURXYRQVOHVWUDFHV DXMRXUG·KXLDXPXVpHQDWLRQDOGH5RPH/DSUHPLqUHORLVXUO·pPLJUDWLRQHVWYRWpH HQVRLWWURLVDQVDSUqVOHGpEXWGXFKDQWLHUGX6LPSORQ&HWWHORLVHPDWpULDOLVH SDUXQDFFRPSDJQHPHQWjO·pPLJUDWLRQQRWDPPHQWVRXVODIRUPHGHOLYUHWVURXJHV pGLWpVSDUSD\VTXLIRXUQLVVHQWO·HQVHPEOHGHVUHQVHLJQHPHQWVSUDWLTXHVTXHO·pPL JUpGRLWFRQQDvWUHDYDQWGHSDUWLUGRF /HOLYUHW©6XLVVHªHVWSDUWLFXOLqUHPHQW LQWpUHVVDQWFDULOSUpFLVHTXHOHGURLWGXWUDYDLOVXUOHVFKDQWLHUVGHSHUFHPHQWGHV WXQQHOVDOSLQVHVWGpURJDWRLUHDXGURLWQDWLRQDO1RXV\WURXYRQVPHQWLRQQpHVOHV IRUPDOLWpVDGPLQLVWUDWLYHVQpFHVVDLUHVWUDGXLWHVHQLWDOLHQPDLVDXVVLOHVUHODLVORFDX[ SHUPHWWDQWjO·DUULYDQWGHWURXYHUGXVRXWLHQGDQVVHVGpPDUFKHV,OV·DJLWQRWDP PHQWGHVDVVRFLDWLRQVGHVHFRXUVPXWXHORXGHVpFROHVLWDOLHQQHVWHQXHVSDUOD'DQWH HQFRQFHVVLRQGXPLQLVWqUHGHVDIIDLUHVpWUDQJqUHV

3UHPLqUHSDJHGXOLYUHW©6XLVVHª

([HPSOHGHIRUPDOLWpDGPLQLVWUDWLYHWUD GXLWHOHIRUPXODLUHG·HPEDXFKHVXUOHV FKDQWLHUVIHUURYLDLUHVVXLVVHV

'RFXPHQW([WUDLWVGXOLYUHWjO·DWWHQWLRQGHO·pPLJUpLWDOLHQ©6XLVVHª pGLWpSDUOH&RPPLVVDULDWGHO·pPLJUDWLRQpGLWLRQ %LEOLRWKqTXHGXPXVpHQDWLRQDOGHO·pPLJUDWLRQ5RPH

&KDSLWUH/DFRQYHUJHQFHPXOWLVFDODLUHFRPPHVRXUFHGHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH

/DYRL[GHO·DIÀUPDWLRQG·XQH1DWLRQ

0RVHU%-RVVL8  ©'LH%/6 (LQHPRGHUQH $OSHQEDKQª

 /DGLPHQVLRQVFRODLUHHVWIRQGDPHQWDOHFDUHOOHSRUWHOHWURLVLqPHWHPSVGH FHUDSSRUWF·HVWjGLUHOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVFRPPHYRL[GHO·DIÀUPDWLRQG·XQH 1DWLRQ /HV SUHPLqUHV pFROHV LWDOLHQQHV RXYUHQW GDQV OH 9DODLV GDQV OD IRXOpH GH FHWWHORLQRWDPPHQWj%ULJXHHQOLHQDYHFOHFKDQWLHU0DLVODPHLOOHXUHLOOXVWUDWLRQ GHFHWWHDIÀUPDWLRQG·XQH1DWLRQUHVWHOHPRQXPHQWDX[RXYULHUVPRUWVORUVGXSHU FHPHQWGX6LPSORQj,VHOOHÀJ /HVHIIHWVGHODORLQHVHIRQWWRWDOHPHQWVHQWLU TXHVXUO·H[WUrPHÀQGXFKDQWLHUGX6LPSORQ3DUFRQWUHHOOHYDGRQQHUVDSOHLQH PHVXUHGDQVO·DFFRPSDJQHPHQWGXFKDQWLHUGX/|WVFKEHUJ$ORUVTXHOHVFKDQWLHUV SUpFpGHQWV*RWKDUGHW6LPSORQ DYDLHQWGRQQpO·LPDJHGHFDSKDUQDPOHFKDQWLHU GX/|WVFKEHUJYDGRQQHUOLHXjODFRQVWLWXWLRQG·XQH©OLWWOH,WDO\ªSDUWLFXOLqUHPHQW VWUXFWXUpHDYHFVRQpFROHVRQFLPHWLqUHVRQpJOLVHHWF0RVHU-RVVL SKRWR  *RSSHQVWHLQHVWXQOLHXGHSHXSOHPHQWHQWLqUHPHQWLQYHQWpSDUOHFKDQWLHUGX /|WVFKEHUJ$ORUVGHX[LqPHIR\HUGHGHQVLWpGX9DODLVFHOLHXGLWGHYLHQWXQHYpUL WDEOHH[FODYHLWDOLHQQHjODSpULSKpULHQRUGGX9DODLV8QHVRFLpWpGHVHFRXUVPXWXHO VHFRQVWLWXHGLUHFWHPHQWDYHFODTXHOOHOH%/6FRPSRVHMXVTXHGDQVO·pFULWXUHPpPR ULHOOHGXFKDQWLHUSKRWR 8QPRQXPHQWHVWHQHIIHWLQDXJXUpjO·LVVXHGHVWUDYDX[ HWDSSRVpVXUOHPXUGHODJDUHGH*RSSHQVWHLQ,OSRUWHELHQHQWHQGXOHVGDWHVGHV WUDYDX[ HWQRQFHOOHGHODPLVHHQH[SORLWDWLRQ'pWDLOTXLQ·HQHVWSDV XQFHWWHSODTXHFRVLJQpHSDUODVRFLpWpGHVHFRXUVPXWXHOHWSDUOH%/6HVWHQLWDOLHQ 5DSSHORQVTX·LODIDOOXDWWHQGUHOHVDQVGX*RWKDUGSRXUYRLUDSSDUDvWUHOHPRQX PHQWHQLWDOLHQSUpYXGDQVOH7HVVLQVRLWGDQVOD6XLVVHLWDORSKRQH/jOHSRLGVGHV VWUXFWXUHVLWDOLHQQHVHVWPDQLIHVWHHQFHTX·HOOHVUpXVVLVVHQWjLPSRVHUOHPRQXPHQW GLUHFWHPHQW (W FH SRLGV PpPRULHO HVW FRQVHUYp GHSXLV O·,WDOLH SXLVTXH ORUVTX·HQ OH%/6HWOHFDQWRQGX9DODLVGpFLGHGHUpDPpQDJHUOHVLWHGH*RSSHQVWHLQDÀQ GHUpDOLVHUXQWHUPLQDOGHFKDUJHPHQWGHQDYHWWHDXWRjJUDQGHFDSDFLWpOHVDVVRFLD WLRQVLQWHUYLHQQHQWSRXUIDLUHYDORLUOHXUSRLQWGHYXH/·HPSODFHPHQWSURMHWpSRXU FHWHUPLQDOHVWO·DQFLHQQHEDVHWUDYDX[2UOHVDFFqVURXWLHUVHWO·pODUJLVVHPHQW GHODSODWHIRUPHGHPDQGHQWGHGpWUXLUHODFKDSHOOHFRQVWUXLWHDXGpEXWGXVLqFOHHW VXUWRXWOHFLPHWLqUHROHVRXYULHUVPRUWVVRQWHQWHUUpV/HVSURPRWHXUVGXSURMHW RQWG€DXÀQDOGpSODFHUFHFLPHWLqUHHWUHFRQVWUXLUHODFKDSHOOHDXVHLQGXKDPHDX SHXSOpGHVDODULpVGX%/6VRXYHQWGHFRQIHVVLRQUpIRUPpH&HWWHORJLTXHG·H[FODYH LWDOLHQQHUHYrWDLQVLXQVHQVLGHQWLWDLUHDVVRFLpDXVDFULÀFHHWjODÀJXUHGXPLQHXU /H0XVpH1DWLRQDOGHO·(PLJUDWLRQHVWSDUWLFXOLqUHPHQWLQWpUHVVDQWGXSRLQWGHYXH GHVV\PEROHVHWGHVUHSUpVHQWDWLRQV,OHQUHVVRUWTXHO·(PLJUpLWDOLHQHQ(XURSHHVW OHPLQHXU/HVPRQXPHQWVDX[PRUWVVXUOHVVLWHVSHUSpWXHQWFHWWHDIÀOLDWLRQ  /HV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVUHVWHQWHQFRUHDXMRXUG·KXLOHOLHQLGHQWLWDLUHGHVpPL JUpVjO·,WDOLH/·(PLJUDWLRQV·HVWSRXUVXLYLHGDQVOHVDQQpHV1RPEUHG·,WDOLHQV VRQWYHQXVHQ6XLVVHHQ$OOHPDJQHRXHQ)UDQFHWUDYDLOOHUVRXYHQWGDQVOHVPLQHV RXFRPPHFRQFLHUJHVRXHQFRUHFRPPHSHUVRQQHOVPpGLFDX[/RUVGHPHVGpSOD FHPHQWVKHEGRPDGDLUHVjGHVÀQVSULYpHV HQWUH*HQqYHHW5RPHGHVHSWHPEUH jPDUVLOP·DpWpGRQQpGHUHQFRQWUHUODVXUYLYDQFHGHFHOLHQ8QFHUWDLQ QRPEUHGHSHUVRQQHVIDLVDLHQWODQDYHWWHWRXWHVOHVVHPDLQHVHQWUH)ORUHQFHHW/DX VDQQHRX*HQqYH$SUqVGHVFRQWDFWVTXLVHVRQWQRXpVDXÀOGHVVHPDLQHVLOQ·\



&KDSLWUH/DFRQYHUJHQFHPXOWLVFDODLUHFRPPHVRXUFHGHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV

'HX[LqPHSDUWLH/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVRXO·XWRSLHGHO·DXWRQRPLH 8QHTXrWHGHGpSDVVHPHQWGHVWHUULWRULDOLWpVSROLWLTXHVHWGHVTXRWLGLHQQHWpV$OSLQHV

3ODTXHFRPPpPRUDWLYHSRVpHHQVRX YHQLU GHV RXYULHUV LWDOLHQV PRUWV ORUV GXSHUFHPHQWGXWXQQHOGX/|WVFKEHUJ GDQVODJDUHGH*RSSHQVWHLQDX[F{WpV GXPRQXPHQWSUpFpGHQWSDUO·RHXYUH G·DVVLVWDQFHDX[pPLJUDQWV .6XWWRQQRYHPEUH © $X WULVWH HW LPSpULVVDEOH VRXYHQLU GH WRXV OHV FRPSDJQRQV WRPEpV HQ GpÀDQW OHV GXUV URFKHV GX /|WVFKEHUJ PDUTXDQW OH WULRPSKH GX WUDYDLO LWDOLHQ /D FRPPXQDXWp FRPSRVpH GHWRXWHVOHVFRQWUpHVGHODSDWULHGDQVO·kSUH YDOOpH GH *RSSHQVWHLQ HQWUH  HW  UHJURXSpH IUDWHUQHOOHPHQW D SRVp FHWWH SODTXH VRXV OHV DXVSLFHV GH O·RHXYUH G·DVVLVWDQFH DX[ pPLJUDQWVª

0RQXPHQW DX[ PLQHXUV PRUWV ORUV GX SHUFHPHQW GX WXQQHO GX /|WV FKEHUJGDQVODJDUHGH*RSSHQVWHLQ .6XWWRQQRYHPEUH

3DUDJUDSKH©(FROHVLWDOLHQQHVªGXOLYUHWGHO·pPLJUpLWDOLHQ ©L6XLVVHª*RSSHQVWHLQDSSDUDvWDXPrPHUDQJTXHOHV JUDQGHVYLOOHVGXSD\VFRPPH*HQqYH%kOHRX&RLUH 0XVpHQDWLRQDOGHO·pPLJUDWLRQ5RPH

3DQQHDX G·DQLPDWLRQ GX VHQWLHUGpFRXYHUWH GH OD UDPSHVXGGX/|WVFKEHUJ/HWKqPHGXSDQQHDXHVW OHGpSODFHPHQWGXFLPHWLqUHpWDEOLORUVGHVWUDYDX[GH SHUFHPHQWGXWXQQHOjO·RFFDVLRQGXUpDPpQDJHPHQW GXVLWHGH %/6

3KRWR*RSSHQVWHLQpOpPHQWVGHSDWULPRQLDOLVDWLRQG·XQHH[FODYHLWDOLHQQHjO·DYDQWSRUWHG·XQWXQQHODOSLQ 0RQWDJH.6XWWRQ

&KDSLWUH/DFRQYHUJHQFHPXOWLVFDODLUHFRPPHVRXUFHGHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH

'RFXPHQW3pWLWLRQFRQWUHODVXSSUHVVLRQGHVWUDLQVGHQXLW6XLVVH,WDOLH GpFHPEUH

DYDLWTXHGHX[YRLWXUHVGLUHFWHVHQWUHOD6XLVVHHWO·,WDOLH LOV·HVWDYpUpTXHFHVSHU VRQQHVWUDYDLOODLHQWHQ6XLVVHPDLVUHQWUDLHQWWRXWHVOHVVHPDLQHV©FKH]HOOHVªHQ ,WDOLH&HWWHpPLJUDWLRQPRGHUQHF{WR\DLWORUVGHVYDFDQFHVOHVVXUYLYDQFHVGHO·pPL JUDWLRQDQFLHQQHFHOOHTXLQHUHQWUDLWHQ,WDOLHTX·jO·pWpRXSRXUOHVIrWHV&HWUDLQ pWDLWXQYUDLSRQWHQWUHGHX[WHPSVHWHQWUHGHX[HVSDFHVTXHOH6LPSORQXQLVVDLW 6HXOHPHQW VXLWH j OD OLEpUDOLVDWLRQ GHV PDUFKpV IHUURYLDLUHV HXURSpHQV LQWHUQDWLR QDX[ HW j OD GLVSDULWLRQ GH O·DOOLDQFH &LVDOSLQR FH WUDLQ D FHVVp GH FLUFXOp OH  GpFHPEUH8QYHQWGHFRQWHVWDWLRQVHGpYHORSSDHQ6XLVVHQRWDPPHQWGHOD SDUWG·HQIDQWVG·LPPLJUpVLWDOLHQV8QHSpWLWLRQFLUFXODSDUO·HQWUHPLVHGHVKDELWXpV OHV&))IXUHQWDEUHXYpVGHPDLOPDLVOHXUUpSRQVHUHSRUWDLWV\VWpPDWLTXHPHQWOD



&KDSLWUH/DFRQYHUJHQFHPXOWLVFDODLUHFRPPHVRXUFHGHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV

'HX[LqPHSDUWLH/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVRXO·XWRSLHGHO·DXWRQRPLH 8QHTXrWHGHGpSDVVHPHQWGHVWHUULWRULDOLWpVSROLWLTXHVHWGHVTXRWLGLHQQHWpV$OSLQHV IDXWHVXU7UHQLWDOLD«GRF /·HQMHXHVWHQYpULWpSOXVFRPSOH[HFRPPHQRXVOH YHUURQV>FKDSLWUH@0DLVO·pPRLVXVFLWpSDUODGLVSDULWLRQGHFHWUDLQPDTXLOOpHHQ SURJUqVSDUXQHDFFpOpUDWLRQEUXWHGHVWHPSVGHSDUFRXUVPDLVGHMRXU HVWjQRWHU FRPPHXQHVXUYLYDQFHGHFHOLHQLGHQWLWDLUHFRPSOH[H

'HVXFFqVHQpFKHFVOHVWXQQHOVGHVWUDMHFWRLUHVGHFRQYHUJHQFHVPXOWLVFDODLUHV 3URÀOSRXUXQHUpXVVLWHOH*RWKDUGFRPPHDUFKpW\SH  /DSULVHHQFRPSWHGHO·,WDOLHDSSHOOHSOXVODUJHPHQWjUHFRQVLGpUHUOHSKpQR PqQHJpRSROLWLTXHGHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVjODOXPLqUHGHVpYROXWLRQVGHFHWWHSDUWLH GHO·(XURSH1RXVUHMRLJQRQV&5DIIHVWLQ GDQVO·LGpHTXHVLOHVFHQWUHVSROL WLTXHVG·LQYHQWLRQGHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVVHVLWXHQWDXQRUGO·,WDOLHGXQRUGFRPPH DLUHV·LPSRVHHQSLYRWGHVSROLWLTXHVLQWHUQDWLRQDOHVGXFRQWLQHQWTXLLQÁXHQFHQWOD PLVHHQSODFHGHVUpVHDX[DOSLQV8QHQRXYHOOHIRLVOHGpEDW*UDQG6DLQW%HUQDUG 6LPSORQO·LOOXVWUHGHPrPHTXHODJHQqVHGX)UpMXVHWOHUHQYHUVHPHQWGHVRQVHQV JpRSROLWLTXH DX PRPHQW GH VRQ RXYHUWXUH ,O HVW SRVVLEOH GH IDLUH XQH OHFWXUH GH O·pWDEOLVVHPHQWGHVOLJQHVDOSLQHVjWUDYHUVFHTXDWULqPHQLYHDXGHOHFWXUH/HSUHPLHU pWDLW O·LPSRUWDQFH GH O·pFKHOOH UpJLRQDOH TXL SUHQDLW SDUWLFXOLqUHPHQW VHQV SRXU OHWHPSVGHVFRPPXQDXWpV/DGLYLVLRQGHOD6XLVVHHQWURLVSDUWLH VHQFRQVWLWXH O·pFKR /H GHX[LqPH QLYHDX pWDLW O·pFKHOOH QDWLRQDOH SRUWp QRWDPPHQW SDU O·HQ MHX GH OD FRQWLQXLWp WHUULWRULDOH 0DLV DXFXQ WXQQHO j WUDYHUV OHV $OSHV QH VHPEOH DYRLUDERXWLVDQVDYRLUUHQFRQWUpO·LQWpUrWGXWURLVLqPHQLYHDXO·LQYHQWLRQPpWUR SROLWDLQHHWFHOXLGXTXDWULqPHTXHQRXVSURSRVRQVGHGpYHORSSHUPDLQWHQDQWOD FRQFRUGDQFHDYHFOHFRQWH[WHJpRSROLWLTXHHWJpRVWUDWpJLTXHGHVDOOLDQFHVj O·pFKHOOHGXFRQWLQHQW/HVSHUFpHVTXLRQWFRQQXOHVXFFqVVRQWWRXWHVOHSURGXLW GHODFRQYHUJHQFHGHFHVWURLVIDFWHXUV/·,WDOLHGXQRUGFRQVWLWXHG·XQSRLQWGHYXH VSDWLDOODSLHUUHDQJXODLUHGHFHWURLVLqPHQLYHDX/·,WDOLHGXQRUGHVWQRQVHXOHPHQW ODWHUUHGHFRQYHUJHQFHGHVD[HVGHWUDYHUVpHPDLVHOOHHVWDXVVLODWHUUHGHSUR MHFWLRQHWG·H[SUHVVLRQGHVUHYLUHPHQWVGHVMHX[G·DOOLDQFH,OHVWGRQFLPSRUWDQW GHO·LQVWLWXHUjVRQUDQJGHS{OHGDQVODFRQGXLWHGHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVUDQJWURS VRXYHQWRFFXOWpSDUODVRXVSRQGpUDWLRQGHVWUDYDX[VXUO·,WDOLHGDQVOHSDQHOELEOLR JUDSKLTXHTXLQRXVHVWSURSRVp

5DIIHVWLQ&  ©/HVURXWHVHWOHV WUDQVSRUWVURXWLHUV GDQVO·DUFDOSLQª %HQ]* /HV $OSHVHWOHFKHPLQ GHIHU 3DQ]HUD)5RPDQR 5>GLU@  ,O6DQ*RWWDUGR GDOODJDOOHULDGL)DYUH DOO·$OS7UDQVLW

 5HFRQVLGpURQV OD JHQqVH GX *RWKDUG j O·pFKHOOH LQWHUQDWLRQDOH &H WXQQHO FHODDpWpODUJHPHQWGpPRQWUpHVWO·H[SUHVVLRQIHUURYLDLUHDOSLQHGHVMHX[G·DOOLDQFHV GH OD SROLWLTXH ELVPDUFNLHQQH %HQ]   3DQ]HUD 5RPDQR   /H SUHPLHU SURMHWjO·pFKHOOHUpJLRQDOHGHVFDQWRQVJRWKDUGLVWHVGDWHGHORUVG·XQHUHQ FRQWUHGHVUHSUpVHQWDQWVGHFHVFDQWRQVj/XFHUQH/HQ±XGLWDOLHQJpRSROLWLTXH FRPPHWHFKQLTXHSRXUOHVSDVVDJHVVXLVVHVHVWOD/RPEDUGLH&HODVHFRQÀUPHGH QRVMRXUVDYHFODPpWULTXHGHFRUULGRU0DLVOD/RPEDUGLHWHUUHDXWULFKLHQQHLQ WHUGLWWRXWHUpDOLVDWLRQGX*RWKDUGSRXUODVLPSOHUDLVRQTXHO·$XWULFKHUpDOLVHGDQV OHPrPHWHPSVOHVD[HVGHSURMHFWLRQYHUVFHWWHSDUWLHDXWULFKLHQQH6HPPHULQJHW %UHQQHU VXUVRQSURSUHWHUULWRLUH(QRXWUHO·pFODWHPHQWSROLWLTXHGHO·$OOHPDJQH QH SHUPHW SDV GH WURXYHU XQ VRXWLHQ XQDQLPH DX QRUG /HV SURVSHFWLYHV ODQFpHV &KDSLWUH/DFRQYHUJHQFHPXOWLVFDODLUHFRPPHVRXUFHGHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH Les prémices du projet de tunnel sous le Gothard face à son contexte géopolitique (armistice de Villafranca 1859)

Paris EMPIRE D’AUTRICHE BA

DE

BAVIERE

WURTEMBERG

Munich Vienne

FRANCE

Zurich GOTHARD

SEMMERING 1854

BRENNER

SUISSE

Lyon FREJUS

Milan

Turin

Venise

Trieste

E

Gênes PIEMONTSARDAIGNE

Ϭ

Marseille Le contexte géopolitique



FRANCE

FKDSLWUH@FH WXQQHOHVWFHQVpLQYHQWHUXQHQRXYHOOHUHQFRQWUHIHUURYLDLUHHQWUHFHVGHX[HQWLWpV /·LQWpUrW GHV PLOLHX[ pFRQRPLTXHV IUDQoDLV Q·HVW SDV SDUWLFXOLqUHPHQW GpYHORSSp '·XQSRLQWGHYXHSRUWXDLUHOH6LPSORQIDYRULVHUDLWOHSRUWGH*rQHVFRQWUH0DUVHLOOH SXLVTXHFHWXQQHORXYULUDLWXQHSDUWLHGHO·KLQWHUODQGGXSRUWIUDQoDLVjVRQULYDOLWD OLHQ/H3/0YRLWDLQVL FHSURMHWG·XQPDXYDLV ±LO G·DXWDQW SOXV TXH FH SURMHW VH SRVH HQ ULYDO GX )UpMXV HW G·XQ pYHQWXHOWXQQHOVRXVOH 0RQW%ODQF$ORUVTXH O·pFKHOOH LQWHUQDWLRQDOH DpWpOHSLYRWGHO·LQYHQ WLRQGX*RWKDUGIHUUR YLDLUH GDQV OH FDV GX 6LPSORQ LO V·DJLW ELHQ GH O·pFKHOOH XUEDLQH j VDYRLU /DXVDQQH /H GLVFUpGLWMHWpVXUOHVÀ QDQFLHUV IUDQoDLV GDQV FHWWH DIIDLUH D SHUPLV XQ UHFHQWUDJH GX SUR MHW DXWRXU GH O·pOpPHQW TXLOHIUDJLOLVDLWOHSOXV  OD WUDQVIURQWDOLDULWp /HVDXWRULWpVYDXGRLVHV RQW HQ HIIHW UHFHQ WUp OHV GLVFXVVLRQV j O·pFKHOOH GH O·LWLQp UDLUHHWQRQjO·pFKHOOH GH O·D[H /D OLJQH GH -RXJQH pWDLW HQ VHUYLFH GHSXLV  $XVVL OHV HQMHX[ GX 6LPSORQ FRPPHLWLQpUDLUHVHVL 'RFXPHQW/RUVTXHOH3/0LQYHVWLWOH9DODLV WXDLHQWLOVYHUVO·,WDOLH $IÀFKHGHSURPRWLRQGHODGHVVHUWHGH=HUPDWW /·KDELOHWp GHV 9DXGRLV 53pDQ /H0RQW&HUYLQDIÀFKHSRXUOH3/0ELEOLRWKqTXHFDQWRQDOHGXYDODLV &KDSLWUH/DFRQYHUJHQFHPXOWLVFDODLUHFRPPHVRXUFHGHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV

'HX[LqPHSDUWLH/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVRXO·XWRSLHGHO·DXWRQRPLH 8QHTXrWHGHGpSDVVHPHQWGHVWHUULWRULDOLWpVSROLWLTXHVHWGHVTXRWLGLHQQHWpV$OSLQHV DpWpGHIDLUHGX6LPSORQXQSURMHWLWDORVXLVVHHWQRQHXURSpHQ/·,WDOLHFRPPH (WDWDSXDLQVLV·DIÀUPHUHWDIÀUPHUO·LQWpJULWpGHVRQFRQWU{OHVXUVRQWHUULWRLUHHQ H[LJHDQWHWHQREWHQDQWHQGHSRVVpGHUOHGpERXFKpVXGGXWXQQHO'·XQSDUD GR[HJpRSROLWLTXHjO·pFKHOOHGHO·D[H/DXVDQQHDVXLQYHQWHUXQHFRKpUHQFHGLSOR PDWLTXHjO·pFKHOOHGHO·LWLQpUDLUH/H6LPSORQFRQVWLWXHODYRLHGHO·DIÀUPDWLRQGH O·,WDOLHFRPPH(WDWDYHFODEpQpGLFWLRQGHO·$OOHPDJQHTXL\YRLWXQQRXYHDXSRLQW GHÀ[DWLRQGHODSROLWLTXHUHYDQFKDUGHGHOD)UDQFH+RUPLV(OLVpH5HFOXVHW/pRQ *DPEHWWDSHXGHSHUVRQQDOLWpVIUDQoDLVHVYRLHQWFHSURMHWG·XQERQ±LO0DLVOHVPL OLHX[IUDQoDLVVHUHWURXYHQWGHYDQWOHIDLWDFFRPSOLHWQHSHXYHQWTXHWHQWHUGHV·DS SURSULHUO·REMHWQDLVVDQWQRWDPPHQWDX WUDYHUV G·LQYHVWLVVHPHQWV DXWRXU GH FHW D[HQpG·XQLWLQpUDLUH/H3/0LQYHVWLW SDUH[HPSOHGDQVODFRQVWUXFWLRQGHOD OLJQHGHOD)XUND/·DFWHXUWRXULVWLTXH YLHQWDLQVLDXVHFRXUVGHO·DFWHXUIHU URYLDLUHGDQVFHSURFHVVXVG·DSSURSULD WLRQDSRVWHULRULGHO·D[HGRF  3URÀOSRXUXQpFKHFOH0RQWJHQqYUH  /DFRQYHUJHQFHGHFHVWURLVOR JLTXHV VFDODLUHV PrPH IRUFpH VHPEOH SHUPHWWUH G·H[SOLTXHU OD UpXVVLWH RX OHV pFKHFVGHVSURMHWVGHWXQQHOV7RXMRXUVj ODOXPLqUHGHODWUDMHFWRLUHLWDOLHQQHLOHVW SRVVLEOHGHFRPSUHQGUHOHVpFKHFVUpSp WpVGXSURMHWGHWXQQHOIHUURYLDLUHVRXVOH FROGX0RQWJHQqYUH6XWWRQ &H FROUHOLHOH%ULDQoRQQDLVDX9DOGH6XVH +LVWRULTXHPHQWLOFRQVWLWXHOHSDVVDJH LQWpULHXU DX 'DXSKLQp TXL V·pWHQGDLW MXVTX·HQ  GH SDUW HW G·DXWUH GH OD OLJQHGHFUrWH$YHFOHWRXUQDQWGXWUDLWp G·8WUHFKWHQFDGUp FHSDVVDJHWHQGj GHYHQLU XQH IHUPHWXUH FRPPH OH SD\ VDJH GH IRUWLÀFDWLRQ TXL VH GHVVLQH DX WRXUGH%ULDQoRQHQWpPRLJQH%HUQLHU 6XWWRQ  j SDUDvWUH  %R\HU   GRF %ULDQoRQLQFDUQHODQRWLRQGH WHUPLQDLVRQ WHUULWRULDOH F{Wp IUDQoDLV WRXWHQUHVWDQWXQS{OHPDMHXUGHO·HQ VHPEOHGHVKDXWHVYDOOpHVLWDOLHQQHV9DO GH6XVH9DO&KLVRQH /HUHWRXUQHPHQW SDUWLHOGX%ULDQoRQQDLVYHUVODIURQWLqUH HVW UpFHQW ,O HVW DVVRFLp DX G\QDPLVPH GH OD VWDWLRQ GH 0RQWJHQqYUH TXL V·HVW JURXSpH DYHF OHV VWDWLRQV LWDOLHQQHV

'RFXPHQW%ULDQoRQXQHVLOKRXHWWHGHWHUPLQDLVRQ WHUULWRULDOHGHVVLQpHSDUOHVIRUWLÀFDWLRQVGpIHQVLYHV /7ULQTXLHU7ULDQRQYHUV %ULDQoRQDIÀFKHSRXUOH3/0pG&ORXHW $QLPDWLRQ%HUQLHU6XWWRQjSDUDvWUH )RUWL¿FDWLRQ9DXEDQ )RUWL¿FDWLRQ6HUUpGH5LYLqUH )RUWLWDOLHQ

&KDSLWUH/DFRQYHUJHQFHPXOWLVFDODLUHFRPPHVRXUFHGHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH GH &ODYLqUH 6HVWULqUHV HW 6DQ 6LFDULR OD PRQWDJQH RO\PSLTXH GH   GDQV OH GRPDLQHVNLDEOHGH©OD9RLH/DFWpHª$X MRXUG·KXLO·HQVHPEOHGHVVLWHVLQWHUQHWGH ODUpJLRQSUpVHQWHO·DFFqVGHSXLVO·,WDOLH HQWUDLQFRPPHHQYRLWXUH&HODQ·HVWSDV DVVLPLODEOHjXQHIIHW7*9GpWHUPLQLVWH GqV ORUV TXH FHWWH GHVVHUWH H[LVWH GHSXLV PDLVTX·LODXUDIDOOXDWWHQGUHSUqVGH DQVHWOHV-2 SRXUDVVLVWHUjXQHYDOR ULVDWLRQGHFHWWHYRLHG·DFFqV8QHQDYHWWH UHOLHODJDUHG·2XO[JDUHG·DUUrWGX7*9 3DULV0LODQ jODJDUHGH%ULDQoRQHQFRU UHVSRQGDQFH DYHF OHV 7*9 UpGXLW DX MRXUG·KXLjXQHVHXOHSDLUH GHSXLV &HWWHQDYHWWHDpWpLQVWLWXpHGDQVOHFDGUH G·XQ SURJUDPPH ,QWHUUHJ ,,, GRF   $ORUVTXHO·DFFqVDX%ULDQoRQQDLVGHSXLV OD)UDQFHQHVHFRPSRVHTXHGHURXWHVQD WLRQDOHVHWG·XQHYRLHIHUUpHjYRLHXQLTXH HW j WUDFWLRQ DXWRQRPH O·DFFqV SDU O·,WD OLHSURSRVHMXVTX·j2XO[OHVDXWRURXWHHW OLJQHIHUURYLDLUHLQWHUQDWLRQDOHVGX)UpMXV '·2XO[ODURXWHDpWpHQWLqUHPHQWUpQR YpHjO·RFFDVLRQGHV-21RXVLGHQWLÀRQV DLQVLXQHGLVV\PpWULHPDMHXUHjO·pFKHOOH GH FHW HQVHPEOH GH KDXWHV YDOOpHV /·HQ VHPEOHLWDOLHQFRUUHVSRQGjXQHDLUHSDU WLFXOLqUHPHQW LQWpJUpH GDQV OD ORJLTXH PpWURSROLWDLQHGH7XULQTXLHVWWUDYHUVpH SDUXQD[HLQWHUQDWLRQDOGHWUDQVLWTXLID 'RFXPHQW&DUWHSXEOLFLWDLUHSRXUOHVHUYLFHWUDQVIURQWDOLHU YRULVH VD GHVVHUWH (OOH FRQVWLWXH XQ GHV %ULDQoRQ2XO[ SULQFLSDX[ GRPDLQHV WRXULVWLTXHV DOSLQV &*+DXWHV$OSHV GX SD\V /RJLTXHV UpJLRQDOH PpWURSROL &HVHUYLFHHVWSUpVHQWpFRPPHXQWUDLWG¶XQLRQHQWUHGHX[SD\V8QHURXWHHVW WDLQHQDWLRQDOHWRXULVWLTXHHWHXURSpHQQH VW\OLVpHjO¶DLGHGHVGHX[GUDSHDX[GHOD)UDQFHHWGHO¶,WDOLH/¶LQWpJUDWLRQGDQV OHSURJUDPPH,QWHUUHJHVWH[SULPpHjPRWVFRXYHUWVSDUODSUpVHQFHHQKDXW GHWUDQVLW\FRQYHUJHQWDLQVL$O·LQYHUVH GHV EODVRQV GHV DFWHXUV FRQFHUQpV SDU FHWWH DFWLRQ WUDQVIURQWDOLqUH  OD 3UR OHV +DXWHV$OSHV HVW OH GpSDUWHPHQW YLQFHGH7XULQO¶8(OHGpSDUWHPHQWGHOD6DYRLHHWFHOXLGHV+DXWHV$OSHV/D 6DYRLHQ¶HVWSDVGLUHFWHPHQWFRQFHUQpHSDUFHWWHQDYHWWHPDLVFHOOHFLSUHQG OH SOXV HQFODYp GH )UDQFH '$7$5 SODFHGDQVXQSURJUDPPHSOXVODUJHGHQDYHWWHVWUDQVIURQWDOLqUHVjWUDYHUVOHV  /RFDOHPHQWOHVVWDWLRQVVRQWGDQV FROVHQFDGUDQWOD3URYLQFHGH7XULQQRWDPPHQWOHVHUYLFH/DQVOHERXUJ6XVH XQUDSSRUWGHFRQFXUUHQFHSOXVTXHGH O¶pWp FRRSpWLWLRQ$O·pFKHOOHUpJLRQDOHFRPPH jO·pFKHOOHQDWLRQDOHFHWWHDLUHHVWSDUWLFXOLqUHPHQWSpULSKpULTXH 1RXVSRXYRQVSDUOHUG·XQHIRUPHGHWULSOHSpULSKpULH$O·pFKHOOHHXURSpHQQHOH FROGX0RQWJHQqYUHHVWGpYROXDX[WUDÀFVSROXDQWV(QOLHQDYHFO·LQWHUGLFWLRQGHV '$7$5 /D FDPLRQVHXURHWGDQVOHVWXQQHOVO·DUUrWpSUpIHFWRUDOGHTXLUpJLWODFLUFXOD )UDQFHHQ(XURSH 4XHOOHDPELWLRQ WLRQVXUOHFROGX0RQWJHQqYUHOHXURFWURLHXQHGpURJDWLRQGHSRLGV,OVQHVRQWSDV SRXUODSROLWLTXHGHV VRXPLVDX37$&GHWRQQHV6XWWRQ 2XWUHO·DVSHFWHQYLURQQHPHQWDOFHOD WUDQVSRUWV" 

&KDSLWUH/DFRQYHUJHQFHPXOWLVFDODLUHFRPPHVRXUFHGHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV

'HX[LqPHSDUWLH/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVRXO·XWRSLHGHO·DXWRQRPLH 8QHTXrWHGHGpSDVVHPHQWGHVWHUULWRULDOLWpVSROLWLTXHVHWGHVTXRWLGLHQQHWpV$OSLQHV PRQWUHXQHIRUPHGHVROLGDULWpjO·HQYHUVGDQVODTXHOOHOHVSpULSKpULHVUpFXSqUHQW SDUUHSRUWOHVWUDÀFVH[FOXVGHVD[HVFHQWUDX[6HXOHPHQWFHWD[HDYDLWpWpHQYLVDJp SRXUDFFXHLOOLUXQWXQQHOIHUURYLDLUHTXLDXUDLWSHUPLVj0DUVHLOOHGHFRQFXUUHQFHU *rQHVHQ,WDOLHGXQRUG'·XQSRLQWGHYXHSRUWXDLUHOH0RQWJHQqYUHSHXWVHFRP SUHQGUHFRPPHOHSHQGDQWGX6LPSORQ&{WpLWDOLHQODOLJQHVXSSRUWH[LVWHGHSXLV SXLVTX·LOV·DJLWGHFHOOHGX)UpMXV&{WpIUDQoDLVODYRLHIHUUpHDWWHLQW%ULDQoRQ HQ  DSUqV DYRLU WRXFKp *DS HQ  HW0RQW'DXSKLQ  *XLOOHVWUHHQ  &HWWHOLJQHHVWFRQFpGpHDX3/0/·HQMHXSRVpSDUO·HQWUHSULVHWLHQWjODUHQWDEL OLWpGHVRQLQYHVWLVVHPHQW/HVGpEDWVDXWRXUGXSURORQJHPHQWGHODOLJQHGH*DS j%ULDQoRQYRLHQWV·DIIURQWHUGHX[FRQFHSWLRQVGXFKHPLQGHIHU/H3/0QHYRLW DXFXQHVRXUFHGHUHQWDELOLWpGDQVODGHVVHUWHGHFHWHUULWRLUH/HUDSSRUWSUpOLPLQDLUH IDLWHQHIIHWpWDWG·XQHSRSXODWLRQSHXHQFOLQHjVHGpSODFHUHWG·XQHLQGXVWULHSDU WLFXOLqUHPHQWIDLEOH3RXUO·HQWUHSULVHVHXOHODUpDOLVDWLRQG·XQHDQWHQQHGHSURMHF WLRQSRUWXDLUHGHSXLV0DUVHLOOHYHUVO·,WDOLHSRXUUDLWPRWLYHUjODFRQWLQXDWLRQGH ODOLJQH/DGHVVHUWHGH%ULDQoRQS{OHXUEDLQSULQFLSDOGHVKDXWHVYDOOpHVHWFHQWUH PLOLWDLUHGHSUHPLqUHLPSRUWDQFHGXGLVSRVLWLI GpIHQVLI IUDQoDLVQ·HVWDORUVSDVXQH REOLJDWLRQ'HVSURMHWVVRQWpWDEOLVSRXUXQHSHUFpHVRXVOHFRO/DFURL[TXLFRQQHFWH ODYDOOpHGX*XLODX9DO3HOOLFH/DOLJQHLWDOLHQQHDWWHLQWG·DLOOHXUV7RUUH3HOOLFH  GHSXLV 7XULQ HW 3LJQHURO 6HXOHPHQWFHWWHRSWLRQ UHQFRQWUH OD YLYH RSSRVLWLRQ GH O·$UPpHTXLLPSRVHFRPPHFRQGLWLRQjWRXWHFRQFHVVLRQODGHVVHUWHGHVHVSODFHV IRUWHVGH0RQW'DXSKLQHWVXUWRXWGH%ULDQoRQ$O·DLGHGXSODQ)UH\FLQHWHWGHOD FRQYHQWLRQ)UDQTXHYLOOHXQDFFRUGHVWGpÀQLHQDXWRXUG·XQWUDFpTXLUHPRQWH ODYDOOpHGHOD'XUDQFHMXVTX·j%ULDQoRQ/·K\SRWKqVHG·XQSURORQJHPHQWLQWHU QDWLRQDOJXLGHO·pWDEOLVVHPHQWGXJDEDULWGHODOLJQH8QHGRXEOHYRLHHVWSRVpHHW ODJDUHGH%ULDQoRQV·KDELOOHG·XQHWDLOOHLQWHUQDWLRQDOH/HVDQQpHVYRLHQWVH GpYHORSSHUXQSURMHWGHWXQQHOLQWHUQDWLRQDOSDUWLFXOLqUHPHQWVRXWHQXSDUOHVPL OLHX[G·DIIDLUHVPDUVHLOODLV8QHQRXYHOOHIRLVQRXVUHWURXYRQVO·LPSRUWDQFHGXFDGUH PpWURSROLWDLQGDQVODJHQqVHG·XQWXQQHO &HSURMHWQHIDLWTXHUDQLPHUXQHLGpHSOXVDQFLHQQHTXLGDWHGH$ORUVTXHOH 3LpPRQWUpDOLVDLWOHVpWXGHVSRXULGHQWLÀHUOHSDVVDJHG·XQpYHQWXHOWXQQHOIHUURYLDLUH OHTXHODERXWLWjODUpDOLVDWLRQGX)UpMXVXQSDVVDJHVRXVOH0RQWJHQqYUHHVWHQYLVDJp HQYXHGHUHOLHU7XULQjOD)UDQFHSDU*UHQREOH©/HSDVVDJHGHV$OSHVSDU%ULDQoRQHWOH UDFFRUGGHODOLJQHGH7XULQj6XVHª SRUWHXQHSUHPLqUHYHUVLRQG·XQWXQQHOVRXV OH0RQWJHQqYUHLQLWLpHGHSXLVO·,WDOLH$SUqVFHSUHPLHUpFKHFOHSURMHWHVWUHODQFp HQDYHFO·DUULYpHGXFKHPLQGHIHUj*DSHWOHVGpEDWVDXWRXUGXIRQGHPHQW GH VRQ SURORQJHPHQW YHUV OD IURQWLqUH /H &RPLWp G·,QLWLDWLYH GH 7XULQ GHPDQGH O·pWXGHGXSURMHWGXUDFFRUGHPHQWGHODOLJQHGH3DULVj5RPHjODIXWXUHSpQpWUDWLRQ +DXWH$OSLQHVRLWSDUXQWXQQHOVRXVOHFROGHO·(FKHOOHGHSXLV%DUGRQQqFKH VRLW VRXVOHFROGX0RQWJHQqYUHGHSXLV2XO[ 'HVGLVFXVVLRQVVRQWHQJDJpHVDYHFOH JRXYHUQHPHQWIUDQoDLVVXUIRQGGHUHIURLGLVVPHHQWGHVUHODWLRQVIUDQFRLWDOLHQQHV /HPLQLVWUHGHVWUDYDX[SXEOLFVIUDQoDLVUHFRPPDQGHXQHUpDOLVDWLRQVRXVOH0RQW JHQqYUHHQGDQVXQFRQWH[WHGHGpWRXUQHPHQWGHO·LQWpUrWLWDOLHQSRXUFHSUR MHW/H*RWKDUGHVWHQJDJpHWO·RXYHUWXUHG·XQHYRLHTXLSRXUUDLWVHUYLUDXSRUWGH 0DUVHLOOHGDQVFHFRQWH[WHGHFRQFXUUHQFHFRORQLDOHQ·HVWSDVELHQYXHQ,WDOLH/HV SURMHWVGpYHORSSpVGHSXLVO·,WDOLHQHYLVDLHQWG·DLOOHXUVSDV0DUVHLOOHPDLV*UHQREOH &HIDLWHVWLPSRUWDQWFDUVLODYLVLRQIUDQoDLVHLGHQWLÀHFHSRWHQWLHOWXQQHOFRPPH XQSDVVDJHRXYHUWVXUOHVXGYXG·,WDOLHLOFRQVWLWXHXQHYRLHYHUVOHQRUGHQFRP &KDSLWUH/DFRQYHUJHQFHPXOWLVFDODLUHFRPPHVRXUFHGHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH SOpPHQW GX )UpMXV /H FRQWH[WH LQ WHUQDWLRQDOSqVHVXUODVXLWHGXSURMHW SXLVTXHjSDUWLUGHRXYHUWXUH GX *RWKDUG HW 7ULSOLFH  OHV SURMHWV GHWXQQHOpPDQHQWWRXVGHOD)UDQFH RX SOXV H[DFWHPHQWGHV DFWHXUV OR FDX[ EULDQoRQQDLV VRXWHQXV SDU OHV PLOLHX[ PDUVHLOODLV &H SURMHW VH FRPSUHQG FRPPH XQ FRQWUHVHQV JpRSROLWLTXH HW GLSORPDWLTXH j O·pFKHOOH G·XQ WXQQHO HXURSpHQ 2U VDQVODFRQYHUJHQFHGHVWURLVpFKHOOHV QXO WXQQHO Q·DERXWLW /D SURPRWLRQ GX SURMHW UHVWH DORUV G·RUGUH ORFDO DYHFGLIIpUHQWHVPDQLIHVWDWLRQVGRQW FHOOHRUJDQLVpHHQGDQVOHVUXHV GH %ULDQoRQ TXL YRLW VH UHQFRQWUHU GHVDFWHXUVORFDX[IUDQoDLVHWLWDOLHQV GRF   &HWWH UHQFRQWUH HVW LQGLV VRFLDEOHGHVFRQFRXUVLQWHUQDWLRQDX[ GH VNL RUJDQLVpV j 0RQWJHQqYUH SDU OHUpJLPHQWGH%ULDQoRQOHƒ5,$ TXL GpYHORSSH O·XVDJH GX VNL GDQV O·DUPpHIUDQoDLVH$XWRXUGHFHVpYp QHPHQWVVHUHQFRQWUHQWFLYLOVHWPLOL WDLUHVPDLVWRXMRXUVjO·pFKHOOHORFDOH 'RFXPHQW&DUWHSRVWDOHUHSUpVHQWDQWODPDQLIHVWDWLRQ /·DFWHXU PLOLWDLUH HVW DLQVL LQGLVVR WHQXHGDQVOHVUXHVGH%ULDQoRQjO·RFFDVLRQGHVIrWHV FLDEOH GH WRXWH FHWWH KLVWRLUH VDQV SRXUOHUDWWDFKHPHQWSDUFKHPLQGHIHUGH%ULDQoRQHWG·2XO[ TXHFHOXLFLQHV·LQWpUHVVHYUDLPHQWj OHDR€W FHWWHSHUFpH $UFKLYHVGpSDUWHPHQWDOHVGH*DS /·HPSODFHPHQWGHODJDUHHQGLWORQJ %LHQV€UORUVTXHOHWUDLQDUULYHHQLOHVWWRXMRXUVTXHVWLRQG·XQSURORQJHPHQW YHUVO·,WDOLH/DWDLOOHGXEkWLPHQWOHPRQWUH0DLVOHFKRL[GHSODFHUODJDUHGDQVOD SDUWLHEDVVHGHODYLOOHDXSLHGGXYHUURXVXUOHTXHOOD&LWp9DXEDQHVWMXFKpHPRQWUH TXHGDQVOHPrPHWHPSVWRXWHVOHVGLVSRVLWLRQVWHFKQLTXHVHQYXHG·XQIUDQFKLVVH PHQWjYHQLUQ·RQWSDVpWpSULVHV6LQRXVFRPSDURQVDYHFXQDXWUHVLWHXUEDLQLQVFULW GDQVODYHUWLFDOLWpDQLPpSDUXQIUDQFKLVVHPHQWDOSLQ%DGJDVWHLQXQHWRXWHDXWUH ORJLTXHDSSDUDvW/DOLJQHDpWpSHQVpHGqVVRQRULJLQHSRXUSHUPHWWUHGHIUDQFKLU OHV$OSHVSDUOHWXQQHOGHV7DXHUQ/DJDUHHVWDORUVSODFpHVXUOHKDXWGXYHUURX HWWRXWHODUDPSHQRUGHVWWUDFpHSRXUDEVRUEHUOHGpQLYHOpSDUXQHSHQWHUpJXOLqUH /DOLJQHTXLDWWHLQW%ULDQoRQHVWWRXWHDXWUHSXLVTX·XQSURORQJHPHQWYHUVO·,WDOLHGH PDQGHUDLWVRLWXQUHEURXVVHPHQWHQJDUHSRXUGHVVLQHUXQHFRXUEHTXLDEVRUEHUDLW O·pFDUWG·DOWLWXGHDYHFOHKDXWGXYHUURXVRLWG·DOORQJHUODSHUFpHHQ]RQHXUEDQLVpH /HSURMHWHVWUHPRELOLVpGXUDQWO·HQWUHGHX[JXHUUHVGDQVXQDXWUHFDGUHJpRSROL WLTXHHWGLSORPDWLTXH&HWWHSpULRGHDSRXUWDQWFRPPHQFpSDUO·DEDQGRQWRWDOGHV pWXGHVWDQWGXF{WpLWDOLHQHQTXHGXF{WpIUDQoDLVHQVXLWHDX[UHFRPPDQ GDWLRQVIDLWHVSDU3DXO6pMRXUQpGDQVVRQUDSSRUWVXUOHVSURMHWVGHWUDYHUVpHVHWYRLHV 

&KDSLWUH/DFRQYHUJHQFHPXOWLVFDODLUHFRPPHVRXUFHGHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV

'HX[LqPHSDUWLH/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVRXO·XWRSLHGHO·DXWRQRPLH 8QHTXrWHGHGpSDVVHPHQWGHVWHUULWRULDOLWpVSROLWLTXHVHWGHVTXRWLGLHQQHWpV$OSLQHV G·DFFqVDX[$OSHVGH0DLVO·DQQpHPDUTXHXQQRXYHDXWRXUQDQWGDQVOH SRVLWLRQQHPHQWGXSURMHW/HVDFWHXUVPDUVHLOODLVRQWFRPSULVTX·LOpWDLWQpFHVVDLUH GHVRUWLUOHSURMHWGHVRQVHXODQFUDJHWHUULWRULDOSRXUOXLGRQQHUXQHSHUWLQHQFHWDQW jO·pFKHOOHQDWLRQDOHTX·HXURSpHQQH$ODVXLWHGXSDFWH%ULDQG.HOORJGHHW GHVSURMHWVGHIpGpUDWLRQHXURSpHQQHGHHWXQHSUHPLqUHFRQFHSWLRQGHV FRUULGRUVHXURSpHQVDSSDUDvW8QHP\VWLTXHGXƒSDUDOOqOH9UDF DSSDUDvW DORUV TXL RIIUH XQH QRXYHOOH RSSRUWXQLWp DX 0RQWJHQqYUH /D SHUFpH VRXV OH FRO SDVVHDORUVSDUVRQDQFUDJHGDQVXQHORJLTXHRXHVWHVWSOXVTXHVXGQRUG$XPrPH PRPHQWOHWUDLQ3DULV%ULDQoRQHVWWUDFpSDU9DOHQFH/HSURMHWHVWGRQFLQVFULWGDQV FHWWHORJLTXHVDQVSOXVGHVXFFqV/DQpFHVVLWpGHVDUpDOLVDWLRQHVWFHUWHVLQVFULWH GDQVOHWUDLWpGH3DULVGHPDLVDXFXQHVXLWHQ·DpWpGRQQpHMXVTX·jDXMRXUG·KXL  'HVSURMHWVH[LVWHQWWRXMRXUVQRWDPPHQWSRUWpVSDUO·DVVRFLDWLRQ$ERXWLU 0DLVLOUHVWHFRPSULVGDQVXQHVLPSOHGpPDUFKHpOHFWRUDOLVWHORFDOH/DWUDMHFWRLUH GX0RQWJHQqYUHHQGpSLWGHVRQDQFUDJHKLVWRULTXHHXURSpHQVXUOHWHPSVORQJ UHVWHHQFHTXLFRQFHUQHOHSURMHWGHWXQQHOIHUURYLDLUHHQIHUUpGDQVXQHGLPHQVLRQ H[FOXVLYHPHQWORFDOH/HVSURMHWVDFWXHOVWHQGHQWjOXLGRQQHUXQHpSDLVVHXULQWHU UpJLRQDOHVDQVSOXVGHVXFFqVWDQWOHGpVLQWpUrWGHVpFKHOOHVQDWLRQDOHHWHXURSpHQQH HVWIRUW

&KDSLWUH/DFRQYHUJHQFHPXOWLVFDODLUHFRPPHVRXUFHGHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH

%HUQLHU;6XWWRQ .jSDUDvWUH  ©)UDJPHQWDWLRQVHW DFFHVVLELOLWpG·XQ WHUULWRLUHIRUWLÀpGH PRQWDJQH%ULDQ oRQjO·pSUHXYHGH VDODEHOOLVDWLRQª



 /HSKpQRPqQHGH7UDYHUVpH$OSLQHQDvWELHQG·XQHFRQYHUJHQFHG·LQ WpUrWVG·pFKHOOHVGLIIpUHQWHVTXLIRUPHXQUpHOFDGUHFRPSOH[H(FKHOOHUp JLRQDOHPpWURSROLWDLQHQDWLRQDOHWFRQFRUGDQFHHXURSpHQQHGLSORPDWLTXH JpRSROLWLTXHHWVWUDWpJLTXHIRUPHQWOHVWURLVIRQGHPHQWVGHODUpXVVLWHG·XQ SURMHWGHWXQQHOGDQVOHV$OSHV,ODSSDUDvWDLQVLQHWWHPHQWTX·XQHDS SURFKHUpJLRQDOHGHV$OSHVFLUFXODWRLUHVjO·pFKHOOHGHVEDVVLQVYHUVDQWV HVWLQDGDSWpHHQYXHGHUHQGUHFRPSWHGHO·pSDLVVHXUWHPSRUHOOHGXSKpQR PqQHGDQVODTXHOOHOHVWXQQHOVGHEDVHV·LQVFULYHQW/DFRQVWDQFHGXIDLW QDWLRQDOHWO·LQFRQVWDQFHGHVRQHPSUHLQWHVSDWLDOHHQ(XURSHIDoRQQH OHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVQRWDPPHQWjWUDYHUVO·DLUHGHO·,WDOLHGXQRUG,O HVWGRQFLPSRUWDQWGHFRQVLGpUHUOHVDFWXHOOHVUHPLVHVHQFDXVHGHFHIDLW FRPPHPpWULTXHIRQGDPHQWDOHGXSKpQRPqQHFLUFXODWRLUH/DOLWWpUDWXUH SURMHWWHOHV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVGDQVODWKpPDWLTXHG·HIIDFHPHQW GHVWHUULWRLUHVSDUOHVFRQWLQXLWpVUpWLFXODLUHV6HXOHPHQWFHWWHDSSURFKHQH YDDEVROXPHQWSDVGDQVOHVHQVGHVUHPDUTXHVIRUPXOpHVDXFRXUVGHFHV GHUQLHUVFKDSLWUHV&HVGHX[IRUPHVGHFRQWLQXLWpVVRQWHOOHVDQWDJRQLVWHV "/DTXHOOHGHODPpWULTXHUpWLFXODLUHRXWHUULWRULDOHSUpVLGHjO·LQYHQWLRQ GHV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV",ODSSDUDvWQpFHVVDLUHGHFRQVLGpUHU GqVORUVOHVIDFWHXUVGHODGLIIUDFWLRQDSSDUHQWH%HUQLHU6XWWRQjSD UDvWUH GHVHVSDFHVUpWLFXODLUHVQDWLRQDX[HQUpVHDX[G·H[SORLWDWLRQDÀQ GHPHWWUHHQpYLGHQFHODSUREOpPDWLTXHSROLWLTXHHWWHFKQLTXHDXF±XUGHV 1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVODSULVHHQFRPSWHGHVLQWHUPpGLDULWpV

&KDSLWUH/DFRQYHUJHQFHPXOWLVFDODLUHFRPPHVRXUFHGHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV

'HX[LqPHSDUWLH/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVRXO·XWRSLHGHO·DXWRQRPLH 8QHTXrWHGHGpSDVVHPHQWGHVWHUULWRULDOLWpVSROLWLTXHVHWGHVTXRWLGLHQQHWpV$OSLQHV

&KDSLWUH /HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV OH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWLQDGpTXDWjOD7UDYHUVpH"  /·LPSRUWDQFHGXFDGUHQDWLRQDOV·LOFRQVWLWXHELHQXQSRLQWGHSHUPDQHQFH GDQVOHSKpQRPqQHGH7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVQ·HVWSDVO·REMHWTXLFDUDFWpULVHOHSOXVOHV 17$/HWXQQHOGHEDVHQHYpKLFXOHSDVGHVUHSUpVHQWDWLRQVG·RUGUHWHUULWRULDOPDLV UpWLFXODLUH$ORUVTX·LOSHUSpWXHODIRQFWLRQGHODFRQWLQXLWpWHUULWRULDOHOHV\VWqPH GHUHSUpVHQWDWLRQTX·LOYpKLFXOHWRXUQHDXWRXUGHO·HQMHXGHVFRQWLQXLWpVUpWLFX ODLUHV/HVGLVFRXUVSROLWLTXHVQRWDPPHQWjO·pFKHOOHFRPPXQDXWDLUHRXFRQWLQHQ WDOH GDQV OH FDV VXLVVH HQWUHWLHQQHQW FHV UHSUpVHQWDWLRQV %/6  L /7)  ,OFRQYLHQWGRQFGHV·LQWHUURJHUVXUOHVIRQGHPHQWVGHFHWWHSDUWLFX ODULWppULJpHDXUDQJGHJpQpUDOLWp &HWWHPpWULTXHUpWLFXODLUHHVWELHQSUpVHQWHDXF±XUGHV17$WHOOHVTXHQRXVOHV DYRQVGpÀQLHVHQLQWURGXFWLRQ0DLVSRXUTXRLIRQWHOOHVO·REMHWGHWDQWGHGLVFRXUV SROLWLTXHV HW WHFKQLTXHV GH SRUWpH HXURSpHQQH " 1RXV IRUPRQV O·K\SRWKqVH TXH OHV17$VRQWXQODERUDWRLUHGHVpYROXWLRQVGXV\VWqPHIHUURYLDLUHHXURSpHQ GDQVVRQHQVHPEOH0HLOODVVRQ /LEpUDOLVDWLRQVPDUFKDQGLVDWLRQVLQWH URSpUDELOLWpVOHV(WDWVVHPEOHQWV·HIIDFHUGHUULqUHXQQRXYHODFWHXUGHUpIpUHQFH SURGXFWHXUGHFRVSDWLDOLWpVO·(QWUHSULVH)HUURYLDLUH() /HV$OSHVVHVLWXHQWDX F±XUGXPDUFKpHXURSpHQDXVVLFHWWHG\QDPLTXHPDUFKDQGHHVWHOOHLQGLVVRFLDEOH GHODPDUFKHGXPDUFKpFRPPXQ /HV17$VHUpVXPHUDLHQWHOOHVDXÀQDOjXQVLPSOHDYDWDUG·XQHSROLWLTXHFRPPXQH GHVWUDQVSRUWVLPSRVpHDX[(WDWV"$O·LQYHUVHODGLIIUDFWLRQ%HUQLHU6XWWRQjSD UDvWUH jO·±XYUHGDQVOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVTXLFDUDFWpULVHOHV17$QHVHUDLWHOOH SDVOHSURGXLWG·XQHLQDGpTXDWLRQHQWUHFHFRQWH[WHOLEpUDOHWXQHUpDOLWpPDWpULHOOH WHFKQLTXHHWSROLWLTXHTXLUHVWHUDLWHOOHELHQQDWLRQDOH"  &H FKDSLWUH HQWHQG DLQVL DERUGHU WRXW SDUWLFXOLqUHPHQW GHX[ GHV TXDWUH VLOORQVGHGLIIUDFWLRQH[SRVpVHQLQWURGXFWLRQOD6SDWLDOLWpHWOD&RKpVLRQ/HVHQ MHX[GHFRQWLQXLWpVUpWLFXODLUHVFRQGXLVHQWjLQWHUURJHUOHVpYHQWXHOOHVLQDGpTXDWLRQV HQWUHODSURJUDPPDWLRQFRPPXQDXWDLUHGHVWUDQVSRUWV57(7 HWOHVSODQLÀFDWLRQV QDWLRQDOHV /H 6HPPHULQJ EDVH HVW XQ H[HPSOH GH UHQFRQWUH PDQTXpH HQWUH GHV LQWpUrWV FRQWUDLUHV VHORQ OHV pFKHOOHV FRQVLGpUpHV /HV $OSHV VRQW SDUWLFXOLqUHPHQW LPSRUWDQWHVGDQVODSHQVpHFRPPXQDXWDLUHGHVWUDQVSRUWV0LQLDWXUHJpRSROLWLTXH HW WHFKQLTXH GH O·(XURSH SUpVHQWDQW OD SDUWLFXODULWp GH O·vOH 6XLVVH HQ VRQ FHQWUH OHV$OSHVSHUPHWWHQWGHTXHVWLRQQHUOHQRXYHDXV\VWqPHIHUURYLDLUHTXLVHPHWHQ &KDSLWUH/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVOH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWLQDGpTXDWjOD7UDYHUVpH"

%/6 1/)$ /|WVFKEHUJ %/6 3URÀO  /7) 1RXYHOOH OLDLVRQIHUURYLDLUH /\RQ7XULQ2XYURQV OHV$OSHVUHOLRQV O·(XURSH /7) 1RXYHOOH OLDLVRQIHUURYLDLUH /\RQ7XULQ2XYURQV OHV$OSHVUHOLRQV O·(XURSH 0HLOODVVRQ6  ©/HV$OSHV ODERUDWRLUHGXWUDÀF LQWHUPRGDOª



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH SODFHHQSDUDOOqOHjODUpDOLVDWLRQGHVWXQQHOVGHEDVH,OV·DJLWGHFRQIURQWHUSOXVLHXUV YLVLRQVGHV$OSHVHWODIDoRQGRQWFHOOHVFLFRQYHUJHQWHQXQODERUDWRLUHSRXUO·HQ VHPEOHGHVDFWHXUV/HV17$VRQWDORUVXQUpFHSWDFOHGHG\QDPLTXHVG·RULJLQHV GLYHUVHVTXLQHIXVLRQQHQWSDVPDLVTXLFRKDELWHQWHQXQYDVWHHVSDFHG·H[SpUL PHQWDWLRQWRXWD]LPXW  &HFKDSLWUHVHSURSRVHGHSRVHUOHFDGUHVSDWLDOHWSROLWLTXHGHGpYHORSSH PHQWGHVFDUDFWpULVWLTXHVG·LQWHURSpUDELOLWpVHWGHOLEpUDOLVDWLRQV,OHQWHQGDERUGHU OHVPDQLIHVWDWLRQVGHVG\QDPLTXHVGXQRXYHDXV\VWqPHIHUURYLDLUHHXURSpHQ GDQVO·HVSDFHRLOHVWURGpOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV/HWKqPHPDMHXUTXHQRXVDOORQV PHWWUHHQpYLGHQFHHVWO·LQDGpTXDWLRQHQWUHOHVUpDOLWpVGHPDUFKpHWOHVFDGUHV GpFLVLRQQHOVTXLFRQVWLWXHOHIRQGHPHQWPrPHGXWHPSVGXPDUFKp 8QHSUHPLqUHOHFWXUHGHFHWWHLQDGpTXDWLRQUpVLGHGDQVOHKLDWXVHQWUHOHVSODQLÀ FDWLRQVQDWLRQDOHVHWODSURJUDPPDWLRQFRPPXQDXWDLUH, /·LQFRKpVLRQGHVVLQpH DXSDUDYDQWVHPEOHV·DFFURvWUHVRXVOHVFRXSVGHVDYDQFpHVGHODUHFKHUFKHGHFRQWL QXLWpVHXURSpHQQHVDXWUDYHUVGHVLQWHURSpUDELOLWpVTXLHQOLHQDYHFODOLEpUDOLVDWLRQ HWODPDUFKDQGLVDWLRQGXIHUURYLDLUHPHWWHQWHQFRQFXUUHQFHOHVSDUWHQDLUHVG·KLHU ,, &HWWHLQFRKpVLRQHVWG·DXWDQWSOXVPDUTXpHORUVTXHO·RQFRQVLGqUHGLYHUJHQFHV GHVVWUDWpJLHVGHV()PrPHVLXQHIRUPHGH©'UDQJQDFK6GHQªVHPEOHXQLUOHV WUDMHFWRLUHVDFWRULHOOHV,,, 



&KDSLWUH/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVOH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWLQDGpTXDWHjOD7UDYHUVpH"

'HX[LqPHSDUWLH/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVRXO·XWRSLHGHO·DXWRQRPLH 8QHTXrWHGHGpSDVVHPHQWGHVWHUULWRULDOLWpVSROLWLTXHVHWGHVTXRWLGLHQQHWpV$OSLQHV

, /HV17$O·REVHVVLRQGHVFRQWLQXLWpVUpWLFXODLUHV

/HV17$HQWUHSODQLÀFDWLRQVQDWLRQDOHVHWSURJUDPPDWLRQFRPPXQDXWDLUH /HV$OSHVHWOHXUFRQWRXUQHPHQW OHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVFRQWUHODSROLWLTXHFRPPXQDXWDLUH"0LODQYV*RWKDUG  /HVSURMHWVGHWXQQHOVGHEDVHVRQWLQVFULWVGDQVOHFDGUHGX57(7/H%UHQ QHUFRQVWLWXHODSDUWLHFHQWUDOHGXFRUULGRUGHSURMHW%HUOLQ3DOHUPHHWOH/\RQ 7XULQpPDUJHDXFRUULGRUGHSURMHW/\RQIURQWLqUHXNUDLQLHQQH&RPPLVVLRQ(X URSpHQQH /HVWXQQHOVVXLVVHVQ·pPDUJHQWELHQV€USDVjFHSURJUDPPHPDLV OHXUV D[HV VRQW WUDFpV VXU OD FDUWRJUDSKLH GH FRPPXQLFDWLRQ HW OHXUV DFFqV VLWXpV GDQVO·HVSDFHFRPPXQDXWDLUHIRQWO·REMHWGHPRGHUQLVDWLRQVÀQDQFpHVSRXUSDUWLH SDUO·8(DXWLWUHGXFRUULGRUGHSURMHW/HVD[HVFRQFHUQpVVRQW.DUOVUXKH%kOH DXQRUGHW,VHOOH&KLDVVR*rQHVDXVXG(QVRPPHOHVSRUWLRQVFRQFHUQpHVPRQ WUHQWO·LPSRUWDQFHGHSURORQJHUODORJLTXHGHSURMHFWLRQIURQWDOLqUHVXLVVHGHOD VHXOHOLJQH1RYDUH0LODQMXVTX·DXSRUWGH*rQHV,FLUpVLGHOHSUHPLHUKLDWXVHQWUHOD SURJUDPPDWLRQHXURSpHQQHHWOHVSURMHWVGHV(WDWV/D6XLVVHGHPDQGHjO·,WDOLHXQH PRGHUQLVDWLRQGHO·HQVHPEOHGXQ±XGPLODQDLVQRUGVHORQXQWULDQJOH1RYDUH0DO SHQVD0LODQ/·HQMHXSRXUOD6XLVVHHVWO·DFFURLVVHPHQWGHVFDSDFLWpVGHVRUWLH GHVWXQQHOVGHEDVHHWQRWDPPHQWGX*RWKDUGHWGX&HQHULjYHQLU3RXUFHOD VHORQO·2)7LOQHVXIÀWSDVGHPHWWUHjQLYHDXXQVHXOLWLQpUDLUH&KLDVVR0LODQPDLV GHSURSRVHUXQIDLVFHDXGHOLQpDLUHVPLVjQLYHDXTXLSHUPHWWHQWXQHUHGRQGDQFH GHVUpVHDX[HWXQHJHVWLRQGHVULVTXHVGHFRQJHVWLRQHQJHQGUpHQRQSOXVSDU OHVpPLVVLRQVGHÁX[HQHOOHVPrPHVPDLVSDUODFRQFHQWUDWLRQEUXWDOHGHVÁX[ SURYRTXpH SDU O·DFFURLVVHPHQW GHV FDSDFLWpV GH IUDQFKLVVHPHQW $YHF OHV 1/)$ OH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWQ·HVWSOXVODVpTXHQFHTXLOLPLWHOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV6HXOHOD VpTXHQFHGHO·$SSURFKHHWVRQpYHQWXHOOHLQDGDSWDWLRQjDEVRUEHUXQHGLYHUVLWpHW XQH TXDQWLWp DFFUXH GH WUDLQV LQTXLqWHQW HQ WHUPHV GH FDSDFLWpV &DWWDQHR   7RXWFRQFHQWUHUVXU&KLDVVRUHYLHQWjSRUWHUO·HIIRUWG·DFFURLVVHPHQWGHFDSDFLWpV VXUXQVHXOHWPrPHLWLQpUDLUHHWVXUODUpJLRQQRGDOHGH0LODQ*DOODUDWH0DOSHQVD /D6XLVVHDGHPDQGpjO·,WDOLHGHPHWWUHjQLYHDXHQSULRULWpO·LWLQpUDLUHSDU/XLQRTXL SHUPHWGHUHMRLQGUH1RYDUHHWSDUODVXLWH$OH[DQGULHHW*rQHVVDQVHQWUHUGDQV OH FRPSOH[H PLODQDLV 6HXOHPHQW OHV HIIRUWV LWDOLHQV VH VRQW HQ SULRULWp SRUWpV VXU O·DPpQDJHPHQWGXQ±XGPLODQDLVQRQHQOLHQDYHFOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVPDLV DYHFO·DUULYpHGHOD*UDQGH9LWHVVHIHUURYLDLUHGHSXLVOHVXGHWO·RXHVWTXLQpFHV VLWHGHÁXLGLÀHUOHFRQWRXUQHPHQWGHODJDUHGH0LODQ&HQWUDOHSRXUOHVUHODWLRQV )UHFFLDURVVD5RPH7XULQ/RJLTXHVPpWURSROLWDLQHVHW$OSLQHVSHXYHQWDLQVLHQWUHUHQ FRQÁLWHQWHUPHVG·XVDJHGXQ±XGHWGHSULRULWpGHUpDOLVDWLRQVXUIRQGGHYLVLRQ HXURSpHQQHFRPPXQDXWDLUHODTXHOOHVHVXULPSRVHjXQpWDWGHIDLWSDUIRLVLQYHUVHj HOOH &KDSLWUH/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVOH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWLQDGpTXDWjOD7UDYHUVpH"

&RPPLVVLRQ (XURSpHQQH  57(7 &DWDQHR5  ©/D/RPEDUGLD HOHQXRYHOLQHH IHUURYLDUHª



3DQQHDXGHFRPPXQLFDWLRQGHO·DLGHÀQDQ FLqUHGHO·8(VXUO·HPSULVH GHODJDUHGH7UERYOMH .6XWWRQDR€W

([WUDLWGXFRUULGRU57(7 &RPPLVVLRQ(XURSpQQH

9XHGXFKDQWLHUGHUpQRYDWLRQGHODOLJQH YHUV+RGRVjODVRUWLHG·2UPR]GHSXLVOH FDUGHVXEVWLWXWLRQ .6XWWRQDR€W

9XHGHODJDUHIURQWLqUHG·+RGRVF{Wp TXDLV .6XWWRQDR€W

3DQQHDX G·LQIRUPDWLRQ GX SURMHW GH PRGHUQLVDWLRQ GHUHYXSDUODVXLWHjODEDLVVH TXLJvWDXIRQG G·XQHSLqFHQRQDFFHVVLEOHDXSXEOLFGDQVO·RXEOLGX SHUVRQQHOGHODJDUH .6XWWRQDR€W



3KRWR©+RGRVXQFRUULGRULQWHUQDWLRQDOoDª 6RXUFHVGLYHUVHVPRQWDJH.6XWWRQ

'HX[LqPHSDUWLH/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVRXO·XWRSLHGHO·DXWRQRPLH 8QHTXrWHGHGpSDVVHPHQWGHVWHUULWRULDOLWpVSROLWLTXHVHWGHVTXRWLGLHQQHWpV$OSLQHV

/H6HPPHULQJEDVH8(YV$XWULFKH"  /·RSSRVLWLRQHQWUHO·pWDWGHIDLWHWODYLVLRQSROLWLTXHSROLWLFLHQQH" HVWHQ FRUHSOXVPDQLIHVWHHQFHTXLFRQFHUQHOHFDVGX6HPPHULQJEDVH'HWRXVOHVSURMHWV GHWXQQHOGHEDVHOHVHXOTXLQ·DSSDUDvWVXUDXFXQHGHVFDUWHVGX57(7HVWMXVWH PHQWFHSURMHWGHWXQQHODXWULFKLHQ6XWWRQ /HV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVIRQWLFL IDFHjOHXUSRVVLEOHFRQWRXUQHPHQW/·8(LQYHVWLWVHVHIIRUWVVXUXQDXWUHD[HGDQV OD UpJLRQ  O·D[H HQWUH OD 6ORYpQLH HW OD +RQJULH /MXEOMDQD0XUVND 6RERWD+RGRV =DODORYR%XGDSHVW6XWWRQjSDUDvWUH 1RXVO·DYRQVGLWOH6HPPHULQJHVWj O·RULJLQHXQHpPDQDWLRQGH9LHQQHHWGHODUHFKHUFKHG·XQKRUL]RQPDULWLPHSRXU ODFDSLWDOHGHO·(PSLUH/DSUREOpPDWLTXHSDUODTXHOOHO·8(DERUGHODTXHVWLRQGHV WUDQVSRUWVGDQVFHWWHSDUWLHGHO·HVSDFHFRPPXQDXWDLUHQ·HVWSOXVO·DFFqVjODPHUGH SXLVO·$XWULFKHRXO·(XURSHFHQWUDOHPDLVO·LQYHQWLRQHWODFRQVROLGDWLRQGHVVRUWLHV IHUURYLDLUHVSRXUOHVSRUWVHQSOHLQHFURLVVDQFHGXJROIHGH7ULHVWHÀJ $ORUV TXHOHSRUWKLVWRULTXHPHQWYLVppWDLW7ULHVWHDXMRXUG·KXLO·HQMHXVHVLWXHSOXVGDQV ODFRQVROLGDWLRQG·XQKLQWHUODQGSRXUOHSRUWVORYqQHGH.RSHUTXLHVWPDMRULWDLUH PHQWFRQVWLWXpGHOD6ORYpQLHHWGHO·(XURSHFHQWUDOH/HVDFWHXUVORJLVWLTXHVHWIHU URYLDLUHVSULYLOpJLHQWGDQVOHXUVVFKpPDVGHSURGXFWLRQOHVHQVHPEOHVRFFLGHQWDX[ 7DUYLV.DUDZDQNHQ7DXHUQ6HPPHULQJ DÀQGHUHOLHUFHWWHDLUHjFHSRUW%H\HU  2UODSODQLÀFDWLRQHXURSpHQQHLQWqJUHO·HQMHXGHODGHVVHUWHGXSRUWGH.RSHU GDQVOHFRUULGRU57(7TXLUHJURXSHjODIRLVOHWXQQHOGX3HUWKXVOH/\RQ7XULQ OD7UDQVSDGDQDHWODPRGHUQLVDWLRQG·+RGRV=DODORYRSKRWR  +LVWRULTXHPHQW OH 6HPPHULQJ Q·pWDLW SDV HQ FRQFXUUHQFH DYHF FHWWH OLJQH VHFRQ GDLUH /·LWLQpUDLUH 0XUVND 6RERWD+RGRV=DODORYR pWDLW SOXW{W HQ ULYDOLWp DYHF OD OLDLVRQ.RSHU%XGDSHVWSDUOD&URDWLHYLD0XUDNHUHV]WXU6XWWRQjSDUDvWUH3R GRQ\L9UDELF &HVGHX[DXWUHVLWLQpUDLUHVVRQWGHVpPDQDWLRQVGXUpVHDXRU JDQLVpDXWRXUGHODVHFRQGHFDSLWDOHGHO·HPSLUH%XGDSHVW/H6HPPHULQJHVWGRQF XQLWLQpUDLUHSRXUOD&LVOHLWKDQLHDORUVTXHOHVGHX[DXWUHVVRQWGHVLWLQpUDLUHVSRXUOD 7UDQVOHLWKDQLH/HVWURLVLWLQpUDLUHVFRQYHUJHQWDXÀQDOYHUVO·DFWXHOWHUULWRLUHVORYqQH HWYHUVODIDoDGHSRUWXDLUHGXJROIHGH7ULHVWH/DOLJQH+RGRV=DODORYRSUpVHQWHXQH WUDMHFWRLUHLQGLVVRFLDEOHGHO·pYROXWLRQGXFRQWH[WHSROLWLTXHHWJpRSROLWLTXHUpJLRQDO &HWWHOLJQHDpWpRXYHUWHLQLWLDOHPHQWFRPPHXQUD\RQGHO·pWRLOHIHUURYLDLUHDX WRXUGH%XGDSHVWHQÀJ /HWUDÀFGHFHWWHOLJQHDWRXMRXUVpWpPRGHVWH (OOHSHUGVDIRQFWLRQG·LUULJDWLRQWHUULWRULDOHDYHFO·HIIRQGUHPHQWGHO·HPSLUHDXV WURKRQJURLVSXLVTX·HOOHVHWURXYHjODMRQFWLRQGHWURLVFRQÀQVWHUULWRULDX[GH +RQJULHG·$XWULFKHHWGHSDUWLH@

&ROODUGH\% D ©5HJDUG VXUOHVOLJQHVj JUDQGHYLWHVVH LWDOLHQQHVqUH SDUWLH ª &ROODUGH\% E ©3DQRUDPD GHODJUDQGHYLWHVVH HXURSpHQQHª )RXFKHU 0   )UDJPHQWVG·(XURSH

9HUVOH57(7  /·DQQpHYRLWV·HQJDJHUXQHUpÁH[LRQHQSDUDOOqOHGHO·DGRSWLRQGHFHWWH OLVWH'DQVOHFDGUHGHOD©UpXQLÀFDWLRQHXURSpHQQHªOHVWUDQVSRUWVMRXHQWGHQRX YHDXXQJUDQGU{OHGLVFXUVLI8QSURJUDPPHTXLYLVHjSURSRVHUXQHDLGHÀQDQFLqUH SRXU OD PRGHUQLVDWLRQGHVUpVHDX[GHWUDQVSRUWGHVDQFLHQV3(&2HVWpWDEOL&H SURJUDPPHQRPPp7,1$7UDQVSRUW,QYHVWPHQW1HHGV$VVHVVPHQW LGHQWLÀH FRUULGRUV SDQHXURSpHQV SHQVpV GDQV OD FRQWLQXLWp GHV SURMHWV G·(VVHQ /·LGpH HVW GHFRQVWUXLUHXQHWUDPHQRQSOXVjO·pFKHOOHGHO·HVSDFHFRPPXQDXWDLUHPDLVGH O·(XURSHUpXQLÀpH/·D[HDOSLQTXLVHYRLWSDUWLFXOLqUHPHQWSURPXGDQVFHFDGUH HVWO·HQVHPEOH7DXHUQ.DUDZDQNHQURXWLHUFRPPHIHUURYLDLUH7,1$ /·pYLF WLRQGX6HPPHULQJGDWHSRXUSDUWLHGHFHWWHpWDSHSXLVTXHODOLJQH+RGRV=DODORYR ÀJXUHGDQVODOLVWH7,1$ /DWRLOHWLVVpHjO·LVVXHGHODUpÁH[LRQHQPrOH KpULWDJHV GH OD ORJLTXH GH FDS LVVXV GH O·pSRTXH VRFLDOLVWH HW DPELWLRQ LVWKPLTXH RFFLGHQWDOHSRXU FHV IUDJPHQWV G·(XURSH )RXFKHU   j © HXURSpDQLVHU ª ÀJ &KDSLWUH/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVOH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWLQDGpTXDWjOD7UDYHUVpH"



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH  'HX[FDUUHIRXUVPDMHXUVDSSDUDLVVHQW9DUVRYLHHW%XGDSHVW/·DLGHÀQDQFLqUH FRPPXQDXWDLUH j OD UpRXYHUWXUH GH OD OLJQH +RGRV=DODORYR j SDUWLU GH  HVW GLUHFWHPHQWLVVXHGHFHSODQ8QHPDQLIHVWDWLRQGHFHSODQG·XQSRLQWGHYXHDOSLQ HQDpWpODPRGHUQLVDWLRQSDUWLHOOHGHO·LWLQpUDLUHGHV.DUDZDQNHQGRQWOHWXQQHOYRLW FKDTXHMRXUSDVVHUDXWRXUGHWUDLQVSRXUOHVGHX[VHQVFRQIRQGXV/DPRGHUQL VDWLRQGHV7DXHUQDFKHYpHHQQHUpSRQGHQUHYDQFKHTXHG·XQHSROLWLTXHGHV g%%SHQVpHHQFRPSOpPHQWGHFHOOHGX7DUYLV/DORJLTXHGHV()Q·HVWGRQF SDVDOLJQpHVXUFHOOHGHODSURJUDPPDWLRQFRPPXQDXWDLUHSXLVTXHOHV7DXHUQ WUDLQVMRXU UHVWHQWSOXVFRXSOpVDX7DUYLVWUDLQVMRXU TX·DX[.DUDZDQNHQ /DSROLWLTXHGHVWUDQVSRUWVIDLWO·REMHWG·XQOLYUHEODQFjODVXLWHHQ/HVWUDLWpV G·$PVWHUGDPHWGH1LFH GRQQHQWjYRLUXQHFULVHGHJRXYHUQDQFHGHO·HQ VHPEOHVXUIRQGG·pODUJLVVHPHQWDX[SD\VGHO·HVWTXLVHSUpFLVH/·DQFUDJH©L*UDQGH 9LWHVVH ª HVW UHQRXYHOp SXLVTXH OH OLYUH EODQF LGHQWLÀH FRPPH REMHFWLI  PDMHXU OH GpYHORSSHPHQWG·XQHFRRUGLQDWLRQGHODJUDQGHYLWHVVHDÀQGHFRQVWUXLUHXQ UpVHDX VXSSRUW G·XQH SRWHQWLHOOH RXYHUWXUH GX PDUFKp SDVVDJHU /D FRRUGL QDWLRQDSSDUDvWGHQRXYHDXUHPSODoDQWODQRWLRQG·KDUPRQLVDWLRQ8QFLQTXLqPH F\FOHV·RXYUHHQWLqUHPHQWWRXUQpYHUVO·RXYHUWXUHGHVPDUFKpVIHUURYLDLUHV/H OLYUHEODQFGRQQHODSULRULWpDXIHUURYLDLUHjO·RXHVWHWUHVWHSUDJPDWLTXHjO·HVWHQ FRQVLGpUDQWOHURXWLHUFRPPHVHXOjPrPHG·DFFRPSDJQHUODUDSLGHPLVHjQLYHDX pFRQRPLTXHGHVIXWXUVQRXYHDX[HQWUDQWV/H/LYUH%ODQFSUpFRQLVHHQRXWUHGH SRXUVXLYUH O·HIIRUW GH UpÁH[LRQ TXDQW DX[ SURMHWV SULRULWDLUHV HQ UHYLVLWDQW OD OLVWH jODOXPLqUHGHO·pODUJLVVHPHQWSUpYXSRXU&HODHVWFKRVHIDLWHHQGDWH GHFUpDWLRQGXSURJUDPPH7UDQV(XURSHDQ1HWZRUNRI 7UDQVSRUWV7(1757(7HQ IUDQoDLV 8QSUHPLHUSODQHVWDLQVLUpDOLVpHQUpYLVpHQPDLVXLWHjO·HQWUpH GHVQRXYHDX[PHPEUHV$XWRWDOSURMHWVVRQWUHWHQXVpOLJLEOHVDX[ÀQDQFH PHQWVHXURSpHQVGRQWVSpFLÀTXHPHQWIHUURYLDLUHVÀJ 8QHQRXYHOOHIRLV OHVGHX[SURMHWVGHWXQQHOVGHEDVH\ÀJXUHQWDLQVLTXHOHXUVDFFqV,OHQYDGHPrPH GHVDFFqVDX[WXQQHOVVXLVVHVFRPPHQRXVDYRQVSXOHYRLU/H57(7LQWURGXLWXQH GRVH©HQYLURQQHPHQWDOHªTXLHVWUHQIRUFpHSDUODVXLWHQRWDPPHQWSDUOH7UDLWp GH/LVERQQH TXLFRQVHUYHOHVREMHFWLIVGXWUDLWpGH0DDVWULFKWDX[WLWUHV;9, HW;;,HQOHVFRPSOpWDQWGHODOpJLVODWLRQHQYLURQQHPHQWDOHSURGXLWHGHSXLV/·LGpH GX57(7HVWGHJURXSHUSOXVLHXUVUpDOLVDWLRQVLPSRUWDQWHVTXLSHXYHQWV·HQWHQGUH FRPPH GHV FKDQWLHUV HQ VRL 3HUSLJQDQ)LJXHUDV WXQQHO GH EDVH GX /\RQ7XULQ UpRXYHUWXUHG·+RGRV=DODORYR DÀQGHOHVLQVFULUHGDQVXQHFRKpUHQFHHXURSpHQQH HQ O·RFFXUUHQFH OH FRUULGRU GH SURMHW   'HV FRRUGLQDWHXUV VRQW QRPPpV SRXU FHVFRUULGRUV/DQRWLRQGHFRRUGLQDWLRQHVWDLQVLIRQGDPHQWDOHHWWHQGGHQRXYHDX YHUVOHOHXUUHGHO·KRPRJpQpLVDWLRQFDUOHVIRQGVHXURSpHQVVRQWVRXPLVjO·LQVFULS WLRQGHVREMHWVGDQVXQHFRKpUHQFHG·HQVHPEOHQRWDPPHQWHQWHUPHVGHJDEDULW 5DSLGHPHQWOHSUDJPDWLVPHGHO·KDUPRQLVDWLRQGH0DDVWULFKWUHVVXUJLWGHYDQWOHV LPSpUDWLIVOLpVDX[FRPELQDLVRQVORFDOHVWRXMRXUVSOXVVLQJXOLqUHV /·LQVFULSWLRQGHVQRXYHDX[WXQQHOVDOSLQVDXVHLQGHFHWWHSROLWLTXHHXURSpHQQHGHV WUDQVSRUWVHVWSDUWLFXOLqUHPHQWPDUTXpHSDUODJUDQGHYLWHVVHHWO·RXYHUWXUHGHV PDUFKpVGDQVXQFRQWH[WHGHWUDQVIURQWDOLDULWp/DJHQqVHGHFHVWXQQHOVQ·HVW GRQF SDV OD PrPH TXH FHOOH GHV WXQQHOV VXLVVHV ,OV VH UHMRLJQHQW SDU OH FRQWH[WH WHPSRUHOHWVSDWLDOG·pYROXWLRQGXSKpQRPqQH©7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVªPDLVLOVQH SHXYHQWSDVrWUHDSSUpKHQGpVGHODPrPHIDoRQ8QHQRXYHOOHIRLVOHFDUDFWqUH QDWLRQDOGHVWXQQHOVVXLVVHVWUDQFKHDYHFOHFDUDFWqUHELQDWLRQDOGHVWXQQHOVFRP 

&KDSLWUH/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVOH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWLQDGpTXDWHjOD7UDYHUVpH"

'HX[LqPHSDUWLH/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVRXO·XWRSLHGHO·DXWRQRPLH 8QHTXrWHGHGpSDVVHPHQWGHVWHUULWRULDOLWpVSROLWLTXHVHWGHVTXRWLGLHQQHWpV$OSLQHV PXQDXWDLUHV$ORUVTXHFHWWHGLPHQVLRQLQWpULHXUHDpWpOHPRWHXUGHODUpXVVLWHGHV WXQQHOVGX/|WVFKEHUJHWGX*RWKDUGODSRVLWLRQWUDQVIURQWDOLqUHGX%UHQQHUHWGX 0RQWG·$PELQHVWODFRQGLWLRQVLQHTXDQRQG·pOLJLELOLWpDX[IRQGVHXURSpHQVWRXWHQ FRQVWLWXDQWOHSULQFLSDOGpÀGHPHQpHGHVWUDYDX[$XFXQHXQLWpQ·HVWjUHFKHUFKHU GDQVOHFDGUHGHVSURFHVVXVG·pODERUDWLRQGHVSURMHWV/DFDUDFWpULVWLTXHTXLHQUHV VRUWHVWPrPHXQUHQIRUFHPHQWGHVVSpFLÀFLWpVHWGHODSULPDXWpQDWLRQDOHV G·XQ SRLQW GH YXH MXULGLTXH /H PpWURQRPH HVW SDU FRQWUH OH FRQWH[WH SROLWLTXH G·LQVFULSWLRQGXSURMHW3RXUOHVWXQQHOVVXLVVHVLOV·DJLWGHO·LPSpUDWLI GHUHVSHFWGHV GpODLVSRXUOHVWXQQHOVGHO·8(LOV·DJLWGHODPDUFKHGHODSROLWLTXHFRPPXQH GHVWUDQVSRUWV/·HQVHPEOHHVWSRXUWDQWHQJOREpGDQVXQHPrPHG\QDPLTXHJp QpUDOHGHOLEpUDOLVDWLRQHWGHSURPRWLRQGHVLQWHURSpUDELOLWpV

&KDSLWUH/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVOH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWLQDGpTXDWjOD7UDYHUVpH"



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH

,, /HV17$ODERUDWRLUH GXQRXYHDXV\VWqPHIHUURYLDLUHHXURSpHQ

/HVOLEpUDOLVDWLRQVIHUURYLDLUHVjWUDYHUVOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV  /DGpUpJXODWLRQGHVPDUFKpVIHUURYLDLUHVDFFRPSDJQHODPDUFKHGHFHWWHSR OLWLTXHHXURSpHQQH=HPEUL /·RXYHUWXUHGHVPDUFKpVSDUPRGHHVWOD VWUDWpJLHFKRLVLHSDUOD&RPPLVVLRQGHYDQWO·LPSRUWDQFHGHVGLVSDULWpVFXOWXUHOOHV DXF±XUGHVV\VWqPHVSURGXFWLIVGHFKDFXQ$ORUVTXHO·DpULHQHVWOLEpUDOLVpGqV HW TXH OH PDUFKp URXWLHU HVW HQWLqUHPHQW RXYHUW WUDQVLW HW FDERWDJH  HQ  OD PDUFKHIHUURYLDLUHHVWEHDXFRXSSOXVOHQWHHWGpOLFDWHGXIDLWGHO·DEVHQFHG·HVSDFH FLUFXODWRLUHXQLÀpDXSUpDODEOH/·HVSDFHPDWpULHOGXPDUFKpQ·H[LVWHSDVjO·pFKHOOH HXURSpHQQH FRPPH OHV UrYHV GX ;,;ƒ VLqFOH SRXYDLHQW OH ODLVVHU HQWHQGUH &KLD WRQQH PDLVjO·pFKHOOHGHV(WDWV/DPDUFKHGHVOLEpUDOLVDWLRQVV·HQWHQGDLQVL GHFRQFHUWDYHFFHOOHGXYROHWWHFKQLTXHG·XQLÀFDWLRQWHFKQLTXHGXVXSSRUWPDWpULHO GXPDUFKpODPDUFKHGHVLQWHURSpUDELOLWpV3RXUSOXVGHFODUWpQRXVFKRLVLVVRQV GHOHVSUpVHQWHUVXFFHVVLYHPHQWHQSUpVHQWDQWHQSUHPLHUO·REMHFWLI LGpRORJLTXH JpQpULTXHTXLJXLGHO·pWDEOLVVHPHQWG·XQQRXYHDXV\VWqPHIHUURYLDLUHHXURSpHQOD GpUpJXODWLRQ /DPDUFKHGHVWH[WHVHXURSpHQVODGLUHFWLYHFRPPHSUHPLHUSDV

=HPEUL3  ©6WUXFWXUHGHVUp VHDX[GHWUDQVSRUWV HWGpUpJOHPHQWD WLRQª =HPEUL3  3RXUXQHDSSURFKH JpRJUDSKLTXHGHOD GpUpJOHPHQWDWLRQGHV WUDQVSRUWV &RPPLVVLRQ (XURSpHQQH  'LUHFWLYH



 /·DFWHIRQGDWHXUGHPLVHHQIRUPHGHVREMHFWLIVGXWH[WHGHGDQVOH GRPDLQHIHUURYLDLUHGDWHGH,OV·DJLWGHODGLUHFWLYHGRQWO·HIIHWOHSOXV FRQQXDpWpODQpFHVVLWpGHGLVWLQJXHUOHVFRPSWDELOLWpVGHVGRPDLQHVGHO·H[SORL WDWLRQHWGHO·LQIUDVWUXFWXUH&RPPHWRXWHGLUHFWLYHVHXOHO·HIIHFWLYLWpGHODWUDQVFULS WLRQGHO·HVSULWGXWH[WHHVWpYDOXpH/·HVSULWGXWH[WHDSSHOOHjQHSDVFRQVLGpUHU FHW©HIIHWYHGHWWHªPDLVGHOHUpLQVFULUHGDQVO·REMHFWLI G·HQVHPEOHGHODGLUHFWLYH /D&RPPLVVLRQYLVHDXÀQDOXQHRXYHUWXUHGHVUpVHDX[QDWLRQDX[DX[WLHUV/D VWUXFWXUHGHVDFWHXUVIHUURYLDLUHVHVWPDMRULWDLUHPHQWSXEOLTXHHWO·REMHFWLI Q·HVWSDV GHUHPHWWUHHQFDXVHFHIDLW8QHFRPSpWLWLRQHQWUHHQWUHSULVHVQDWLRQDOHVHVWSRV VLEOHGqVORUVTXHOHYROHWH[SORLWDWLRQJDJQHHQDXWRQRPLHYLVjYLVGHO·(WDW(Q VRPPHOjROD6XLVVHpWDEOLWOHIHUURYLDLUHFRPPHXQEUDVDUPpGHVDSROLWLTXHWHU ULWRULDOHO·8(FKHUFKHjOHGpSROLWLVLVHUSRXUQ·HQIDLUHTX·XQVHFWHXUpFRQRPLTXH GHVHUYLFHTXLSRXUUDLWHQWUHUGDQVOHVFDVHVGHO·HVSULWPDUFKDQGJpQpUDOGXPDUFKp FRPPXQ&HWWHQRXYHOOHGLVWDQFLDWLRQGHVGHX[WUDMHFWRLUHVQ·HVWSDVDQRGLQHO·DS SOLFDWLRQGHFHPRGqOHDSSHOOHjGpWDFKHUDXPD[LPXPOHVGHX[GRPDLQHVGHEDVH GXIHUURYLDLUHSRXUWHQGUHjXQHFRQGLWLRQG·DFFqVDX[UpVHDX[GHVSOXVLPSDUWLDOH 2UVLO·H[SORLWDQWKLVWRULTXHKLHUHQVLWXDWLRQGHPRQRSROHGRQFDXMRXUG·KXLHQ SRVLWLRQ KpJpPRQLTXH  HVW DXVVL O·LQVWUXFWHXU GHV GHPDQGHV GH VLOORQV HQ TXDOLWp &KDSLWUH/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVOH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWLQDGpTXDWHjOD7UDYHUVpH"

'HX[LqPHSDUWLH/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVRXO·XWRSLHGHO·DXWRQRPLH 8QHTXrWHGHGpSDVVHPHQWGHVWHUULWRULDOLWpVSROLWLTXHVHWGHVTXRWLGLHQQHWpV$OSLQHV

Le ferroviaire, objet de divergence entre la Suisse et l’UE dans l’approche politique des réseaux

7KqPH

6XLVVH

8(

/HIHUURYLDLUH«

« XQRXWLODXVHUYLFHG·XQH SROLWLTXHj O·pFKHOOHGX WHUULWRLUHQDWLRQDO

« XQPDUFKp DXVHUYLFHGX PDUFKp FRPPXQ

3RVLWLRQQHPHQWSROLWLTXH

,QWHUYHQWLRQQLVPH SROLWLVDWLRQ

'pUpJXODWLRQ GpSROLWLVDWLRQ

&DGUHVSDWLDOGHSHQVpH

(WDWFRQWLQX

'LVFRQWLQXLWpVG·(WDWV

5HODWLRQVPRGDOHVHWDFWRULHOOHV

,QWHUPRGDOLWp LQWpJUDWLRQ

6HJPHQWDWLRQPRGDOH VpSDUDWLRQ

7XQQHOGHEDVH

,QWUDQDWLRQDO

,QWHUQDWLRQDO

7DEOHDX/HIHUURYLDLUHREMHWGHGLYHUJHQFHHQWUHOD6XLVVHHWO·8( GDQVO·DSSURFKHSROLWLTXHGHVUpVHDX[ .6XWWRQ

GH*HVWLRQQDLUHG·,QIUDVWUXFWXUHXQULVTXHGHFRQÁLWG·LQWpUrWHWGHEORFDJHGHOD FRQFXUUHQFHHVWHQYLVDJHDEOH/HPRGqOHVXLVVHHVWWRXWDXWUHFRPPHOHPRQWUHOD PLVHHQSODFHGHV1/)$/·LQWpJUDWLRQUHVWHOHPRGqOHFKRLVLHWFRQVLGpUpFRPPH OHSOXVjPrPHGHSHUPHWWUHODFRQGXLWHGHVUpDOLVDWLRQVWHFKQLTXHVDXVHUYLFHGX SROLWLTXH/D6XLVVHSUpVHQWHjODIRLVODSDUWLFXODULWpG·rWUHXQVHXO(WDWPDLVGHSUp VHQWHUXQHPRVDwTXHGH*,/HSUREOqPHDpWpSULVjO·LQYHUVHGHO·8($ORUVTXH O·8(LGHQWLÀHODGpUpJXODWLRQFRPPHXQIDFWHXUSUpDODEOHQpFHVVDLUHjODFRQWLQXLWp GHVUpVHDX[jO·pFKHOOHGXPDUFKpOD6XLVVHQHOHFRQVLGqUHTXHFRPPHXQIDFWHXU VHFRQGDLUHXQHPRGDOLWpG·H[HUFLFHGHODFRQWLQXLWpWHUULWRULDOH'HX[IDoRQVGH SHQVHUOHSKpQRPqQHVRQWSURSRVpHVGHX[PRGqOHVGLIIpUHQWVFRH[LVWHQWDYHFOHV $OSHVHQSDUWDJH $IÀUPHUO·LQGpSHQGDQFHGHO·()SHUPHWjWHUPHGDQVO·HVSULWGHOD&RPPLVVLRQ GHGpFKDUJHUOHVGLIIpUHQWHVHQWUHSULVHVKLVWRULTXHVGHOHXUGHWWHDE\VVDOHTXL LQWHUGLWWRXWUrYHG·RXYHUWXUHGHOHXUFDSLWDO/HSUREOqPHPDMHXUGHV()HQFHGp EXWGHVDQQpHVWLHQWDXPRWHXUG·pYROXWLRQGXIHUURYLDLUHTXHQRXVDYRQVPLV HQOXPLqUHGDQVOHSDUDJUDSKHSUpFpGHQWODJUDQGHYLWHVVH/D61&)OD'%OHV )6RQWG€V·HQGHWWHUPDVVLYHPHQWSRXUUpDOLVHUOHV/*9QDWLRQDOHV&HWWHGRQQpH UHQIRUFHODQpFHVVLWpGHPXWXDOLVDWLRQGHVPR\HQVG·LQYHVWLVVHPHQWSRXUOHVSUR MHWVjYHQLUFHTXLSHUPHWjO·8(G·HQWUHUGDQVOHMHXFRPPHQRXVDYRQVSXOHYRLU /D UpGXFWLRQ GH OD GHWWH GHV () HW O·DVVDLQLVVHPHQW GH OHXUV FRPSWHV FRQVWLWXHQW OHSUpDODEOHLQGLVSHQVDEOHjWRXWHpYROXWLRQGXV\VWqPHIHUURYLDLUH&·HVWSRXUFHOD TX·LOÀJXUHFRPPHOHSUHPLHUREMHFWLI PHQWLRQQpSDUODGLUHFWLYH1RXVVRPPHV LFLGHYDQWXQHDSSOLFDWLRQGXSULQFLSHGHVXEVLGLDULWpTXLHVWLQVFULWGDQVOHWUDLWp GH0DDVWULFKWFHVLQYHVWLVVHPHQWVVRQWGHO·RUGUHGHVSROLWLTXHVG·DPpQDJHPHQW &KDSLWUH/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVOH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWLQDGpTXDWjOD7UDYHUVpH"



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH :ROPDU&  ©/DSULYDWLVDWLRQj O·DQJODLVHXQHYRLH jQHSDVVXLYUHLª &RPPLVVLRQ (XURSpHQQH  'LUHFWLYH

GX WHUULWRLUH HW LQFRPEHQW DX[ (WDWV $XVVL XQH VpSDUDWLRQ FRPSWDEOH GHV GHX[ GRPDLQHVIHUURYLDLUHVSHUPHWDX[()GHVHYRLUGpFKDUJHUGHFHSRLGVTXLUHYLHQW VHORQFHWHVSULWDX[(WDWV &HUWDLQHVH[SpULHQFHVSDUDOOqOHVFRPPHHQ*UDQGH%UHWDJQHRQWWHQWpODSULYDWLVD WLRQDYHFOHVXFFqVTX·RQOXLFRQQDvW:ROPDU /DQHGHPDQGHSDVOD SULYDWLVDWLRQFRPPHRQDSXOHOLUHHQ*UDQGH%UHWDJQHjFHWWHpSRTXH(OOHVHFRP SUHQGFRPPHODPLVHHQSODFHG·XQMHXG·DFWHXUGHUpIpUHQFHjWUDGXLUHSRXUOH GpEXWGHVDQQpHV0DLVFRPPHWRXWHGLUHFWLYHOHVPRGDOLWpVGHWUDQVFULSWLRQ YDULHQWG·XQ(WDWjO·DXWUH1RXVODLVVHURQVGHF{WpOHPRGqOHEULWDQQLTXHVLQJXOLHU TXLQHQRXVFRQFHUQHSDVGLUHFWHPHQWLFL/D)UDQFHRSWHHQSRXUXQGpVHQ GHWWHPHQWGHOD61&)FRPPHOHSUpYR\DLW//H)ORFK3ULJHQWDORUVSUpVLGHQWGH OD61&) GqV/DFUpDWLRQGH5))pWDEOLVVHPHQWSXEOLTXHGLVWLQFWGHO·(3,& KLVWRULTXHSHUPHWGHOpJXHUDXQRXYHDXYHQXOHVGHWWHVFRQVHQWLHVSDUDQVGH UpDOLVDWLRQGH/*9HQpFKDQJHGXWUDQVIHUWGHODSURSULpWpGXUpVHDX/·$OOHPDJQH O·$XWULFKHO·,WDOLHFKRLVLVVHQWXQPRGHSOXVVRXSOHPDLVWRXWDXWDQWFRQGDPQpSDUOD &RPPLVVLRQHQTXLFRQVLVWHjPHWWUHHQSODFHXQHKROGLQJ(QVRPPHOHVGLI IpUHQWVPpWLHUVUpJXODWHXUVGHVFLUFXODWLRQVWUDFWLRQFRPPHUFLDO« RXGRPDLQHV IUHWUpJLRQDOJUDQGHVOLJQHVLQIUD« IHUURYLDLUHVIRQWO·REMHWGHÀOLDOLVDWLRQVVH ORQGHVSpULPqWUHVYDULDEOHVHQIRQFWLRQGHVSD\V(QFHODO·LQIUDVWUXFWXUHSUpVHQWH ELHQGHVFRPSWHVVpSDUpVGHFHX[GHO·H[SORLWDWLRQFRPPHOHGHPDQGHODGLUHFWLYH VDQVSRXUDXWDQWURPSUHOHOLHQGHJRXYHUQDQFHHWGHPDQDJHPHQWjO·pFKHOOHGX JURXSHSXLVTXHOHSUpVLGHQWGHOD'%$*6RFLpWp$QRQ\PH UqJQHWRXMRXUVVXUOHV GHX[GRPDLQHV(QVRPPHODPHVXUHFRPSWDEOHHVWUHPSOLHSDVODWUDQVFULSWLRQ GHO·HVSULWGHODGLUHFWLYHTXLYLVHjPHWWUHHQSODFHXQFDGUHLPSDUWLDOG·LQVWUXFWLRQ HWGHJHVWLRQGHVFLUFXODWLRQVIHUURYLDLUHV&DUFHWREMHFWLI UHVWHELHQO·KRUL]RQTXH ODYLVH  /HV()HWOHV(WDWVRQWYXHQFHWWHGLUHFWLYHO·RFFDVLRQGHVROGHUOHXUVSUR EOqPHVGHFRPSWHIHUURYLDLUHHQIDLVDQWSRXUSDUWLHYRORQWDLUHPHQWDEVWUDFWLRQ GHODÀQDOLWp2UOHVGHX[SUHPLHUVFDVG·RXYHUWXUHGHVUpVHDX[DX[WLHUVVRQWELHQ SUpYXVGqV/HSUHPLHUVHUDG·DLOOHXUVXQRXWLOWUqVSULVpGHV()KLVWRULTXHV SRXU H[SORLWHU OHV UHODWLRQV LQWHUQDWLRQDOHV JUDQGH YLWHVVH SHUPLVHV SDU OHV SUH PLHUVPDWpULHOV*9LQWHURSpUDEOHVHWOHVRXYHUWXUHVGHVWXQQHOVRXVOD0DQFKHHW /*91RUG(XURSH/DGLUHFWLYHSUpYRLWO·REOLJDWLRQGHOLEUHDFFqVDXUpVHDXjWRXW JURXSHPHQWLQWHUQDWLRQDOG·()3RXUOHV()KLVWRULTXHVFHODSHUPHWGHFRQVWLWXHU GHVJURXSHPHQWVj WDULÀFDWLRQV VSpFLÀTXHVGpFRQYHQWLRQQpHVTXLFRQVWLWXHQWGHV SRFKHVGHFURLVVDQFHHWGHEpQpÀFHVDVVXUpVSXLVTX·LOVQHVXSSRUWHQWSDVOHVDOp DVGHVFR€WVG·H[SORLWDWLRQ/HVSUHPLHUVH[HPSOHVOHVSOXVFRQQXVVRQW/\ULD  (XURVWDU 7KDO\V RX$UWHVLD 0DODVSLQD &HVHQWUHSULVHV jO·H[FHSWLRQG·(XURVWDUTXLSRVVqGHVHVPR\HQVSURSUHVORXHQWOHVSUHVWDWLRQVGH FRQGXLWHG·DFFRPSDJQHPHQWFRPPHUFLDOHWGHPDLQWHQDQFHGHVPDWpULHOVYRLUHOHV PDWpULHOVHX[PrPHV DX[()KLVWRULTXHV,OV·DJLWGRQFSRXUFHVPrPHV()G·XQH VRXUFHGHFURLVVDQFHDXWRHQJHQGUpHHWDXWRDOLPHQWpH/HV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVDF FXHLOOHQWUDSLGHPHQWGHVJURXSHPHQWVGHFHW\SH$UWHVLDHVWXQHVRFLpWpFRPPXQH jOD61&)HWj)6SXLV7UHQLWDOLDTXLH[SORLWHQWOHVVHUYLFHVHQWUHOD)UDQFHHWO·,WDOLH SDU OH )UpMXV GH MRXU 3DULV0LODQ HQ 7*9  HW OH 6LPSORQ GH QXLW 3DULV5RPH 9HQLVH  &LVDOSLQR FRHQWUHSULVH IRQGpH SDU OHV &)) HW OD PrPH VRFLpWp LWDOLHQQH



&KDSLWUH/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVOH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWLQDGpTXDWHjOD7UDYHUVpH"

'HX[LqPHSDUWLH/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVRXO·XWRSLHGHO·DXWRQRPLH 8QHTXrWHGHGpSDVVHPHQWGHVWHUULWRULDOLWpVSROLWLTXHVHWGHVTXRWLGLHQQHWpV$OSLQHV H[SORLWHGqV"OHVUHODWLRQVGLXUQHVHQWUHOD6XLVVHHWO·,WDOLH%kOH=XULFK6WXWWJDUW 9HQLVH0LODQ)ORUHQFH &HWWHGLUHFWLYHRXYUHGRQFODSRUWHjO·H[SpULPHQWDWLRQ GHVFRQGLWLRQVG·H[SORLWDWLRQFKH]OHYRLVLQ(OOHSHUPHWDLQVLGHFRQVWUXLUHOHV FDGUHVG·XQHpYHQWXHOOHPLVHHQFRQFXUUHQFHGHVVHUYLFHVVDQVIURLVVHUOHV()KLVWR ULTXHVTXL\WURXYHQWOHXUFRPSWH /HVHFRQGFDVGHOLEUHDFFqVSUpYXFRQFHUQHOHIUHW/DGLUHFWLYHSUpYRLWTXHWRXWH () TXL IRXUQLUDLW XQ VHUYLFH FRPELQp VH YHUUDLW REWHQLU XQ GURLW G·DFFqV HW GH WUDQVLWjWRXVOHVUpVHDX[GHOD&((&HWWHPHVXUHQHUHQFRQWUHSDVOHPrPHpFKR TXH VRQ KRPRORJXH YR\DJHXUV GX IDLW G·XQH FULVH GX IUHW GpMj ELHQ HQWDPpH 3DU OHFLEODJH©FRPELQpªO·pFKHOOHGXPDUFKpFRPPXQHWGHVVRUWLHVSRUWXDLUHVHVW SDUWLFXOLqUHPHQWLGHQWLÀpH6LOHMHXDXWRXUGHODJUDQGHYLWHVVHVHGpSORLHGHIDoRQ UHODWLYHPHQWDXWRQRPHDXU\WKPHGHODFRQVWUXFWLRQGXUpVHDX/*9HXURSpHQOH IUHWHWVHVIUHLQVGHYLHQQHQWODFLEOHGHODSURJUHVVLRQGHODGpUpJXODWLRQGHO·8( 8QHSURJUHVVLRQSDUSDTXHWVIHUURYLDLUHV  6XLWHDXVRPPHWG·(VVHQOD&RPPLVVLRQSURSRVHXQVHFRQGYROHWGHGLUHF WLYHVHQHW /DGLPHQVLRQOLEpUDOHHVWWRXMRXUVDIÀUPpHFHV GLUHFWLYHVYLVHQWGLUHFWHPHQWOHVFRQGLWLRQVG·DWWULEXWLRQGHVVLOORQVHWOHVOHXUV WDULÀFDWLRQV&HVGHX[GLUHFWLYHVpWDEOLVVHQWOHVFRQGLWLRQVG·DWWULEXWLRQGHVOLFHQFHV G·()HWGHUpSDUWLWLRQGHVFDSDFLWpVG·LQIUDVWUXFWXUHVHWGHSHUFHSWLRQGHVSpDJHV 'DQVODIRXOpHOD&RPPLVVLRQVHULVTXHjpWHQGUHOHGHUQLHUSRLQWGHODj O·HQVHPEOH GHV SUHVWDWLRQV YR\DJHXUV LQWHUQDWLRQDOHV 'HYDQW OH VXFFqV GH OD GLVSRVLWLRQGHVJURXSHPHQWVG·()ODWHQWDWLRQG·RXYULUHQWLqUHPHQWOHPDUFKpHVW JUDQGH&HWWHWHQWDWLRQVHSRUWHDXVVLVXUO·HQVHPEOHGXIUHWSXLVTXHOHSULQFLSHGH ODOLEpUDOLVDWLRQGXWUDQVLWHWGXFDERWDJHHVWDFWpGDQVFHVGHX[GLUHFWLYHV/·$O OHPDJQHGHYDQFHFHFDOHQGULHUSXLVTXHGqVODFRQFXUUHQFHHVWGHPLVHGDQVOH GRPDLQHGHVWUDÀFVUpJLRQDX[HWIUHW)UDJROD  /D UDSLGLWp GHV pYROXWLRQV GX PRQGH IHUURYLDLUH HW OD SHUVLVWDQFH GH FDGUHV WHFK QLTXHVHWVRFLDX[QDWLRQDX[TXLLQWHUYLHQQHQWFRPPHGHVIUHLQVDXFDSÀ[pSDUOD &RPPLVVLRQ FRQGXLW O·LQVWLWXWLRQ j UHJURXSHU O·HQVHPEOH GH FHV SUHPLHUV SDV DX VHLQGHFHTX·O·RQDSSHOOHXQ©SDTXHWIHUURYLDLUHª,OV·DJLWG·XQUHJURXSHPHQWGH GLUHFWLYHVGRQWO·pFKpDQFHG·DSSOLFDWLRQQ·HVWSDVDWWHLQWHHWTXLSUpVHQWHQWGHVSD UHQWpVWKpPDWLTXHVIRUWHV/HU\WKPHG·pODERUDWLRQGHVGLUHFWLYHVYDEHDXFRXSSOXV YLWHTXHOHXUPLVHHQSODFH5DSSHORQVTXHOHVGLUHFWLYHVGHVRQWpWDEOLHVDYDQW PrPHTXHFHOOHGHQHVRLWDSSOLTXpHSDUOHV(WDWVPHPEUHV/HUHFRXUVDX©LSD TXHWªSHUPHWG·pWDEOLUXQHSDUHQWpFODLUHHWGHUpDIÀUPHUO·REMHFWLI SUHPLHUO·RX YHUWXUHGHVPDUFKpV/HMXLOOHWHVWDGRSWpOHSUHPLHUSDTXHWIHUURYLDLUHTXL UHJURXSHOHVGLUHFWLYHVPRGLÀpHV/HVGLVFXVVLRQVDXWRXUGH FHSDTXHWSHUPHWWHQWGHSDUYHQLUjXQFRQVHQVXVDXWRXUG·XQHGDWHDXWRULVDQWO·RX YHUWXUHjODFRQFXUUHQFHGHVPDUFKpVIHUURYLDLUHVIUHW$FRPSWHUGXPDUV OHV(WDWVPHPEUHVSHXYHQWRXYULUOHXUPDUFKp&HWWHSUHPLqUHGDWHHVWSHUPLVVLYH QRQREOLJDWRLUH&HWWHWRXUQXUHSHUPHWVRQDGRSWLRQHQ&RQVHLOGHVPLQLVWUHVSXLV DXSDUOHPHQWHQIpYULHU$5$) 

&KDSLWUH/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVOH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWLQDGpTXDWjOD7UDYHUVpH"

)UDJROD)  9HUVXQHSROLWTXH IHUURYLDLUHHXURSpHQQH /·(XURSHjWRXWH YDSHXU" $5$)  KWWSZZZ UHJXODWLRQIHUUR YLDLUHIULQGH[ DVS"D 



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH

 /DPDUFKHGXSURFHVVXVFRPPXQDXWDLUHIHUURYLDLUHVHSRXUVXLWSDUSDTXHWV /HGHX[LqPHpWDEOLHQHWYRWpOHPDUVUHSUHQGGHQRXYHDXOD VLJQH TX·HOOH FRQVWLWXH ELHQ OH IRQGHPHQW GX QRXYHDX V\VWqPH /·RXYHUWXUH j OD FRQFXUUHQFHGXIUHWHVWpWHQGXHDX[PDUFKpVGRPHVWLTXHV&HWWHIRLVOHVGDWHVLQV FULWHVVHFRPSUHQQHQWFRPPHGHVpFKpDQFHVLPSRVpHV/DGDWHOLPLWHG·RXYHUWXUH GXPDUFKpIUHWLQWHUQDWLRQDOHVWÀ[pHDXHUMDQYLHUFHOOHGHVPDUFKpVGRPHV WLTXHVDXHUMDQYLHU&HSDTXHWQHV·LQWpUHVVHSOXVDX[FRQGLWLRQVG·DFFqVDX[ UpVHDX[PDLVDXIRQFWLRQQHPHQWTXRWLGLHQGHVUHODWLRQVHQWUHOHV()HWOHV*, QRWDPPHQWHQFDVG·LQFLGHQW/DVpFXULWpHVWXQYROHWPDMHXUGXIHUURYLDLUHGXIDLW PrPH GH OD GLYHUVLWp GHV FXOWXUHVG·H[SORLWDWLRQ HW GH JHVWLRQ HQWUH OHV SD\V (OOH GHYLHQWGRQFXQHQMHXGDQVO·RXYHUWXUHGHVPDUFKpV&HSDTXHWSUpYRLWGHVSURWR FROHVYLVDQWjO·LQGpSHQGDQFHGHVVHUYLFHVFKDUJpVGHVHQTXrWHVWHFKQLTXHV(QFRUH DXMRXUG·KXLXQFHUWDLQQRPEUHGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[YRLHQWFHWWHPLVVLRQFRQÀpH jGHVXQLWpVGpSHQGDQWHVGHVRSpUDWHXUVKLVWRULTXHV(QVRPPHDXWUDYHUVGXGHX [LqPHSDTXHWIHUURYLDLUHOHVHQMHX[G·LQWHURSpUDELOLWpVVRQWLGHQWLÀpVFRPPHGHV FRUROODLUHVjO·RXYHUWXUHGHVPDUFKpV/HVGLUHFWLYHVHWTXLWUDL WHQW GH FH YROHW VRQW G·DLOOHXUV LQVFULWHV GDQV OH SDTXHW &HOXLFL DFFRPSDJQH DX ÀQDOO·pWDEOLVVHPHQWGX57(7HWWHQWHGHWUDGXLUHOHVRULHQWDWLRQVGX/LYUH%ODQF GH3RXUFHODOHSULQFLSHG·DXWRURXWHVIHUURYLDLUHVHXURSpHQQHVLQWHURSp UDEOHVFRPSUHQGUHGHVFRUULGRUVIUHWHW(5706 HVWDFWpÀJ  /HWURLVLqPHSDTXHWIHUURYLDLUHpWDEOLSHQGDQWO·DQQpHRULHQWHWRXMRXUVSOXV OHVPHVXUHVYHUVOHIRQFWLRQQHPHQWGHVUHODWLRQVHQWUHOHVDFWHXUVIHUURYLDLUHV HWHQWUHOHVFOLHQWVHWOHVSUHVWDWDLUHVGHVHUYLFH/HEXWQ·HVWSOXVVHXOHPHQWGH UpDOLVHUXQPDUFKpHXURSpHQGHODSURGXFWLRQPDLVELHQXQPDUFKpGHVHUYLFHj O·pFKHOOH GX PDUFKp FRPPXQ &H SDTXHW SUpVHQWH XQH QRXYHOOH GLUHFWLYH GDQV OHGRPDLQHGHODVpFXULWpVXUODOLFHQFHFRQGXFWHXU8QHDXWUHGLUHFWLYHWUDLWHGHV GURLWVHWGHVREOLJDWLRQVGHVYR\DJHXUV/·LGpHHVWFRPPHGDQVO·DpULHQGHGpÀQLU GHVREOLJDWLRQVGHVHUYLFHHWOHVSUHVWDWLRQVFRPSHQVDWRLUHVSRXUJRPPHUXQGHV HIIHWVSHUYHUVGHODPLVHHQSODFHGHV*,(FHVJURXSHPHQWVUpSRQGHQWGHUqJOHV SURSUHVTXLVRQWUDUHPHQWHQIDYHXUGXFOLHQW(WFRPPHLOQHV·DJLWSDVG·XQPDU FKp QDWLRQDO OHV UqJOHV FRPSHQVDWRLUHV HQ YLJXHXU QH V·DSSOLTXHQW SDV HQ FDV GH UHWDUGRXG·DQQXODWLRQ/HVSUHPLHUVHIIHWVGHFHWWHGpUpJXODWLRQDYDLHQWpWpXQYLGH GHGURLWSRXUOHSDVVDJHU'DQVOHGRPDLQHGXIUHWODFURLVVDQFHHWODGLYHUVLÀFDWLRQ GHVRSpUDWHXUVVXUFKDTXHPDUFKpFRQGXLWGHPrPHOD&RPPLVVLRQjGpÀQLUXQUq JOHPHQWVHUYLFHHWGHTXDOLWp,OQHV·DJLWDORUVSOXVGHGLUHFWLYHVPDLVGHUqJOHPHQW F·HVWjGLUHTXHOHFRQWHQXV·LPSRVHjWRXVOHVGURLWVQDWLRQDX[DYHFXQHREOLJDWLRQ GHPLVHHQFRQIRUPLWpGHFHX[FLYLVjYLVGHVRQFRQWHQX /DGpUpJXODWLRQGHYLHQWDLQVLSOXVQRUPDWLYHGXIDLWGHVFRQWHQWLHX[TXLVRQWQpV GHVDSSOLFDWLRQVGHVGLUHFWLYHVSUpFpGHQWHV/DFRQVWLWXWLRQG·XQPDUFKpHXURSpHQ GXIHUURYLDLUHSDVVHDXVVLSDUXQHSDUWG·KRPRJpQpLVDWLRQTXLQ·HVWMDPDLVFRPSOqWH GX IDLW PrPH GH O·LPSRUWDQFH TXH SUHQQHQW OHV WUDGXFWLRQV HQWUH OHV ODQJXHV &H WURLVLqPHSDTXHWDSSURFKHHQÀQOHPDUFKpYR\DJHXUVHQGRQQDQWXQHGDWHEXWRLU SRXUO·RXYHUWXUHGXPDUFKpLQWHUQDWLRQDODXHUMDQYLHU



&KDSLWUH/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVOH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWLQDGpTXDWHjOD7UDYHUVpH"

'HX[LqPHSDUWLH/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVRXO·XWRSLHGHO·DXWRQRPLH 8QHTXrWHGHGpSDVVHPHQWGHVWHUULWRULDOLWpVSROLWLTXHVHWGHVTXRWLGLHQQHWpV$OSLQHV Les Alpes et l’Europe du Nord-Ouest, les deux terres d’expérimentation du nouveau système ferroviaire européen

Berlin

Amsterdam Rotterdam

Londres

Varsovie

Dresde

Katowice

Cologne Nuremberg

Paris

Prague Vienne

Munich

Budapest Lyon

Milan

Montpellier

Venise

Ljubljana

Turin Bologne Gênes

N

KS, 2011.

400 km

Axes du RTET

La Suisse, territoire hors RTET mais partie prenante au développement de l’ERTMS

Corridors ERTMS A

C

B

D E

Aire contournée par l’effort financier communautaire en matière de transports suite à l’élargissement européen Aires d’expérimentation du nouveau système ferroviaire européen, une nouvelle genèse de la dorsale

)LJXUH/HV$OSHVHWO·(XURSHGX1RUG2XHVWOHVGHX[WHUUHVG·H[SpULPHQWDWLRQGXQRXYHDXV\VWqPHIHUURYLDLUH HXURSpHQ .6XWWRQ

&KDSLWUH/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVOH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWLQDGpTXDWjOD7UDYHUVpH"



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH

/HV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV DXSULVPHGHO·REVHVVLRQGHVFRQWLQXLWpVUpWLFXODLUHVO·LQWHURSpUDELOLWp 9HUVXQHEDQDOLVDWLRQGHV$OSHV"

3RXUDJHDX[*  ©)UHWOD FRQFXUUHQFHHQWUH HQVFqQHª &KDUOLHU/ 0HLOODVVRQ6 D ©/HVORFR PRWLYHVpOHFWULTXHV PXOWLV\VWqPHVHQ (XURSHUHSDU WLH OD7UD[[ 06GH%RPEDU GLHUª 0DODVSLQD-3  'HV7(( DX[7*9



 /DPDUFKHGHVSDTXHWVIHUURYLDLUHVQRXVDPRQWUpFRPELHQODWKpPDWLTXH GHVOLEpUDOLVDWLRQVV·DSSXLHQpFHVVDLUHPHQWVXUFHOOHGHVLQWHURSpUDELOLWpV/DGp UpJXODWLRQGHVPDUFKpVIHUURYLDLUHVSURMHWWHQWLQpJDOHPHQWOHIHUURYLDLUHGDQVXQH PpWULTXHUpWLFXODLUHFDUDFWpULVpHSDUVRQREVHVVLRQGHVFRQWLQXLWpV3OXVTXHSRXU WRXWH DXWUH pYROXWLRQ GX V\VWqPH IHUURYLDLUH HXURSpHQ OHV 7UDYHUVpHV $OSLQHV DF FXHLOOHQW OHV SUHPLqUHV H[SpULPHQWDWLRQV GH JUDQGH pFKHOOH /HV $OSHV V·DIÀUPHQW FRPPHXQWHUUDLQG·H[SpULPHQWDWLRQHQFHTXHO·$OOHPDJQHHWO·$XWULFKHRQWDQWLFL SpOHVFDOHQGULHUVHXURSpHQV/·$OOHPDJQHDRXYHUWVHVPDUFKpVHQHWO·$XWULFKH VRQPDUFKpWUDQVLWGqV/D6XLVVHTXLQ·DYDLWSDVVXLYLHO·8(VXUODVpSDUDWLRQ H[SORLWDWLRQLQIUDVWUXFWXUHDSSOLTXHSDUFRQWUHODGDWHGHSRXUO·RXYHUWXUHGH VRQWUDQVLWIUHW/D)UDQFHRXYUHVRQPDUFKpLQWHUQDWLRQDOOHPDUVSXLVVRQ PDUFKpLQWpULHXUOHPDUV3RXUDJHDX[  1RXV SRXYRQV GLVWLQJXHU FLQT JUDQGV FKDPSV G·LQWHURSpUDELOLWpV /H SUHPLHU WLHQWjDVVXUHUODFRQWLQXLWpGHVFLUFXODWLRQVSDUGHOjOHVGLVFRQWLQXLWpVWHFKQLTXHV SURSRVpHVSDUOHUpVHDXVXSSRUW,OV·DJLWGHO·LQWHURSpUDELOLWpGHVPR\HQVGHWUDF WLRQ/HGHX[LqPHFRQFHUQHOHVHFRQGGRPDLQHKLVWRULTXHGXIHUURYLDLUHO·LQIUDV WUXFWXUH&HWD[HG·HIIRUWYLVHjGHVVLQHUXQUpVHDXVpOHFWLI pTXLSpG·XQVWDQGDUG HXURSpHQ O·(5706 $ORUV TXH OH SUHPLHU FKDPS UHQRXYHOOH O·DSSURFKH KDUPR QLVDWLRQ FHWWH GHX[LqPHGpPDUFKH WHQGSOXW{Wj LPSRVHUXQHVWDQGDUGLVDWLRQ TXL pFKRXHPDWpULHOOHPHQWVXUVDSURSUHDSSOLFDWLRQ8QHQRXYHOOHIRLVO·KDUPRQLVDWLRQ WULRPSKHVXUO·KRPRJpQpLVDWLRQPDLVOHVUrYHVG·KRPRJpQpLVDWLRQLPSRVHQWWRX MRXUVSOXVGHGLIÀFXOWpVSRXUKDUPRQLVHUGHVWUDMHFWRLUHVTXLGpYLHQWWRXMRXUVSOXV jPHVXUHTXHO·RQYRXGUDLWOHVVWDQGDUGLVHU7RXWQRXYHOpOpPHQWHVWVXMHWjDSSUR SULDWLRQSDUOHVUpVHDX[VHORQOHXUVSURSUHVFRGHV'·XQVWDQGDUGQDLVVHQWDXWDQWGH OHFWXUHVHWGHIRUPHVG·DSSOLFDWLRQVTXHG·RSpUDWHXUV$XÀQDOO·HQMHXPDMHXUWHO TX·LOVHGHVVLQHQRWDPPHQWGDQVOHV$OSHVVHVLWXHGDQVOHVFRQGLWLRQVG·DFFqVDX PRXYHPHQWVRLWGDQVOHVVLOORQV/HIRQGHPHQWPDWpULHOGXPDUFKpHVWOjHWFHW HQMHXFRQVWLWXHOHWURLVLqPHFKDPSG·LQWHURSpUDELOLWp/HTXDWULqPHWLHQWSOXVDX[ GLPHQVLRQVVRFLDOHVIRQGDPHQWDOHVGXIDLWPrPHGHVIRUWHVFXOWXUHVG·HQWUHSULVHV TXLVRQWQpHVGHVQDWLRQDOLVDWLRQVPDLVTXHQRXVQ·DERUGHURQVTXHWUqVSDUWLHOOH PHQW'HPrPHOHFLQTXLqPHFKDPSWHQGSOXVIRQGDPHQWDOHPHQWYHUVOHVHQMHX[ GHO·LQWHUPRGDOLWpSXLVTX·LOHVWTXHVWLRQGHVLQWHURSpUDELOLWpVWDULIDLUHVHQWUHOHV UpVHDX[/H6ZLVV7UDYHOO6\VWHPHQHVWXQH[HPSOHSRXVVpMXVTX·jO·LQWHURSpUDELOLWpGHV WLWUHVGHWUDQVSRUW 1RXVQRXVFHQWUHURQVLFLVXUOHVWURLVSUHPLHUVFKDPSVG·LQWHURSpUDELOLWpV/HVPR GHUQLVDWLRQV VXFFHVVLYHV GHV LWLQpUDLUHV GH 7UDYHUVpHV $OSLQHV pOHFWULÀFDWLRQ V\V WqPHGHFRQWU{OHFRPPDQGH RQWWRXMRXUVSOXVIDLWpFODWHUO·HVSDFHFLUFXODWRLUH GXSKpQRPqQHHQIRQFWLRQGHVSpULPqWUHVQDWLRQDX[&HVPRGHUQLVDWLRQVDFFRP &KDSLWUH/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVOH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWLQDGpTXDWHjOD7UDYHUVpH"

'HX[LqPHSDUWLH/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVRXO·XWRSLHGHO·DXWRQRPLH 8QHTXrWHGHGpSDVVHPHQWGHVWHUULWRULDOLWpVSROLWLTXHVHWGHVTXRWLGLHQQHWpV$OSLQHV SOLVVHQWOHWHPSVGHV(WDWV(QFHODODUHFKHUFKHDFWXHOOHGHODFRQWLQXLWpUpWLFXODLUH DEVROXHDXVVLLOOXVRLUHVRLWHOOHFDUDFWpULVHELHQO·pOpPHQWGHUXSWXUHTXHOHV17$ HWOHWHPSVGXPDUFKpSRUWHQWSDUUDSSRUWDX[WHPSVSUpFpGHQWV /HVSUHPLqUHVUHFKHUFKHVHWOHVSUHPLqUHVSURGXFWLRQVGHPDWpULHOVGHWUDFWLRQLQ WHURSpUDEOHVQHYLVDLHQWSDVOHVD[HVDOSLQVPDLVXQHDXWUHUpJLRQFDUDFWpULVpHSDU VRQPRUFHOOHPHQWJpRSROLWLTXHHWODGHQVLWpGHVHVÁX[LQWHUQDWLRQDX[O·(XURSH GXQRUGRXHVW)UDQFHGXQRUG%HQHOX[$OOHPDJQHGXQRUGRXHVW ,OV·DJLWGHOD &&GHOD61&)VpULHGHOD61&% TXDGULFRXUDQWG·ROHFKLIIUHGH ODQRPHQFODWXUHIUDQoDLVH SUpYXHjO·RULJLQHSRXUWUDFWHUOHV7((3DULV%UX[HOOHV $PVWHUGDP&RORJQH&HWWHORFRPRWLYHQHGpSDVVHUDMDPDLVOD%HOJLTXHSXLVTX·HOOH Q·DXUD UHoX G·KRPRORJDWLRQ TXH GDQV FH SD\V HW HQ )UDQFH &KDUOLHU 0HLOODVVRQ D0DODVSLQD /HVGHX[DXWUHVSD\VRQWSUpWH[WpGHVPRWLIVOHXUSHUPHW WDQWGHMRXHUODFDUWHGXSURWHFWLRQQLVPHIHUURYLDLUH,OIDXWUDSSHOHUOHFRQWH[WH GHFHWWHSUHPLqUHLQWHURSpUDELOLWpFHWWHORFRPRWLYHGDWHGHODÀQGHVDQQpHV HOOHSkWLWGRQFGHO·pFKHFGHO·DPELWLRQGHOD61&)GHJpQpUDOLVHUVRQYROWDJHjWRXWH OD&(&$&HUpÁH[HGHSURWHFWLRQGHVUpVHDX[QDWLRQDX[HVWLQWpUHVVDQWFDULOHVW WRXMRXUVG·DFWXDOLWp/HWHFKQLTXHFRQVWLWXHOHGHUQLHUUHPSDUWGHVRXYHUDLQHWp GDQVOHQRXYHDXV\VWqPHIHUURYLDLUHHXURSpHQ/HPDWpULHOURXODQWDW{WIDLWO·REMHW G·XQHGpPDUFKHLQWHURSpUDEOHDYDQWPrPHG·HQSRUWHUOHQRP/HVQRUPHVpGLFWpHV ORUVGHVFRQIpUHQFHVLQWHUQDWLRQDOHVGHVGpEXWVGXFKHPLQGHIHUOHVQRUPHV8,& SXLV(852),0$RQWSDUWLFLSpjpGLFWHUGHVVWDQGDUGVTXLSHUPLUHQWDX[ZDJRQV HWYRLWXUHVGHSDVVHUOHVIURQWLqUHV/HSUREOqPHGHGLVFRQWLQXLWpVGXSDUFURXODQW HVWYHQXSDUOHIDLWGHVPRGHUQLVDWLRQVHWGHVQRUPHVQDWLRQDOHV/DUqJOHpWDLWOH FKDQJHPHQWGHORFRPRWLYHjODIURQWLqUHHQWUHOHVUpVHDX[&HWWHUqJOHSROLWLTXHHVW GHYHQXHVRFLDOHSXLVWHFKQLTXH /HVLQWHUSpQpWUDWLRQVGHPDWpULHOVPRWHXUVDOOHPDQGVHQ$XWULFKHRQWWRXMRXUVpWp IUpTXHQWHVGqVORUVTXHO·$XWULFKHHWO·$OOHPDJQHRQWpTXLSpOHXUVUpVHDX[DYHFOHV PrPHVVWDQGDUGV8QHUHODWLYHFRQWLQXLWpG·DFFqVjODOLJQHGHFUrWHVHSUpVHQWH GRQFGHFHF{WpFLGHV$OSHV/HV7((RQWGRQQpO·RFFDVLRQjFHVGHX[UpVHDX[GH GpYHORSSHU GHV FRRUGLQDWLRQV DYHF OHV UpVHDX[ VXLVVHV %/6 HW &))  QRWDPPHQW SRXUKRPRORJXHUGHVUDPHVFRQVWLWXpHVSRXUOHSDUFRXUV9LHQQH=XULFKSDUO·$UO EHUJ (7   ,O IDXW UDSSHOHU TXH OH FRXUDQW G·DOLPHQWDWLRQ GHV UpVHDX[ HVW OH PrPH HQ 6XLVVH TXH GDQV FHV GHX[ SD\V /H U\WKPH GHV FRRUGLQDWLRQV HQWUH OHV JUDQGVUpVHDX[V·DFFpOqUHDYHFODJUDQGHYLWHVVH/·DFFpOpUDWLRQGXPRGHIHUURYLDLUH FRQGXLWjGpYHORSSHUGHVV\VWqPHVGHJHVWLRQHWGHFRQWU{OHGHVFLUFXODWLRQVWRXMRXUV SOXVSHUIRUPDQWVPDLVWRXMRXUVSOXVQDWLRQDX[/DJUDQGHYLWHVVHSUpVHQWHGRQFOH YLVDJHGHO·DFFURLVVHPHQWGHVGLYHUJHQFHVHWGDQVOHPrPHWHPSVGHO·LQWHQVL ÀFDWLRQGHVFRRSpUDWLRQVWHFKQLTXHV&HODSHUPHWFRPPHSDUODVXLWHDYHFOHV *,(GHFUpHUXQHFRQWLQXLWpSDUXQHVROXWLRQGHFRQWLQXLWp/DUqJOHGX©FKDFXQ FKH]VRLªHVWUHVSHFWpHPDLVOHV()SHXYHQWFRPPHQFHUjFRPSUHQGUHFRPPHQW FHODVHSDVVHFKH]O·DXWUHDXWUDYHUVGHFHWWHFRRSpUDWLRQ/DPLVHHQSODFHGHV7*9 WULFRXUDQWV HQ  3DULV/DXVDQQH%HUQH=XULFK HQ RIIUH XQH LOOXVWUDWLRQ 'H PrPHGHVOLJQHV,&(GHSXLV=XULFK HW,QWHUODNHQ VRQWPLVHVHQSODFH ,O UHVVRUW GH FHV SUHPLqUHV GpPDUFKHV LQWHURSpUDEOHV TXH GHX[ UpJLRQV G·(XURSH VRQW SLRQQLqUHV  O·(XURSH GX QRUGRXHVW HW FHOOH GHV $OSHV &HWWH FDUDFWpULVWLTXH FRPPXQHWLHQWGXFURLVHPHQWGHWURLVIDFWHXUVPRUFHOOHPHQWJpRSROLWLTXHGRQF PRUFHOOHPHQWWHFKQLTXHGHQVLWpGXIDLWPpWURSROLWDLQGHQVLWpGHVUHODWLRQVLQ &KDSLWUH/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVOH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWLQDGpTXDWjOD7UDYHUVpH"



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH WHUQDWLRQDOHV LQWHUPpWURSROLWDLQHV /HV $OSHV HQWUHQW GDQV FHWWH GpPDUFKH HQ IRQFWLRQGHFHVWURLVFULWqUHVQRQHQIRQFWLRQGHOHXUVVSpFLÀFLWpVPRQWDJQDUGHV /·LQWHURSpUDELOLWpPDUTXHHQFHODXQHSUHPLqUHIRUPHGHEDQDOLVDWLRQGHV$OSHV HQ(XURSH/HV&))HWOHXU©VRXULVJULVHªGX*RWKDUGTXDGULFRXUDQWHWSRXYDQW FLUFXOHUVXUOHVTXDWUHJUDQGVUpVHDX[ERUGDQWOHV$OSHVO·LOOXVWUHQWHQDVVXUDQWOHV UHODWLRQV6XLVVH0LODQHW3DULV6XLVVHDYDQWOHV7*9GLUHFWV/HSDUDOOqOHHQWUHOHV GHX[UpJLRQVSLRQQLqUHVSHXWVHSRXUVXLYUHDYHFODPLVHHQSODFHGH7KDO\VHWGH VHV7*9TXDGULFRXUDQWVDXPLOLHXGHVDQQpHVTXLVRQWpTXLSpVGHSDVPRLQV GHV\VWqPHVGHFRQWU{OHFRPPDQGHDXMRXUG·KXL/DUHFKHUFKHGHFRPSDWLELOLWp QRWDPPHQWGHODSDUWGHOD61&)HWGHOD'%pWDEOLWXQHSDUHQWpHQWUHOHPDUFKp EHOJH HW LWDOLHQ SXLVTXH OHV GHX[ UpVHDX[ VRQW DOLPHQWpV HQ  9 FRQWLQXV /HV 7*9UpVHDX[WULFRXUDQWV61&)PLVDXSRLQWSRXUOD%HOJLTXHVHUYHQWGHVXSSRUW WHFKQLTXHjODUpDOLVDWLRQGHV7*9SRXUOHVVHUYLFHV$UWHVLD3DULV0LODQHQJDJpVHQ /HFDSWDJHpWDLWDXSRLQWLOIDOOXHQVXLWHWUDYDLOOHUOHVLQWHUIDFHVHQWUHOHVV\V WqPHVLQIRUPDWLTXHVTXLSHXYHQWLQWHUIpUHUHWEORTXHUODPDFKLQH /HUHSRUWPRGDOFKHYDOGH7URLHGHO·RSHQDFFHVV

&ROODUGH\%  ©/HVPDOKHXUVGH ODGHVg%%ª &ROODUGH\%  ©)LQGHFDUULqUH SUpPDWXUpHSRXU OHVGHV g%%ª :LHQHU0 © g%%LP:DQGHOª 0HLOODVVRQ6  ©,WDOLH QRXYHOpODQSRXUOH 3XVWHUWDOEDKQª



 /HVGpEXWVGHO·LQWHURSpUDELOLWpGHVPDWpULHOVPRWHXUVRQWpWpSRQFWXpVGH GpERLUHVGHFHW\SHTXLSURYRTXDLHQWXQHLQWHUFHSWLRQGHVOLJQHVOHWHPSVGHVVH FRXUV/·H[HPSOHTXLSUpVHQWHODVpULHGHGpERLUHVODSOXVIRXUQLHGHFHVSUHPLHUV WHPSVUHVWHODORFRPRWLYHTXLDXUDLWGXGHYHQLUO·LF{QHGX%UHQQHUODVpULHGHV g%%&ROODUGH\:LHQHU /RUVTXHOHVg%%HQJDJHQWFHWWHORFR PRWLYHVXUOH%UHQQHUHQOHFRQWH[WHHVWjODSURPRWLRQGHO·LQWHURSpUDELOLWp FRPPHRXWLODXVHUYLFHGXUHSRUWPRGDO'RQQHUSOXVGHFRPSpWLWLYLWpjOD5ROD SDUUDSSRUWjODURXWHSDVVHSDUOLPLWHUOHVWHPSVSHUGXVDX[IURQWLqUHVWHFKQLTXHV SRXUFKDQJHUOHVORFRPRWLYHVHWOHVpTXLSHVGHFRQGXLWHUHIDLUHOHVWHVWVGHIUHLQHWF /HVg%%PHWWHQWDORUVDXSRLQWGHIDoRQUHODWLYH XQHORFRPRWLYHTXLHVWDSWHj URXOHUVRXV9+]$OOHPDJQHHW$XWULFKH HW9FRQWLQXV,WDOLH  &HWWHORFRPRWLYHUHoRLWXQHKRPRORJDWLRQF{WpLWDOLHQVXUOHVHXOD[HGX%UHQQHU MXVTX·DX[WHUPLQDX[GH5RODGH9pURQHDLQVLTXHVXUO·DQWHQQHGX3XVWHUWDO0DOJUp GHVSUREOqPHVHQOLJQHLPSRUWDQWVODVpULHHVWHQVXLWHHQJDJpHVXUOHVFRUULGRU=XJ TXLUHOLHQWOHVGHX[SDUWLHVGX7\URODXWULFKLHQHQWUH,QQVEUXFNHW/LHQ]0HLOODV VRQ:LHQHU 3RXUOHVg%%FHWWHORFRPRWLYHSHUPHWGHPDUTXHUXQH FRQWLQXLWpDXWULFKLHQQHjWUDYHUVOHXUORFRPRWLYHSDUGHOjOHKLDWXVLWDOLHQ0DLVFHW HVVDLFRQVWLWXHXQUpHOpFKHFWDQWOHUHFRXUVDXPRGHGHSURGXFWLRQFODVVLTXHpWDLW QpFHVVDLUHSRXUSDOOLHUDX[LQGLVSRQLELOLWpVGHPDWpULHOV /D PDUFKH GH O·LQWHURSpUDELOLWp GH FLUFXODWLRQ GDQV OHV $OSHV VH SRXUVXLW FRPPH RXWLODXVHUYLFHGXIHUURXWDJHJXLGpHSDUGHVVXEYHQWLRQVHXURSpHQQHVSRXUODPLVH DXSRLQWGHVPDWpULHOV(QFHODOD6XLVVHUHVWHHQUHWUDLWGHFHWWHGpPDUFKH6HXOHVD UpJLRQPpWURSROLWDLQHQRUGVHYRLWFRQFHUQpHSDUO·HQJDJHPHQWGHPDWpULHOVLQWHUR SpUDEOHVGDQVOHFDGUHGHODFRQVWUXFWLRQGXUpVHDXJUDQGHYLWHVVHHXURSpHQ(QUH YDQFKHODPLVHHQSODFHGHO·$)$GRQQHOLHXjODPLVHDXSRLQWGHODYHUVLRQLWDOLHQQH GHOD%%GHOD61&)SKRWR GpFOLQDLVRQGHODJDPPH$VWULGHG·$OVWRP ,OHVWLPSRUWDQWGHPHQWLRQQHUFHQRXYHODFWHXUO·LQGXVWULHOIHUURYLDLUH$OVWRP 6LHPHQV %RPEDUGLHU   FDU LO MRXH XQ U{OH WRXMRXUV SOXV LPSRUWDQW j FRPSWHU GH  HW GH O·RXYHUWXUH j OD FRQFXUUHQFH GX PDUFKp IUHW LQWHUQDWLRQDO HQ (XURSH &KDSLWUH/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVOH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWLQDGpTXDWHjOD7UDYHUVpH"

(XUR6SULQWHU TXDGULWHQVLRQ 6LH PHQV (6  )  ORXpH FKH] 0LWVXL SDU/H1RUG&DUJR1& YXHj)RU WH]]DDXFURFKHWGHO·(&SURGXLWSDU 7(($OOLDQFHHQRSHQDFFHVVHQWUH 0XQLFK HW %RORJQH &HWWH ORFRPR WLYHjO·RULJLQHYRXpHDXIUHWDRIIHUW XQHVROXWLRQDX[g%%HQDWWHQGDQW O·KRPRORJDWLRQ GHV 7DXUXV GH OHXU ÀOLDOH LWDOLHQQH g%% ,WDOLD DXGHOj GH9pURQH 3KRWR.6XWWRQPDL

/RFRPRWLYH GH OD PrPH JDPPH GH 6LHPHQV (6  )  DX[ FRXOHXUV GH &)) &DUJR YXH j 1RYDUH DX FURFKHW GH OD 5ROOLQJ +LJKZD\DXGpSDUWYHUV1RYDUH/DWUDFWLRQHQWHUULWRLUHLWDOLHQ HVWDVVXUpHSDUOHSHUVRQQHOGHODÀOLDOHLWDOLHQQHGXJURXSHVXLVVH 6%%&DUJR,WDOLD 3KRWR.6XWWRQMDQYLHU

7DXUXVELIUpTXHQFHGH6LHPHQV DX[ FRXOHXUV GH O·RSpUDWHXU FRPELQp $GULD 7UDQVSRUW VR FLpWp VSpFLDOLVpH GDQV OH WUDLWH PHQW GHV WUDÀFV FRPELQpV GH SXLV7ULHVWHYXHVXUOHIDLVFHDX GH/MXEOMDQD 3KRWR.6XWWRQDR€W

/RFRPRWLYH WULFRXUDQW GH OD JDPPH $VWULGH G·$OVWRP DX[ FRXOHXUV GH )UHW 61&) KRPRORJXpH HQ ,WDOLH VXLWH DXFKRL[GHWUDFWLRQRSpUpjO·RFFDVLRQGHODPLVHHQSODFH GHO·$)$&HVPDFKLQHVVHUYHQWDXMRXUG·KXLjODÀOLDOHGH ODFRPSDJQLHIUDQoDLVHHQ,WDOLH&DS7UDLQ,WDOLDH[6),  GRQWOHVLqJHG·H[SORLWDWLRQHVWj$YLJOLDQDRFHWWH80 HQDWWHQWHDpWpSULVH 3KRWR.VXWWRQDR€W

7UD[[ ELIUpTXHQFH %RPEDUGLHU  DX[ FRX OHXUVGH&URVVUDLOVRFLpWpVXLVVHQpHG·XQH IXVLRQ HQWUH OH 50 HW OD FRPSDJQLH EHOJH '/& DXMRXUG·KXL SRXU SDUWLH FDSLWDOLVpH SDU +XSDF YXH j *RSSHQVWHLQ DX FURFKHW G·XWUDLQGHFDLVVHVPRELOHVHQGLUHFWLRQGH 0DQQKHLP &H WUDLQ HVW XQH GHV PDUFKHV IUHW UpJXOLqUHV WUDFpHV SDU OD OLJQH GH IDvWH GX/|WVFKEHUJ 3KRWR.6XWWRQQRYHPEUH

3KRWR/HVYLVDJHVGHO·LQWHURSpUDELOLWpHWGHVOLEpUDOLVDWLRQV YR\DJHjWUDYHUVOHSDUFPRWHXUSDVVHIURQWLqUHFLUFXODQWGDQVOHV$OSHV 0RQWDJH.6XWWRQ



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH

&KDUOLHU/ 0HLOODVVRQ6 D ©/HVORFR PRWLYHVpOHFWULTXHV PXOWLV\VWqPHVHQ (XURSHUHSDU WLH OD7UD[[ 06GH%RPEDU GLHUª &KDUOLHU/ 0HLOODVVRQ6 E ©/HVORFR PRWLYHVpOHFWULTXHV PXOWLV\VWqPHV HQ(XURSHGH SDUWLH ª 0HLOODVVRQ6  ©/HVORFR PRWLYHVPXOWLV\V WqPHVHQ(XURSH HSDUWLH ª &KHVVXP5  ©(%HW IUDQFKLVVHQWHQÀQ ODIURQWLqUHIUDQFR LWDOLHQQHª 0RUHDX5  ©(%XQH LWDOLHQQHHQ%RXU JRJQHª &ROODUGH\%  ©8QH(% LWDOLHQQHGDQV O·KH[DJRQHª 0DULQL5  ©/D(%XQH ORFRPRWLYHGH YLWHVVHELWHQVLRQ SRXUOHV)6ª



&KDUOLHU0HLOODVVRQDHWE0HLOODVVRQ 3OXVLHXUVpOpPHQWVRQWJXLGp YHUVODGpFLVLRQG·XQHH[SORLWDWLRQLQWHURSpUDEOHGHO·$)$/DIDLEOHGLVWDQFHHQWUH OHVGHX[WHUPLQDX[G·$LWRQHWG·2UEDVVDQRWRXWG·DERUGGHPDQGHXQHFRQWLQXLWp PD[LPXPDXFRXUVGXWUDMHWSRXUJDJQHUHQFRPSpWLWLYLWp8QFKDQJHPHQWGHOR FRPRWLYHj0RGDQHDXUDLWIDLWSHUGUHXQWHPSVLPSRUWDQWDXVHUYLFH/DYRORQWpGH GRQQHUXQYLVDJHPRGHUQHjODUHODWLRQDFRQWULEXpjFKRLVLUXQQRXYHDXPDWpULHO GHWUDFWLRQTXLV\PEROLVHODFRRSpUDWLRQHQWUHOHVGHX[DGPLQLVWUDWLRQVIHUURYLDLUHV /·LQWpUrWpWDLWSOXVLPSRUWDQWSRXUOD61&)TXLSRXYDLWDLQVLREWHQLUXQFHUWLÀFDW G·KRPRORJDWLRQHQ,WDOLHSRXUODVpULHGHVGpFOLQDLVRQIUHW,WDOLHGHV$VWULGHV jOD61&)7UHQLWDOLDV·HVWYXGRWpHHQFRPSHQVDWLRQG·XQHSDUWLHGXSDUFGHVWLQpH jO·H[SORLWDWLRQGHO·$)$PDLVQ·DSDVSXLPSRVHUVHV(%GDQVODGpPDUFKH G·KRPRORJDWLRQUpFLSURTXH&KHVVXP0RUHDX&ROODUGH\0D ULQL /D61&)DGRQFSULVGHO·DYDQFHSDUUDSSRUWjVRQFRQFXUUHQWSRWHQWLHO GqV&RPSWHWHQXGHVUDPSHVPD[LPDOHVDXWRXUGHÆHQ0DXULHQQHHWGDQV OH9DOGH6XVHOHUHFRXUVjO·80HVWQpFHVVDLUH&HODDRULHQWpOHFKRL[GHFUpHUXQH FRPSRVLWLRQEORFWUDFWLRQYRLWXUHVHUYLFHTXLSHUPHWGHGRQQHUXQHDXWRQRPLH GHPDQ±XYUHjODUDPHDXWHUPLQDO/DYRLWXUHVHUYLFHHVWDLQVLPDQ±XYUpHDYHFOH EORFWUDFWLRQFHTXLSHUPHWGHV·DIIUDQFKLUGXUHFRXUVjXQORFRWUDFWHXU /HV$OSHVHVSDFHG·DIÀUPDWLRQG·XQHFRPSOH[LÀFDWLRQGXMHXG·DFWHXUVGXV\VWqPH IHUURYLDLUH  /HVSUHPLqUHVLQWHURSpUDELOLWpVGHPDWpULHOURXODQWVRQWGRQFOHIDLWGHGp PDUFKHV pPDQDQW GHV () HQ SDUWHQDULDW DYHF GHV LQGXVWULHOV -XVTX·DX GpEXW GHV DQQpHVOHVORFRPRWLYHVRXOHVUDPHVDXWRPRWULFHVpWDLHQWVRXYHQWOHUpVXOWDW G·XQSDUWHQDULDWpWURLWHQWUHXQH()HWXQLQGXVWULHO/HVFRXSOHV61&)$OVWRPRX '%6LHPHQVHQVRQWGHVH[HPSOHV2UDXIXUHWjPHVXUHGHO·RXYHUWXUHGHVPDU FKpVIUHWVOHMHXG·DFWHXUFKDQJHSRXUV·DGDSWHUjODQRXYHOOHGRQQHUpWLFXODLUH$ÀQ GHVHSRVLWLRQQHUVXUXQPDUFKpXQH()DEHVRLQGHSRXYRLUMXVWLÀHUG·XQPDWpULHO KRPRORJXpSRXUREWHQLUVRQFHUWLÀFDWG·RSpUDWHXU'DQVOHVH[HPSOHVSUpFpGHQWV OHV () RQW FRQGXLW HOOHVPrPHV OHV SURFHVVXV G·KRPRORJDWLRQ GqV ORUV TXH OD FRQFXUUHQFH Q·pWDLW SDV HQFRUH IURQWDOH HQWUH HOOHV $YHF OHV FKDQJHPHQWV RSpUpV DXFRXUVGHVDQQpHVOHU{OHGHVLQGXVWULHOVDpYROXp'·XQVLPSOHFRQVWUXF WHXU G·XQ SURGXLW FRpODERUp DYHF XQH () PDMHXUH LO GHYLHQW XQ FRQFHSWHXU GH SODWHVIRUPHVPRGXODEOHV &KDUOLHU 0HLOODVVRQ D HWE  0HLOODVVRQ   3RXU SRXYRLU FRPPHUFLDOLVHU OHXUV PDFKLQHV LO OHXU IDXW MRXLU GHV FHUWLÀFDWV Qp FHVVDLUHV$XVVLOHPDWpULHOPRWHXUWUDGXLWLOFHSDVVDJHGHODPpWULTXHWHUULWRULDOH jODPpWULTXHUpWLFXODLUH'HO·pFKHOOHGXUpVHDXQDWLRQDOOHVSURGXLWVVRQWGqVORUV SHQVpVjO·pFKHOOHG·XQFRUULGRUSRXUOHTXHOO·RSpUDWHXUFKHUFKHXQPDWpULHOFOpHQ PDLQ pTXLSHPHQW KRPRORJDWLRQV PDLQWHQDQFH«  5DSLGHPHQW OHV WURLV JUDQGV FRQVWUXFWHXUVSURSRVHQWGHVSODWHVIRUPHVDGDSWDEOHVjWRXWRXSDUWLHGXFRUULGRU PDMHXUHQ(XURSH5RWWHUGDP*rQHV6LHPHQVGpYHORSSHVHV(XURVSULQWHU8QLYHU VDOV(68 HWDXWUHV7DXUXV%RPEDUGLHUVHV75$;;SKRWR $OVWRPUHVWHHQ UHWUDLWGHFHPRXYHPHQWGXIDLWG·XQHQRQLPSODQWDWLRQKLVWRULTXHOHORQJGHFHFRU ULGRU(OOHWUDYDLOOHSOXW{WVXUGHVPDWpULHOVIDLWVSRXUUHOLHUOD)UDQFHjFHOXLFL$V WULGHSRXUO·,WDOLHHWOD%HOJLTXH3ULPDSRXUXQHSODWHIRUPHWHQGDQWjO·XQLYHUVDOLWp  /·XQLYHUVDOLWpVHFRPSUHQGFRPPHO·DSWLWXGHjURXOHUVRXVOHVSULQFLSDOHVFRQÀ &KDSLWUH/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVOH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWLQDGpTXDWHjOD7UDYHUVpH"

'HX[LqPHSDUWLH/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVRXO·XWRSLHGHO·DXWRQRPLH 8QHTXrWHGHGpSDVVHPHQWGHVWHUULWRULDOLWpVSROLWLTXHVHWGHVTXRWLGLHQQHWpV$OSLQHV JXUDWLRQVOHORQJGXFRUULGRU,&HSDVVDJHjODPpWULTXHGHFRUULGRUSHUPHWDX ÀQDOGHYRLUFRQYHUJHUOHVGHX[IR\HUVG·H[SpULPHQWDWLRQGHO·LQWHURSpUDELOLWpHQ (XURSHODUpJLRQPpWURSROLWDLQHDOSLQHHWO·(XURSHPpWURSROLWDLQHGXQRUGRXHVW 8QHQRXYHOOHJHQqVHGHODGRUVDOH%UXQHW FHWWHIRLVWHFKQLTXHDSSDUDvW DLQVL/D6XLVVHVHUHWURXYHFRQFHUQpHSDUFHWWHG\QDPLTXHSXLVTX·HOOHVHUHWURXYHDX FHQWUHVSDWLDOGXMHX $XÀQDOSHXGHORFRPRWLYHVRQWpWpDFKHWpHVGDQVOHXUYHUVLRQXQLYHUVHOOH/DSUR GXFWLRQGXIUHWpWDQWRUJDQLVpHSDUpWDSHVQRXVDVVLVWRQVSOXW{WjXQHDGpTXDWLRQ GHVPDWpULHOVDYHFOHVpTXHQoDJHVSDWLDOGHO·D[H/DYHUVLRQODSOXVIUpTXHQWH TX·LOHVWGRQQpGHUHWURXYHUHVWODFRPSRVLWLRQ$OOHPDJQH6XLVVH,WDOLHDSWHjO·XWL OLVDWLRQGXWXQQHOGHEDVHGX/|WVFKEHUJGRQFpTXLSpH(5706&HWpTXLSHPHQW RXYUHDLQVLODURXWHGH5RWWHUGDPDX[HQJLQVGqVORUVTX·LOVVRQWpTXLSpVGX 9+]/D%HHWXZHOLQHHVWDOLPHQWpHSDUFHWWHWHQVLRQLQGXVWULHOOHFRPPHQRPEUH GH QRXYHOOHV OLJQHV RXYHUWHV DFWXHOOHPHQW ,WDOLH %HOJLTXH 3D\V%DV (VSDJQH« WULRPSKHSRVWKXPHGHOD61&)" HWpTXLSpHGHO·(5706&HWWHFRPSRVLWLRQV·HQ WHQGDLQVLFRPPHWULFRXUDQW9+]99+] HW pTXLSpH(5706=8%,1'86,6&07ÀJ 6SDWLDOHPHQWFHWWHFRPSRVLWLRQHVW LQWpUHVVDQWHFDUHOOHVHIRFDOLVHVXUOHVLWLQpUDLUHVVXLVVHVVDQVH[FOXUHOH%UHQQHU RXO·D[H7DXHUQ7DUYLV&HWWHGLVSRVLWLRQWHFKQLTXHRXYUHDLQVLjXQHUHGRQGDQFH SRWHQWLHOOHHQWUHOHVGLVSRVLWLIVGHIUDQFKLVVHPHQWVXLVVHHWDXWULFKLHQ$O·LQYHUVH OH)UpMXVHVWFRPSOqWHPHQWPDUJLQDOLVp/·DERUG(VWQHSRVHSDVGHSUREOqPHj O·LQYHUVHGHOD0DXULHQQHpOHFWULÀpHHQ9HWQpFHVVLWDQWOH%$/HWOH.9%/D FRQFUpWLVDWLRQGHFHWpWDWGHIDLWHQSOXVG·XQHEDLVVHGHWUDÀFUpJXOLqUHGHSXLV DQVQ·DSDVFRQWULEXpjGLIIXVHUXQHG\QDPLTXHGHFRQFXUUHQFHOHORQJGHFHWD[H 5DLOLRQDYDLWREWHQXXQHOLFHQFHSRXUOH)UpMXVLWDOLHQGqVPDLVQ·HQDMDPDLV IDLWXVDJH/HJURXSHDOOHPDQGV·DSSXLHHQ)UDQFHVXUVDÀOLDOH(&5SRXUUHSUHQGUH GHVWUDLQVSDU9HQWLPLOOHYHUVO·(VSDJQHSRXUOHFRPSWHGH7UDQVIHVDÀJ /D SUpVHQFH G·(&5 VXU OH )UpMXV HQ WUDFWLRQ WKHUPLTXH FRPPH TXRL IHUURYLDLUH QH ULPH SDV WRXMRXUV DYHF HQYLURQQHPHQW GDQV OHV $OSHV  VH FRPSUHQG j OD IRLV HQ VRXVWUDLWDQFHGH7UHQLWDOLDHWHQQRPSURSUH&HWWHIDLEOHDWWUDFWLYLWpQHPDQTXH SDVG·LQWHUURJHUVXUODSHUWLQHQFHGX/\RQ7XULQIDFHDX[DXWUHVSURMHWV/HVWURLV DXWUHVWXQQHOVRQWpWpSHQVpVHQUpSRQVHjXQSUREOqPHGHYROXPHGHÁX[DORUVTXH OH/\RQ7XULQO·HVWFRPPHXQHPDWULFHG·DFFURLVVHPHQWGHVÁX[1RXVUHWURX YRQVOHVUHVWHVG·XQHDSSURFKHGpWHUPLQLVWHGHVHIIHWVGHO·LQIUDVWUXFWXUHLQDGDSWpH DYHFOHVUpDOLWpVDFWXHOOHVGHPDUFKp&HSRLQWSDUWLFLSHGHVLQTXLpWXGHVDFWXHOOHVGH OD&RPPLVVLRQYLVjYLVGHFHSURMHW&DUDXÀQDOSRXUTXLHWSRXUTXRLIDLWRQFH WXQQHO"/HÁRXDFWRULHODXWRXUGHVDIXWXUHH[SORLWDWLRQQHFRQWULEXHSDVjDPpOLR UHUODYLVLELOLWpHQMHXIRQGDPHQWDOGDQVXQPDUFKpDOSLQROHVVLOORQVSHXYHQWrWUH YHQGXVMXVTX·jGHX[RXWURLVDQVjO·DYDQFH/·LQWHURSpUDELOLWpG·H[SORLWDWLRQSHUPHW DLQVLGHGHVVLQHUXQHQVHPEOHFHQWUDOHWGHX[HQVHPEOHVSpULSKpULTXHVKpWpURJqQHV SRXUOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVTXLQHVRQWGDQVFHWWHOHFWXUHTXHGHVSDUWLHVGHFRUUL GRUVjO·pFKHOOHGXPDUFKpFRPPXQ  8QDFWHXULQWHUPpGLDLUHV·DIÀUPHHQWUHOHVRSpUDWHXUVHWOHVLQGXVWULHOVOH ORXHXUGHORFRPRWLYHVHWGHZDJRQVRX5ROOLQJ6WRFN&RPSDQ\5RVFR /HV5RVFR DSSDUWLHQQHQWjGHJUDQGHVEDQTXHV0LWVXL+6%& DX[FRQVWUXFWHXUVHX[PrPHV 'LVSRORN GH 6LHPHQV DXMRXUG·KXL IHUPpH  *URXLOOHW   &KDUOLHU   RX &KDSLWUH/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVOH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWLQDGpTXDWjOD7UDYHUVpH"

%UXQHW5  ©/HVOLJQHVGH IRUFHGHO·HVSDFH HXURSpHQª *URXLOOHW$  ©/HVSUHPLqUHV(6 )GH'LVSRORN YHQGXHVª &KDUOLHU/  ©'LVSRORNOD ORFDWLRQDOHYHQWHQ SRXSHª



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH HQFRUHDX[()KLVWRULTXHVTXLYRLHQWHQFHWWHDFWLYLWpXQPR\HQGHUpJXOHUOHÁX[ G·DUULYpHVXUOHPDUFKpGHOHXUVFRQFXUUHQWV$NLHP)UDQFHZDJRQVGHOD61&)  /HVHQWUHSULVHVPrPHKLVWRULTXHVRQWUHFRXUVjODORFDWLRQDÀQGHQHSDVDFFURvWUH OH SRLGV GH OHXUV DFWLIV HQ FHV WHPSV GH GpYDORULVDWLRQ GX SDWULPRLQH PRWHXU GX IDLWGHODEDLVVHG·DFWLYLWpUHQFRQWUpHFHVGHUQLqUHVDQQpHV/·pYROXWLRQGHVQRUPHV FRPSWDEOHV,)56HVWLFLjFRQYRTXHUFDUWRXWSDWULPRLQHGRLWrWUHSRUWpGDQVOHV FRPSWHVÀQDX[GHVHQWUHSULVHV2UODGpSUpFLDWLRQGHORFRPRWLYHVQHXYHVJDUpHVVXU GHVIDLVFHDX[HQDWWHQWHGHUHERQGGHVWUDÀFV©SORPEHªOHVFRPSWHVGHVJUDQGHV ()61&)FRPPH'%/HV5RVFRVFRQVWLWXHQWOHPDLOORQQpFHVVDLUHjWRXWMHX FRQFXUUHQWLHOSXLVTX·HOOHVSHUPHWWHQWjXQH[SORLWDQWGHUHSUHQGUHXQPDUFKpDX SLHGOHYpSRXUSHXTX·LOSRVVqGHXQHOLFHQFHG·RSpUDWHXUGDQVOHSD\V,OORXHODPD FKLQHDYHFOHVpTXLSHPHQWVQpFHVVDLUHVO·XWLOLVHHWODLVVHOHULVTXHGHGpSUpFLDWLRQDX SURSULpWDLUH&RPSWHWHQXGXFR€WG·HQWUpHVXUOHPDUFKpGHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVHQ OLHQDYHFOHPRUFHOOHPHQWGHVFRQÀJXUDWLRQVWHFKQLTXHVGHODUpJLRQOHV5RVFRVRQW SHUPLVjXQHVpULHGHQRXYHDX[HQWUDQWVG·DFFpGHUDXPDUFKpDORUVTXHODPLVH GHGpSDUWOHVHQDXUDLWpFDUWpV/·HQWUHSULVH©/RNRPRWLRQªSUpVHQWHVXUOHVD[HV DXWULFKLHQV QHSRVVqGHSDUH[HPSOHDXFXQHGHFHVPDFKLQHVGRF /RQJWHPSV O·HQWUHSULVHQ·DSDVpWpYLVLEOHSXLVTX·HOOHQ·XWLOLVDLWTXHGHVORFRPRWLYHV'LVSRORN VDQVSHOOLFXODJHGLVWLQFWLI /D&RPPLVVLRQ(XURSpHQQHXQDFWHXUFHQWUDO"  /D&RPPLVVLRQ(XURSpHQQHDFFRPSDJQHOHPRXYHPHQWGHUpWLFXODULVDWLRQ GH O·HVSDFH IHUURYLDLUH HXURSpHQ DOLPHQWp SDU OD OLEpUDOLVDWLRQ (OOH D LGHQWLÀp HQ IRQFWLRQ GH OD GHQVLWp GH ÁX[ HW GH O·LQWHQVLWp GX MHX FRQFXUUHQWLHO XQH VpULH GH FRUULGRUV YRXpV j rWUH pTXLSpV HQ (5706 /·LQVWLWXWLRQ YLVH HQ HIIHW j SDVVHU DX VWDGHXOWLPHGHVDORJLTXHFHOXLTXLQ·DMDPDLVpWpDWWHLQWSDUOD&(&$XQUpVHDX VXSSRUWjO·pFKHOOHGXPDUFKpDX[FRQGLWLRQVG·H[SORLWDWLRQOHVSOXVKRPRJqQHV SRVVLEOHV/·(5706VHFRPSUHQGFRPPHXQVWDQGDUGGHJHVWLRQSRXUOHV\VWqPH IHUURYLDLUHHXURSpHQ&HVWDQGDUGVHGpFOLQHHQWURLVQLYHDX[GLIIpUHQWVHX[PrPHV GpFOLQpVHQYHUVLRQVVXFFHVVLYHV(QVRPPHO·(5706Q·LQWHUYLHQWSDVFRPPHXQH

'RFXPHQW/HIRQFWLRQQHPHQWGXFDQWRQQHPHQWEDVHGHODVLJQDOLVDWLRQIHUURYLDLUHFODVVLTXH /9'5



&KDSLWUH/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVOH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWLQDGpTXDWHjOD7UDYHUVpH"

'HX[LqPHSDUWLH/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVRXO·XWRSLHGHO·DXWRQRPLH 8QHTXrWHGHGpSDVVHPHQWGHVWHUULWRULDOLWpVSROLWLTXHVHWGHVTXRWLGLHQQHWpV$OSLQHV VLPSOLÀFDWLRQGXV\VWqPHIHUURYLDLUHjO·KHXUH DFWXHOOH PDLV FRPPH XQH P\ULDGH GH V\V WqPHV VXSSOpPHQWDLUHV HQWUDvQDQW XQ VXU FR€W G·pTXLSHPHQW SRXU OHV PDWpULHOV URX ODQWV /·KRUL]RQ G·XQ UpVHDX XQLÀp Q·HVW SDV FHTXLJXLGHOHV*,jpTXLSHUOHXUVQRXYHOOHV OLJQHVGHFHV\VWqPHGDQVODYHUVLRQQDWLRQDOH G·DFFHSWLRQ'·DLOOHXUVFHWKRUL]RQUHVWHSRXU EHDXFRXS LOOXVRLUH HW DVVH] LQXWLOH GqV ORUV TXH O·RQ VDLW DXMRXUG·KXL IDLUH G·XQH VRPPH GHGLVFRQWLQXLWpVXQHFKDvQHFRQWLQXH5LEHLO /H5DLO /·(5706DSSRUWHSDU FRQWUH XQ VDXW GH SHUIRUPDQFH TXL DXWR ULVH XQ DFFURLVVHPHQW GH FDSDFLWp &·HVW SRXU FHOD TXH OH /|WVFKEHUJ HQ D pWp pTXLSp 0HLOODVVRQ ,OHVWHQRXWUHXQPR\HQ G·REWHQLU GHV VXEYHQWLRQV FRPSOpPHQWDLUHV GH O·8( /H /X[HPERXUJ D pTXLSp WRXW VRQ UpVHDXGXQLYHDXO·(VSDJQHGRSHVRQWDX[ GHÀQDQFHPHQWFRPPXQDXWDLUHSDUFHFKRL[ 1RXVUHWURXYRQVGHVLWLQpUDLUHVpTXLSpVHQWUH 9LHQQHHW%XGDSHVWHWVXUOHVQRXYHOOHV/*9 UpFHPPHQW RXYHUWHV ,WDOLH %HOJLTXH 3D\V %DV )UDQFHHVW  %UHI OD FDUWH GH O·(5706 HVWSDUWLFXOLqUHPHQWGpFRXVXHHWOHVWDQGDUG Q·HVWSDVWRXMRXUVXWLOLVp3DUH[HPSOHOD/*9 HVWHXURSpHQQHHVW pTXLSp GX QLYHDX  PDLV OHV7*9HWOHV,&(FLUFXOHQWVRXVOHV\VWqPH QDWLRQDOJUDQGHYLWHVVHIUDQoDLVOD790

'RFXPHQW/HVWURLVQLYHDX[GHO·(5706 /9'5

 /HSUHPLHUQLYHDXFRQVLVWHHQXQHVLJQDOLVDWLRQFODVVLTXHDYHFVLJQDX[ODWp UDX[/·(7&6JqUHOHVFLUFXODWLRQVVHORQOHPRGHGXFDQWRQQHPHQWVHFWLRQGH OLJQH HWVHUWGHFRQWU{OHGHYLWHVVH/·(7&6HVWSOXVFRPSOH[H,OHVWGHVWLQpDX[ LQIUDVWUXFWXUHVjJUDQGHYLWHVVHGRF HWUHSUHQGODEDVHGXV\VWqPHIUDQoDLV 790OD7UDQVPLVVLRQ9RLH0DFKLQH(QVRPPHLOQ·\DSOXVGHVLJQDX[ODWpUDX[ WRXWHOHVLQIRUPDWLRQVDSSDUDLVVHQWGLUHFWHPHQWHQFDELQHOHVRUGUHVSDUYHQDQWGH SXLVOHVEDOLVHVSRVpHVVXUODYRLH&HQHVRQWDORUVSOXVGHVHVSDFHVVSDWLDX[TXLVRQW JpUpVPDLVGHVHVSDFHVWHPSRUHOV,OQ·\DSOXVGHFDQWRQQHPHQWPDLVGHVXQLWpV FLUFXODQWHV&HODSHUPHWG·RSWLPLVHUODFKDUJHGHODOLJQHSXLVTXHWRXWHVWPRXYDQW PDLVFHODUHQGDXVVLO·LWLQpUDLUHSOXVVpOHFWLI SXLVTXHOHWUDLQGRLWSRXYRLUV·LQVFULUH GDQV OD PDUFKH GX VLOORQ JpQpULTXH 1RXV UHWURXYRQV O·LGpH GH O·HVFDODWRU /H QLYHDXHVWXQHGpFOLQDLVRQGXQLYHDXPDLVDGDSWpHDX[OLJQHVjIDLEOHWUDÀFV &HJHQUHGHOLJQHFR€WHWUqVFKHUFDUOHVFR€WVÀ[HVG·HQWUHWLHQVRQWWUqVpOHYpVVDQV TXHOHSURGXLWGHVSpDJHVQHOHVFRPSHQVH&HODFRQWULEXHjDFFpOpUHUOHXUIHUPHWXUH DORUVTX·XQV\VWqPHSOXVVRXSOHDYHFXQHVLJQDOLVDWLRQGpPDWpULDOLVpHSHUPHWWUDLW GHFRPSULPHUOHVIUDLVG·HQWUHWLHQ&HQLYHDXJqUHOXLDXVVLGHVXQLWpVFLUFXODQWHV HWQRQGHVFDQWRQV,OUHSRVHGHQRXYHDXVXUXQHLQWHUIDFHYRLHPDFKLQH,ODpWp &KDSLWUH/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVOH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWLQDGpTXDWjOD7UDYHUVpH"

5LEHLO*  ©/HFKDQWLHUj SHWLWHYLWHVVHGH O·LQWpURSpUDELOLWp HXURSpHQQHª /H5DLO  GRVVLHU(5706OH UrYHGHO·LQWHURSpUD ELOLWp 0HLOODVVRQ6  ©$NPNGDQV OHWXQQHOGHEDVHGX /|WVFKEHUJª



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH &KDUOLHU/  ©/RFRSUROOHVSH WLWHVOLJQHVjO·KHXUH GXVDWHOOLWHª /H5DLO  GRVVLHU(5706OH UrYHGHO·LQWHURSpUD ELOLWp /9'5 © ,QWHURSpUDELOLWp O·$JHQFHIHUURYLDLUH HXURSpHQQHHVW QpHª

WRXWSDUWLFXOLqUHPHQWWHVWpGDQVOHFDGUHG·XQHGHVHVGpFOLQDLVRQV/RFRSUROSDUOHV FKHPLQVGHIHUGH3URYHQFHUpVHDXjYRLHXQLTXHHWPpWULTXHHQWUH1LFHHW'LJQH GDQVOHV$OSHVGXVXGIUDQoDLVHV&KDUOLHU &HWWHDSSOLFDWLRQSHUPHWG·DLOOHXUV GH UHYHQLU DX[ VRXUFHV GH O·(5706 8QH QRXYHOOH IRLV FH PRGXOH HXURSpHQ HVW LVVXG·XQHUHFKHUFKHGHOD61&)OHSURJUDPPH$VWUpH/H5DLO $ODVXLWH GHODPLVHDXSRLQWGHOD790SRXUOHVOLJQHVjJUDQGHYLWHVVHO·LGpHHVWYHQXHGH GLIIXVHU GH PRGH G·H[SORLWDWLRQ j O·DXWUH H[WUpPLWp GH OD JDPPH IHUURYLDLUH SRXU JpUHUOHVSHWLWHVOLJQHVGpÀFLWDLUHVTXLLUULJXHQWOHWHUULWRLUH/HSURJUDPPH$VWUpH VHGpYHORSSHDLQVLDYDQWTXHO·(XURSHQHV·HQVDLVLVVHSRXUSURPRXYRLUXQV\VWqPH HXURSpHQ/DPLVHDXSRLQWGHO·(5706DIDLWO·REMHWG·XQHDSSOLFDWLRQGXQRXYHDX MHXG·DFWHXUVFRPSOH[HTXLPHWHQFRQFXUUHQFHOHVH[SORLWDQWVOHV*,OHVLQGXVWULHOV OHVHQWUHSULVHVG·LQJpQLHULHVFRPPH6\VWUDRX7KDOqV,OHQHVWUHVVRUWLGHPXOWLSOHV VWDQGDUGVHWGHPXOWLSOHVYHUVLRQVTXLRQWFRQGXLWO·8(jPHWWUHDXSRLQWGHV67, 6SpFLÀFLWpV7HFKQLTXHVG·,QWHURSpUDELOLWp SRXUWRXVOHVFRPSRVDQWVGXGRPDLQH IHUURYLDLUHHWQRWDPPHQWSRXUO·(5706/DFRQGXLWHGHFHSURMHWHVWXQHGHVPLV VLRQVSULQFLSDOHVGHO·$JHQFH)HUURYLDLUH(XURSpHQQH$)( FUpHj9DOHQFLHQQHHQ /9'5 6L[FRUULGRUV(5706RQWpWpLGHQWLÀpV4XDWUHG·HQWUHHX[VRQW RULHQWpVQRUGVXG$%&( OHVGHX[DXWUHVRXHVWHVW'HW) ÀJ /HVTXDWUH WXQQHOVGHEDVHDFWpVVRQWFRXYHUWVSDUXQFRUULGRU(5706/H/\RQ7XULQSRUWH OHFRUULGRU'FHTXLO·DIÀUPHGpÀQLWLYHPHQWVXUXQD[HRXHVWHVW/H/|WVFKEHUJHW OH*RWKDUGVHWURXYHQWVXUOHFRUULGRU$OH%UHQQHUVXUOH%&HVFRUULGRUV(5706 UHSUHQQHQWSRXUSDUWLHOHVFRUULGRUVGHSURMHWGX57(78QHQRXYHOOHIRLVOHMHXGH UpSRQGHQWUHOHV$OSHVHWOH%HQHOX[HVWOHPRWHXUGHGpSORLHPHQWGXV\VWqPH/D 6XLVVHHVWSOHLQHPHQWSDUWLHSUHQDQWHGHODG\QDPLTXHSDUIRLVPrPHHQDYDQFHVXU ODSOXSDUWGHVDXWUHVSD\VGHO·8((OOH\YRLWXQPR\HQG·RSWLPLVHUVRQUpVHDX HWGHGpYHORSSHUXQV\VWqPHDGDSWpjVD©JUDQGHªYLWHVVHWRXWHQUHPSOLVVDQWXQH SDUWLHGHVHVHQJDJHPHQWVYLVjYLVGHO·8(DXUHJDUGGXSURWRFROHWUDQVSRUWGHV ELODWpUDOHV  /·LQWHURSpUDELOLWpG·LQIUDVWUXFWXUHDSSDUDvWSRXUOHPRPHQWFRPPHXQDF FURLVVHPHQW GHV GLVFRQWLQXLWpV (OOH DSSRUWH SOXV GH IUDJPHQWDWLRQV TXH GH FRKpUHQFHVDXVHLQGHVUpVHDX[/·(5706DSSRUWHXQHORJLTXHS\UDPLGDOHH[ FOXVLYHDXVHLQGHVUpVHDX[/·HPSORLGHFHV\VWqPHVHUWjGHVÀQVGHVpOHFWLYLWpGHV XQLWpVFLUFXODQWHVVXUXQHOLJQHGRQQpH/DSHUIRUPDQFHJXLGHVRQFKRL[0DLVOH ULVTXHGHODSHUIRUPDQFHpULJpHDXUDQJGHQpFHVVLWpHVWO·LUUpYHUVLELOLWpLQWHUQHj O·D[HHWSDUFRQVpTXHQWXQDFFURLVVHPHQWGHODYXOQpUDELOLWpGHFHOXLFL/·HQMHX VHVLWXHGDQVXQFKDQJHPHQWG·pFKHOOH/jROHV\VWqPHFRUULGRU$OSLQVHFRQVWUXLW GDQVODYHUWLFDOLWpSXLVGDQVO·KRUL]RQWDOLWpDGGLWLRQQHOOHO·(5706DSSHOOHjO·pFKHOOH HXURSpHQQHXQHSHQVpHGHO·KRUL]RQWDOLWpHQSUHPLHU/HVFRUULGRUV(5706QHVRQW SRUWpVTXHSDU XQXQLTXHLWLQpUDLUHSRXU FKDFXQGHVD[HVDOSLQV LGHQWLÀpV/DUH GRQGDQFHYRXOXHjO·pFKHOOHSURJUDPPDWLTXHHVWGRQFWUDQVQDWLRQDOH/HV\VWqPH (5706 LGHQWLÀH HQ TXHOTXH VRUWH OH IUDQFKLVVHPHQW GHV $OSHV FRPPH XQ DFWH XQLTXHSDUWDJpSDUGLIIpUHQWVSDVVDJHVLQWHUFKDQJHDEOHVHWQRQFRPPHXQH VRPPH GH )UDQFKLVVHPHQWV VLQJXOLHUV /D UHGRQGDQFH GHV UpVHDX[ HVW DORUV SHQ VpHGHSXLVOHVQ±XGVPDMHXUVH[WHUQHVDX[UpVHDX[TXLFRQWU{OHQWKLVWRULTXHPHQW GHV 7UDYHUVpHV $OSLQHV &HWWH OHFWXUH UHQIRUFH OD SRVLWLRQ GHV JUDQGV JURXSHV FRPPH OD '% DX GpWULPHQW SDU H[HPSOH GHV &)) VXU O·D[H GX *RWKDUG /D GRU



&KDSLWUH/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVOH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWLQDGpTXDWHjOD7UDYHUVpH"

'HX[LqPHSDUWLH/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVRXO·XWRSLHGHO·DXWRQRPLH 8QHTXrWHGHGpSDVVHPHQWGHVWHUULWRULDOLWpVSROLWLTXHVHWGHVTXRWLGLHQQHWpV$OSLQHV VDOHLWDOLHQQH0LODQ9HQLVHMRXHXQWHOU{OHGHQ±XGGHUHGRQGDQFHGHPrPHTXH 0DQQKHLPHW.DUOVUXKHVXUOHYHUVDQWQRUG&HODFRQWULEXHjUHQIRUFHUOHFHQWUDJH GXSKpQRPqQHDXWRXUGHODGRUVDOHHXURSpHQQHFHTXLUDSSHOOHO·LPSRUWDQFHGX IDLWGHGHQVLWpVPpWURSROLWDLQHVGDQVQRWUHJULOOHH[SOLFDWLYH8QHQRXYHOOHIRLVOH /\RQ7XULQVHUHWURXYHHQSRVLWLRQSOXVPDUJLQDOH/·DFFXPXODWLRQQHGRLWSDVrWUH FRQIRQGXHDYHFXQHFRQFHQWUDWLRQ%UXQHW FRPPHOHSRVWXOHODOHFWXUHPR GHUQHGRQWQRXVQRXVVRPPHVGpSDUWLV,OV·DJLWG·XQHVRPPHG·pFODWHPHQWVGH OLQpDLUHVjFKDTXHpWDSHGXSDUFRXUV/DYDOOpHGX5KLQSURSRVHOHVLWLQpUDLUHVGH ODULYHGURLWHHWGHODULYHJDXFKH/DULYHGURLWHSURSRVHODOLJQHFODVVLTXHRXOD1%6 QƒHWF$FFpOpUDWLRQpFODWHPHQWGHVOLQpDLUHVHWG\QDPLTXHVQRGDOHVSDUDGR[DOHV LQWpULRULVDWLRQFRPPH(UWVIHOGHWH[WpULRULVDWLRQFRPPH0DQQKHLP VHUHWURXYHQW GHQRXYHDX&HWWHDSSURFKHGHODUHGRQGDQFHGHPDQGHUDLWDORUVGHVHGpSDUWLUGHV GLVFRQWLQXLWpV QDWLRQDOHV QRWDPPHQW GDQV O·DJHQFHPHQW GHV JUDSKHV GH FLUFXOD WLRQ1RXVHQDUULYRQVDLQVLjODWURLVLqPHIRUPHG·LQWHURSpUDELOLWpODFRQWLQXLWpGHV VLOORQV /HVVLOORQVQ±XGGHO·LQWHURSpUDELOLWpYHUVXQHVROLGDULWp$OSLQH"  ,QYHQWHUXQJUDSKHGHFLUFXODWLRQjO·pFKHOOHGHVFRUULGRUVFRQVWLWXHOHWURL VLqPHSDQGXSURMHW(5706GHO·8(/·(5706HVWFRPSRVpQRXVO·DYRQVGLWGH O·(7&6FRPSRVDQWHVpFXULWp HWGX*605FRPSRVDQWHFRPPXQLFDWLRQV $FHV GHX[SUHPLHUVSDQVV·DMRXWH(XURSWLUDLOFRPSRVDQWHPDQDJHPHQWGXWUDÀF TXLHVW XQSURMHWGHJHVWLRQHQWHPSVUpHOGHVFLUFXODWLRQVVXUOHVJUDQGVD[HVHXURSpHQV (XURSWLUDLO Q·HVW SDV XQH DJHQFH GH YHQWH GH VLOORQ PDLV XQ ORJLFLHO GH VXLYL GHV FLUFXODWLRQVTXLIDLWO·LQWHUIDFHHQWUHOHVGLIIpUHQWVUpJXODWHXUVQDWLRQDX[,OFRQVWLWXH XQRXWLOTXLFKHUFKHjVDWLVIDLUHWURLVREMHFWLIVJpQpUDX[SULQFLSDX[*HQrWH  OHPDQDJHPHQWGHO·LQIRUPDWLRQGHSURGXFWLRQOLpHjODFLUFXODWLRQGHVWUDLQVOH PDQDJHPHQWGHODFDSDFLWpGHO·LQIUDVWUXFWXUHOHPDQDJHPHQWGHVUHVVRXUFHV KXPDLQHV HW WHFKQLTXHV PLVH j GLVSRVLWLRQ GHV PR\HQV GH WUDFWLRQ  /·pFKHOOH FRQVLGpUpHSDUFHSURMHWHVWOHFRUULGRU/·DSSOLFDWLRQjO·pFKHOOHHXURSpHQQHGXV\V WqPH©RSWLUDLOªGpYHORSSpSDU6\VWUDjO·pFKHOOHPpWURSROLWDLQHDGpPDUUpHQ /HFRUULGRUSLORWHLGHQWLÀHHVWGHQRXYHDXODGRUVDOHVRLWODOLDLVRQHQWUHOHVGHX[ UpJLRQVG·H[SpULPHQWDWLRQGHVLQWHURSpUDELOLWpV/HV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVFRQVWLWXHQW WRXWSDUWLFXOLqUHPHQWOHODERUDWRLUHG·H[SpULPHQWDWLRQGXV\VWqPH/9'5  /HFRUULGRUWUDLWpHVW5RWWHUGDP$PVWHUGDP0LODQ6XUODSDUWLHQRUGODUHGRQ GDQFHGHVUpVHDX[HVWDVVXUpHSDUODGHQVLWpGHVOLQpDLUHVDFFXPXOpV3RXUODSDUWLH $OSLQHOHFKRL[DpWpGHFRQVLGpUHUOH%UHQQHUFRPPHODYRLHGHUHGRQGDQFHGHV D[HVVXLVVHV5))Q·LQWqJUHOHV\VWqPHjO·RULJLQHTXHJUkFHjODOLJQHGHODULYHJDXFKH GX5KLQ/HUpVHDXIUDQoDLVQ·HQWUHSDVGDQVOHFRUULGRUDXVHQVVWULFWPDLVFRPPH XQHFRPSRVDQWHGHUHGRQGDQFHGDQVODSDUWLHUKpQDQH5))SDUYLHQWjIDLUHHQWUHU OH)UpMXVGDQVO·H[SpULPHQWDWLRQPDLVOHGpVLQWpUrWSUHPLHUSRXUFHWD[HPRQWUHTXH VDIRQFWLRQQDOLWpHVWVRPPHWRXWHOLPLWpH/HV\VWqPHHQYLVDJHXQHFRQÀJXUDWLRQ VROLGDLUH$OSLQHTXLHQSUDWLTXHQ·HVWSDVIRQFWLRQQHOOH/·LGpHHVWWRXWHIRLVOjHW O·RXWLODXVVL$XÀQDOOHVTXDWUHSDVVDJHVDOSLQVHQWUHQWGDQVFHV\VWqPHLQWHURSp UDEOHTXLV·RUJDQLVHDXWRXUG·XQJURXSHPHQWGH*,UpXQLVVRXVO·pJLGHGH5))

&KDSLWUH/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVOH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWLQDGpTXDWjOD7UDYHUVpH"

%UXQHW 5   ©/HVOLJQHVGHIRUFH GH O·HVSDFH HXUR SpHQª *HQrWH ©(X URSWLUDLOV¶SUpYRLU F·HVWVDYRLU·ª



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH

3LJHRQ 3   © &DWDVWURSKHV GLWHV QDWXUHOOHVULVTXHVHW GpYHORSSHPHQW GX UDEOH  8WLOLVDWLRQV JpRJUDSKLTXHVGHOD FRXUEHGH)DUPHUª '·(UFROH5  ©/HVYXOQpUDELOLWpV GHVVRFLpWpVHWGHV HVSDFHVXUEDQLVpV FRQFHSWVW\SRORJLH PRGHVG·DQDO\VHª 5HYXHGH*pRJUD SKLH$OSLQH SS



 (XURSWLUDLOHVWXQV\VWqPHFRPSOHWTXLSHUPHWG·pWDEOLUOHVKRUDLUHVLQWHU QDWLRQDX[WKpRULTXHVSKDVHSUpSDUDWLRQGXVHUYLFH GHJpUHUOHVVLWXDWLRQVGH FULVHVSKDVHRSpUDWLRQQHOOH HWG·pWXGLHUDSRVWHULRULOHVFRQGLWLRQVGHFLUFX ODWLRQSRXUHIIHFWXHUGHVUHWRXUVG·H[SpULHQFHSKDVHSRVWSURGXFWLRQ /·HVSULWGX V\VWqPHHVWDLQVLWUqVSURFKHGHODJHVWLRQGHVULVTXHVHQJpQpUDO/·H[SORLWDWLRQGH O·RXWLODpWpSODFpHVRXVOHFRQWU{OHGH5DLO1HW(XURSHGRF O·DVVRFLDWLRQGHV*HV WLRQQDLUHVG·,QIUDVWUXFWXUHHXURSpHQV/HEXWHVWELHQGHIRXUQLUXQRXWLOG·pFKHOOH HXURSpHQQHHWGHPpWULTXHFRUULGRUTXLSHUPHWWHGHIDLUHO·LQWHUIDFHHQWUHOHVGLI IpUHQWV*,&HSHQGDQWGHQRPEUHXVHVGpPDUFKHVG·D[HRQWSUpH[LVWpjFHSURMHW QRWDPPHQW j O·pFKHOOH GX %UHQQHU RX GX )UpMXV /D 6XLVVH V·HQWHQG SDU H[HPSOH FRPPHXQWRXW/DSULQFLSDOHGLIÀFXOWpG·(XURSWLUDLOHVWXQHKDUPRQLVDWLRQGHVLQ WHUIDFHVHWGHVSURFpGXUHVHQFRXUV6LO·LGpHHVWVpGXLVDQWHODUpDOLWpUHVWHQDWLRQDOH FRPPHOHPRQWUHODJHVWLRQGHODFULVHVXFFHVVLYHjO·LQFHQGLHVRXVOH6LPSORQGX MXLQÀJ /DUpDFWLRQLPPpGLDWHDpWpGHMRXHUGHODFDSDLFWpGHUpVLOLHQFHGX UpVHDXRIIHUWSDUOHFDGHQFHPHQWQDWLRQDO3LJHRQ'·(UFROH /HV YR\DJHXUVDXGpSDUWGH*HQqYHHWjGHVWLQDWLRQGH0LODQQ·RQWSDVpWpRULHQWpVYHUV &KDPEpU\HWOH7*93DULV0LODQSOXVSURFKH PDLVYHUV=XULFKSRXUHPSUXQWHU OHVUHODWLRQVYLDOH*RWKDUG,OHQYDGHPrPHSRXUOHIUHW$XÀQDOXQHUHFRPSR VLWLRQGHVJUDSKHVj%kOHDUpRULHQWpWRXWFHTXLSRXYDLWSDVVHUYHUVOH*RWKDUG/HV RSpUDWHXUVRQWG·HX[PrPHVGpYLpXQHSDUWLHGHVÁX[YHUVOH%UHQQHUORUVTX·LOV\ VRQWSUpVHQWV6FKHQNHU /DUHGRQGDQFHVXLVVHSHUPHWG·DPRUWLUXQHERQQHSDU WLHGHVFRQVpTXHQFHVG·XQHLQWHUFHSWLRQWHPSRUHOOHPHQWOLPLWpHG·XQGHVHVD[HV $YHFO·RXYHUWXUHGX*RWKDUGGHEDVHOHVHXLOGHFDSDFLWpG·DGDSWDWLRQVHUDHQFRUH UHSRXVVp $X ÀQDO LO Q·H[LVWH WRXMRXUV SDV GH JXLFKHW XQLTXH HXURSpHQ FRPPH 6ZLVV 6LOORQ SHXWO·rWUHjO·pFKHOOHGHOD6XLVVH/HGHJUpGHSHUIHFWLRQQHPHQWHWG·LQWpJUDWLRQGHV GLIIpUHQWVV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[QHFRQWULEXHG·DLOOHXUVSDVjIDFLOLWHUODJpQpUDOLVDWLRQ G·XQV\VWqPHHXURSpHQ

&KDSLWUH/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVOH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWLQDGpTXDWHjOD7UDYHUVpH"

1. L’épisode : incendie d’un train de fret Italie-Allemagne du BLS Cargo Le Simplon intercepté

0. L’état initial : le système de mobilité suisse fondé sur la connexité et la connectivité des réseaux

Bâle

Bâle

Zurich

Zurich

Berne

Berne Gothard

Spiez

Gothard Spiez

Lötschberg-faîte

Lötschberg-faîte

Brigue

Brigue

Lötschberg-base

Lötschberg-base Viège

Viège

Milan

Milan

L’île « Suisse », un concept réticulaire au service de la continuité territoriale

Le traitement de l’incendie, un protocole fondé sur la redondance des itinéraires Intervention du train secours CFF basé à Brigue

2. La réaction : le Simplon traité Le Lötschberg-base intercepté Bâle

L’île « Suisse » Interception du Lötschberg-base pour permettre.. La dorsale du réseau Suisse Les échos à la dorsale (réseau à voies étroites Noeud du cadencement national Un système de Franchissement d’échelle européenne Pied-de-Franchissement, l’encadrement nodal du corridor Axes nord-sud, projections nationales et extension de l’effet de tunnel

... l’intervention du train de secours BLS basé à Spiez.

Zurich Berne Gothard

Annulation de la redondance des itinéraires du Lötschberg

Spiez

Lötschberg-faîte

Brigue

L’adaptation du réseau de continuité territoriale Transfert des services nationaux sur l’itinéraire de faîte

Lötschberg-base Viège

Report des services Brigue-Iselle par la route du Simplon (fermée à Gondo donc à la frontière) à l’aide des cars postaux

Milan

L’adaptation des services internationaux 3. La gestion de crise : la redondance des réseaux l’effet corridor

Tunnel de base Réouverture du tunnel de base aux services nationaux Tunnel de faîte Localisation des trains-incendie

L’incendie, une rupture dans le système de mobilités Incendie du 06/06

Transfert des services fret internationaux et réorientation des flux voyageurs à destination de l’Italie sur le Gothard

Bâle

Zurich Berne Gothard Spiez

Lötschberg-faîte

Fermeture du débouché sud de l’axe Lötschberg-Simplon Brigue KS, 2011.

Lötschberg-base Milan

)LJXUH/·LQFHQGLHGX6LPSORQGXMXLQXQHLOOXVWUDWLRQGHODUpVLOLHQFHGXV\VWqPHGHPRELOLWpVVXLVVH  .6XWWRQ

/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH

,,, 'HVWH[WHVjODSUDWLTXH ODÀQGHVVRXYHUDLQHWpVIHUURYLDLUHV"

 /HV17$SDUWLFLSHQWGXUrYHGXQRXYHDXV\VWqPHIHUURYLDLUHHXURSpHQIRQGp VXUO·RXYHUWXUHGHVPDUFKpVHWGHVHVSDFHVGHFLUFXODWLRQQDWLRQDX[&HSHQGDQW O·LQDGpTXDWLRQHQWUHODPpWULTXHTXLDQLPHOHVIRQGHPHQWVGHFHUrYHOHUpVHDX DYHF FHOOHTXLDQLPHOHFDGUHSROLWLTXHG·LQYHQWLRQGHVUpIRUPHVOHWHUULWRLUHSROLWLTXH  Q·DG·pJDOHTXHO·LQFRKpVLRQGHVEDVVLQVDOSLQVGHVVLQpVSDUO·DSSURSULDWLRQGHV QRXYHOOHVUqJOHVSDUOHVHQWUHSULVHV/HV(WDWVGHPHXUHQWOHVpFKHOOHVpOpPHQWDLUHV GHUpIpUHQFHSRXUODPLVHHQSODFHGXMHXFRQFXUUHQWLHO/HVGpOLYUDQFHVGHVOLFHQFHV G·RSpUDWHXUUHVWHQWHQHIIHWOHIDLWGHVDGPLQLVWUDWLRQVQDWLRQDOHV,OHQYDGHPrPH SRXUO·KRPRORJDWLRQGHVPDWpULHOV1RXVDYRQVH[SRVpODIDoRQGRQWOHVLQGXV WULHOVVHVRQWHPSDUpVGHFHWWHRSSRUWXQLWpSRXULQWpJUHUGDQVOHXUJDPPHGHVHUYLFH OHVHIIHWVGHVWDQGDUGLVDWLRQDSSHOpVSDUODFRQVWLWXWLRQGXPDUFKpHXURSpHQ0DLV FHODPRQWUHGDQVOHPrPHWHPSVTXHOHVHQWUHSULVHVVRQWDPHQpHVjFRPSRVHUDYHF OHVLQpJDOHVGLVSRVLWLRQVGHV(WDWVjYRLUGHVHQWLWpVpWUDQJqUHVRSpUHUVXUOHXUUpVHDX &HWWHGRQQpHHVWIRQGDPHQWDOHSRXUFRPSUHQGUHOHVpYROXWLRQVGHVVWUDWpJLHVGp YHORSSpHVSDUOHV()SRXUPHQHUjELHQOHXUYRORQWpG·H[SDQVLRQVSDWLDOHOHORQJ GHVFRUULGRUVGXPDUFKpHXURSpHQ 'HYDQWOHVGLIÀFXOWpVG·REWHQLUGHVFHUWLÀFDWVG·RSpUDWHXUIHUURYLDLUHGDQVFKDFXQ GHVSD\VWUDYHUVpVSDUOHVD[HVGHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVOHVJUDQGVJURXSHVHXURSpHQV RQW GpYHORSSp GHV VWUDWpJLHV GH UDFKDW G·HQWUHSULVHV VHFRQGDLUHV GRQW OH VHXO DFWLI pWDLWODSRVVHVVLRQG·XQHOLFHQFHDGKRF&HVUDFKDWVRQWRXYHUWVOHVYRLHVGH O·LVWKPHDX[JURXSHVSDUXQHDGGLWLRQGHUDLVRQVVRFLDOHVXQLÀpHVDXVHLQGHJUDQGHV KROGLQJV QpHV GHV UHVWUXFWXUDWLRQV GHV HQWUHSULVHV KLVWRULTXHV GHV SD\V ERUGDQW O·DUF$XVVLODPLVHHQIRUPHGHODOLEpUDOLVDWLRQGHVPDUFKpVLQWHUQDWLRQDX[QHV·HVW HOOH SDV UpHOOHPHQW IDLWH SDU OD GLIIXVLRQ MXULGLTXH GHV HQWUHSULVHV QDWLRQDOHV HOOH PrPHPDLVSDUXQMHXG·DFTXLVLWLRQGHÀOLDOHVUpDFWLYDQWXQHVRPPHGHSHWLWHV HQWUHSULVHVKLHUFDQWRQQpHVDX[VHXOHVH[SORLWDWLRQVG·HPEUDQFKHPHQWVLQGXVWULHOV RX HQ FHVVDWLRQ G·DFWLYLWp GHSXLV SOXVLHXUV DQQpHV /H FRQWH[WH SROLWLTXH HW VRFLDO GHVFHQWUDOLWpVHQWUHSUHQHXULDOHVGXIHUURYLDLUHHXURSpHQHVWDLQVLjFRQVLGpUHUSRXU FRPSUHQGUHOHVSKDVHVGHFHMHXRUJDQLVDWLRQQHOFRPSOH[H



&KDSLWUH/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVOH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWLQDGpTXDWHjOD7UDYHUVpH"

'HX[LqPHSDUWLH/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVRXO·XWRSLHGHO·DXWRQRPLH 8QHTXrWHGHGpSDVVHPHQWGHVWHUULWRULDOLWpVSROLWLTXHVHWGHVTXRWLGLHQQHWpV$OSLQHV

/D'%O·LVWKPHSRXUFDS /HVSUpPLFHVG·XQUpVHDXjO·pFKHOOHGXPDUFKpHXURSpHQ  $O·RULJLQHVHXOVTXHOTXHVJUDQGVJURXSHVSRXYDLHQWSUpWHQGUHjXQHGHVWL QpHDOSLQHSDUO·DFWLRQGH7UDYHUVHU&))g%%)66=HW61&)/D'%VHWURXYDLW jO·pFDUWGHFHWWHSRFKHGHFURLVVDQFHSRWHQWLHOOHGXIDLWGXQRQDFFqVjODOLJQHGH FUrWHTXLOXLpWDLWLPSRVpSDUOHFDGUHSROLWLTXHG·H[SORLWDWLRQ'qVOHVGpEXWVGHOD UpRUJDQLVDWLRQGXSD\VDJHGHVHQWUHSULVHVQDWLRQDOHVOD'%DpWpPLVHHQRUGUHGH PDUFKHSRXUpWHQGUHVHVDQWHQQHVIUHWjO·pFKHOOHGXPDUFKpHXURSpHQVHGHV VLQDQW3RXUVHIDLUHHWGDQVOHFDGUHG·XQHUpIRUPHVRFLDOHFRQGXLWHjO·RFFDVLRQGH VDPLVHHQFRQIRUPLWpDYHFODGLUHFWLYHOD'%DpWpÀOLDOLVpHHQF·HVW jGLUHRUJDQLVpHHQGLIIpUHQWHVHQWUHSULVHVVSpFLDOLVpHVDXWRXUG·XQHFRPSpWHQFHIHU URYLDLUHXQLTXH7RXWHVFHVHQWUHSULVHVVRQWUHOLpHVDXVHLQG·XQHYDVWHKROGLQJGHGURLW SULYp'%$*$FHWWHGDWHODGLYLVLRQIUHWSUHQGOHQRPGH'%&DUJRHWV·RUJDQLVH DXWRXUGHGLIIpUHQWHVDFWLYLWpVHWG·XQORJLVWLFLHQ©PDLVRQª6WLQQHVTXLDUDFKHWp 6FKHQNHUHQ$O·RFFDVLRQGHODUHVWUXFWXUDWLRQGHVFKHPLQVGHIHU1pHUODQGDLV 16 ODGLYLVLRQIUHWGpÀFLWDLUH5DLOLRQ HVWFpGpHj'%&DUJRHQ,OV·DJLWDORUV GHODSUHPLqUHSKDVHG·H[WHQVLRQGXJURXSHjO·pWUDQJHUOHORQJGHODGRUVDOHHXUR SpHQQH/·LGpHDOOHPDQGHHVWGDQVXQSUHPLHUWHPSVG·DWWHLQGUHOHSRUWGH5RWWHU GDPHWGHSURSRVHUGHVVROXWLRQVLQWpJUpHVjO·pFKHOOHGXJURXSHSDUGHOjOHVGLV FRQWLQXLWpVIURQWDOLqUHVHQWUHODIDoDGHGHODPHUGXQRUG+DPERXUJ5RWWHUGDP  HW%kOH&HUDFKDWGpERXFKHVXUODUpRUJDQLVDWLRQTXLVHFDUDFWpULVHFRPPHODEDVH GHODUHIRQWHGHODVWUXFWXUHGXIUHWIHUURYLDLUHHXURSpHQ/DVRFLpWpjUHVSRQVDELOLWpV OLPLWpHV5DLOLRQGHYLHQWODÀOLDOHGLUHFWHGXJURXSH'%$*HWFRPSUHQGHOOHPrPH GqVGHX[HQWLWpVGLVWLQFWHV5DLOLRQ1HGHUODQGHW5DLOLRQ'HXWVFKODQG /DVWUDWpJLHG·DFTXLVLWLRQGXJURXSHV·DPSOLÀHjFRPSWHUGHÀJ /HUD FKDWG·XQHHQWUHSULVHGDQRLVHSHUPHWDXJURXSH5DLOLRQG·RXYULUXQHQRXYHOOHÀOLDOH 5DLOLRQ'NFHTXLDVVHRLWO·H[SORLWDQWGDQVVRQU{OHGHFROOHFWHXUGHVÁX[HQSUR YHQDQFHGHOD6FDQGLQDYLH&HWWHVWUDWpJLHDXQRUGGHO·$OOHPDJQHV·H[SOLTXHSDUOD FRQFXUUHQFHDFFUXHjODTXHOOHOHJURXSHIDLWIDFHVXUVRQPDUFKpQDWLRQDO/HVHIIHWV GHO·RXYHUWXUHGXPDUFKpDOOHPDQGGHFRPPHQFHQWjVHIDLUHVHQWLUGqVODÀQ GHVDQQpHVQRWDPPHQWDXWUDYHUVGHO·DJUHVVLYLWpFRPPHUFLDOHGHVPDUTXHVGX JURXSH9HROLDRXGH5DLO&KHPDORUVÀOLDOHIHUURYLDLUHGH%$6) SDUWLFXOLqUHPHQW SUpVHQWVRXWUH5KLQMXVTX·DX[3D\V%DV0HLOODVVRQ /·H[SDQVLRQQRUGHXUR SpHQQHHVWDLQVLXQHVWUDWpJLHGHGLYHUVLÀFDWLRQHWGHUHFKHUFKHGHFURLVVDQFH H[WHUQHSRXUOHJURXSH.UHPSHU 0DLVFHWWHFURLVVDQFHH[WHUQHGRLWFRQWUL EXHUjWLUHUO·HQVHPEOHGHO·DFWLYLWpYHUVOHKDXW$XVVLXQHORJLTXHUpWLFXODLUHGHW\SH KXEDQGVSRNHVVHPHWHOOHHQSODFH)UpPRQW /HPDUFKpDOOHPDQGGHPHXUH OHKXEGXJURXSH/HVFRQTXrWHVH[WHUQHVVRQWGHVVRUWHVGHVSRNHVTXLSHUPHW WHQWG·DFFURvWUHO·RIIUHSURSRVpHDX[FOLHQWV&HVVHUYLFHVUD\RQQDQWVGRLYHQWDLQVL UHQIRUFHUO·DWWUDFWLYLWpGXJURXSHHWSRODULVHUOHWUDQVLWHXURSpHQVXUODULYHGURLWH GX5KLQHWOHVWHUPLQDX[TXLODMDORQQHQW

&KDSLWUH/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVOH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWLQDGpTXDWjOD7UDYHUVpH"

&RPPLVVLRQ (XURSpHQQH  'LUHFWLYH .UHPSHU.  ©6·DGDSWHUSRXU DVVXUHUO·DYHQLUª )UpPRQW$  ©)OX[HWWUDQVSRUWVª



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH

La nébuleuse capitalistique DB Schenker Rail sur le marché du transit alpin Frontières d’Etat Groupe de capitalisation des entités fret

DB Schenker Rail

Lien de capitalisation directe DB Schenker Rail Lien de capitalisation BLS

EWS

Lien de capitalisation EWS Lien de capitalisation STR - Schienentransport

DB Schenker Rail DK

Lien de capitalisation RTC

DB Schenker Rail Nederland ex - NS Cargo

BLS Cargo Deutschland

KS, 2011.

DB Schenker Rail Deutschland ex - DB Cargo Lokomotion

BLS

BLS Cargo SA

DB Schenker Rail Schweiz ex- Brunner Railway Services STR - Brenner Schienentransport

ECR BLS Cargo Italia

DB Shenker Rail Italia ex - SFM

Le Nord Cargo

Rail Traction Company

)LJXUH/DQpEXOHXVHFDSLWDOLVWLTXH'%6FKHQNHU5DLOVXUOHPDUFKpGXWUDQVLWDOSLQ .6XWWRQ

/DEUDQFKHIUHWGXJURXSHDIDLWO·REMHWG·XQHQRXYHOOHUpRUJDQLVDWLRQHQ$ORUV TXH6FKHQNHUpWDLWXQORJLVWLFLHQGpSHQGDQWGHO·HQWUHSULVH5DLOLRQOHFKRL[DpWpIDLW SDUOHJURXSH'%GHUHQYHUVHUOHVSRODULWpVHWG·LQFOXUHOHVDFWLYLWpVGHIUHWIHUURYLDLUH jO·LQWpULHXUGXFKDPSGHFRPSpWHQFHGXORJLVWLFLHQ/·HQVHPEOHGHVDFWLIVIUHWGX JURXSHVRQWDLQVLUHJURXSpVVRXVODPDUTXH'%6FKHQNHU5DLO/·KRUL]RQPRQGLDO HVW LGHQWLÀp FRPPH O·HVSDFH GH FURLVVDQFH DX VHUYLFH GXTXHO OH IUHW HXURSpHQ HVW VRXPLV&HSHQGDQWFHFKRL[VWUDWpJLTXHIDLWVXLWHjXQHVpTXHQFHGHDQQpHVGH GpYHORSSHPHQWIHUURYLDLUHjO·pFKHOOHGXPDUFKpHXURSpHQ /HV7UDYHUVpH$OSLQHVXQVSRNHVGHFURLVVDQFH  &HWKRUL]RQQRUGFRQVROLGp5DLOLRQVHWRXUQHYHUVOHVHFRQGS{OHGHFURLV VDQFH DQQRQFp OHV $OSHV HQ WDQW TXH PDUFKp GH FRQFHQWUDWLRQ GHV ÁX[ /HV 7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVVRQWLQLWLDOHPHQWDSSURFKpHVSDUOHJURXSHDOOHPDQGSDUO·RUGUH GHOD7UDYHUVpHHWDLQVLSDUODPpWULTXHGHO·D[H7URLVVHJPHQWVGHPDUFKpVRQW LGHQWLÀpVLOH/|WVFKEHUJ6LPSORQOH*RWKDUGHWOH%UHQQHU  /HPDUFKpGHWUDQVLWVXLVVHHQWUHFRQFXUUHQFHVHWFRRSpUDWLRQV  /·DQQpHFRUUHVSRQGDX[SUHPLHUVGpSORLHPHQWVGXJURXSHDXVXGHW QRWDPPHQWHQ6XLVVH/DVHXOHRSSRUWXQLWpSRXU5DLOLRQGHV·pWHQGUH©HQLQWHUQHª VXUFHPDUFKpHQHVWGHWLVVHUGHVSDUWHQDULDWVSULYLOpJLpVDYHFXQHHQWUHSULVH UHOHYDQWGXGURLWVXLVVH0LFKHOL.UHPSHU &HWWHPrPHDQQpHOH%/6 FRPSDJQLH SULYpH FHQWUpH VXU O·D[H GX /|WVFKEHUJ UpRUJDQLVH VRQ DFWLYLWp IUHW HQ FUpDQWXQHVRFLpWpGpGLpHj%/6&DUJR6$5DLOLRQ'HXWVFKODQGFKRLVLWG·HQWUHU DXFDSLWDOGHODQRXYHOOHHQWUHSULVHjKDXWHXUGH&HMHXFDSLWDOLVWLTXHSHUPHW j5DLOLRQGHFRQVWUXLUHOHSDUWHQDUDLWUHFKHUFKpHQ6XLVVHWRXWHQSHUPHWWDQWj%/6 

&KDSLWUH/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVOH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWLQDGpTXDWHjOD7UDYHUVpH"

'HX[LqPHSDUWLH/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVRXO·XWRSLHGHO·DXWRQRPLH 8QHTXrWHGHGpSDVVHPHQWGHVWHUULWRULDOLWpVSROLWLTXHVHWGHVTXRWLGLHQQHWpV$OSLQHV &DUJRGHV·RXYULUXQHYRLHYHUVOHPDUFKpDOOHPDQG,OV·DJLWGHODSUHPLqUHPLVHHQ IRUPHGHODVWUDWpJLHGHFRRSpWLWLRQTXLJXLGHOHSUHPLHUWHPSVGXGpSORLHPHQW GH5DLOLRQYHUVOHVXG&HWWHUpFLSURFLWpDSSDUDvWFODLUHPHQWSXLVTX·HQODVR FLpWpVXLVVHUHoRLWVHVSUHPLqUHVORFRPRWLYHVLQWHURSpUDEOHVDSWHV6XLVVH$OOHPDJQH 7UD[[ &HWWHHQWHQWHGpERXFKHGqVVXUXQSUHPLHUFRQFHSWGHSURGXFWLRQ WUDQVIURQWDOLqUH 5DLOLRQ%/6 IRQGp VXU O·LQWHUSpQDWUDWLRQ GHV PDWpULHOV PR WHXUVTXLRIIUHXQHSOXVJUDQGHVRXSOHVVHG·H[SORLWDWLRQ/HVPDFKLQHV%/6&DUJR VRQWDXWRULVpHVjSpQpWUHUHQWHUUHDOOHPDQGHHWOHVpTXLSHVGHFRQGXLWHGXJURXSH VXLVVHVRQWIRUPpHVSRXUDWWHLQGUHOHWHUPLQDOGH0DQQKHLPVRXVOLFHQFH5DLOLRQ 0HLOODVVRQ /·DPELWLRQFURLVpHGHVGHX[HQWLWpVHVWGHSRXYRLUVHSURMHWHU GHFRQFHUWVXUO·D[HPDMHXUGXWUDQVLWDOSLQOH*RWKDUG3RXUOH%/6O·REMHFWLI HVW GDQVXQSUHPLHUWHPSVGHVHVSpFLDOLVHUGDQVO·DFWHGHIUDQFKLUTXLHVWDXIRQG OHPpWLHUKLVWRULTXHGHVDPDLVRQPqUH/HVXUQRPGRQQpj%/6&DUJROHPRQWUH G·DLOOHXUV SXLVTXH OD FRPPXQLFDWLRQ GH O·HQWUHSULVH FLEOH WRXW SDUWLFXOLqUHPHQW OD GLPHQVLRQDOSLQHGHO·DFWLYLWpOHVDOSLQLVWHVGRF 'qVDQQpHGHO·RXYHU WXUHGXPDUFKpGHWUDQVLWVXLVVH%/6&DUJRDWWHLQWO·D[HGX*RWKDUGHQRSpUDQWQR WDPPHQWSRXU5DLOLRQ/·H[SpULHQFHGH%/6&DUJRVHUWj5DLOLRQ'HXWVFKODQGGDQV VDGpPDUFKHG·REWHQWLRQGHODOLFHQFHG·RSpUDWHXUIHUURYLDLUHGHODSDUWGHO·2)7 VXLVVH5DLOLRQREWLHQWO·DXWRULVDWLRQG·H[SORLWHUGHVWUDLQVHQSURSUHSDUOH*RWKDUG HQ  0HLOODVVRQ   /H JURXSH DOOHPDQG VH UHWURXYH DORUV SRXU SDUWLH HQ FRQFXUUHQFH DYHF VRQ SDUWHQDLUH EHUQRLV PDLV VXUWRXW DYHF &)) &DUJR 'DQV OH PrPHWHPSV 5DLOLRQDFFHQWXHVDFRRSpUDWLRQDYHF%/6&DUJRDXWUDYHUVGX ODQFHPHQWGXFRQFHSW5DLOSRUW /DTXHVWLRQSRVpHj5DLOLRQHVWDORUVOHFRQWU{OHGXGHUQLHUPDLOORQGXFRUULGRU O·,WDOLH'qV5DLOLRQDYDLWpWHQGXVDWRLOHHQ,WDOLHDYHFOHUDFKDWGH6WUDGH)HU URYLH0HGLWHUUDQHR6)0 WUDQVIRUPpHHQ5DLOLRQ,WDOLDHWpWDEOLHj$OH[DQGULHÀJ  'qVFHWWHHQWUHSULVHHVWRSpUDWLRQQHOOHj'RPRGRVVRODSRXUUHSUHQGUHOHV WUDLQVGH%/6&DUJR/·D[H/|WVFKEHUJ6LPSORQHVWFRQÀUPpFRPPHODEDVHGHOD SpQpWUDWLRQDOOHPDQGHGDQVOHV$OSHV/·H[WHQVLRQOHORQJGX*RWKDUGUHVWHFH SHQGDQWO·REMHFWLI YLVpHQGpSOR\DQWjODVXLWH5DLOLRQ,WDOLDGHSXLV&KLDVVR9LHOODUG  HQDSSXLGHODFRRSpUDWLRQpWDEOLHDYHFODGLYLVLRQIUHWGHODVRFLpWp/H1RUG 0LODQR/H1RUG&DUJR   5DLOLRQGpYHORSSHVHVHIIRUWVGDQVOHV$OSHVFDUFHWWHHQWUHSULVHVHUHWURXYH VHXOHHQFDSDFLWpGHUDFKHWHUGHVFRPSDJQLHVVHFRQGDLUHVHQ(XURSH/D61&) VHXOHjPrPHGHFRQWUHUOD'%Q·HVWSDVHQPHVXUHGHFRQFXUUHQFHU5DLOLRQGDQV VD VWUDWpJLH G·DFTXLVLWLRQ HQ UDLVRQ GX QRQ FKRL[ RUJDQLVDWLRQQHO LPSRVp SDU OH FRQWH[WH VRFLDO $ORUV TXH OD PDMHXUH SDUWLH GHV HQWUHSULVHV HXURSpHQQHV VH VRQW HQJDJpHVGDQVODÀOLDOLVDWLRQOD61&)VHYRLWFRQWUDLQWHGHPDLQWHQLUXQHIRUPH G·LQWpJUDWLRQGHVDFWLYLWpVG·H[SORLWDWLRQDXVHLQG·XQHVHXOHHWPrPHHQWLWp/HFKRL[ GHODFUpDWLRQG·XQpWDEOLVVHPHQWSXEOLFGLVWLQFW5)) HQSRXUDVVXUHUOHVPLV VLRQVGH*,Q·DSDVSHUPLVG·DFFRPSOLUOHWRXUQDQWRSpUpSDUOD'%6XLWHjSOXVLHXUV DQQpHVÀQDQFLqUHPHQWFDWDVWURSKLTXHVSRXUOHIUHWIUDQoDLVOD61&)GpYHORSSHXQ SODQGHVDXYHWDJHGHO·DFWLYLWpHQOHSODQ9pURQ TXLSUpYRLWXQHUHFDSLWDOLVDWLRQ GHO·DFWLYLWpSDUGHO·DUJHQWSXEOLF(QYHUWXGHVUqJOHVHXURSpHQQHVGHFRQFXUUHQFH XQWHODFFRUGQpFHVVLWHDXSUpDODEOHXQHDXWRULVDWLRQGHOD&RPPLVVLRQ&HOXLFLHVW DFFRUGpHQpFKDQJHGHO·LQWHUGLFWLRQIDLWHjOD61&)G·DFTXpULUG·DXWUHVHQWUHSULVHV &KDSLWUH/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVOH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWLQDGpTXDWjOD7UDYHUVpH"

0LFKHO/  ©)UHWHXURSpHQ FRH[LVWHQFHGH PpWKRGHVª .UHPSHU.  ©6·DGDSWHUSRXU DVVXUHUO·DYHQLUª 0HLOODVVRQ6  ©%/6HW'% &DUJRIRQWSUHXYH G·XQHJUDQGH HIÀFDFLWpª 0HLOODVVRQ6  ©5DLOLRQ DXWRULVpVXUOH *RWKDUGª 9LHOODUG5  ©%HOJLTXH,WDOLH YHUVXQ]pUR UHODLV"ª



'RFXPHQW/RNRPRWLRQHW57&GHX[HQWUHSULVHV©VRHXUVª ([WUDLWVGHVVLWHVLQWHUQHW



KWWSZZZORNRPRWLRQUDLOGHZHELQGH[SKSKWWSZZZUDLOWUDFWLRQLWQHZFRQVXOWpVOH

'HX[LqPHSDUWLH/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVRXO·XWRSLHGHO·DXWRQRPLH 8QHTXrWHGHGpSDVVHPHQWGHVWHUULWRULDOLWpVSROLWLTXHVHWGHVTXRWLGLHQQHWpV$OSLQHV IUHWHQ(XURSHOHWHPSVGXSODQ/·(WDWIUDQoDLVDG€HQRXWUHV·HQJDJHUjDQWLFLSHU O·RXYHUWXUHGHVRQPDUFKpIUHWQDWLRQDOHQPDUVFRQWUHMDQYLHUVHORQ OHVWH[WHV 'HjOD'%V·HVWGRQFWURXYpHVHXOHHQPHVXUHGHV·pWHQGUHj O·pFKHOOHGHO·(XURSH/DFDUWHGXIUHWHXURSpHQVHUHGHVVLQHDLQVLGHSXLVO·$OOHPDJQH &HWWHFDSDFLWpGHUDFKDWFRQGXLW5DLOLRQjFRQVROLGHUVDSRVLWLRQHQ6XLVVHSLYRWGX GLVSRVLWLI GHSURMHFWLRQVXGGXJURXSH/HJURXSHUDFKqWHHQODFRPSDJQLH %UXQQHU 5DLOZD\ 6HUYLFHV TXL GHYLHQW 5DLOLRQ 6FKZHL] GqV  /D SRVLWLRQ GH 5DLOLRQOHORQJGHVD[HVVXLVVHVHVWDLQVLSDUWLFXOLqUHPHQWpWDEOLH  /HPDUFKpDXWULFKLHQXQDUULqUHSD\VSRXU+DPERXUJ  (QSDUDOOqOHjFHWWHGLIIXVLRQOHORQJGHVD[HVGHODGRUVDOH5DLOLRQFKHUFKH jVHSRVLWLRQQHUOHORQJGHO·D[HGX%UHQQHU'qVOHJURXSHHQWUHDXFDSLWDO G·XQH QRXYHOOH HQWUHSULVH IHUURYLDLUH FUppH VXU O·HIIHW G·RSSRUWXQLWp TXH FRQVWLWXH O·RXYHUWXUHGXPDUFKpDXWUFKLHQGH/RNRPRWLRQGRF &HWWHHQWUHSULVH DOOHPDQGHHVWFDSLWDOLVpHjKDXWHXUGHSDU5DLOLRQHWG·DXWDQWSDU5DLO7UDFWLRQ &RPSDQ\HOOHPrPHGpWHQXHSRXUSDUWLHPRLQVGH SDU5DLOLRQ/RNRPRWLRQ HW57&FRQVWLWXHHQIDLWXQGRXEOHWFUppHQVRXVO·LPSXOVLRQGH675%UHQQHU 6FKLHQHQWUDQVSRUW XQ JURXSH LWDOLHQ GX 6GWLURO  SRUWp VXU OHV DPpQDJHPHQWV GH VpFXULWpGHO·D[HGX%UHQQHU&HJURXSHSRVVqGHGLUHFWHPHQWGH/RNRPRWLRQ HWSUqVGHGH57&/·LGpHGHEDVHHVWXQSDUWDJHGHVFRPSpWHQFHVFDSLWD OLVWLTXHVTXLYLVHjODFUpDWLRQG·XQOLHQG·LQWHUGpSHQGDQFHHQWUHOHVGHX[VRFLpWpV IHUURYLDLUHVPRQWpHVGHSDUWHWG·DXWUHGX%UHQQHU$XÀQDO/RNRPRWLRQGpSHQGj SUqVGHGHFDSLWDX[GH675/DSDUHQWpHGHVOLYUpHVDFWXHOOHVGHVORFRPRWLYHV HWGXGHVLJQGHOHXUVLWHLQWHUQHWWUDGXLWFHWWHDVVRFLDWLRQGRF /HGpGRXEOHPHQW GXSURMHWDFWRULHOHQGHX[HQWLWpVGLVFWLQFWHVUHOHYDQWFKDFXQHG·XQGURLWQDWLRQDOGH FKDTXHF{WpGHV$OSHV$OOHPDJQH,WDOLH SHUPHWGHFRQWRXUQHUOHVGLIÀFXOWpVDGPL QLVWUDWLYHVTXLQDLVVHQWG·XQUHVWHGHVRXYHUDLQHWpIHUURYLDLUH1RXVDVVLVWRQVDLQVLj XQHPERvWHPHQWGHGpPDUFKHVVLPLODLUHV&HOOHGH5DLOLRQV·HQWHQGjO·pFKHOOHGX FRQWLQHQWFHOOHGH675jO·pFKHOOHGHO·D[H/DGLIIXVLRQGH/RNRPRWLRQOHORQJGH O·D[H7DXHUQ7DUYLV.DUDZDQNHQjSDUWLUGHV·HVWG·DLOOHXUVHIIHFWXpHVDQVOHUH FRXUVjODFRRSpUDWLRQGH57&SRXUOHFRPSWHGXJURXSH6FKHQNHUSRXUDWWHLQGUH OHVSRUWVGH7ULHVWHHWOHWHUPLQDOGH/MXEOMDQD /HSURORQJHPHQWGHVWUDÀFVYHUV0LODQHVWDVVXUpSRXUOHFRPSWHGH5DLOLRQSDU/H 1RUG&DUJR&HWWHHQWUHSULVHIUHWDG·DLOOHXUVIDLWO·REMHWG·XQUDFKDWSDUOHJURXSH DOOHPDQGHQVXLWHjXQHEDWDLOOHVpUpHFRQWUHIUHW61&)&HWWHQRXYHOOH©SULVHLª DXWRULVH 5DLOLRQ j FRQVROLGHU VRQ FRQWU{OH GHV SDVVDJHV DOSLQV SDU XQ UHQIRU FHPHQW GH VD SRVLWLRQ GDQV OD SRUWLRQ $OH[DQGULH%RORJQH7ULHVWH9pURQH0LODQ 7XULQ (OOH OXL SHUPHW HQ RXWUH GH SUHQGUH SLHG GDQV O·DOOLDQFH HXURSHDQ EXOOV TXLUpXQLWGHVRSpUDWHXUVSULYpVDÀQGHOHXUSHUPHWWUHGHFRQVWLWXHUjOHXUWRXUXQ HQVHPEOHFRKpUHQWjO·pFKHOOHGHVFRUULGRUVPDMHXUV/HPHPEUHDOOHPDQGGHFHWWH DOOLDQFH5DLO&KHPDSSDUWHQDLWDXFRQFXUUHQWOHSOXVDJUHVVLI GH5DLOLRQVXUVRQ PDUFKp GRPHVWLTXH 9HROLD &DUJR 'HXWVFKODQG /·HQVHPEOH GHV HQWUHSULVHV GpWH QXHVDXSDUDYDQWSDUFHJURXSHHVWGHYHQXODSURSULpWpGH)UHW61&)HQ/H UDFKDWGX1RUG&DUJRFRQVWLWXHDLQVLXQFRXSG·DUUrWjODPDLQPLVHHQFRXUVVXU FHWWHDOOLDQFHGHODSDUWGXJURXSHIUDQoDLVTXL\HVWSUpVHQWHGHSXLVO·RULJLQH  DYHFVDÀOLDOH9)/,(XURSHDQ%XOOVFRQVWLWXDLWXQHSRUWHHXURSpHQQHHWDOSLQHSRXU OD61&)&HWWHVHFRQGHpFKHOOHDDYRUWpDYHFODSHUWHGHODFRPSDJQLHORPEDUGH &KDSLWUH/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVOH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWLQDGpTXDWjOD7UDYHUVpH"



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH

0HLOODVVRQ6  ©&RRSpUD WLRQRSpUDWLRQQHOOH HQWUH)UHW61&)HW 5DLOLRQª



 /HPDUFKpIUDQoDLV"8QHDSSURFKHjSDVIHXWUpV  /DGHUQLqUHYRLHG·DFFqVjODOLJQHGHFUrWHOHPDUFKpIUDQoDLVIDLWO·REMHW G·XQHWRXWHDXWUHFRQVLGUpDWLRQGHODSDUWGH'%6FKHQNHU9XGXJURXSHO·LQWpUrW TXHSUpVHQWHOHPDUFKpIUDQoDLVQ·HVWSDVSUHPLqUHPHQWDOSLQ/D)UDQFHFRQVWLWXH XQPDLOORQREOLJpHQYXG·DWWHLQGUHGHVPDUFKpVjIRUWHFURLVVDQFHSRWHQWLHOOHGHWUD ÀFO·(VSDJQHHWOHWUDÀFWUDQVPDQFKH$ÀQGHV·DVVXUHUOHVPDLQVOLEUHVGDQVOHV $OSHVXQDFFRUGGH©QRQDJUHVVLRQªHVWVLJQpDYHFOD61&)HQ0HLOODVVRQ  8QHQRXYHOOHIRLVFHWWHFRRSpUDWLRQSHUPHWjO·HQWUHSULVHDOOHPDQGHG·DFTXp ULUGHVGRQQpHVLPSRUWDQWHVSRXUODVXLWH&HWWHFRRSpUDWLRQQHVHIDLWG·DLOOHXUVSDV VDQVDUULqUHVSHQVpHVSXLVTXHODYHLOOHGHO·HQWUpHHQVHUYLFHGHO·DFFRUGO·DXWRULVD WLRQGHFLUFXODWLRQSRXUOHVORFRPRWLYHV)UHW61&)LQWHURSpUDEOHVDpWpDQQXOpHSDU O·DGPLQLVWUDWLRQDOOHPDQGH /·HQWUpHHQRSHQDFFHVVVXUOHPDUFKpIUDQoDLVVHIDLWSDUO·HQWUHPLVHGXUDFKDWG·XQ JURXSHEULWDQQLTXHHQ(:6&HWWHHQWUHSULVHSRVVqGHXQFHUWLÀFDWGHFLUFX ODWLRQSRXUOHWXQQHOVRXVOD0DQFKHFHTXLLQWpUHVVHWRXWSDUWLFXOLqUHPHQWOHJpDQW DOOHPDQG (OOH SRVVqGH XQ DXWUH DFWLI  GH WDLOOH (XUR &DUJR 5DLO HQWUHSULVH TXL RSqUHVXUOHPDUFKpIUDQoDLVGHSXLV/HSRVLWLRQQHPHQWG·(&5GDQVOHJURXSH HVWGRXEOH7RXWG·DERUGO·HQWUHSULVHSHUPHWj'%6FKHQNHU5DLOGHV·LPSODQWHU GLUHFWHPHQWHQ)UDQFHHWGHJDJQHUGHVSDUWVVXUOHPDUFKpGRPHVWLTXHKH[DJRQDO FRPPHOD61&)OHIDLWYLDVHVGLIIpUHQWHVÀOLDOHVRXWUH5KLQ(QVXLWH(&5SHUPHW GHFUpHUXQHFRKpUHQFHHQWUHOHFRHXUVSDWLDOGHO·DFWLYLWpGXJURXSHODGRUVDOHHW VHVpFKRVHWVHVKRUL]RQVGHGpYHORSSHPHQWO·(VSDJQHHWOH5R\DXPH8QL6FKHQ NHUDUDFKHWpHQXQORJLVWLFLHQHVSDJQRO7UDQVIHVDTXLRSqUHQRWDPPHQWHQWUH O·,WDOLHHWO·(VSDJQH/HVSUHPLHUVWUDÀFVPDMHXUVG·(&5jO·pFKHOOHGXJURXSHVRQW OHVUHODLVGHWUDFWLRQj9LQWLPLOOHYHUV&HUEqUHGHVWUDLQVSURGXLWVSRXUOHFRPSWHGH FHWWHDFWLYLWp'%6FKHQNHUFRQWRXUQHGDQVXQSUHPLHUWHPSVOH)UpMXV/DSHUWL QHQFHGHFHSDVVDJHDOSLQQ·HVWSDVFRQVLGpUpHGHSXLVOD)UDQFHjO·pFKHOOHGXJURXSH PDLV GHSXLV O·,WDOLH FRPPH XQH YRLH GH GLYHUVLÀFDWLRQ LQWHUQH GHV DFWLYLWpV GH '%6FKHQNHU5DLO,WDOLD&HWWHHQWUHSULVHHVWSRVLWLRQQpHjO·pFKHOOHGHODQpEXOHXVH 6FKHQNHUVXUOHVHJPHQWRFFLGHQWDOGHV$OSHV/H)UpMXVFRQVWLWXHXQHYRLHGH FURLVVDQFHSRVVLEOHSRXUHOOH(OOHDG·DLOOHXUVREWHQXXQFHUWLÀFDWSRXUFHWWHOLJQH GHSXLV $OH[DQGULH HQ  VDQV HQ IDLUH XVDJH $ O·pFKHOOH GH O·DFFqV DX PDUFKp IUDQoDLVOHFKRL[DpWpIDLWGHV·DSSX\HUVXUO·H[SORLWDQWLWDOLHQKLVWRULTXH7UHQLWDOLD &DUJRFHTXLDOHPpULWHG·DFFURvWUHOHVWHQVLRQVHQWUHOXLHWOD61&)(&5DRSpUp SRXUOHFRPSWHGH7UHQLWDOLDGHjVXUODOLJQHGHOD0DXULHQQHHQUHSULVH GHVWUDÀFVHQRSHQDFFHVVGXJURXSHLWDOLHQ7UHQLWDOLDGpSRXUYXHGDQVOHVSUHPLHUV WHPSV GH PDWpULHO KRPRORJXp HQ )UDQFH D G€ DWWHQGUH G·DFTXpULU XQ SDUF DG KRF SRXUDVVXUHUGHERXWHQERXWODWUDFWLRQVXUO·D[HGX)UpMXV&HWH[HPSOHPRQWUH TXHGHVHQWLWpVSHXYHQWrWUHFRQFXUUHQWHVVXUXQPDUFKp%UHQQHU&KLDVVR0LODQ  HWFRRSpUHUVXUXQDXWUH)UpMXV &HWHVSULWGHFRRSpWLWLRQSHUGXUH$XMRXUG·KXLOD FRRSpUDWLRQHVWLQYHUVpH(&5RSqUHSRXUOHFRPSWHGXJURXSH6FKHQNHUHQ0DX ULHQQHHW7UHQLWDOLDUHSUHQGOHVWUDÀFVYHUV$OH[DQGULH

&KDSLWUH/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVOH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWLQDGpTXDWHjOD7UDYHUVpH"

'HX[LqPHSDUWLH/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVRXO·XWRSLHGHO·DXWRQRPLH 8QHTXrWHGHGpSDVVHPHQWGHVWHUULWRULDOLWpVSROLWLTXHVHWGHVTXRWLGLHQQHWpV$OSLQHV /DVWUDWpJLHFDSLWDOLVWLTXHXQHPDWULFHGHFRUULGRUV  /DVWUDWpJLHDOSLQHGH'%6FKHQNHU5DLOpYROXHDLQVLDXJUpGXGpSORLHPHQW GHVHVVWUXFWXUHVFDSLWDOLVWLTXHV/HVSUHPLHUVWHPSVGHO·H[SpULPHQWDWLRQGHOD FRQFXUUHQFHFRQGXLWO·RSpUDWHXUjFRQVLGpUHUOHPDUFKpVHORQXQHPpWULTXHG·D[H 6HXOHPHQWDXÀOGHVRQSRVLWLRQQHPHQWGHVV\QHUJLHVDSSDUDLVVHQWHQIRQFWLRQGHV GpERXFKpV VXG $X ÀQDO OH SRVLWLRQQHPHQW DOSLQ Q·HVW TXH OD PDQLIHVWDWLRQ G·XQH VWUDWpJLH G·pFKHOOH HXURSpHQQH GH PpWULTXH FRUULGRU 'H O·RUGUH GH OD 7UDYHUVpHO·RUJDQLVDWLRQGHODSURGXFWLRQV·DGDSWHjO·KRUL]RQLVWKPLTXHHQV·DQFUDQW GDQVO·RUGUHGX)UDQFKLVVHPHQWUHQRXYHOpSDUODPpWULTXHFRUULGRU'HX[JUDQGV HQVHPEOHVDSSDUDLVVHQWSURJUHVVLYHPHQWHQDGpTXDWLRQDYHFODSUHPLqUHPRGpOLVD WLRQTXHQRXVDYRQVSURSRVpHÀJ /HSUHPLHUHQVHPEOHFRUUHVSRQGDX[GHX[ D[HVVXLVVHVQRQHQWDQWTXHSDUWLHVG·XQPrPH(WDWPDLVHQWDQWTXHSDUHQWKqVHVVH GHVVLQDQWGHSXLVGHX[SRLQWVGHFRQYHUJHQFH%kOHHWODUpJLRQPLODQDLVHTXLDXWRUL VHQWGHVpFRQRPLHVG·pFKHOOHGDQVODSURGXFWLRQIHUURYLDLUH1RXVUHWURXYRQVDORUV ODVWUDWpJLHG·LPSODQWDWLRQGHVGpS{WVTXHQRXVDYRQVGpFULWH/HVDQFLHQVGpS{WV QRUGGpODLVVpVSDU&))VRQWUpDFWLYpVSRXUSHUPHWWUHOHVUHODLVGHVpWDSHVFRXUDQW GHSXLV 0DQQKHLP &HWWH OHFWXUH GX PDUFKp FRQGXLW j XQH UpLQWpULRULVDWLRQ GHV PR\HQVjO·pFKHOOHGHO·D[HWRXWHQSRXUVXLYDQWO·H[WpULRULVDWLRQGHVWHUPLQDX[ H[WUrPHVjO·pFKHOOHGXFRUULGRU/HUpVHDX'%6FKHQNHU5DLOGHVVLQHGHQRXYHOOHV SDLUHVGH3LHGVTXLYLVHQWjVHGpWDFKHUGHVFDGUHVIURQWDOLHUV,OQHSHXWGRQFSDV V·DJLUGH3LHGGH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWMXVWHG·XQHPHVXUHGXFRUULGRU1RXVSURSRVRQV XQWHUPHSOXVQHXWUH3LHGGHFRUULGRU/HFRUULGRU©6XLVVHªHVWHQFDGUpSDU0DQQ KHLPDXQRUGHW$OH[DQGULHDXVXG&HWWHH[WpULRULVDWLRQDFFUXHWHQGjFRwQFLGHUDYHF OHVFKpPDGX57(7$OH[DQGULHHVWXQQ±XGG·pFODWHPHQWYHUV1RYDUHHW0LODQHW GHFRQFHQWUDWLRQYHUVOHSRUWGH*rQHV&HQ±XGSHUPHWGHFRQWRXUQHUO·HQVHPEOH PLODQDLVHWJDJQHDLQVLHQFRPSpWLWLYLWp,OSHUPHWHQRXWUHXQHJUDQGHÁH[LELOLWp SXLVTXHODEUDQFKHRFFLGHQWDOHGHO·pWRLOHSHUPHWG·DWWHLQGUH7XULQHWOH)UpMXV/H SHQGDQW(VWGHFHQ±XGSHXWrWUHLGHQWLÀpHQ%RORJQHOHVHFRQGHQVHPEOHTXLHVW FRPSRVpGHVD[HVGX%UHQQHUHWGHV7DXHUQ7DUYLVHVWHQFDGUpSDU0XQLFKHW%R ORJQH&HGHUQLHUQ±XGSURSRVHXQHH[WpULRULVDWLRQVXGSHUPLVHSDUOHUpDPpQDJH PHQWGHO·DQWHQQHGHSXLV9pURQH,QDXJXUpHHQODPLVHjQLYHDXGHFHWWHOLJQH FRQQDvWVDJHQqVHGDQVODUHFKHUFKHGHUHOqYHPHQWGHVYLWHVVHVVXUOHUpVHDXFODVVLTXH HQOLHQDYHFO·DUULYpHGHOD/LJQHj*UDQGH9LWHVVH)ORUHQFH%RORJQH/HVVHUYLFHV IUHWEpQpÀFLHQWGHFHWWHLQIUDVWUXFWXUHUHQRXYHOpHSRXUSURMHWHUOHWHUPLQDOGHWUDL WHPHQWGHVÁX[SOXVSURIRQGpPHQWGDQVOHPDUFKpLWDOLHQHWDLQVLFRQFXUUHQFHU OHUpVHDX+XSDFHQ,WDOLH/·LQWpJUDWLRQGHFHWHQVHPEOHRULHQWDOHVWPRLQVSRXVVpH PDLVODSRODULVDWLRQDFWRULHOOHVXUOHYHUVDQWVXGFRQGXLWjFRQVWLWXHUFHWHQVHPEOHHQ XQFRUULGRU&HODLVROHWRXMRXUVXQSHXSOXVOHV7DXHUQGXUHVWHGHO·pWRLOHGH9LOODFK /H)UpMXVUHVWHVHORQFHWWHOHFWXUHXQHSpULSKpULHRXSOXW{WXQHRSWLRQHQDWWHQWH IRQFWLRQGXWDX[GHFKDUJHHWGHODÀDELOLWpGHVD[HVVXLVVHV &HUpVHDX6FKHQNHUSURSRVHXQHDOWHUQDWLYHDXVFKpPD+XSDF/jROHORJLVWLFLHQ VXLVVHFRQVWUXLWXQUpVHDXSRODULVpVXU%XVWR6FKHQNHUGHVVLQHXQHWUDPHSRODULVpH VXUODIDoDGHSRUWXDLUHGHODPHUGXQRUGÀJ 'HUULqUHFHWWHFRQIURQWDWLRQ GHORJLVWLFLHQVUpVLGHXQHPLVHHQFRQFXUUHQFHGHGLIIpUHQWVDFWHXUVKLVWRULTXHVHW SULYpVTXLVHSRVLWLRQQHQWGHIDoRQVGLIIpUHQWHVHQIDFHGXPDUFKpGHV7UDYHUVpHV $OSLQHV ,O HVW SDUWLFXOLqUHPHQWLQWpUHVVDQW GH SRXUVXLYUH OD FRPSDUDLVRQ +XSDF 6FKHQNHUSDUXQHFRQIURQWDWLRQGHVUpVHDX['%6FKHQNHU5DLOHW&))&DUJR &KDSLWUH/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVOH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWLQDGpTXDWjOD7UDYHUVpH"



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH Le Pied-de-corridor... Un terminal... ... d’éclatement d’axes ... KS, 2011.

... de Franchissement... ... qui prend la forme d’une zone neutre héritière du pied de col.

... une centralité logistique Une mesure de l’extériorisation portée par la recherche d’affranchissement vis-à-vis des cadres politiques d’exploitation.

)LJXUH3URSRVLWLRQGHUHSUpVHQWDWLRQGX3LHGGHFRUULGRU .6XWWRQ

8QHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHORJLTXHVDFWRULHOOHV /HV&))OH*RWKDUGSRXUKXE

&ROODUGH\%  ©5HFRUGGHWUDÀF SRXU&))&DUJR HQª &ROODUGH\%  ©/HV&))PHWWHQW XQSLHGHQ$OOH PDJQHª 0HLOODVVRQ6 D ©&)) &DUJRELHQW{W GHV5H,,HQ $OOHPDJQH"ª 0HLOODVVRQ6 E ©5H GH&))&DUJRGHV HQJLQVFKRLVLVVXU pWDJqUHª 0HLOODVVRQ6  ©&)) &DUJRPHWHQORFD WLRQVHV5Hª



 /HV &)) SURSRVHQW XQH DGDSWDWLRQ GLIIpUHQWH DX QRXYHDX FRQWH[WH PDU FKDQGGHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV/·HQMHXGHO·RXYHUWXUHSRXUO·HQWUHSULVHVXLVVHQHUp VLGHSDVGDQVO·DFFqVjODOLJQHGHFUrWHPDLVGDQVVDSURMHFWLRQDXGHOjGHVIURQ WLqUHVQDWLRQDOHVKHOYpWLTXHV/DFRQYHUJHQFHDYHFODSUREOpPDWLTXHGH5DLOLRQ WLHQWjODUHFKHUFKHG·DFFqVDXPDUFKpLWDOLHQ8QHVRUWHGH©'UDQJQDFK6GHQLª DQLPHHQHIIHWODOLEpUDOLVDWLRQIUHW /·RXYHUWXUHGHVPDUFKpVDOLHXVXUIRQGGHUHFRUGVGHWUDÀFVSRXUOHV&))&RO ODUGH\ /DUpSRQVHGXJURXSHVXLVVHjO·HQWUpHGH5DLOLRQGDQVOHFDSLWDOGH %/6&DUJRVHPDQLIHVWHGqV/HV&))VRXKDLWHQWWLUHUSDUWLGHO·RXYHUWXUHGX UpVHDXDOOHPDQGjO·DXEHGHO·RXYHUWXUHGXPDUFKpVXLVVH'qVGHVORFRPRWLYHV DX[FRXOHXUVGH&))&DUJRVRQWpTXLSpHVHWKRPRORJXpHVSRXUFLUFXOHUVXUOHUpVHDX '%1HW]&ROODUGH\0HLOODVVRQD &HWWHKRPRORJDWLRQDFFRPSDJQHOD FUpDWLRQG·XQHÀOLDOHGH&))&DUJRHQ$OOHPDJQH6%%&DUJR'HXWVFKODQGGRQWOH VLqJHHVWj'XLVERXUJ/·HQMHXGHO·DFFqVDXPDUFKpDOOHPDQGWURXYHVRQpFKRGDQVOD UHFKHUFKHGHGpERXFKpVDXWRQRPHVDXVXGHQ,WDOLHQRWDPPHQWSRXUDFFRP SDJQHUOHVDWWHQWHVGHFRQWLQXLWpVGH+XSDF&))&DUJRHVWO·XQGHVSUHPLHUVH[SORL WDQWVKLVWRULTXHVjVHGRWHUG·HQJLQVLQWHURSpUDEOHVFRQoXVHQSODWWHIRUPHFHTXL IDLWWLWUHUODSUHVVHIHUURYLDLUHGHO·pSRTXH©'HVHQJLQVFKRLVLVVXUpWDJqUHª0HLOODVVRQ E /DQRUPHG·DXMRXUG·KXLpWRQQDLWKLHU,OV·DJLWGHPDWpULHO6LHPHQV(68 8QLYHUVHOOH4XDGULFRXUDQW DSWHjFLUFXOHUGH5RWWHUGDPj0LODQVDQVLQWHUXSWLRQ SKRWR &HFKRL[DXGDFLHX[GHV&))QHV·DYqUHG·DLOOHXUVSDVSD\DQWSXLVTXH GHX[DQVSOXVWDUGODFRPSDJQLHDFKHUFKpjVHGpSDUWLUGHFHPDWpULHOFR€WHX[HW DXÀQDOQRQDGDSWpjVHVVHUYLFHV0HLOODVVRQ /·DGDSWDWLRQGXPDWpULHOVXLW ODORJLTXHGHPRUFHOOHPHQWGHVpWDSHVGHODSURGXFWLRQIHUURYLDLUHSRXUFHQWUHUOD GHPDQGHVXUGHVHQJLQVWULFRXUDQWVpTXLSpVODSOXVSDUWGXWHPSVSRXUGHX[RXWURLV SD\VGRQWV\VWpPDWLTXHPHQWO·$OOHPDJQH HQSOXVGHO·(5706/·DFTXLVLWLRQGHFHV PDFKLQHVV·DFFRPSDJQHFKH]&))GHODYRORQWpGHSUHQGUH5DLOLRQGHYLWHVVHVXU &KDSLWUH/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVOH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWLQDGpTXDWHjOD7UDYHUVpH"

'HX[LqPHSDUWLH/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVRXO·XWRSLHGHO·DXWRQRPLH 8QHTXrWHGHGpSDVVHPHQWGHVWHUULWRULDOLWpVSROLWLTXHVHWGHVTXRWLGLHQQHWpV$OSLQHV OHPDUFKpGXWUDQVLWSDUOD6XLVVHHQFDSLWDOLVDQWVXUODSUpVHQFHKLVWRULTXHOHORQJ GX*RWKDUG6HXOHPHQW5DLOLRQJDUGHV\VWpPDWLTXHPHQWXQFRXSG·DYDQFHGDQVFH MHX G·pFKHF $ORUV TXH OH JURXSH DOOHPDQG DYDLW UDFKHWp 6)0 HQ  OH JURXSH VXLVVHRXYUHHQXQHÀOOLDOHHQ,WDOLH6%%&DUJR,WDOLDSRXUUHSUHQGUHHQRSHQ DFFHVVOHVWUDÀFVFRPELQpVGHODPDLVRQPqUHj%HOOLQ]RQD0HLOODVVRQDHWE  &HWWHRUJDQLVDWLRQSHUPHWGHUHSHQVHUO·RUJDQLVDWLRQGHODFKDvQHGHSURGXFWLRQHQ 6XLVVH/HV&))FKHUFKHQWDORUVjRSWLPLVHUOHVpWDSHVGHFRQGXLWHFHTXLFRQGXLW OHJURXSHjFRQFHQWUHUSURJUHVVLYHPHQWOHVPR\HQVGHSURGXFWLRQj%kOHVLqJHGH ODÀOOLDOH&DUJRGXJURXSH/HFRXSOH%kOH%HOOLQ]RQDV·LPSRVHDX[GpWULHPHQWVGH GpS{WVLQWHUPpGLDLUHVFRPPH(UVWIHOG&HWWHUpRUJDQLVDWLRQJpRJUDSKLTXHDFFRP SDJQHXQSODQGHUHGUHVVHPHQWGXZDJRQLVROpHQ0HLOODVVRQF /HVWUD ÀFVGRPHVWLTXHVGHVHUYLFHSXEOLTXHFRQWUDVWHQWDYHFODWHQXHGXWUDÀFWUDQVDOSLQHQ JUHYDQWOHVFRPSWHVGHO·DFWLYLWp/·DWWDFKHPHQWjFHWWHPLVVLRQQDWLRQDOHKDQGLFDSH OHJURXSHVXLVVHGDQVODEDWDLOOHTX·LOHVWFRQGXLWjOLYUHUFRQWUHGHVJURXSHVSULYpV %/6&DUJR RXLQWHUYHQDQWDYHFXQHORJLTXHFRPSpWLWLYH5DLOLRQ /DIDLEOHVVHGHV GpERXFKpVQRUGDFTXLVSDUO·HQWUHSULVHODFRQGXLWjRSWHUSRXUXQHVWUDWpJLHGH FRRSpWLWLRQHQ1RUGPDQQ /DGDWHQ·HVWSDVQHXWUHSXLVTX·DXPrPH PRPHQW5DLOLRQUHoRLWO·DXWRULVDWLRQGHFLUFXOHUHQSURSUHVXUOHVDQFWXDLUH&))OH *RWKDUG/HV&))FKHUFKHQWDLQVLjPLQLPLVHUO·HIIHWGHODFRQFXUUHQFHIURQWDOHOH ORQJGHFHTXLHVWVRQKXEOLQpDLUHHQV·DOOLDQWSRQFWXHOOHPHQWjG·DXWUHVHQWUH SULVHVGHIUHWHQYXHGHSURSRVHUjVRQWRXUXQYUDLUpVHDXLQWpJUpGHVHUYLFHV/HV &))VHUHWURXYHQWDORUVDXFRHXUG·XQHVpULHG·DOOLDQFHVDYHFGHVH[SORLWDQWVKLV WRULTXHVFRPPH6LEHOLWRXSOXVUpFHPPHQW+HFWRU5DLO'DQVOHVGHX[FDVLOV·DJLW G·DOOLDQFHVYLVDQWSULQFLSDOHPHQWOHZDJRQLVROpTXLUHVWHXQHSUREOpPDWLTXHGHIRQG SRXUODFRPSpWLWLYLWpGXIUHWIHUURYLDLUHHQ(XURSH /·DOOLDQFH6LEHOLWHVWFRQFOXHHQDYHF%&DUJR%HOJLTXH &)/&DUJR/X[HP ERXUJ HW)UHW61&)0HLOODVVRQ 6RQREMHFWLI FROOHFWLI HVWGHG\QDPLVHUXQ D[H FRQFXUUHQW j O·KpJpPRQLTXH ULYH GURLWH GX 5KLQ /·HQMHX HVW DXVVL SRUWXDLUH  SHUPHWWUHj$QYHUVGHSRVVpGHUVDYRLHGLUHFWHYHUVOHV$OSHVHQFRQWUHDWWDTXDQW OHJDLQGHFRPSpWLWLYLWpDFTXLVSDU5RWWHUGDPDYHFO·RXYHUWXUHGHOLJQHGHOD%HWXZH &HWWHDOOLDQFHVHPDWpULDOLVHSDUODPLVHHQSRROGHPR\HQVGHWUDFWLRQLQWHURSpUDEOHV HWSDUO·LGHQWLÀFDWLRQGHVLOORQVSULRULWDLUHV3RXUOHV&))LOV·DJLWGHV·RXYULUXQHYRLH DOWHUQDWLYHYHUVOHVSRUWVGHODPHUGXQRUG(QWHUPHVGHSURGXFWLRQIHUURYLDLUHOH EXWHVWGHIDLUHFRQYHUJHUYHUVOHWULDJHGH%kOH0XWWHQ]OHPD[LPXPGHFRQYRLVTXL VRQWDORUVSULVHQFKDUJHSDU&))&DUJROHORQJGX*RWKDUG&HVWUDÀFVVRQWDXWDQW GHFKDUJHGHWUDFWLRQDVVXUpHSRXUODÀOLDOHLWDOLHQQHTXLUHVWHDORUVOHVHXOH[SORLWDQW GHO·DOOLDQFHSRVLWLRQQpVXUFHVHJPHQWGHPDUFKp1RXVUHWURXYRQVODSRODULVDWLRQ GHVDFWLYLWpVGH&))&DUJRVXU%kOH &HWWHSRVWXUHGHUpDFWLRQYLVjYLVGHODG\QDPLTXHGHUDLOLRQVXUOHPDUFKpGHWUDQVLW jWUDYHUVOD6XLVVHQ·H[FOXHFHSHQGDQWSDVXQDSSURIRQGLVVHPHQWGHVUHODWLRQVHQWUH OHVGHX[PDLVRQVPqUHVDXWRXUGHVWUDÀFVYR\DJHXUV'pMjSDUWHQDLUHDXVHLQGHOD 7(($OOLDQFHOHV&))HWOD'%RIÀFLDOLVHQWODQDLVVDQFHGH5KHLQDOSHQXQH VWUXFWXUHGHFRRSpUDWLRQSRXUSURGXLUHOHVWUDLQVGHYR\DJHXUVHQWUHOHVGHX[SD\V 0HLOODVVRQ 

&KDSLWUH/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVOH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWLQDGpTXDWjOD7UDYHUVpH"

0HLOODVVRQ6 D ©&)) &DUJRGRSHVD ÀOLDOHLWDOLHQQHª 0HLOODVVRQ6 E ©&)) &DUJRIRQGHXQH QRXYHOOHVRFLpWpHQ ,WDOLHª 0HLOODVVRQ6 F ©&)) &DUJRSODQGHVDX YHWDJHGXZDJRQª 1RUGPDQ'  /DPLVHHQ±XYUH GHODVWUDWpJLHGH &))&DUJR 0HLOODVVRQ6  ©6LEHOLWUHODQFH O·D[HIUHW$QYHUV %kOHª 0HLOODVVRQ6  ©/HV&))HWOD '%RIÀFLDOLVHQW 5KHLQDOSª



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH

0HLOODVVRQ6  ©&)) &DUJRHW9HROLDDX[ 3D\V%DVª 0HLOODVVRQ6  ©%/6HW'% &DUJRIRQWSUHXYH G·XQHJUDQGH HIÀFDFLWpª %/6 KWWS ZZZEOVFDUJRFKI XQWHUQHKPHQNXU] SURÀOSKS 0HLOODVVRQ6  ©)UHW(&5 jO·DVVDXWGHOD 6XLVVHª



 7RXWHVFHVGpPDUFKHVSHUPHWWHQWj&))&DUJRGHUHGUHVVHUVHVFRPSWHVHQ DYDQWGHFRQQDvWUHGHQRXYHDXXQGpÀFLWHQ/·XUJHQFHSRXUOHJURXSH VXLVVHUHVWHDORUVGHFRQVROLGHUVHVSRVLWLRQVDXQRUGGHV$OSHV6LEHOLWDSHUPLVG·DV VXUHUXQHFKDUJHGHWUDFWLRQQRQGHFRQWU{OHUXQHFKDvQHGHSURGXFWLRQ'qV XQDFFRUGHVWFRQFOXDYHF9HROLDTXLDYDLWDXSUpDODEOHUDFKHWp5DLO&KHPj%$6)  SRXUDWWHLQGUHOHV3D\V%DV0HLOODVVRQ $ODVXLWHXQHFRRSpUDWLRQGLUHFWH DYHFOHV&)/HVWHQJDJpH0DLVODFRQVROLGDWLRQGHODSRVLWLRQGH&))&DUJRVXUFH PDUFKpYLHQWGXSDUWHQDULDWFRQFOXDYHF(565DLOZD\HQ&HWWHHQWUHSULVH SULYpHIRQGpHHQHVWKLVWRULTXHPHQWSRVLWLRQQpHVXUOHVpFKDQJHVGHSXLV5RW WHUGDP%UHPHUKDYHQHW+DPERXUJ(OOHYRLWGDQVOHV&))XQSDUWHQDLUHTXLOXLSHU PHWGHFRQWRXUQHUODQpEXOHXVH'%6FKHQNHU5DLOSRXUDWWHLQGUHOHPDUFKpLWDOLHQ &))&DUJRUHSUHQGOHVWUDÀFVjGHVWLQDWLRQGH3DGRXHHWGH0HO]R0LODQ j0DQQ KHLPHWOHVDFKHPLQHHQ,WDOLHYLDOH*RWKDUG/HGpERXFKpLWDOLHQSURSRVHDLQVLXQ SRWHQWLHOGHFURLVVDQFHSRXUOHJURXSHTXLOHFRQGXLWjV·DOOLHUSRQFWXHOOHPHQWDYHF 6),ÀOLDOHLWDOLHQQHGHIUHW61&) jSDUWLUGHSRXUDWWHLQGUH$OH[DQGULHRX 7XULQGHSXLV'RPRGRVVRODRX1RYDUH/·D[HGX/|WVFKEHUJQHFRQVWLWXHSDVXQH FLEOHPDMHXUHGXJURXSHTXLSUpIqUHPDVVLÀHUOHVÁX[SDUOH*RWKDUGHWDLQVLDOLPHQ WHUHQWUDÀFO·D[HJpUpSDUVDPDLVRQPqUH /HGpYHORSSHPHQWGH&))&DUJRGpSHQGGHVDFDSDFLWpjVHSURMHWHUSRXUFDSWHU HQDPRQWOHVÁX[/DIRQGDWLRQHQDVVRFLDWLRQDYHF+XSDFGH6%%&DUJR,QWHU QDWLRQDO HQ  SDUWLFLSH GH FHWWH ORJLTXH &HWWH QRXYHOOH ÀOLDOH HVW HQWLqUHPHQW WRXUQpHYHUVODSURGXFWLRQGHWUDÀFVFRPELQpV$O·RULJLQHDXVHUYLFHGH+XSDF OHFDUQHWGHFOLHQWqOHV·HVWpWRIIpGHODFRRSpUDWLRQDYHF(56 /D SUREOpPDWLTXH GH &)) &DUJR HVW DX ÀQDO DVVH] SURFKH GH FHOOH G·(XURSRUWH ÀOLDOHIUHWG·(XURWXQQHOVLO·RQFRQVLGqUHXQDXWUHWXQQHOOHWXQQHOVRXVOD0DQFKH (XURSRUWH D YX VHV KRUL]RQV VH GpJDJHU j OD VXLWH GX GpPHQWHOOHPHQW GH 9HROLD &DUJRSXLVTX·HOOHV·HVWSRUWpHDFTXpUHXVHGHODVWUXFWXUH©)UDQFHª$O·pFKHOOHGX JURXSHVDPLVVLRQHVWG·DFFURvWUHOHQRPEUHGHWUDLQVHQWUDQVLWSDUOHWXQQHO DÀQG·DOLPHQWHUODFRPSpWHQFHKLVWRULTXHG·(XURWXQQHOOD*HVWLRQG·,QIUDVWUXFWXUH HWODSHUFHSWLRQGHVSpDJHV/DPrPHREVHVVLRQGHSURMHFWLRQDQLPHOHVGHX[VWUDWp JLHVIUHW/DGLIIpUHQFHPDMHXUHWLHQWjO·DEVHQFHGHPDUFKpGRPHVWLTXHSRXU(XUR SRUWHDORUVTXHOHV&))GRLYHQWFRPSRVHUDYHFXQHDWWLWXGHGpIHQVLYHVXUODTXHOOH SUHQGQDLVVDQFHXQHDWWLWXGHRIIHQVLYH$XÀQDOOHSURÀOG·(XURSRUWHVHPEOHSOXV FRUUHVSRQGUHjFHOXLGH%/6&DUJR /HV$OSLQLVWHVGH%/6&DUJRO·DFWHGHIUDQFKLUFRPPHFRHXUGHPpWLHU  /DJHQqVHGH%/6&DUJRFRPPHFHOOHG·(XURSRUWHWLHQWDXUDSSRUWLQWLPH G·XQH[SORLWDQWjXQWXQQHOGRF 1RXVDYRQVYXFRPPHQWGDQVOHFDGUHGH OD FRRSpUDWLRQ DYHF 5DLOLRQ OD ÀOLDOH GX JURXSH EHUQRLV D pWHQGX VRQ FKDPS GH FLUFXODWLRQDX*RWKDUG/·HQWUpHGH5DLOLRQDXFDSLWDOGHFHWWHÀOLDOHOXLDSHUPLVGH FURvWUHUDSLGHPHQWHWG·DWWHLQGUHXQHPDVVHFULWLTXHHQWHUPHVGHFKDUJHGHWUDFWLRQ jPrPHGHOXLSHUPHWWUHG·HQYLVDJHUXQHSURMHFWLRQSURSUHHQGHKRUVGXPDUFKp VXLVVH/·HIÀFDFLWpGHODFRRSpUDWLRQHQWUHOHVGHX[RSpUDWHXUVDpWpSDUWLFXOLqUHPHQW UHPDUTXp GDQV OH PRQGH IHUURYLDLUH 0HLOODVVRQ   $ÀQ GH JDJQHU HQ DXWR QRPLHVXUO·D[HGX*RWKDUG%/6&DUJRDRXYHUWXQHDQWHQQHWUDFWLRQj&KLDVVR HQ/HJURXSHDDQWLFLSpO·RXYHUWXUHGXWXQQHOGHEDVHGX/|WVFKEHUJTXL FRUUHVSRQGSRXUOXLDXQSRWHQWLHOGHJDLQGHSURGXFWLYLWpDFFUX6XLYDQWOHPRX YHPHQW JpQpUDO GH SURMHFWLRQ HQ ,WDOLH OH JURXSH %/6 RXYUH XQH ÀOLDOH HQ  &KDSLWUH/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVOH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWLQDGpTXDWHjOD7UDYHUVpH"

'HX[LqPHSDUWLH/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVRXO·XWRSLHGHO·DXWRQRPLH 8QHTXrWHGHGpSDVVHPHQWGHVWHUULWRULDOLWpVSROLWLTXHVHWGHVTXRWLGLHQQHWpV$OSLQHV

'RFXPHQW%/6&DUJROHVDOSLQLVWHV ([WUDLWGXVLWHLQWHUQHWGHO·HQWUHSULVH

KWWSZZZEOVFDUJRFKIXQWHUQHKPHQNXU]SURÀOSKSFRQVXOWpOH

%/6&DUJR,WDOLDO·DQQpHPrPHGHO·REWHQWLRQGHO·DXWRULVDWLRQGHFLUFXODWLRQVXU OHUpVHDXDOOHPDQG/·DQQpHVXLYDQWHOHJURXSHRXYUHXQHÀOLDOHHQ$OOHPDJQH%/6 &DUJR'HXWVFKODQGHWGHYLHQWXQFRQFXUUHQWGLUHFWSRWHQWLHOGHVRQDOOLpKLVWRULTXH 5DLOLRQ'DQVOHVIDLWVODV\QHUJLHHQWUHOHVGLIIpUHQWHVPDUTXHVGHODQpEXOHXVH DOOHPDQGHUHVWHODUqJOH'·DLOOHXUVHQ%/6&DUJRSURFqGHjXQHDXJPHQWDWLRQ GHVRQFDSLWDOjO·RFFDVLRQGHODTXHOOHODSDUWGH'%6FKHQNHU5DLOSDVVHGH j  /H UHQIRUFHPHQW DPLFDO GX FRQWU{OH VXU OD VRFLpWp EHUQRLVH PRQWUH FHWWH YRORQWpG·DYDQFHUGHFRQFHUWGDQVFHPDUFKpSDUWLFXOLqUHPHQWFRQFXUUHQWLHOHWDX ÀQDOH[SpULPHQWDO+RUPLVOHPDUFKpDXWRXUGHVSRUWVGHODPHUGXQRUGSHXGH PDUFKpVIHUURYLDLUHVSURSRVHQWXQHFRPSpWLWLRQDXVVLDQLPpHDYHFDXWDQWG·DFWHXUV /DGLYHUVLÀFDWLRQGHVPDUTXHVGHODQpEXOHXVHQHIDLWTX·pWHQGUHODVWUDWpJLHGp YHORSSpHSDU6FKHQNHUDXWRXUGX%UHQQHU /DSDUWGHPDUFKpGH%/6&DUJRVXUO·D[HGX/|WVFKEHUJ6LPSORQHVWHQGH HWVXUOH*RWKDUGGH%/6 $XÀQDOVDSDUWGHPDUFKpGDQVOH WUDQVLWVXLVVHV·pOqYHj+RUPLVO·DQQpHO·HQWUHSULVHQ·DHXGHFHVVHGH YRLUVHVYROXPHVFURvWUH&HWWHDVVLVHOXLSHUPHWGHVHWRXUQHUYHUVGHVPDUFKpVSHX UHJDUGpVGHSXLVOHVSDVVDJHVVXLVVHVQRWDPPHQWOD)UDQFHHWOHVPDUFKpVGH&)) &DUJRQRWDPPHQWYHUV$QYHUVÀJ /HVSUHPLHUVWUDÀFVGpYHORSSpVHQ)UDQFH HQSDUWHQDULDWDYHF(&5GDWHQWGH'qVOHVGHX[HQWUHSULVHVFRRSqUHQW SOXVpWURLWHPHQWj6DLQW/RXLVHWj*HQqYH0HLOODVVRQ %/6&DUJRFKHUFKH jVHSRVLWLRQQHUFRPPHXQDFWHXUHVWRXHVWDÀQGHGLYHUVLÀHUVHVDFWLYLWpVHW VXUWRXWG·DPHQHUXQHSOXVYDOXHjODQpEXOHXVH6FKHQNHU&HODUpSRQGGHOHSRVL WLRQQHPHQW©VXUPHVXUHªPLVHQDYDQWGDQVVDFRPPXQLFDWLRQ%/6 /H%/6 VRXKDLWHVHSRVLWLRQQHUFRPPHXQLQWHUPpGLDLUHjO·pFKHOOHGHVDFWHXUVIHUUR YLDLUHVHXURSpHQVHQMRXDQWGHVRQFDUDFWqUHjPLFKHPLQHQWUHHQWUHSULVHKLVWRULTXH HWQRXYHOHQWUDQW &KDSLWUH/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVOH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWLQDGpTXDWjOD7UDYHUVpH"



EWS

ECR

Trenitalia Logistics France

Fret SNCF



DLC

ERS

DB Schenker Rail DK

Crossrail

Trenitalia Cargo

SBB Cargo Italia Le Nord Cargo

.6XWWRQ

TXL Schweiz

CFF Cargo

KS, 2011.

Rail Traction Company

)LJXUH/HPDUFKpGXWUDQVLWDOSLQXQ©GUDQJQDFK6GHQªFRQWHPSRUDLQ

Captrain Italia

DB Shenker Rail Italia ex - SFM

BLS Cargo Italia Crossrail

BLS Cargo SA

DB Schenker Rail Schweiz ex- Brunner Railway Services

DB Schenker Rail Deutschland Captrain Deutschland SBB International ex - DB Cargo BLS Cargo Deutschland SBB Cargo Deutschland TXLogistik Crossrail

Captrain Nederland

DB Schenker Rail Nederland ex - NS Cargo

Le marché du transit alpin, un « drang nach Süden » contemporain

SZ Cargo

Pol-Rail

Réseau CFF Réseau RCA

Réseau Crossrail

Réseau BLS

Réseau Fret SNCF Réseau Trenitalia Réseau DB Schenker Rail

Alpe Adria

Rail Cargo Austria TXL Austria

Lokomotion

PKP

'HX[LqPHSDUWLH/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVRXO·XWRSLHGHO·DXWRQRPLH 8QHTXrWHGHGpSDVVHPHQWGHVWHUULWRULDOLWpVSROLWLTXHVHWGHVTXRWLGLHQQHWpV$OSLQHV

)UHW61&)QRXULUOHÁX[QDWLRQDO  )UHW61&)QHGpURJHSDVjO·DWWUDLWGHO·,WDOLH%ORTXpHGDQVVDFDSDFLWpG·DF TXLVLWLRQVXLWHDXSODQ)UHWGH09pURQ OD61&)V·HVWUHSRUWpHGDQVXQ SUHPLHUWHPSVGHUULqUHXQH©OLJQH0DJLQRWªIDLWHGHSURWHFWLRQLVPHHWGHSDFWHV GH QRQ DJUHVVLRQ 0HLOODVVRQ   /·HQWUHSULVH IUDQoDLVH D GRQF DYDQFp © PDV TXpHLªGLVVLPXODQWVHVDPELWLRQVGHUULqUHGHVQpFHVVLWpVGHFRRSpUDWLRQFRPPH GDQVOHFDGUHGHO·$)$&HWWHDYHQWXUHDSHUPLVG·REWHQLUO·KRPRORJDWLRQGHV /·,WDOLHGHYLHQWODSUHPLqUHFLEOHGHOD61&)jO·pWUDQJHUDYHFO·$OOHPDJQH/H JURXSH61&)UDFKqWHHQ0RQWIHUDLOXQHHQWUHSULVHLWDOLHQQHGRWpHG·XQFHUWL ÀFDWHWODUHQRPPH61&))UHW,WDOLD6), 'qVFHWWHGDWHGHVWUDLQVVRQWSURGXLWV HQRSHQDFFHVVGHSXLV0RGDQHYHUV$YLJOLDQD9LHOODUG SXLVMXVTX·j$OH[DQGULH TXLV·DIÀUPHWRXMRXUVSOXVFRPPHODFLEOHGHVQRXYHDX[RSpUDWHXUVVXUOHPDU FKpLWDOLHQ7ROLQL /HVDFWLIVLWDOLHQVGHOD61&)VHVRQWHQULFKLVGH9HROLD ,WDOLDORUVGXUDFKDWSDUOD61&)GHWRXWHVOHVPDUTXHVGHFHJURXSHHQj O·H[FHSWLRQGHFHOOHVGHVWLQpHVDXPDUFKpIUDQoDLVGHYHQXHVSURSULpWpG·(XURSRUWH  /DVWUDWpJLHDOSLQHGXJURXSH61&)Q·HVWSDVG·LGHQWLÀHUOHPDUFKpGHIUDQFKLVVH PHQWFRPPHXQHFLEOHHQVRL/·REMHFWLI HVWGHFROOHFWHUGHVÁX[VXUOHVPDUFKpV SpULSKpULTXHVYXGH)UDQFH HWGHOHVUDEDWWUHYHUVOHVWDSLVURXODQWVHWOHVKXEV IUHWVLWXpVVXUOHVROQDWLRQDO(QVRPPHOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVVRQWGHVIHHGHUVDX VHUYLFHG·XQHVWUDWpJLHGHPDVVLÀFDWLRQGHVWULDJHVHWGHVFRUULGRUVIUHWLQWpULHXUV /HPDUFKpGXWUDQVLWDOSLQQHFRQVWLWXHSDVODSULRULWpPDLVOHPR\HQG·DFFURvWUH GHVYROXPHVVRXYHQWLQVXIÀVDQWVSRXUJDUDQWLUXQHSURGXFWLYLWpjPrPHG·pTXLOL EUHUOHVH[HUFLFHVÀQDQFLHUV)UHW61&)Q·DDLQVLSDVGHPDQGpGHVLOORQVSRXUSDVVHU SDUOHVWXQQHOVVXLVVHV/HJURXSHQ·HVWSUpVHQWVXUOHUpVHDX&))TXHSRXUDWWHLQGUH %XFKVHQFRRSpUDWLRQDYHF&))&DUJR$XFXQHFRQQH[LRQQ·H[LVWHHQWUH6),HWOHV ÀOLDOHVGXJURXSHHQ$OOHPDJQH7RXVOHVWUDÀFVFRQYHUJHQWYHUVOD)UDQFHVRXV XQHPDUTXHDXMRXUG·KXLXQLÀpH&DSWUDLQ6),HVWDLQVLUHEDSWLVpH&DSWUDLQ,WDOLD GHSXLV O·,WDOLHXQHWHUUHGHSUpGDWLRQSRXUOHVHQWUHSULVHVIHUURYLDLUHVHXURSpHQQHV  /HSRLQWFRPPXQGHWRXWHVFHVWUDMHFWRLUHVUHVWHODFRQYHUJHQFHYHUVO·,WD OLH GHV DPELWLRQV GH FKDTXH JURXSH ÀJ   /·,WDOLH QH FRQVWLWXH SDV OH PDUFKp YLVpjSURSUHPHQWSDUOp,OV·DJLWGDQVFHSUHPLHUWHPSVG·XQGpERXFKpHWRXG·XQH DLUHG·pPLVVLRQGHÁX[LQWHUQDWLRQDX[DSSHOpVjWUDQVLWHUSDUOHV$OSHV(QFHODOHV 7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVVRQWXQIDFWHXUG·LQFRKpVLRQGHODWUDPHPDUFKDQGHGXIUHW IHUURYLDLUHLWDOLHQDYHFXQJUDGLHQWG·DWWUDFWLYLWpGHVPDUFKpVGpFURLVVDQWjPHVXUH TXHO·RQV·pORLJQHGHVIURQWLqUHVQRUG/DSUHPLqUHDLUHG·DWWUDFWLRQSHXWrWUHGpÀQLH FRPPHFRXUDQWGHVIURQWLqUHVjODUDQJpHPpWURSROLWDLQHGHVGpERXFKpVGHVD[HVGH WUDYHUVpHV7XULQ0LODQ9pURQH9HQLVH 6XWWRQ $XWUDYHUVGHVVWUDWpJLHVSDU H[HPSOHGXJURXSH'%6FKHQNHU5DLOLODSSDUDvWTX·XQHVHFRQGHDLUHG·DWWUDFWLRQVH GHVVLQHFRPSULVHHQWUHFHWWHSUHPLqUHUDQJpHPpWURSROLWDLQHHWOHVWHUPLQDX[PD MHXUVTXHVRQW*rQHV$OH[DQGULHHW%RORJQH,OV·DJLWGHODVHFRQGHUDQJpHGHWHUPL QDX[GHO·HVSDFHLWDOLHQTXLSUpVHQWHO·DYDQWDJHGHGpSDVVHUjO·RXHVWOHV]RQHVORJLV WLTXHVFRQWU{OpHVSDUOHVRSpUDWHXUVVXLVVHVFRPPH+XSDF/DFRQFXUUHQFHHQWUHOHV &KDSLWUH/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVOH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWLQDGpTXDWjOD7UDYHUVpH"

0HLOODVVRQ6  ©&RRSpUDWLRQ RSpUDWLRQQHOOH HQWUH)UHW61&)HW 5DLOLRQª 9LHOODUG5  ©/D61&)GHYLHQW RSpUDWHXUGHIUHWHQ ,WDOLHª 7ROLQL0  ©IUHW61&)V·pWHQG HQFRUHHQ,WDOLHª 6XWWRQ. /H WXQQHOVRXVOH0RQW JHQqYUHHQWUHP\WKHVHW UpDOLWpV



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH UpVHDX[QRUGFRQGXLWjXQHSRXUVXLWHGHO·H[WpULRULVDWLRQGHV3LHGVGHFRUULGRU /HPDUFKpLWDOLHQHVWDLQVLPRUFHOpHQGHX[VHJPHQWVSULQFLSDX[&RUULGRUV6XLVVH HW$XVWURLWDOLHQ HWHQXQWURLVLqPHSpULSKpULTXHGHVFHQWHGX)UpMXV &HWWHLQFR KpVLRQHVWG·DXWDQWSOXVIRUWHTXHOHGpFDODJHWHPSRUHOHQWUHO·RXYHUWXUHGHVPDUFKpV IUHWVHQ,WDOLH HWODSURMHFWLRQGH7UHQLWDOLD&DUJRjO·pWUDQJHUÀQGHVDQQpHV   HVW LPSRUWDQWH /H SUHPLHU VHFWHXU D WUqV ODUJHPHQW pFKDSSp DX[ ORJLTXHV PDUFKDQGHVLWDOLHQQHV7UHQLWDOLDDGXPrPHFRXSG·DXWDQWSOXVGHPDOjLQWHUYHQLU VXUOHPDUFKpTXHOHVUqJOHVQHGpSHQGHQWSOXVGLUHFWHPHQWG·HOOHDORUVPrPH TX·LOV·DJLWGHVRQWHUULWRLUHG·H[SORLWDWLRQKLVWRULTXH/DSUREOpPDWLTXHSRVpHjOD VRFLpWpLWDOLHQQHHVWXQHFDSDFLWpGHULSRVWHHWGHFRQWUHSURMHFWLRQGHSXLVXQH SpULSKpULHGXPDUFKpHXURSpHQ&RPSWHWHQXGHO·HQYLURQQHPHQWSDUWLFXOLqUHPHQW FRQFXUUHQWLHOGHVHVGpERXFKpVLPPpGLDWVDXQRUGHWjO·RXHVWXQGHVREMHFWLIVGH 7UHQLWDOLDDpWpGHV·LPSODQWHUVXUOHVSDVVDJHVRULHQWDX[QRWDPPHQWOH7DUYLV HQWLVVDQWGHVOLHQVSULYLOpJLpVDYHFGHVRSpUDWHXUVVLWXpVGDQVOHV(WDWVQRXYHDX[ HQWUDQWVGHO·8(3RO5DLOHVWDLQVLXQHVRFLpWpFRPPXQHj7UHQLWDOLDHWDX[3.3 3RORJQH TXLSRVVqGHGHX[ÀOLDOHVXQHHQ5RXPDQLHHWXQHHQ+RQJULH&KDUOLHU  &HWWHHQWUHSULVHHVWpWDEOLHj8GLQHDXGpERXFKpGX7DUYLV(OOHYLVHjPDLQ WHQLUXQHFKDUJHLPSRUWDQWHGHWUDÀFVXUFHFRODOODQWDLQVLFRQWUHOHVSURMHWV GHO·8(GRQWQRXVDYRQVSDUOp7ULHVWHHVWLGHQWLÀpFRPPHXQS{OHPDMHXUJpQp 3 voies de projection communes

Schéma de représentation de l’offre de service d’Alpe Adria

Brenner Hambourg Trieste, le hub

Tarvis Hodos

Berlin Services massifiés Duisbourg

Leipzig Antennes de diffusion Services en correspondance proposés en partenariat avec d’autres opérateurs

Cologne

Vienne

Prague

Terminal desservi par Alpe Adria

Brno Ludwigshafen Ulm

Munich

Linz

Zahony

Vienne

Salzbourg

Bratislava

Budapest

Wolfurt Bâle

Szolnok

Graz

Villach

Zurich

TARVIS BRENNER

Trieste KS, 2011.

)LJXUH6FKpPDGHUHSUpVHQWDWLRQGHO·RIIUHGHVHUYLFHG·$OSH$GULD .6XWWRQ



&KDSLWUH/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVOH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWLQDGpTXDWHjOD7UDYHUVpH"

'HX[LqPHSDUWLH/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVRXO·XWRSLHGHO·DXWRQRPLH 8QHTXrWHGHGpSDVVHPHQWGHVWHUULWRULDOLWpVSROLWLTXHVHWGHVTXRWLGLHQQHWpV$OSLQHV Hubs des opérateurs

Confrontation des schémas des services shuttle de Hupac et de navettes d’Alpe Adria Les Traversées Alpines, une valeur ajoutée

Alpe Adria Hupac

Taulov

Hambourg

Lubeck

Terminaux Hupac secondaires Lötschberg-Simplon

Hannovre

Gothard Passages alpins utilisés

Rotterdam

Brenner

Berlin

Tarvis

Anvers Duisbourg

Leipzig

Alpe Adria

Antennes de diffusion

Hupac Services en correspondance proposés en partenariat avec d’autres opérateurs Cologne

Vienne

Ludwigshafen

Terminal desservi Prague

Ulm Munich

Brno Salzbourg

Wolfurt

Linz Vienne

Bâle

Bratislava Zahony

Zurich Budapest

LÖTSCHBERGSIMPLON

BRENNER GOTHARD

Graz TARVIS

Villach Szolnok

Novare

BustoArsizio

Vérone

Trieste KS, 2011.

)LJXUH&RQIURQWDWLRQGHVVFKpPDVGHVVHUYLFHVVKXWWOHGH+XSDFHWGHQDYHWWHVG·$OSH$GULD /HV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVXQHYDOHXUDMRXWpH .6XWWRQ

UDWHXUGHÁX[7UHQLWDOLD&DUJRSRVVqGHG·DLOOHXUVGXFDSLWDOG·$OSH$GULD XQORJLVWLFLHQVSpFLDOLVpGDQVOHVQDYHWWHVGHFRPELQpGHSXLVFHSRUWÀJ /D FKDUJHGHWUDÀFG·$OSH$GULDVHUpSDUWLWHQWUHOH%UHQQHUHWOH7DUYLVFHTXLDVVXUH GDQVOHVGHX[FDVXQHFKDUJHGHWUDFWLRQj7UHQLWDOLD&DUJRVXUOHYHUVDQWVXGHWjVD ÀOLDOH7;/RJLVWLFVDXQRUG 7;/DpWpIRQGpHHQHQ$OOHPDJQH(OOHV·pWHQGVXUOHVD[HVDXWULFKLHQVGX %UHQQHUHWGHV7DXHUQ7DUYLVDLQVLTXHYHUVOHV3D\V%DVHQ&HWWHPrPHDQ QpHHOOHSDVVHODIURQWLqUHLWDOLHQQHSRXUODSUHPLqUHIRLVHWRXYUHGHVÀOLDOHVHQ$X WULFKHHWHQ6XLVVH/·DQQpHVXLYDQWH7;/RJLVWLNDVVXUHVRQSUHPLHUWUDLQjWUDYHUV OD6XLVVHFHTXLÀQLWG·DLJXLVHUO·LQWpUrWGH7UHQLWDOLD&DUJRTXLUDFKqWHO·HQVHPEOHGH VRQFDSLWDOHQSRXUV·RXYULUODYRLHGHVPDUFKpVQRUGGHSXLVO·HQVHPEOHGHV SDVVDJHVFHQWUDX[HWRULHQWDX[GHV$OSHV$O·RXHVW7UHQLWDOLDRSWHSRXUODFUpDWLRQ G·XQHHQWUHSULVHHQ)UDQFH7UHQLWDOLD/RJLVWLFV)UDQFHSRXUFRQWUHU&DSWUDLQ,WDOLD &DUPHOOH   /H G\QDPLVPH GX PDUFKp QRUG LWDOLHQ DWWLUH GH QRXYHDX OHV SUHPLqUHV FRQFUpWLVDWLRQV GH O·H[SORLWDWLRQ HQ RSHQ DFFHVV FHWWH IRLV YR\DJHXUV 'qV O·LQWUR GXFWLRQQRXVDYRQVSDUOpGHV(&0XQLFK9pURQH%RORJQH0LODQYLDODOLJQHGX &KDSLWUH/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVOH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWLQDGpTXDWjOD7UDYHUVpH"

&KDUOLHU/  ©3.3&DUJROD SULYDWLVDWLRQDXVHU YLFHGHVDPELWLRQV HXURSpHQQHVGXIUHW SRORQDLVª &DUPHOOH2  ©7UHQLWDOLDQRXYHO RSpUDWHXUIUHWHQ )UDQFHª



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH %UHQQHUSURGXLWVSDU7(($OOLDQFHHQSDUWHQDULDWDYHF/H1RUGSKRWR &HWWH RIIHQVLYH©LJHUPDQLTXHLªLQWHUYLHQWGDQVXQFRQWH[WHGHUHSRVLWLRQQHPHQWGHOD WUDPH YR\DJHXUV GH 7UHQLWDOLD HQ OLHQ DYHF OH GpYHORSSHPHQW GX UpVHDX *UDQGH 9LWHVVHGDQVOHSD\V/HGpFHPEUHGDWHGXFKDQJHPHQWGHVHUYLFHHWGHODOL EpUDOLVDWLRQGHVVHUYLFHVYR\DJHXUVLQWHUQDWLRQDX[ODPLVHHQVHUYLFHGHOD/*9%R ORJQH)ORUHQFHHWGXGHUQLHUWURQoRQHQWUH7XULQHW0LODQDOLHX'qVORUVXQH/*9 SDUFRXUWWRXWHO·,WDOLHGH7XULQj6DOHUQHHQSDVVDQWSDUOHVSULQFLSDOHVYLOOHVG·XQH GRUVDOHGHVVLQpHSDUOHVÁqFKHVURXJHV0LODQ%RORJQH)ORUHQFH5RPHHW1DSOHV GRF (QOLHQDYHFFHWpYpQHPHQWUpWLFXODLUH7UHQLWDOLDDSSOLTXHODUqJOHGXWDX[ GHUHPSOLVVDJHQRWDPPHQWDGRSWpHSDU7*9HQ)UDQFH/·REMHFWLI HVWG·RSWLPLVHU O·RFFXSDWLRQGHVUDPHVDXSUL[G·XQHUpRUJDQLVDWLRQGHVVFKpPDVGHUpVHDXTXL YLVHjFRQFHQWUHUOHVÁX[YHUVFHVVHUYLFHV$ORUVTXHOHVUpVHDX[61&)'%RXHQFRUH g%%HQVRQWDXSRLQWGHUHFKHUFKHGHFURLVVDQFHH[WHUQH7UHQLWDOLDHQHVWDXVWDGH GHODFRQVROLGDWLRQGXPDUFKp LQWHUQH SUpDODEOH QpFHVVDLUH j WRXW GpVLU GH SURMHFWLRQ &HOD VH FRQFUpWLVH SDU OD PLVH j PDO 7XULQ GHWRXWHVOHVDOOLDQFHVSUpFpGHP PHQW FRQFOXHV GDQV OH FDGUH GH OD GLUHFWLYH  &LVDOSLQR 0LODQ HVWODSUHPLqUHjHQIDLUHOHVIUDLV /·REMHFWLI GH7UHQLWDOLDHVWG·LP %RORJQH SRVHUDXPD[LPXPODUXSWXUHGH FKDUJHj0LODQHWGDQVOHVDXWUHV )ORUHQFH JDUHVGHODGRUVDOHJUDQGHYLWHVVH DÀQ GH SURWpJHU FH VHJPHQW GH PDUFKp&HUHFHQWUDJHGRQQHGX 5RPH PrPHFRXSjYRLUODYXOQpUDEL 1DSOHV OLWp GH O·RSpUDWHXU VXU ODTXHOOH FDSLWDOLVHQWOD'%HWOHVg%%HQ SURGXLVDQWFHIDPHX[WUDLQDYHF /H 1RUG SRXU SDUWLH ÀOOLDOH GH OD '% /D GpIHQVH GH 7UHQLWDOLD WLHQWDORUVDXUHIXVG·DFFXHLOOLUFH WUDLQHQJDUHGH0LODQR&HQWUDOH ODYpULWDEOHWrWHGXUpVHDXQRUG LWDOLHQ SpMRUDQW DLQVL OD FRQQHF WLYLWp GH OD PDUFKH DYHF OH UHVWH GHVVHUYLFHVQDWLRQDX[/H1RUG SRVVqGH HQ HIIHW VHV JDUHV GDQV 0LODQ QRWDPPHQW 3RUWD *DUL EDOGL /·(& DERXWLW DLQVL GDQV FHWWHJDUHVHFRQGDLUHSKRWR  7UHQLWDOLDFKHUFKHjSURWpJHUVRQ 'RFXPHQW©/DOLJQHTXLXQLWOHSD\Vª 3XEOLFLWp SRXU OHV VHUYLFHV *UDQGH 9LWHVVH GH 7UHQLWDOLD /D ÁqFKH URXJH  PDUFKpLQWpULHXUHQO·LVRODQWGHV NPK HWODÁqFKHG·DUJHQWNPK GHVVLQHQWXQHGRUVDOHTXLUHOLHOHVSULQFL YRLHVGHSpQpWUDWLRQVDOSLQHV SDOHVYLOOHVGXO·,WDOLHGH7XULQj1DSOHV /·KHXUH GH OD SURMHFWLRQ VHPEOH 7UHQLWDOLD DYRLU VRQQp FH TXL FRQGXLW DX 

&KDSLWUH/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVOH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWLQDGpTXDWHjOD7UDYHUVpH"

/H WUDLQ HQ SURYHQDQFH GH 0LODQ 3RUWD*D ULEDOGL VWDWLRQQH j TXDL HQ JDUH GH 9pURQH /HWUDLQUHEURXVVHQpFHVVDLUHPHQWHQYXHGH SRXUVXLYUH VRQ SDUFRXUV YHUV OH %UHQQHU /D ORFRPRWLYH LQWHURSpUDEOH GH PRGqOH 7DXUXV G·g%% ,WDOLD VH SUpVHQWH SRXU SUHQGUH HQ FKDUJHOHWUDLQ3HQGDQWFHWHPSVOHSHURQQHO IpPLQLQ G·DFFRPSDJQHPHQWVXUOHSDUFRXUV GHODFRPSDJQLH)HUURYLH1RUG0LODQRWHQXH EOHXH GLVFXWHDYHFOHSHUVRQQHOGHPDQRHXYUH GH7UHQLWDOLDHQFKDUJHGHO·RSpUDWLRQ

/·RSpUDWLRQGHO·DWWHODJHHVWHIIHFWXpOHSHUVRQQHO FRPPHUFLDO DVVXUH OD MRQFWLRQ WHFKQLTXH GRFX PHQWVGHIUHLQDJH DYHFOHPDFKLQLVWHGHODÀ OLDOHLWDOLHQQHGHVg%%HQFKDUJHGXWUDLQMXVTX·j ,QQVEUXFN /H WUDLQ HVW FRPSRVp GH YRLWXUHV g%%DXSUHPLHUSODQ SDUIRLVDXVVL'%PDLV OHPDWpULHOGHWUDFWLRQGHODVpTXHQFHGX%UHQQHU DUERUHOHVFRXOHXUVGHODFRPSDJQLHDXWULFKLHQQH DJUpPHQWpHVGXGUDSHDXLWDOLHQGRQWRQYRLWO·H[ WUpPLWp

/H WHPSV GH OD PDQRHXYUH OD  ORFRPRWLYH TXL DYDLW DPHQp OH WUDLQ j 9pURQH DWWHQGDLW VXUXQHYRLHHQWLURLU(OOHGpSDVVHLFLODFRP SRVLWLRQSRXUDWWHLQGUHOHIDLVFHDXGHJDUDJH &HWWH RSpUDWLRQ HIIHFWXpH OD YRLH VHUD OLEUH SRXU O·(& GH 7(( $OOLDQFH /D SDUWLFXODULWp GHO·pWDSH©LWDOLHQQHªHVWG·rWUHDVVXUpHSDUGX PDWpULHOPRWHXUDSSDUWHQDQWjODGLYLVLRQIUHW GX1RUG0LODQRSURSULpWpGH'%6FKHQNHU 5DLOODPDFKLQHTXHO·RQYRLWHVWHQORFDWLRQ (OOHDUERUHO·DQFLHQQHOLYUpHGH6LHPHQV'LV SRORN

3XEOLFLWp SRXU FH VHUYLFH GDQV OHV FRXORLUV GH OD JDUH GH 9pURQH ©L0RQWH] j ERUG HW HQ DYDQW  %LOOHWV j ERUG GX WUDLQ  VDQV VXSSOpPHQW ª /·pWHQGXH VSDWLDOH GX VHUYLFH FRQVWLWXH O·DUJXPHQW YLVXHOOHPHQW OH SOXVPLVHQDYDQWDX[F{WpVGHODÁH[LELOLWpGHODSRQFWXDOLWpHWGH OD SURPRWLRQ G·XQH GHVWLQDWLRQ GH SUR[LPLWp GHSXLV FHWWH SDUWLH GH O·,WDOLH,QQVEUXFN 3KRWR/HSUHPLHUVHUYLFHYR\DJHXUVHQRSHQDFFHVVjWUDYHUVOHV$OSHV O·(&0XQLFK9pURQH%RORJQH0LODQ3RUWD*DULEDOGL /HVFRXOLVVHVGHODSURGXFWLRQDXUHEURXVVHPHQWHQJDUHGH9pURQH 3KRWR.6XWWRQDR€W



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH MRXUG·KXL DX GpPHQWHOOHPHQW GH OD 6$6 $UWHVLD /D 61&) HW 7UHQLWDOLD VRQW WRXW SDUWLFXOLqUHPHQWHQFRQÁLWVXLWHDX[DIIDLUHVGHIUHWPDLVVXUWRXWVXLWHjODSULVHGH GXFDSLWDOGH179XQHHQWUHSULVHTXLFKHUFKHjFRQFXUUHQFHU7UHQLWDOLDVXUOH PDUFKp*UDQGH9LWHVVHQDWLRQDOjO·KRUL]RQ&XPXOpHDXUHIXVGHODGpURJD WLRQTXLDXUDLWSHUPLVjO·(75GHFLUFXOHUGDQVOHVURXOHPHQWV$UWHVLDDX[F{WpV GHV7*9WULFRXUDQWVFHWWHSULVHGHFDSLWDOGpFOHQFKHXQHFULVHGRQWOHVFOLHQWVIRQW DFWXHOOHPHQWWRXMRXUVOHVIUDLV&HV7*9WULFRXUDQWVURXODLHQWHX[PrPHVHQ,WDOLH DYHFXQHGpURJDWLRQFDULOVQHVRQWSDVpTXLSpVGXV\VWqPH6&07/DQRQUpFLSUR FLWpTXLDSSDUDvWQHWWHPHQWFRPPHXQSURWHFWLRQLVPHGXPDUFKp*UDQGH9LWHVVH IUDQoDLVYXHGHSXLVO·,WDOLHFRQGXLWDXUHWUDLWG·XQHSDUWLHGXSDUFGHVURXOHPHQWV DÀQ GH OHV pTXLSHU GX V\VWqPH DG KRF /H SDUF pWDQW SDUWLFXOLqUHPHQW UHVWUHLQW  XQLWpV  FHOD D GLUHFWHPHQW LPSDFWp OH QRPEUH GH URWDWLRQV DFWXHOOHPHQW UpGXLW j XQDOOHUUHWRXUTXRWLGLHQ$UWHVLDGLVSDUDvWUDHQGpFHPEUH7*9DVVXUHUDOHV UHODWLRQV3DULV0LODQHQRSHQDFFHVVWDQGLVTXH7UHQLWDOLDUHSUHQGUDOHVUHODWLRQVQRF WXUQHV3DULV5RPH9HQLVH&HGLYRUFHGHYUDLWGRQQHUOLHXjXQHDPpOLRUDWLRQGHV GHVVHUWHVDYHFXQUHWRXUGHVUHODWLRQV7XULQ/\RQGLXUQHVSUpYXHVHQSDUWHQDULDW 7UHQLWDOLD9HROLDHQUDPHFODVVLTXH /D*UDQGH9LWHVVHXQHSpULSKpULVDWLRQGHV$OSHV"  'HX[G\QDPLTXHVjODIRLVFRQWUDLUHVHWFRPSOpPHQWDLUHVFDUDFWpULVHQWFHWWH GpUpJXODWLRQODIUDJPHQWDWLRQHWODFRQWLQXLWp/HV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVQHFRQVWL WXHQWjO·pYLGHQFHSDVXQPDUFKpIHUURYLDLUHXQLTXHHWXQL&HFRQVWDWQHIDLWTXH SURORQJHUXQHG\QDPLTXHG·pFODWHPHQWGHV$OSHVHQJDJpHDYHFO·LQVHUWLRQGHV UpVHDX[HXURSpHQVj*UDQGH9LWHVVHGDQVXQHVSDFH/jROHVFKpPD7((LGHQWL ÀDLWOHV$OSHVFRPPHXQSRQWHQWUHGHVUpVHDX[HXURSpHQVODGLIIXVLRQGHVUpVHDX[ *UDQGH9LWHVVHDSSHOOHXQFRQVWDWGHGpPHQWHOOHPHQWGHV$OSHVHQIDLVDQWGHFHW HVSDFHXQHWHUUHGHWHUPLQDLVRQVVHGpWRXUQDQWGHO·DFWHGHIUDQFKLU /·qUHGHOD*UDQGH9LWHVVHGHVVLQHXQHFDUWHRUJDQLVpHDXWRXUGHWURLVJUDQGVUp VHDX[HXURSpHQVSpULDOSLQV,&(7*9(XURVWDU,WDOLD /HV$OSHV\DSSDUDLVVHQW FRPPHXQHSpULSKpULHWRXMRXUVSOXVpFODWpHÀJ 3OXVLHXUVOLJQHVGHFOLYDJH DSSDUDLVVHQW/DSUHPLqUHWLHQWGDQVXQHQHWWHGLVV\PpWULHHQWUHOHVGHX[YHU VDQWVQRUGHWVXG/·DFFpOpUDWLRQHXURSpHQQHYR\DJHXUVFRQGXLWjXQHIRUPHGHUH WRXUQHPHQW$OSLQGHODORJLTXHGHWUDYHUVpH$ORUVTXHOHVD[HVGHWUDYHUVpHDYDLHQW HQSRLQWGHPLUHOHIUDQFKLVVHPHQWOHXULQVFULSWLRQGDQVOHVUpVHDX[jJUDQGHYLWHVVH LGHQWLÀHODOLJQHGHFUrWHFRPPHXQHWHUPLQDLVRQVXG/·qUHGHOD*UDQGH9LWHVVH LQVWLWXHFHVD[HVFRPPHGHVEUDQFKHVSpULSKpULTXHVLQWHUYHQDQWFRPPHGHVVSRNHV GHSXLVOHVKXEVGHVPpWURSROHVHXURSpHQQHV/HYHUVDQWQRUGFRQQDLWGHPXOWLSOHV SpQpWUDWLRQV GHV UpVHDX[ *UDQGH 9LWHVVH VRLW HQ VHUYLFH UpJXOLHU SDU H[HPSOH OD UHODWLRQ,&(SRXU,QWHUODNHQ VRLWGHIDoRQVDLVRQQLqUHSDUH[HPSOHOHV/\ULDQHLJH GHVVHUYDQWOH9DODLVMXVTX·j%ULJXH $O·LQYHUVHOHYHUVDQWVXGQHYRLWTXHTXHOTXHV SpQpWUDWLRQVGDQVODYDOOpHGHO·$GLJHMXVTX·j%RO]DQRRXOHORQJGHO·D[HGX)UpMXV HQWUH)UDQFHHW,WDOLHDYHFOHVUHODWLRQV$UWHVLD&HWWHGLVV\PpWULHWUDGXLWGHQRXYHDX ODVWUDWpJLH*UDQGH9LWHVVHGH7UHQLWDOLDFHQWUpHVXUODGRUVDOH7XULQ0LODQ%RORJQH )ORUHQFH5RPH1DSOHVpYRTXpH 1RXVGLVWLQJXRQVDORUVODVHFRQGHOLJQHGHFOLYDJHO·pFODWHPHQWGHO·HVSDFHDOSLQ HQWUHOHVGLIIpUHQWVEDVVLQVG·H[SORLWDWLRQ/DORJLTXHG·H[SORLWDWLRQHVWDLQVLjGLV 

&KDSLWUH/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVOH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWLQDGpTXDWHjOD7UDYHUVpH"

'HX[LqPHSDUWLH/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVRXO·XWRSLHGHO·DXWRQRPLH 8QHTXrWHGHGpSDVVHPHQWGHVWHUULWRULDOLWpVSROLWLTXHVHWGHVTXRWLGLHQQHWpV$OSLQHV WLQJXHUGHFHOOHGXUpVHDXLQIUDVWUXFWXUH(QHIIHWVLOD6XLVVHVHSURMHWWHjO·H[WpULHXU GHVRQWHUULWRLUHSRXUV·DUULPHUDX[UpVHDX[GH/LJQHj*UDQGH9LWHVVHQRXVQRXV DSHUFHYRQVTXHOHVRSpUDWHXUVIHUURYLDLUHV*UDQGH9LWHVVHVRQWPDMRULWDLUHPHQWLV VXVGHVS{OHVH[WHUQHV,OHQYDGHPrPHSRXUO·$XWULFKHOHVQRXYHDX[5DLOMHWVRQW SRXUWHUUDLQSULQFLSDOODUHODWLRQ9LHQQH6DO]ERXUJ/·HQJDJHPHQWGHFHVUDPHVVXU ODUHODWLRQ9LHQQH=XULFK%UHJHQ]SDUO·$UOEHUJUpSRQGGHODPrPHORJLTXHGHSp QpWUDWLRQDOSLQHGHSXLVXQS{OHH[WHUQH  &HWWHVLWXDWLRQDOSLQHSHXWVDQVGRXWHrWUHFRQVLGpUpHFRPPHWUDQVLWRLUH /HVWXQQHOVGHEDVHHWODEDQDOLVDWLRQGHVFRQGLWLRQVG·H[SORLWDWLRQTX·LOVRIIUHQW DSSHOOHQW XQH LQWpJUDWLRQ GX IUDQFKLVVHPHQW GDQV OHV UpVHDX[ HXURSpHQV *UDQGH 9LWHVVH/·HVVRUG·XQFDGUHFRQFXUUHQWLHODOSLQGDQVFHGRPDLQHIHUURYLDLUHHVWSDU DLOOHXUVDSSHOpSDUOHVGLYHUJHQFHVGH7UHQLWDOLDDYHFOHV&))HWOD61&)/HWHPSV SUpVHQWDSSHOOHFHSHQGDQWjFRQVLGpUHUOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVDXWUDYHUVGHODSUR EOpPDWLTXH GH OD JHVWLRQ GHV SpULSKpULHV HXURSpHQQHV FRPPH QDWLRQDOHV DX WUDYHUVGHODTXHVWLRQGHO·LQWHUPpGLDULWp  Des TEE à la Grande Vitesse européenne, une périphérisation des Alpes

Services des TEE internationaux, été1980

Aires des réseaux Grande Vitesse en Europe, service 2011

Amsterdam

Amsterdam

Bruxelles

Bruxelles

Paris

Paris Mannheim Bâle

Mannheim

Munich Stuttgart

Lyon

Lyon Venise Milan

Venise Milan Turin

1

Nice

Barcelone

Munich Stuttgart

Bâle

1

Nice

KS, 2010.

Relation TEE Tunnel ferroviaire

.P

Barcelone

KS, 2010.

.P

Espace alpin

Aire polarisée sur le réseau TGV

Aire polarisée sur le réseau Railjet

Col ferroviaire

Aire polarisée sur le réseau ICE

Aire polarisée sur le réseau Eurostar

Dynamique d’éclatement des Alpes

Périphérisation des Alpes centrales

Ligne de défense Trenitalia

)LJXUH'HV7((jOD*UDQGH9LWHVVHHXURSpHQQHXQHSpULSKpULVDWLRQGHV$OSHV .6XWWRQ

&KDSLWUH/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVOH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWLQDGpTXDWjOD7UDYHUVpH"



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH

 /DG\QDPLTXHGHOLEpUDOLVDWLRQjO·±XYUHGDQVOHV$OSHVHVWLQGLV VRFLDEOHGHO·DQLPDWLRQGHODFRQVWUXFWLRQSROLWLTXHFRQWLQHQWDOH/HV 7UDYHUVpHV $OSLQHV H[DFHUEHQW OHV HQMHX[ GH FH WRXUQDQW PDUFKDQG HQWDQWTXHPDUFKpSLRQQLHUGDQVO·LQYHQWLRQG·XQQRXYHDXV\VWqPH IHUURYLDLUHHXURSpHQQRQFRQVROLGp/HPRUFHOOHPHQWWHFKQLTXHDXWDQW TXHJpRSROLWLTXHLQWHUYLHQWHQIDYHXUGHFHWWHLGHQWLÀFDWLRQ'·DLOOHXUV ODVHFRQGHUpJLRQG·(XURSHVRXPLVHDXPrPHU\WKPHGHUHFRPSRVLWLRQ HVWOHPDUFKpGXQRUGRXHVWHXURSpHQFHQWUpVXUODIDoDGHSRUWXDLUHGH OD0HUGX1RUG8QHPrPHDVVRFLDWLRQGHPRUFHOOHPHQWVODFDUDFWp ULVH/DPLVHHQUHODWLRQGHFHVGHX[DLUHVSLRQQLqUHVFRQVWLWXHODSUH PLqUHSUREOpPDWLTXHUpWLFXODLUHGHFRQVWLWXWLRQGHJURXSHVjO·pFKHOOH GXPDUFKpVHGHVVLQDQW6LODEDWDLOOHIDLWUDJHDXQRUGO·HQVHPEOHGHV DPELWLRQVFRQYHUJHQWYHUVOHVXGYHUVO·,WDOLH/HV$OSHVGHYLHQQHQW DLQVLODSRUWHG·XQHDLUHQRGDOHTXHQRXVDYLRQVGpMjLGHQWLÀpHDYHF OHVVHUYLFHVGH+XSDFHWTXLDSSDUDvWWRXMRXUVSOXVPRUFHOpHHQWUHGHV ORJLTXHVVSDWLDOHVFRUUpOpHVjO·DJHQFHPHQWGHEDVVLQVGHIUDQFKLVVHPHQW HW DX[ VWUDWpJLHV GH SRVLWLRQQHPHQW GHV DFWHXUV IHUURYLDLUHV /D VL PXOWDQpLWpGHO·H[WpULRULVDWLRQHWGHO·LQWpULRULVDWLRQTXDOLÀHOHV1RX YHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVHOOHDSSDUDvWG·DXWDQWSOXVQHWWHPHQWDX WUDYHUVGHVVFKpPDVG·H[SORLWDWLRQGHV()TXHFHVDFWHXUVFRQVWLWXHQW DXMRXUG·KXLO·pFKHOOHGHUpDOLVDWLRQGXUrYHGHPDUFKpHXURSpHQ/HV GLVFRQWLQXLWpVQDWLRQDOHVUHVWHQWXQHUqJOHHQ(XURSHPDOJUpOHVHVVDLV GHFRRUGLQDWLRQTXLDFKqYHQWOHXUF\FOHHQFRPSURPLVG·KDUPRQLVDWLRQ /HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVVHIRQWDORUVOHSULVPHH[DFHUEpGHV SDUDGR[HV GX QRXYHDX V\VWqPH IHUURYLDLUH IRQGp VXU XQH VpSDUDWLRQ GHVDFWLYLWpV/HPDUFKpOHSOXVDWWUDFWLIOD6XLVVHQ·DSSDUWLHQWSDVj O·8(HWQ·DSDVVXFFRPEpDX[VLUqQHVGHODVpSDUDWLRQGHO·H[SORLWD WLRQHWGHO·LQIUDVWUXFWXUHVDQVTXHFHODSpMRUHG·DLOOHXUVO·LPSDUWLDOLWp GXFDGUHFRQFXUUHQWLHO$XÀQDOO·$OSLQDSSDUDvWFRPPHOHJUDQG SHUGDQWGHFHMHXFRPSOH[HGqVORUVTXHOHVWUDÀFVIUHWGHSUR[LPLWp ZDJRQLVROp HWODORJLTXHIUDQFKLVVDQWHLQWHUQDWLRQDOHVHPEOHQWSkWLU GHVULYDOLWpVHQWUHOHV()/RLQG·HIIDFHUOHVGLVFRQWLQXLWpVOHQRXYHDX V\VWqPHDFFURvWOHVOLJQHVGHGLIIUDFWLRQSUpVHQWHVGDQVOHV$OSHV3RXU DXWDQWO·$OSLQQ·HVWSDVHIIDFpPDLVLOWHQGjV·DXWRQRPLVHUGDQVXQH VpTXHQFHUHIXJHO·$SSURFKH/DEDQDOLVDWLRQGHV$OSHVVHUDLWDLQVL OHSURGXLWG·XQHOHFWXUHPpWURSROLWDLQHSpULDOSLQHSULVjVRQSURSUH OHXUUHO·$OSLQQHGLVSDUDvWSDVLOVHFRQWUDFWHGDQVGHVSRLQWVGH À[DWLRQTXLSHXYHQWFRPSRVHUDXWDQWGHVRXUFHVSRWHQWLHOOHVGHFRQÁLF WXDOLWp/HFRQÁLWVHUDLWDORUVPRWLYpSDUO·pFODWHPHQWJpQpUDOLVpGHV VSDWLDOLWpV V·H[SULPDQW GDQV OHV $OSHV /D UHFKHUFKH GH FRQWLQXLWpV V·DEvPHGDQVOHVVLOORQVGHGLIIUDFWLRQTX·HOOHDHOOHPrPHRXYHUW



&KDSLWUH/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVOH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWLQDGpTXDWHjOD7UDYHUVpH"

'HX[LqPHSDUWLH/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVRXO·XWRSLHGHO·DXWRQRPLH 8QHTXrWHGHGpSDVVHPHQWGHVWHUULWRULDOLWpVSROLWLTXHVHWGHVTXRWLGLHQQHWpV$OSLQHV 

 $WUDYHUVFHWWHDSSURFKHQRXVVRPPHVORLQGHVGLVFRXUV SROLWLFLHQVGXJURXSHGH=XULFKRXGHOD&RQYHQWLRQ$OSLQH/D PDUFKHIHUURYLDLUHGHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVHVWOHIDLWGHFHVG\ QDPLTXHVHXURSpHQQHVUpWLFXODLUHVTXLUHQIRUFHQWSDUDGR[D OHPHQW OH U{OH GHV (WDWV HW PLQLPLVHQW WRXMRXUV SOXV O·pFKHOOH LOOXVRLUHGHV$OSHV/DPDUFKHGXV\VWqPHGHV17$HVWSURIRQGp PHQWPpWURSROLWDLQHHWUpWLFXODLUHPDLVHOOHV·LQVFULWGDQVOHVKp ULWDJHVGHO·DQFUDJHWHUULWRULDOQDWLRQDOGXWHPSVGHV(WDWV&HWWH LQDGpTXDWLRQHVWHQGpÀQLWLYHODSUREOpPDWLTXHWHFKQLTXHSULQ FLSDOH GH OD FRQGXLWH GHV 17$ /HV GLVFRQWLQXLWpV SHUVLVWHQW FRPPHOHPRQWUHQWOHVFDGUHVG·DSSOLFDWLRQGHFHVFRPSRVDQWHV HXURSpHQQHVGHQRXYHDXWp 8QMHXjWURLVpFKHOOHVLQVWLWXWLRQQHOOHVHVWPLVHQSODFHO·(WDW O·(XURSHHWOHV$OSHV/DWURLVLqPHHVWXQHpFKHOOHHQGHYHQLU DSSHOpHGHVY±X[SROLWLTXHVGDQVOHVGLVFRXUV0DLVODUHQFRQWUH HW O·DJHQFHPHQW GHV GHX[ SUHPLqUHV VHPEOHQW LQWHUGLUH WRXW HV SDFH SROLWLTXH j FHWWH ORJLTXH WUDQVQDWLRQDOH HQ SXLVVDQFH TXL LQWHUURJH DX ÀQDO VXU VRQ IRQGHPHQW PrPH /D IRQFWLRQQDOLWp LGHQWLÀpHGDQVFHVGLIIpUHQWHVGpPDUFKHVHVWG·RULHQWDWLRQPpUL GLHQQH2UXQHSHQVpHGHO·HVSDFH$OSLQDSSHOOHXQHRULHQWDWLRQ pSRXVDQWO·pWHQGXHGHO·DUFGRQFRXHVWHVW/DVWUXFWXUHGXMHXQH SDUWLFLSHSDVjLQYHQWHUXQFDGUHVROLGDLUHjO·pFKHOOH$OSLQHPDLV UHGRQGDQW j O·pFKHOOH HXURSpHQQH /·LQWpJUDWLRQ GHV 7UDYHUVpHV $OSLQHVGDQVFHWWHORJLTXHGHFRUULGRUVHXURSpHQVSDUO·H[WpULR ULVDWLRQ GX )UDQFKLVVHPHQW SDUWLFLSH j pFODWHU WRXMRXUV SOXV OHV $OSHVFLUFXODWRLUHVDXVHLQG·XQHPpWULTXHUpWLFXODLUHTXLLQWHUD JLW DYHF OD PpWULTXH WHUULWRULDOH SROLWLTXH KpULWpH VRXV OD IRUPH GHGLIIUDFWLRQV1RXVVRPPHVDORUVGHYDQWXQSDUDGR[HPDMHXU TXL H[SOLTXH OHV pFKHFV GH WRXWH SHQVpH $OSLQH GX SKpQRPqQH GH17$DORUVTXHODVSDWLDOLWpGXIDLWPDUFKDQGVHFRQVWUXLWHQ LQDGpTXDWLRQDYHFODVSDWLDOLWpGXIDLWSROLWLTXHQDWLRQDOFHVGHX[ HQWLWpVV·DOOLHQWSRXUQLHUWRXWHpFKHOOHLQWHUPpGLDLUHPpVRHQWUH (WDWVHW(XURSHTXLVHUDLWODVSDWLDOLWp$OSLQH/HSDUDGR[HUpVLGH GDQVOHIDLWTXHFHWWHVSDWLDOLWpPDUFKDQGHHWVHVG\QDPLTXHVTXH QRXVYHQRQVG·H[SRVHUUHQIRUFHQWODVSDWLDOLWpSROLWLTXHGHV(WDWV (X[VHXOVUHVWHQWDXÀQDODX[FRPPDQGHVGXV\VWqPHGHV17$ /·HQMHXHVWGHQRXYHDXSOXVTXHMDPDLVGDQVODSHQVpHGHVLQ WHUPpGLDLUHV

&RQFOXVLRQ



7URLVLqPHSDUWLH /·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWp O·HQMHXG·XQHQRXYHDXWpUpWLFXODLUH

'pSDVVHUO·LQFRKpVLRQ$OSLQH SDUXQHPERvWHPHQWG·LQWHUPpGLDWLRQV"

/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH

&KDSLWUH /HV%DVVLQVGH)UDQFKLVVHPHQW H[SUHVVLRQVSDWLDOHG·XQHUHIRQWHpSLVWpPRORJLTXH HQWUH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWHW$SSURFKH  &KDSLWUH /·$SSURFKHOHFUHXVHWGHV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV $OSLQHV8QHPLVHHQTXHVWLRQ GHV©EDVVHVYDOOpHVª  &KDSLWUH /HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV jO·pSUHXYHGHYDOHXUDMRXWpHWHUULWRULDOH 

3DJHSUpFpGHQWH 3KRWR9XHGHODUDPSHG·DFFqVDXSRUWDLOVXGGXWXQQHOGHEDVHGX/|WVFKEHUJ5D URJQH GHSXLVOHVHQWLHUGpFRXYHUWHGHODUDPSHVXGGHODOLJQHGHIDvWH $ORUVTX·XQWUDLQGHVVHUYLFHVGH5ROOLQJKLJKZD\VDXWURLVTXDUWVYLGHSpQqWUHGDQVOHWXQQHOO·,5HQ SURYHQDQFHGH*HQqYHV·DSSUrWHjHQWUHUGDQVOHQRHXGGHFRUUHVSRQGDQFHGH9LqJH$ORUVTXHOHV GHX[OLQpDLUHVVHPEOHQWV·LJQRUHUXQUpHOSRWHQWLHOG·DUWLFXODWLRQGHFHWWHVRPPHGHOLQpDLUHV WURLVYRLHVIHUUpHVHWXQVHQWLHU H[LVWH .6XWWRQMXLOOHW



7URLVLqPHSDUWLH/·,QWHUVSDWLDOLWpO·HQMHXG·XQHQRXYHDXWpUpWLFXODLUH GpSDVVHUO·LQFRKpVLRQ$OSLQHSDUXQHPERvWHPHQWG·LQWHUPpGLDWLRQV"  

©/·HQIDQFHGXOLHXDGRQFEUXOp/·LQFHQGLHHVWORLQPDLQWHQDQWPDLVODEU€OXUHHVWWRXWHSURFKH >«@/HSD\VDJHDXUDGRQFGpYRUpGDQVVDJULVDLOOHODPDLVRQURXJHGHO·HQIDQFH>«@ /HURXJHGHPHXUHSRXUWDQWLOVXIÀWGHO·LPDJLQHUGpSODFpHQLQFHVVDQWHGHORFD]LRQH>«@ *ULVDLOOHGXOLHXHQFHQGUHVFHUWHV0DLVOHURXJHOHMDXQHOHIHXODOXPLqUHQ·\VXUJLVVHQWTXH SOXVLQWHQVpPHQWª *HRUJHV'LGL+XEHUPDQ *pQLHGXQRQOLHX$LUSRXVVLqUHHPSUHLQWHKDQWLVH OHVpGGH0LQXLWSS

 $ORUVTXHQRXVYHQRQVGHFRQVLGpUHUXQHVRPPHGHG\QDPLTXHVTXLWHQ GHQWWRXWHVjIDLUHpFODWHUOHV$OSHVOHV17$QHSRXUUDLHQWHOOHVSDVSRUWHUHQFRQWUH SRLQWXQVHQVGHFRKpVLRQ$OSLQH"&HWWHLQWHUURJDWLRQUHSODFHHQGpÀQLWLYHOHV 1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVGDQVXQFDGUHLQWHOOHFWXHOFRQYHQXFHOXLOjPrPHTXL SHUPHWGHSRVWXOHUXQHqUHGH7UDYHUVpHVVROLGDLUHV2UDXGHOjGHODFRQYHQWLRQHW GHVGLVFRXUV LOVHPEOHTXHODGLIIUDFWLRQJpQpUDOLVpHTXLFDUDFWpULVHOHV17$SXLVVHFRQVWL WXHU XQ VRFOH G·RSSRUWXQLWpV SRXU FRQVWUXLUH GHV IRUPHV G·DUWLFXODWLRQV j SDUWLUGHFRQÀJXUDWLRQVLQWHUPpGLDLUHV /D6XLVVHVHPEOHHQFHODSURSRVHUXQHQVHPEOHGHFDVFRQFUHWVDOODQWGHO·pFKHOOH ORFDOHLQWUDQDWLRQDOHjO·pFKHOOHQDWLRQDOHHQSDVVDQWSDUOHVFRQVWUXFWLRQVPpWURSR OLWDLQHVWUDQVIURQWDOLqUHV/jRVHWURXYHXQHLQWHUPpGLDULWpXQSRWHQWLHOG·LQ WHUPpGLDWLRQSHXWrWUHUpYpOp&HWWHSLVWHQRXVDQFUHjODVXLWHGHQRVSURSRVGDQV XQHJpRJUDSKLHDFWRULHOOHTXLWHQGjSRQGpUHUOHSRLGVGHO·DFWHXUSROLWLTXHGDQVOH V\VWqPHSDUODUpKDELOLWDWLRQGHODYDOHXUWHUULWRULDOHGHO·DFWHXUGHUpVHDX 3RXUVXLYUHFHWWHSLVWHQRXVLQFLWHjSURSRVHUXQPRGHGHUHSUpVHQWDWLRQjPrPHGH GRQQHUjYRLUOHVVWUXFWXUHVVSDWLDOHVTXLPDQLIHVWHQWODWUDPHGHQRWUHDSSURFKH,O V·DJLWG·XQHIRUPHGHPRGpOLVDWLRQTXHQRXVSURSRVRQVGHQRPPHU%DVVLQVGH )UDQFKLVVHPHQWFKDSLWUH /DFRQVWUXFWLRQGHFHV%DVVLQVVHIRQGHVXUOHVDFTXLV GHVSDUWLHVDQWpULHXUHVHWUHFRQYRTXHUDFHUWDLQHVÀJXUHVGpMjSURSRVpHVDÀQGHOHV FRQIURQWHUHWOHFDVpFKpDQWGHOHVIXVLRQQHU&RQVLGpUHUGHV%DVVLQVUHYLHQWjLGHQ WLÀHUXQFRHXUHWGHVHQWUHGHX[1RXVFRQVLGpUHURQVOHSURGXLWGHODPRGpOLVDWLRQ WDQWHQSRVLWLI TX·HQQpJDWLI,OV·DJLUDGHVDLVLUOHVDQLPDWLRQVHQFRXUVDXFRHXUGX V\VWqPH/HSRVLWLRQQHPHQWGHO·D[H7DXHUQ7DUYLVDSSDUDvWUDWRXWSDUWLFXOLqUHPHQW HQ PXWDWLRQ HQWUH DWWUDFWLRQ GX %UHQQHU HW FRQWH[WH GH O·pODUJLVVHPHQW GH O·8( 'LIIpUHQWHV IRUPHV G·LQWHUPpGLDULWpV DSSDUDvWHURQW DLQVL HW QRXV SHUPHWWURQW GH TXHVWLRQQHUOHXUUDSSRUWjOD7UDYHUVpH&HWWHWUDMHFWRLUHFRQGXLWLPPDQTXDEOHPHQW jFRQVLGpUHUGHVPRXYHPHQWVTXLV·HQGpWRXUQHDFFURLVVDQWHQFHODXQHWHQVLRQj O·DXWRQRPLVDWLRQGHODVpTXHQFHHO·$SSURFKHFKDSLWUH /RUVTXHOHEDVIDLW pFODWHULODSSDUDvWTXHOHKDXWJDUGHXQHFDSDFLWpIpGpUDWULFH4X·HOOHV·H[SULPHVRXV OD IRUPH G·XQH SDWULPRQLDOLVDWLRQ G·XQH ODEHOOLVDWLRQ RX G·XQH FRPPHUFLDOLVDWLRQ VRXVODIRUPHG·XQHPDUTXHFHSRWHQWLHOGHFRKpUHQFHVHPEOHGpFXSOpjO·RFFD VLRQGHVpYpQHPHQWVUpWLFODLUHVTXHVRQWOHVRXYHUWXUHVGHVWXQQHOVGHEDVH/jR OHEDVDJDOYDXGpO·$OSLQMXVTX·jWHQGUHjEDQDOLVHUOHV7UDYHUVpHVO·HVVHQFHPrPHGH FHSKpQRPqQHQHUpVLGHWLOSDVGDQVVDVpTXHQFHFHQWUDOHHWSULPRUGLDOHOH)UDQ FKLVVHPHQW"FKDSLWUH  ,QWURGXFWLRQ



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH



7URLVLqPHSDUWLH/·,QWHUVSDWLDOLWpO·HQMHXG·XQHQRXYHDXWpUpWLFXODLUH GpSDVVHUO·LQFRKpVLRQ$OSLQHSDUXQHPERvWHPHQWG·LQWHUPpGLDWLRQV"

&KDSLWUH /HV%DVVLQVGH)UDQFKLVVHPHQW H[SUHVVLRQVSDWLDOHG·XQHUHIRQWHpSLVWpPRORJLTXH HQWUH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWHW$SSURFKH

 /HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVRQWXQHH[SUHVVLRQVSDWLDOHIRUWH(OOHV %UXQHW5GLU DSSHOOHQWDLQVLjSURSRVHUXQHPpWKRGHGHUHSUpVHQWDWLRQjPrPHGHGRQQHUjYRLU  /HVYLOOHV O·LQpJDOHLQWHQVLWpGHWLVVDJHGHVFRPSRVDQWVTXLSHUPHWWHQWGHOHVGpÀQLU,OVHPEOH ©HXURSpHQQHVª TXHODPRGpOLVDWLRQSHUPHWWHOHPLHX[GHUHPSOLUFHWWHIRQFWLRQWDQWO·pFODWHPHQW %UXQHW5  jO·RHXYUHGDQVOHV$OSHVGRQQHjFRQVLGpUHUODFRQVWLWXWLRQG·HQVHPEOHWRXMRXUV ©/HVOLJQHVGH IRUFHGHO·HVSDFH SOXVDXWRQRPHV1RXVSURSRVRQVDLQVLXQHQRXYHOOHIRUPHGHUpJLRQDOLVDWLRQGHV HXURSpHQª 7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVIRQGpHVVXUOHVHQVHLJQHPHQWVGHVSURGXFWLRQVJUDSKLTXHVSUp FpGHPPHQWH[SRVpHV $ORUV TXH OHV VpTXHQoDJHV VSDWLDX[ DQWpULHXUV SULYLOpJLDLHQW XQHHQWUpHGHO·RUGUHGHOD7UDYHUVpHQRXVSURSRVRQVXQHHQWUpHGHO·RUGUHGX )UDQFKLVVHPHQW 1RXV SURSRVRQV GH TXDOLÀHU Les Bassins de Franchissement à l’épreuve des lignes de force de l’espace européen Aire de positionnement relatif GH%DVVLQGH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWO·pOpPHQWGHEDVHGH FHWWHQRXYHOOHDSSURFKHVSDWLDOH Accumulation

&HWWHGpPDUFKHUpSRQGGHODPLVHHQLQpTXD WLRQGX)UDQFKLVVHPHQWHWQRQGHODPLVHHQ pTXDWLRQGHOD7UDYHUVpH Concentration

/DUpJLRQDOLVDWLRQSURSRVpHFKHUFKHUDjFRQVWUXLUH XQGLDORJXHDYHFG·DXWUHVIRUPHVGHPRGpOLVDWLRQV GHO·(XURSHQRWDPPHQWFHOOHVSURSRVpHVGDQVOHV WUDYDX[GH5%UXQHW , 1RXVFKHU FKHURQVjFDUDFWpULVHUOHVGLIIpUHQWV%DVVLQVDX WUDYHUVGHOHXUSRVLWLRQQHPHQWUHODWLI DXVHLQG·XQ WULDQJOH GRQW OHV WURLV VRPPHWV VRQW O·DFFXPX ODWLRQ OD FRQFHQWUDWLRQ HW OD GLOXWLRQ ÀJ   0DLVFHWH[HUFLFHRIIUHXQHVHFRQGHSRVVLELOLWpGH OHFWXUHSDUODQpJDWLYHOHVLQWHUVWLFHV&HVDLUHV HQFUHX[jO·pFKHOOHGXSKpQRPqQHFRQVLGpUpSHU PHWWHQWGHTXHVWLRQQHUXQHpYHQWXHOOHG\QDPLTXH G·DXWRQRPLVDWLRQ G·XQ LQWHUPpGLDLUH $OSLQ GRQW O·LGHQWLÀFDWLRQ VHPEOH FRQVWLWXHU XQ HQMHX IRQGDPHQWDOSRXUOHV17$,, 

KS, 2011.

Dilution

)LJXUH/HV%DVVLQVGH)UDQFKLVVHPHQW jO·pSUHXYHGHVOLJQHVGHIRUFHGHO·HVSDFHHXURSpHQ $LUHGHSRVLWLRQQHPHQWUHODWLI .6XWWRQ &HUHSqUHHVWFRQVWUXLWDXWRXUGHWURLVJUDQGHSROUDLWpTXLVHUYHQWjHQFDGUHU XQHOHFWXUHGHO·(XURSH%UXQQHW/pY\ /·DFFXPXOD WLRQTXLFDUDFWpULVHODJHQqVHGHODGRUVDOHF{WRLHODFRQFHQWUDWLRQFDUDFWpULV WLVTXHGHODFRQVWUXFWLRQSROLWLTXHGHOD)UDQFH/DGLOXWLRQFDUDFWpULVHOD]RQH GHEUR\DJHVRLWOHFRQWDFWHQWUHGHX[(XURSHV

&KDSLWUH/HV%DVVLQVGH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWH[SUHVVLRQVSDWLDOHG·XQHUHIRQWHpSLVWpPRORJLTXHHQWUH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWHW$SSURFKH



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH

, /HV%DVVLQVGH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWHVVDLGHPRGpOLVDWLRQ GHODVSDWLDOLWpGHV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV

8QHFRQYHUJHQFHGHTXDWUHIDFWHXUVGHVSDWLDOLWp /HFDGUHVSDWLDOGHO·DFWHGHIUDQFKLUYHUVODWUDPHGHEDVHGHV%DVVLQV Première délimitation des Bassins de Franchissement à partir des ensembles de ferroutage support et légende du support: figure 33c.

Bettembourg Regensburg

Bassin Brenner

Bassin Suisse

Fribourg bou urg g Bâle âlle

Bassin occidental Aiton A iton

Wels W We

Sbg. bg g.. g Wö g SSb Wörgl BrennMaribor Maaribo a or or nersee see ee

Trenttto Tren Trent o Lugano Lug o Trento Luga Novare Trieste N Orb b ba Orbassan sa sano

Szeged

Bassin étoile de Villach

Tauern-Tarvis Perpignan N

400 km

KS, 2011.

Bassin de Franchissement

Tauern-Tarvis

Identification d’une première forme d’intermédiaire restant à qualifier

)LJXUH3UHPLqUHGpOLPLWDWLRQ GHV%DVVLQVGH)UDQFKLVVHPHQW jSDUWLUGHVHQVHPEOHVGHIHUURXWDJH VXSSRUWÀJXUHF .6XWWRQ

 4XDWUHIDFWHXUVGHVSDWLDOLWpSHUPHW WHQWG·LGHQWLÀHUGHVVHJPHQWDWLRQVVSDWLDOHV /HSUHPLHUHVWOHFDGUHVSDWLDOSROLWLTXHGH O·DFWHGHIUDQFKLU&HIDFWHXUVHIRQGHGRQF VXU OH SpULPqWUH GH O·(WDW VRLW GH O·DFWHXU SULQFLSDOTXLFRQWULEXHjGpÀQLUOHVUqJOHVGH FLUFXODWLRQVOHSOXVVRXYHQWO·(WDWGXYHUVDQW QRUG &HSpULPqWUHGRLWrWUHFURLVpDYHFOHV pYHQWXHOV SKpQRPqQHV GH SURMHFWLRQ IURQ WDOLqUHV TXH QRXV DYRQV PLV HQ pYLGHQFH DX WUDYHUV GHV 3LHGVGH)UDQFKLVVHPHQW $ FKDTXHIDFWHXUHVWDVVRFLpXQLQGLFHTXHQRXV DYRQVGpYHORSSpGDQVOHFRXUVGXWH[WH3RXU OHV HVSDFHV SROLWLTXHV GX IUDQFKLVVHPHQW LO V·DJLW GHV VHUYLFHV GH IHUURXWDJH 7URLV JUDQGVHVSDFHVDYDLHQWpWpLGHQWLÀpVÀJ   O·HQVHPEOH IUDQFRLWDOLHQ FHQWUp DXWRXU GX )UpMXV $)$  O·HQVHPEOH VXLVVH 5ROOLQJ +L JZD\V  HW O·HQVHPEOH DXWULFKLHQ 5ROD  &H GHUQLHU HQVHPEOH SUHVpQWDLW XQ pFODWHPHQW HQWURLVVRXVEDVVLQVTXLWDQWG·XQSRLQWGH YXH KLVWRULTXH TXH GHV LWLQpUDLUHV HPSUXQ WpVSHUPHWWDLWGHUHFRPSRVHUODGLVV\PpWULH FODVVLTXH %UHQQHUpWRLOH GH 9LOODFK /·D[H 7DXHUQ7DUYLV QRXV SUpVHQWH XQ SUHPLHU SUREOqPHGHSRVLWLRQQHPHQW,OQHVHPEOH SDVVHVXIÀUHjOXLPrPHQLUpSRQGUHH[FOX VLYHPHQW G·XQ GHV GHX[ HQVHPEOHV OH F{ WR\DQW(QFHODQRXVFKRLVLVVRQVGHQHSDVOH ÀJXUHUFRPPHXQ%DVVLQPDLVFRPPHXQH SUHPLqUHIRUPHG·LQWHUPpGLDLUHIRUPpSDUOD VXSHUSRVLWLRQWDQWGX%DVVLQ%UHQQHUTXHGH FHOXLGHO·pWRLOHGH9LOODFK&KDFXQGHVGHX[

&KDSLWUH/HV%DVVLQVGH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWH[SUHVVLRQVSDWLDOHG·XQHUHIRQWHpSLVWpPRORJLTXHHQWUH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWHW$SSURFKH



7URLVLqPHSDUWLH/·,QWHUVSDWLDOLWpO·HQMHXG·XQHQRXYHDXWpUpWLFXODLUH GpSDVVHUO·LQFRKpVLRQ$OSLQHSDUXQHPERvWHPHQWG·LQWHUPpGLDWLRQV" HQVHPEOHVSHXWUHYHQGLTXHUFHWD[H,OHVWDVVRFLpDX%UHQQHUGXIDLWGHVRQGpERX FKp LWDOLHQ RULHQWDO 0DLV GDQV OH PrPH WHPSV FKDFXQ GHV GHX[ LWLQpUDLUHV SHXW HQWUHU GDQV  GHV FRPSRVLWLRQV G·D[HV DOWHUQDWLYHV TXL MXVWLÀHQW O·DWWDFKHPHQW SDU 9LOODFKDXUHVWHGHO·pWRLOH 1RXVSURSRVRQVGRQFGDQVXQSUHPLHUWHPSVGHFRQVLGpUHUXQHWUDPHTXLDUWLFXOH OHV$OSHVHQTXDWUHHQVHPEOHVGHEDVH/HV%DVVLQV$OSHVRFFLGHQWDOHVIUDQFRLWD OLHQQH6XLVVH%UHQQHUpWRLOHGH9LOODFK&HVTXDWUHHQVHPEOHVFRQVWLWXHQWGRQFOD WUDPHGHEDVHGHV%DVVLQVGH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWSXLVTX·LOVSHUPHWWHQWGHGpFRXSHU O·HVSDFH$OSLQVHORQXQHORJLTXHTXLQ·HVWQLVHXOHPHQWQDWLRQDOHQLVHXOHPHQWSK\ VLTXH&HWWHWUDPHQ·HVWSDVÀJpH1RXVFKHUFKHURQVG·DLOOHXUVjHQFRQVLGpUHUOHV UHFRPSRVLWLRQVQRWDPPHQWSRXUFHTXLFRQFHUQHXQD[HTXLDSSDUDvWFRPPHWRX MRXUVSOXVPRELOHGDQVVRQSRVLWLRQQHPHQWO·D[H7DXHUQ7DUYLV/HSUHPLHULQGLFH PRELOLVpHVWLFLO·RULHQWDWLRQG·XQRXWLODXVHUYLFHG·XQHSROLWLTXHQDWLRQDOHGH JHVWLRQHWG·RULHQWDWLRQGHVÁX[GHIUDQFKLVVHPHQW&HWLQGLFHSHUPHWG·REWHQLUOHV GpOLPLWDWLRQVHQWUHOHV%DVVLQV /HVHVSDFHVWHFKQLTXHVGHJHVWLRQYHUVO·LGHQWLÀFDWLRQGHODIRUPHGHV%DVVLQV  /H GHX[LqPH IDFWHXU WLHQW j O·pWDEOLVVHPHQW GHV FRQGLWLRQV PRWLOHV ,O GRQQHODIRUPHTXLSHUPHWGHPRGpOLVHUO·HQVHPEOH1RXVSURSRVRQVGHGp SDVVHUO·DJHQFHPHQWGHWULDQJOHVGHODSUHPLqUHpWDSHGHPRGpOLVDWLRQÀJ SRXU DGRSWHUODVSKqUHFRPPHIRUPHpOpPHQWDLUHGHFHWWHPRGpOLVDWLRQÀQDOH/DVSKqUH IDLWpFKRjO·DIÀFKHGHOD:HOWEDKQGRF /DVRPPHGHV%DVVLQVHQWUHDLQVLj O·LQWpULHXUG·XQHVSKqUHTXLUHSUpVHQWHODYRORQWpGHVLQJXODULVDWLRQGXSKpQRPqQH SDUOHVGLVRXUVSROLWLTXHVFRPPHJpRJUDSKLTXHVQHVHUDLWFHTXHSDUOHIDLWGHOH QRPPHU/DIRUPHVSKpULTXHSUpVHQWHDXGHOjGHFHWWHDQDORJLHELHQGHVDYDQWDJHV (OOHHVWSDUWLFXOLqUHPHQWPRGXODEOHHWSHUPHWGHFRQVWUXLUHXQMHXGHUHOLHI SDUWLFX OLqUHPHQWjPrPHGHGRQQHUjYRLUOHVFRQWUDVWHVGHVLWXDWLRQHQWUHOHV%DVVLQV $FKDFXQHGHVPpWULTXHVSURSRVpHVLWLQpUDLUHD[HFRUULGRU FRUUHVSRQGXQHFRQÀ JXUDWLRQVSKpULTXHSOXVRXPRLQVDERXWLH/DVSKqUHODSOXVDERXWLHFDUDFWpULVHELHQ V€UODPpWULTXHFRUULGRUGqVORUVTXHODVpTXHQFHGXIUDQFKLVVHPHQWSK\VLTXHFRU UHVSRQG j XQH DFFXPXODWLRQ GH OLQpDLUHV VXSHUSRVpV FRQQH[HV /D PpWULTXH D[HFRUUHVSRQGjO·LQYHUVHjO·H[SUHVVLRQGHODFRQFHQWUDWLRQGDQVOHWHPSVGH IUDQFKLVVHPHQWÀJ &HWWHPpWULTXHVHUHWURXYHUHSUpVHQWpHSDUXQHIRUPHHQ FUHX[HQVDSDUWLHFHQWUDOH/DVSKqUHGHYLHQWGDQVFHFDVXQHIRUPHGHVDEOLHURXOD SDUWLHpWURLWHFRUUHVSRQGDXVHJPHQWFRPSULVHQWUHOHVGHX[3LHGVGH7UDYHUVpH/D PpWULTXHLWLQpUDLUHHVWDORUVXQHFRQÀJXUDWLRQLQWHUPpGLDLUHHQFHTX·HOOHSHUPHW GHWHQGUHYHUVO·XQHRXO·DXWUHGHVDXWUHVFRQÀJXUDWLRQV'·DLOOHXUVLODSSDUDvWTXH OHVOLJQHVLQVFULWHVGDQVFHWWHPpWULTXHSXLVVHQWrWUHDVVRFLpHVWDQW{WHQXQDJHQFH PHQWG·D[H7DUYLV7DXHUQF{WpDXWULFKLHQ WDQW{WHQXQDJHQFHPHQWGHFRUULGRU 7DXHUQ7DUYLVHW%UHQQHUYXG·,WDOLH (QFHODODIRUPHTXLOXLFRUUHVSRQGHVWK\ EULGHDYHFXQF{WpSOHLQHWXQF{WpFUHX[/HF{WpSOHLQHVWWRXUQpYHUVODV\QDSVH PDWULFHGH©FRUULGRUªOHF{WpFUHX[PDUTXHXQHSURIRQGHGLVFRQWLQXLWpDYHFVRQ YRLVLQ(QVRPPHOHVTXDWUHEDVVLQVGRQQHQWjYRLUWURLVFRQÀJXUDWLRQVVSDWLDOHV WHFKQLTXHVTXLSHXYHQWrWUHUpVXPpVSDUXQMHXGHSDUHQWKqVHVFRUULGRU D[H  HWLWLQpUDLUH RX

&KDSLWUH/HV%DVVLQVGH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWH[SUHVVLRQVSDWLDOHG·XQHUHIRQWHpSLVWpPRORJLTXHHQWUH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWHW$SSURFKH



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH De triangles...

Les Bassins de Franchissement, une conférence de sphères à partir de la fig. 50

Métrique d’itinéraire, F + 2A ≤ T

KS, 2011. Métrique d’axe, F - 2A ≤ T

L’aire des Traversées Alpines

Métrique de corridor, F ≥ 2A – T

Bassin de métrique corridor Lorsque la logique circulatoire identifie le passage comme un trait d’union à l’intérieur d’un même espace horaire : le passage comme élément de continuité, ordre du Franchissement dominant

... en sphères.

Discontinuité établie au passage, soit pour des raisons politiques (frontière), soit pour des raisons techniques (graphe de circulation, aires de cadencement non connexes), ordre de l’Approche dominant

Réseau à voie métrique

Bassin de métrique d’axe Une configuration intermédiaire sous-jacente : l’ensemble Tauern-Tarvis Bassin de métrique itinéraire

)LJXUH/HV%DVVLQVGH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWXQHFRQIpUHQFHGHVSKqUHV jSDUWLUGHODÀJ .6XWWRQ

/DPDQLIHVWDWLRQGXSKpQRPqQHFLUFXODWRLUH 9HUVODUHSUpVHQWDWLRQGXSRLGVUHODWLI GHV%DVVLQVGDQVOHSKpQRPqQHJpQpUDO  ,QWHUYLHQW DORUV OH WURLVLqPH IDFWHXU  OD PDQLIHVWDWLRQ GX SKpQRPqQH FLUFXODWRLUH OXLPrPH ,O V·DJLW DORUV GHV HVSDFHV IRQFWLRQQHOV GH FLUFXODWLRQ &H IDFWHXUSHUPHWG·LQWURGXLUHO·LPSRUWDQFHGHO·H[SORLWDQW)HUURYLDLUHOjROHSUH PLHULQWURGXLVDLWO·(WDWHWOHGHX[LqPHOH*HVWLRQQDLUHG·LQIUDVWUXFWXUH&HWURLVLqPH IDFWHXUYLVHjFDUDFWpULVHUOH%DVVLQG·XQSRLQWGHYXHPDUFKDQGHWGHFRQIURQWHU O·LQWHQVLWpGHVRQLQVFULSWLRQFRQFXUUHQWLHOOHDYHFOHGHJUpG·LQWpJUDWLRQGXV\V WqPH GH JHVWLRQ HW O·HVSDFH SROLWLTXH G·HQFDGUHPHQW GHV FLUFXODWLRQV /·LQGLFH HVW DORUVOHQRPEUHG·H[SORLWDQWVUpJXOLHUVSUpVHQWVGDQVOH%DVVLQHWOHQRPEUHGH WUDLQVPR\HQTXRWLGLHQIUDQFKLVVDQWODOLJQHGHFUrWH8QHpFKHOOHG·pYDOXDWLRQGH O·DWWUDFWLYLWpGHVSDVVDJHVHVWSURSRVpHHQÀJXUH&HIDFWHXUMRXHDORUVVXUODWDLOOH GHODVSKqUHGHEDVH3OXVOHGHJUpG·DWWUDFWLYLWpHVWpOHYpDXVHLQGX%DVVLQSOXVOD ERXOHVHUDGHWDLOOHLPSRUWDQWH $XÀQDOFHWWHPRGpOLVDWLRQYLVHjSURSRVHUXQHOHFWXUHGHO·pFODWHPHQWGHO·HV SDFH GHV 7UDYHUVpHV $OSLQHV HW SOXV HQFRUH XQH YXH GHV FRQFXUUHQFHV TXL DQLPHQWOHVUHODWLRQVHQWUHOHVGLIIpUHQWVEDVVLQV &KDSLWUH/HV%DVVLQVGH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWH[SUHVVLRQVSDWLDOHG·XQHUHIRQWHpSLVWpPRORJLTXHHQWUH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWHW$SSURFKH



7URLVLqPHSDUWLH/·,QWHUVSDWLDOLWpO·HQMHXG·XQHQRXYHDXWpUpWLFXODLUH GpSDVVHUO·LQFRKpVLRQ$OSLQHSDUXQHPERvWHPHQWG·LQWHUPpGLDWLRQV" Les Bassins de Franchissement : une lecture de l’attractivité des aires de franchissement à partir des fig. 39, 47 et 69.

nt me seg

C

tB segmen Schober

A segment Semmering Tauern

Gothard Brenner

Fig. 39

Simplon

Fréjus

PKP DB Schenker Rail Nederland ex - NS Cargo

EWS

KS, 2011

DB Schenker Rail DK

ERS Captrain Nederland

Tarvis

N

DLC

100 km

DB Schenker Rail Deutschland Captrain Deutschland SBB International ex - DB Cargo BLS Cargo Deutschland SBB Cargo Deutschland TXLogistik Crossrail

Vintimille

Lokomotion

Rail Cargo Austria DB Schenker Rail Schweiz ex- Brunner Railway Services ECR

TXL Austria

Pol-Rail

CFF Cargo

BLS Cargo SA Crossrail

Rail Traction Company TXL Schweiz

X

SZ Cargo

Fret SNCF BLS Cargo Italia Crossrail

Alpe Adria SBB Cargo Italia

DB Shenker Rail Italia ex - SFM

Le Nord Cargo

Trenitalia Logistics France Captrain Italia

Trenitalia Cargo

KS, 2011.

Fig. 70

Le nombre d’exploitants présent sur les axes des Bassins : l’indice d’intensité de l’inscription concurrentielle

Fig. 48 Le volume rapporté au nombre de trains moyen circulant sur les itinéraires du Bassin : l’indice d’efficacité et de productivité

= Classe 4 : ≤ 0,2

La taille des sphères : l’indice d’attractivité La taille de chacune des sphères n’est pas absolue. Cette valeur est collectivement relative : 4 = (1,33)3 = (2)2 = (4)1

3DVVDJH )UpMXV 6LPSORQ *RWKDUG

Classe 3 : ] 0,2 - 0,25 ] Classe 2 : ] 0,25 - 0,3 ]

Classe 1 : ≥ 0,3

1RPEUH G·H[SORLWDQWV 9ROXPH UpJXOLHUV DQQXHO %DVVLQV  

  

%DVVLQV  

1RPEUHGH WUDLQV TXRWLGLHQV PR\HQ

%DVVLQV

7RWDO %DVVLQV

&ODVVH















 

%UHQQHU















7DUYLV





















6FKREHU 6HPPHULQJ



 



 

)LJXUH/HV%DVVLQVGH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWXQHOHFWXUHGHO·DWWUDFWLYLWpGHVDLUHVGHIUDQFKLVVHPHQW jSDUWLUGHVÀJHW .6XWWRQ

/·LQWHQVLWpGXIDLWWUDYHUVDQWYHUVXQHUHSUpVHQWDWLRQGHO·RUGUHGLUHFWHXUGX%DVVLQ  7RXWFHTXLFLUFXOHVXUOHVD[HVGH7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQVHQHIUDQFKLWSDVIRUFp PHQWOHWXQQHORXOHFRO5HQGUHFRPSWHGH%DVVLQVGH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWDSSHOOHDLQVL jSURSRVHUXQHPHVXUHGHO·LQWHQVLWpGXIDLWWUDYHUVDQWSDUODFRQIURQWDWLRQHQWUH OHQRPEUHGHFRQYRLVTXLIUDQFKLVVHQWHIIHFWLYHPHQWODOLJQHGHFUrWHHWOHQRPEUH WRWDOGHFLUFXODWLRQVGDQVO·HVSDFHGHOD7UDYHUVpH/·LQGLFHPRELOLVpHVWDLQVLOHWDX[ GHIUDQFKLVVHPHQWjO·RHXYUHGDQVOH%DVVLQ3OXVLHXUVVLWXDWLRQVSHXYHQWVHSUp VHQWHU/·D[HGX)UpMXVSURSRVHXQHFRQÀJXUDWLRQGDQVODTXHOOHOHQRPEUHGHFLUFX ODWLRQVV·DUUrWDQWDX[SRUWHVGXWXQQHOQRWDPPHQWVXUOHYHUVDQWLWDOLHQ$O·LQYHUVH OH/|WVFKEHUJIDvWHSURSRVHXQHFRQÀJXUDWLRQROHQRPEUHGHFLUFXODWLRQVFHQWUpH VXUO·DFWHGHIUDQFKLUHVWGHORLQSOXVLPSRUWDQWTXHOHQRPEUHGHWUDLQVSDUFRXUDQW OHVUDPSHVGXIDLWGHVVHUYLFHVGHQDYHWWHDXWR/H*RWKDUGVHPEOHRIIULUXQHFRQÀ JXUDWLRQpTXLOLEUpHRODTXDVLWRWDOLWpGHFHTXLFLUFXOHGDQVO·HVSDFHGHOD7UDYHUVpH IUDQFKLWHIIHFWLYHPHQWODOLJQHGHFUrWH&HWWHGLIIpUHQFHHQWUHOHVD[HVVXLVVHVGRLW rWUH OLVVpH j O·pFKHOOH GX FRUULGRU GqV ORUV TXH OH V\VWqPH GH IUDQFKLVVHPHQW SUR SRVpGDQVFH%DVVLQHVWIRQGpVXUODUHGRQGDQFH8QHPR\HQQHVHUDDLQVLIDLWHj O·pFKHOOHGX%DVVLQ&HVWURLVSURÀOVSHUPHWWHQWGHGpÀQLUO·RUGUHG·DSSDUWHQDQFH &KDSLWUH/HV%DVVLQVGH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWH[SUHVVLRQVSDWLDOHG·XQHUHIRQWHpSLVWpPRORJLTXHHQWUH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWHW$SSURFKH



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH

3DVVDJH

1RPEUHGH FLUFXODWLRQV

IUDQFKLVVDQWHV

1RPEUHGH FLUFX­ 7RWDO%DVVLQ 7RWDO%DVVLQ O·pFKGH ) 7 O·HVSDFHGHOD 7UDYHUVpH

)UpMXV

1EUH GH FLUFX TXLQH IUDQFKLVVHQW SDV



6LPSORQ



*RWKDUG









7DUYLV

  VDQV 7DXHUQ 7DUYLV

$SSURFKH

5RXJH

)• 7• $

)UDQFKLVVHPHQW

-DXQH

) 7 • $

7UDYHUVpH

%OHX

 

)• 7• $ ) 7 • $

7UDYHUVpHSDU UHGUHVVHPHQW GHO·HIIHW 7DXHUQ7DUYLV

%OHX



)• 7• $

)UDQFKLVVHPHQW

-DXQH

 











6HPPHULQJ



.DUDZDQNHQ



6FKREHU







3\UKQ







7DXHUQ



7DUYLV





$• 7 )







7DXHUQ

&RXOHXU





%UHQQHU

2UGUH



 

5DSSRUW





/|WVFKEHUJ EI

7RWDO%DVVLQ $



 

 





 

7DEOHDX0DWULFHG·LGHQWLÀFDWLRQGHO·RUGUHGHUpIpUHQFHGHV%DVVLQVGH)UDQFKLVVHPHQW .6XWWRQ &HWDEOHDXSURSRVHXQHV\QWKqVHGHVGRQQpHVFLUFXODWRLUHVPR\HQQHVDX[pFKHOOHVGHO¶D[HHWGX%DVVLQ1RXVUHWURXYRQVOHVRUGUHVGHVVp TXHQFHVGp¿QLHVORUVGXFKDSLWUH77UDYHUVpH))UDQFKLVVHPHQW$$SSURFKH (QIRQFWLRQGXUDSSRUWGHJUDQGHXUHQWUHFHVVpTXHQFVH O¶RUGUHGLUHFWHXUGX%DVVLQDSSDUDvW1RXVOXLDIIHFWRQVDORUVODFRXOHXUFRUUHVSRQGDQWHVHORQOHFRGHFRXOHXUpWDEOL

%UXQHW 5   ©/HV OLJQHV GH IRUFH GH O·HVSDFH HXUR SpHQª %DUURW - (OOLVDOGH %5RTXHV*  (XURSH (XURSHV HV SDFHVHQUHFRPSRVLWLRQ

GHV%DVVLQVWDEOHDX /RUVTXHOHQRPEUHGHFLUFXODWLRQVIUDQFKLVVDQWHVH[FqGH FHOXLSDUFRXUDQWOHVUDPSHVHWO·HVSDFHFRPSULVHQWUHOHV3LHGVGH7UDYHUVpHO·RUGUH HVWOH)UDQFKLVVHPHQW6XLVVH /RUVTX·LO\DpTXLOLEUHHQWUHODGRQQpH7UDYHUVpHHWOD GRQQpH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWO·RUGUHHVWOD7UDYHUVpHpWRLOHGH9LOODFK /RUVTXHOHGp VpTXLOLEUHHVWHQIDYHXUGXYHUVDQWO·RUGUHHVWO·$SSURFKH)UpMXV $FKDTXHRUGUH QRXVDSSOLTXRQVDORUVODFRXOHXUFRUUHVSRQGDQWH /DUpJLRQDOLVDWLRQTXLGpFRXOHGHFHWWHW\SRORJLHURPSWDYHFOHVVSDWLDOLVDWLRQVSUp FpGHQWHVÀJWDEOHDX /·,WDOLHVHPEOHGLVSDUDvWHUGHUULqUHO·pFODWHPHQWGHV HVSDFHVGXIUDQFKLVVHPHQWTXLVHUpSHUFXWHMXVTX·jODOLJQHGHV3LHGVGH)UDQFKLV VHPHQWHWGRQWOHVpFKRVVRQWHQFRUHSHUFHSWLEOHVjODKDXWHXUGHV3LHGVGHFRUUL GRU/DTXHVWLRQVRXOHYpHSDUFHWWHPRGpOLVDWLRQHVWDLQVLFHOOHGHODFRKpVLRQHWGH O·LPSRVVLEOHVROLGDULWp$OSLQH/HV%DVVLQVVRQWHQFRQFXUUHQFHHWOHXUSHUIRUPDQFH VHPEOHGpSHQGUHGHOHXUFDSDFLWpjUHVVHUHUOHVOLHQVG·LQWpJUDWLRQVHQWUHOHXUVD[HV DXGpWULPHQWGHVFRQQH[LWpVH[WHUQHVLQWHU%DVVLQV$XIRQGOHGHVVLQTXLHQVRUWVH SUpVHQWHFRPPHXQPLURLUGHVG\QDPLTXHVHXURSpHQQHVSDUWLFOXLqUHPHQWPLVHVHQ IRUPHGDQVOHVWUDYDX[G·DQDO\VHVSDWLDOHGH5%UXQHW RXGH%DUURW(OLVVDOGH HW5RTXHV OHVOLJQHVGHIRUFHGHO·HVSDFHHXURSpHQOHXUJHQqVHHWOHXUUHFRP SRVLWLRQVVRXVO·HIIHWGHO·pODUJLVVHPHQWGHVKRUL]RQVGHODFRQVWUXFWLRQSROLWLTXHGX FRQWLQHQW

&KDSLWUH/HV%DVVLQVGH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWH[SUHVVLRQVSDWLDOHG·XQHUHIRQWHpSLVWpPRORJLTXHHQWUH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWHW$SSURFKH



Les Bassins de Franchissement : la toute puissance suisse, l’incohésion Alpine

L’aire des Traversées Alpines

La forme, expression de la métrique

La taille expression de l’attractivité Classe 4

Classe 3

Bassin de métrique corridor

Classe 2

Bassin de métrique d’axe

Classe 1

KS, 2011.

L’esquisse d’une remise en cause : le positionnement de l’ensemble Tauern-Tarvis

Bassin de métrique itinéraire

La couleur,expression de l’intensité du fait franchissant Ordre du Franchissement dominant

Derrière le Brenner et l’étoile de Villach, le spectre d’une recomposition des associations d’itinéraires en Autriche

Ordre de la Traversée

Ordre de l’Approche

)LJXUH/HV%DVVLQVGH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWODWRXWHSXLVVDQFHVXLVVHO·LQFRKpVLRQ$OSLQH .6XWWRQ

)DFWHXUGH VSDWLDOLWp

3pULPqWUH

,QGLFH

$FWHXU

(OpPHQW FRQVWLWXWLIGHV %DVVLQVGH )UDQFKLVVHPHQW

&DGUHVSDWLDO SROLWLTXHGHO·DFWHGH IUDQFKLU

(WDWHWSURMHFWLRQ XOWUDIURQWDOLqUH

6HUYLFHVGHIHUURXWDJH

(WDW

7UDPHGHEDVH

(WDEOLVVHPHQWGHV FRQGLWLRQVPRWLOHV

$VVRFLDWLRQV WHFKQLTXHVGH OLQpDLUHVHQD[HRXHQ FRUULGRU

5DSSRUWQRPEUHGH WUDLQV IUDQFKLVVDQWQRPEUH GHWUDLQVFLUFXODQW GDQVO·HVSDFHGHOD 7UDYHUVpH

*HVWLRQQDLUH G·,QIUDVWUXFWXUH

)RUPHGHEDVHGH PRGpOLVDWLRQVSKqUH SOXVRXPRLQV DERXWLH

1RPEUHG·H[SORLWDQWV SUpVHQWVVXUO·D[HHW QRPEUHGHWUDLQV PR\HQ

0DQLIHVWDWLRQGX SKpQRPqQH FLUFXODWRLUH 0DUFKp GHIUDQFKLVVH PHQW ,QWHQVLWp GXIDLW WUDYHUVDQW

5DSSRUWQRPEUHGH WUDLQV IUDQFKLVVDQWQRPEUH  GHFLUFXODWLRQGDQV O·HVSDFHGHOD 7UDYHUVpH

7DLOOHGHODVSKqUH ([SORLWDQW )HUURYLDLUH &RXOHXUGHODVSKqUH

7DEOHDX7DEOHDXGHGHV\QWKqVHGHVIRQGHPHQWVGHODFRQVWUXFWLRQGHV%DVVLQVGH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWV .6XWWRQ



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH

8QHSUHPLqUHOHFWXUHGHVGHJUpVG·LQWpJUDWLRQ SDUOHVOLJQHVGHIRUFHGHO·HVSDFHHXURSpHQ %UXQHW5  ©/HVOLJQHVGHIRUFH GHO·HVSDFHHXUR SpHQª 9DOpU\3  9DULpWpV 2)7 $OSWUDQ VLW 8QH YLVLRQ GHYLHQW UpDOLWp 2)7   $OS WUDQVLW 'H QRXYHDX[ LWLQpUDLUHV j WUDYHUV OD 6XLVVH /·$OSH )UDQ FKLUOHV$OSHV /·$OSH  1RXYHOOHVWUDYHUVpHV IHUURYLDLUHV 0DUWLQ-3&KDWHDX % 7UDYHUVHU OHV$OSHVODURXWHHQ TXHVWLRQ $OSHVPDJD]LQH+6  $OSHVOHV WUDQVSRUWVHQTXHVWLRQ

 ,OFRQYLHQWGHTXHVWLRQQHUOHVVSpFLÀFLWpVGHFKDFXQGHV%DVVLQVGH)UDQ FKLVVHPHQW DLQVL LGHQWLÀpV /H IRQG GH FHWWH TXHVWLRQ UHQYRLH OH UDLVRQQHPHQW j XQHGHVGLVV\PpWULHVIRQGDPHQWDOHVG·(XURSHSURSRVpHVSDU5%UXQHW HQWUH O·(XURSHUKpQDQHHWOD)UDQFHFRPPHFRQVWUXFWLRQSROLWLTXHO·DFFXPXODWLRQHWOD FRQFHQWUDWLRQ$FHFRXSOHQRXVDMRXWRQVO·LGpHGHUDSSRUWDXPD[LPDGH39DOpU\  DXWUDYHUVG·XQHWURLVLqPHSRODULWpODGLOXWLRQ /H%DVVLQ6XLVVHO·HVVHQFHGHO·DFFXPXODWLRQ  /H%DVVLQTXLSUpVHQWHODORJLTXHODSOXVDFFRPSOLHHWTXLQRXVDSHUPLVGH PHWWUHHQpYLGHQFHODQRWLRQGH3LHGGH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWHVWOH%DVVLQ6XLVVHÀJ  &H%DVVLQVHFRPSRVHG·XQFRUULGRUGRQWOHV3LHGVGH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWVRQW%kOHDX QRUGHW1RYDUH0LODQDXVXG&HVQ±XGVG·pFODWHPHQWRXYUHQWVXUGHX[D[HVOH /|WVFKEHUJ6LPSORQHWOH*RWKDUG3RXUOHSUHPLHUQRXVDYRQVSXLGHQWLÀHU%HUQH HW 'RPRGRVVROD FRPPH 3LHGVGH7UDYHUVpH 3RXU OH VHFRQG FHV Q±XGV RQW pWp LGHQWLÀpVHQ$UWK*ROGDXHW%HOOLQ]RQD&HVGHX[D[HVVHFRPSRVHQWHX[PrPHV GHGHX[LWLQpUDLUHVSHUPHWWDQWO·DFWHGHIUDQFKLUODOLJQHGHIDvWHHWODOLJQHGHEDVH 3RXUOHPRPHQWFHOOHFLQ·HVWSDVHQVHUYLFHSRXUOH*RWKDUGPDLVODSODFHGHFHWWH OLJQHGDQVOHVFKpPDG·H[SORLWDWLRQGXUpVHDXHVWGpMjSHQVpHjODGLIIpUHQFHGXFDV GX/\RQ7XULQSDUH[HPSOH 2)7 /·DVVRFLDWLRQSURSRVpHSDUOHVD[HV VXLVVHVHVWDLQVLIRQFWLRQQHOIRQFWLRQQHOWHLQWpHGHSDWULPRQLDOHWGHSUR[LPLWp SRXUODOLJQHGHIDvWHFRPPHO·LOOXVWUHGpMjOH/|WVFKEHUJ/·DSSRUWGHQRXYHOOHVLQ IUDVWUXFWXUHVGDQVODYHUWLFDOLWpSRUWHDLQVLO·LGpHGHO·DFFXPXODWLRQTXLFDUDFWpULVH ODGRUVDOHHXURSpHQQHMXVTX·DXF±XUGHV$OSHV(QFHODOHVHFWHXU6XLVVHHVWSDUWL FXOLqUHPHQWLQWpJUpG·XQSRLQWGHYXHV\VWpPLTXHHWV·DIÀUPHFRPPHOHUHÁHWGHV FDUDFWpULVWLTXHVVSDWLDOHVGHODGRUVDOH 5%UXQHWQRWHTXHFKDFXQGHVTXDWUHJURXSHVGHPRGqOHVTX·LOFRQVLGqUH OHV GLVV\PpWULHVGXFRQWLQHQWODGRUVDOHOH5LQJHWOHWUHLOODJHGHO·(XURSH ©QHSHXYHQW SDVSOHLQHPHQWV·H[SULPHUHQUDLVRQGHODIUDJPHQWDWLRQKLVWRULTXHGHO·(XURSHªS ,OSRXU VXLWHQDIÀUPDQWTX·©LOH[LVWHXQHFRQWUDGLFWLRQHQWUHFHVPRGqOHVHWO·H[LVWHQFHGHV(WDWVLª /DFDUDFWpULVWLTXHWUDQVIURQWDOLqUHHVWFHTXLXQLWFHVTXDWUHPRGqOHVHWHQPrPH WHPSVFHTXLDSSRUWHXQHUXJRVLWpOLPLWDQWOHXUYDOLGLWpGDQVOHXUDSSOLFDWLRQVSDWLDOH $XÀQDOQRXVUHWURXYRQVjWUDYHUVFHWWHPRGpOLVDWLRQO·LPSRUWDQFHGHFHFDUDFWqUH WUDQVIURQWDOLHUFRPPHXQIDFWHXUH[SOLFDWLI SRWHQWLHOGHODGLVV\PpWULHTXLDQLPH O·HQVHPEOHGHVSKqUHV/·HQVHPEOHGHV%DVVLQVSHXWrWUHOXFRPPHWUDQVIURQWDOLHU /H%DVVLQ6XLVVHV·pWHQGMXVTX·HQ,WDOLHO·pWRLOHGH9LOODFKDXVVL2UGDQVOHVFDGUHV DFFHSWpVSRXUUpDOLVHUFHPRGqOHQRXVQHQRXVVRPPHVSDVIRQGpVVXUOHVVHXOVGp FRXSDJHVGHV(WDWVPDLVDXVVLVXUOHVHIIHWVGHSURMHFWLRQXOWUDIURQWDOLqUHV(QFHOD OD6XLVVHIRQFWLRQQHOOHV·pWHQGMXVTX·DX[SRUWHVGH0LODQRXj1RYDUH/H%DVVLQ 6XLVVHFRQVWLWXHGHFHIDLWXQHIRUPHGHGpSDVVHPHQWGHODWUDQVIURQWDOLDULWpSROL WLTXHFODVVLTXHSDUXQMHXGHSURMHFWLRQVIRQFWLRQQHOOHVHWWHFKQLTXHV&H%DVVLQHVW

&KDSLWUH/HV%DVVLQVGH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWH[SUHVVLRQVSDWLDOHG·XQHUHIRQWHpSLVWpPRORJLTXHHQWUH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWHW$SSURFKH



7URLVLqPHSDUWLH/·,QWHUVSDWLDOLWpO·HQMHXG·XQHQRXYHDXWpUpWLFXODLUH GpSDVVHUO·LQFRKpVLRQ$OSLQHSDUXQHPERvWHPHQWG·LQWHUPpGLDWLRQV" G·DXWDQW SOXV DFFRPSOL TX·LO V·DIIUDQFKLW Le Bassin Suisse, l’accomplissement par l’accumulation de la redondance GHODGRQQpHOLPLWDQWHGXFDUDFWqUHWUDQV Bâle IURQWDOLHU ÀJ   ,O FRQVWLWXH ELHQ XQ rWUHJpRJUDSKLTXHHQVRLWDQWSDUVDFR Zurich KpUHQFHPDUFKDQGHTXHSDUVDFRKpUHQFH Berne St-Gall PRWLOH GH UHGRQGDQFH GHV FDSDFLWpV LQ G Coire Genève L IUDVWUXFWXUHOOHVGHFLUFXODWLRQ/DJHVWLRQ And. GHODFULVHGXMXLQO·DLOOXVWUpÀJ Brigue   7RXV FHV pOpPHQWV FRQYHUJHQW SRXU Locarno Domo. LGHQWLÀHUGpÀQLWLYHPHQWOD6XLVVHFRPPH XQHIRUPHG·vOHDFFRPSOLH&HWDFFRP Milan/Novare KS, 2011. SOLVVHPHQW HVW G·DXWDQW SOXV PDQLIHVWH Axe nord-sud : transit et liaisons TX·LO HVW DOLPHQWp SDU OHV SHUFHSWLRQV GH Tunnels de base centres-périphéries VHVYRLVLQV/D6XLVVHHVWpOHYpHDXUDQJGH PRGqOH SRXU OD FRQGXLWH GHV WXQQHOV Dorsale du cadencement Echos à la dorsale GHEDVHHWSRXUODIRUPDOLVDWLRQGHVRQ V\VWqPH IHUURYLDLUH /·2EVHUYDWRLUH %%7 Frontière fonctionnelle tenant compte Pieds-de-Franchissement des projections ultra-frontalières V·LQVSLUH SDU H[HPSOH GHV PpWKRGHV GH Gothard FRQFHUWDWLRQPLVHVDXSRLQWSDUOHVGHX[ L Lötschberg G $OS7UDQVLWDLQVLTXHGHOHXUVVWUDWpJLHVGH FRPPXQLFDWLRQ/D6XLVVHHVWYDQWpHSRXU )LJXUH/H%DVVLQ6XLVVH VRQ YRORQWDULVPH SROLWLTXH HW WHFKQLTXH O·DFFRPSOLVVHPHQWSDUO·DFFXPXODWLRQGHODUHGRQGDQFH .6XWWRQ /·$OSH    0DUWLQ &KDWHDX   $OSHV 0DJD]LQH   VDQV TXH O·HIIRUWSRUWpVXUODSDUWLHDOSLQHQHVRLWMDPDLVSRQGpUpSDUXQHOHFWXUHGXSRLGVGp PRJUDSKLTXHUHODWLI GHV$OSHVGDQVFKDFXQGHV(WDWVFRPSDUpV&HYRORQWDULVPH HVWG·DXWDQWSOXVHIÀFDFHTX·LOSODFHOD6XLVVHHQSRVLWLRQGHFKRLVLUXQHGHVWLQpH DFFHSWDEOHHQWHUPHVG·HQFDGUH Les Bassins de Franchissement à l’épreuve des lignes de force de l’espace européen PHQWGXWUDQVLWjO·pFKHOOHGHVRQ Aire de positionnement relatif SpULPqWUHQDWLRQDOpODUJLHWQRQj Le Bassin Suisse O·pFKHOOHGHV$OSHV/·vOHHVWG·DX Accumulation WDQWSOXVSHUIRUPDQWHHWDWWUDFWLYH TX·HOOHDXWRDOLPHQWHO·RFpDQTXL OD VpSDUH GX UHVWH GHV $OSHV DX EHVRLQ HQ UHWRXUQDQW OHV IURQ WLqUHVQDWLRQDOHVpWDEOLHVjO·DLGH Concentration GXIDLWIHUURYLDLUHPDUFKDQG/·DW WUDFWLYLWp PDUFKDQGH GX *RWKDUG FRQWULEXHDXVVLjDOLPHQWHUO·LQVX ODULWpSXLVTXHFHOOHFLVHQRXUULWGH ODVRPPHGHVDFWHVGHIUDQFKLU KS, 2011. DFFXHLOOLV &HUWHV XQH G\QDPLTXH G·H[WpULRULVDWLRQ HVW j O·RHXYUH Dilution PDLV XQ KRUL]RQ GH FRQYHUJHQFH )LJXUH  /HV %DVVLQV GH )UDQFKLVVHPHQW j O·pSUHXYH GHV GHPHXUH  OD OLJQH GH FUrWH V·DI OLJQHVGHIRUFHGHO·HVSDFHHXURSpHQ ÀUPH GpÀQLWLYHPHQW FRPPH OH $LUHGHSRVLWLRQQHPHQWUHODWLI /H%DVVLQ6XLVVH IHUPHQW GH O·HVVHQFH QDWLRQDOH .6XWWRQ &KDSLWUH/HV%DVVLQVGH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWH[SUHVVLRQVSDWLDOHG·XQHUHIRQWHpSLVWpPRORJLTXHHQWUH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWHW$SSURFKH



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH 7RXWSDVVHWRXWERXJHVDXI OH*RWKDUGTXLUHVWHOHJpRV\PEROHGXIDLWWUDYHUVDQW /·DFFXPXODWLRQÀJ FDUDFWpULVWLTXHIRQGDPHQWDOHGHOD'RUVDOHHXURSpHQQH VHORQ5%UXQHW5LTXHW HQWUHHQpFKRDYHFOHVPD[LPDGHOD GpÀQLWLRQGHO·HXURSpDQLWpGH39DOpU\ RXGHODGHQVLWpGH-/pY\  /H%DVVLQ6XLVVHVHUDLWHQFHODODTXLQWHVVHQFHG·XQrWUHHXURSpHQIRQGpVXUFH UDSSRUWjO·DGGLWLRQTXLHVWjODIRLVFXPXODWLYHHWVXFFHVVLYHGDQVOHWHPSVHWO·HV SDFH/jOHSDUDGR[HH[WpULRULVDWLRQUp LQWpULRULVDWLRQSUHQGVHQVO·H[WpULRULVDWLRQ FRUUHVSRQGjXQHDFFXPXODWLRQGDQVO·HVSDFHIRQGpHVXUOHSDUFRXUVHWO·DGDSWDWLRQ GHO·DFWHGHIUDQFKLUDX[SRVVLELOLWpVWHFKQLTXHVODUp LQWpULRULVDWLRQFRUUHVSRQGj XQHDFFXPXODWLRQGDQVOHWHPSVTXLHVWDXIRQGHPHQWPrPHGHO·LQYHQWLRQGHWRXW JpRV\PEROH/DSUHPLqUHHVWGLIIXVLRQODVHFRQGHHVWUpSpWLWLRQPDLVOHVGHX[Up SRQGHQWELHQGHGHX[IRUPHVG·DFFXPXODWLRQTXLV·RSSRVHQWGDQVO·RULJLQHFRPPH GDQVODPDQLIHVWDWLRQ /H%DVVLQIUDQFRLWDOLHQO·HVVHQFHGHODFRQFHQWUDWLRQ  &H PrPH GHJUp G·LQWpJUDWLRQ QH VH UHWURXYH HQ HIIHW SDV GDQV OH %DVVLQ IUDQFRLWDOLHQ/DFRQFHQWUDWLRQV·LPSRVHFRPPHVDFDUDFWpULVWLTXHSUHPLqUH$ORUV TXH OH )UDQFKLVVHPHQW HVW XQH VpTXHQFH G·pFODWHPHQW GDQV OH %DVVLQ 6XLVVH LO VH FRQFHQWUHLFLVXUXQVHXOLWLQpUDLUHOH)UpMXV TXLGHVVLQHXQHIRUPHG·HQWRQQRLU OjROHSUHPLHUGHVVLQDLWXQHVSKqUHSOHLQH/·HQFKDvQHPHQW7UDYHUVpH $SSURFKH )UDQFKLVVHPHQW\HVWUHVSHFWp0DLVO·$SSURFKH\VHPEOHIRUWHPHQWFRQWUDFWpH TXDVLPHQW j GLVSDUDvWUH ORUVTX·LO \ D Le Bassin occidental franco-italien, la concentration pour raison territoriale DFWH GH IUDQFKLU &HWWH FRQWUDFWLRQ HVW HQ IDLW XQH IRUPH G·DXWRQRPLVDWLRQ GHO·$SSURFKHTXLVXLWVRQpYLFWLRQGH OD VpTXHQFH WUDYHUVDQWH ÀJ   &HWWH DXWRQRPLVDWLRQFRQVWLWXHHQUHWRXUXQH Chambéry QpJDWLRQGHOD7UDYHUVpH6LO·DFWLRQGH WUDYHUVHU V·H[SULPH GDQV XQH PpWULTXH G·D[HVRXVODIRUPHGHO·LQpTXDWLRQ) Modane Bard. $L”L7 OD IUpTXHQWDWLRQ SULQFLSDOH GH F O·D[HGX)UpMXVWHQGSOXVjrWUHIRUPXOpH Turin VRXVODIRUPHGH7L”L$)&HWWHLQp TXDWLRQ WUDGXLW XQH VRUWLH GH OD 7UD KS, 2011. YHUVpH TXL FRUUHVSRQG j XQH VHFRQGH PDQLIHVWDWLRQ GX WHPSV GHV (WDWV WUD Axe de pénétration vers... Deux terminaisons territoriales. YHUWLFLGH /D IURQWLqUH SULPH DORUV VXU OD OLJQH GH FUrWH 1RXV QH SRXYRQV ... approprié par une frontière politique. F Le Fréjus, un passage... SDV LGHQWLÀHU GH 3LHGVGH)UDQFKLVVH ... qui collectent les flux PHQWGqVORUVTXHO·RUGUHGRPLQDQWHVW depuis les réseaux nationaux Des Pieds-de-Traversée... qui se détournent des Alpes. OD 7UDYHUVpH /HV 3LHGVGH7UDYHUVpH &KDPEpU\ HW 7XULQ FRQVWLWXHQW DLQVL Un projet de Tunnel de base contesté OHV ERUQHV GH O·D[H TXL QH VRXIIUHQW SRXUOHPRPHQWSDVG·DUWLFXODWLRQGDQV )LJXUH  /H %DVVLQ RFFLGHQWDO IUDQFRLWDOLHQ OD FRQFHQWUDWLRQ XQH PpWULTXH VXSpULHXUH GH FRUULGRU SRXUUDLVRQWHUULWRULDOH 1RXVQHUHWURXYRQVGRQFSDVGH3LHGV .6XWWRQ &KDSLWUH/HV%DVVLQVGH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWH[SUHVVLRQVSDWLDOHG·XQHUHIRQWHpSLVWpPRORJLTXHHQWUH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWHW$SSURFKH



7URLVLqPHSDUWLH/·,QWHUVSDWLDOLWpO·HQMHXG·XQHQRXYHDXWpUpWLFXODLUH GpSDVVHUO·LQFRKpVLRQ$OSLQHSDUXQHPERvWHPHQWG·LQWHUPpGLDWLRQV" GH)UDQFKLVVHPHQW/·D[HHVWSRUWpSDUXQVHXOLWLQpUDLUH/DUpDOLVDWLRQSRVVLEOHGX WXQQHOGHEDVHGX/\RQ7XULQQ·HVWSRXUOHPRPHQWSDVYUDLPHQWDQWLFLSpHDXVHLQ G·XQ pYHQWXHO VFKpPD G·H[SORLWDWLRQ TXL PHWWUDLW HQ UHODWLRQ OHV GHX[ OLQpDLUHV GH )UDQFKLVVHPHQW &H VHFWHXU UHWURXYH DORUV OHV FDUDFWpULVWLTXHV GH O·D[H 5K{QH&KDPSDJQH PLV HQ DYDQW SDU 5 %UXQHW   3RXU H[SOLTXHU OD JHQqVH GH OD GRUVDOH OH JpRJUDSKH FRQVLGqUHOHVGLIIpUHQWHVYRLHVSRVVLEOHVGHOLDLVRQHQWUHOHVFLWpVLWDOLHQQHVGXQRUG HWOHVFLWpVÁDPDQGHV6HORQOXLFHWD[HDSkWLG·XQHREVHVVLRQFHQWUDOLVDWULFHj O·pFKHOOHGHODFRQVWUXFWLRQSROLWLTXHGHOD)UDQFHTXLFRQFHQWUHOHVOLQpDLUHVYHUV 3DULVHWFUDLQWOHVPRXYHPHQWVFHQWULIXJHVÀJ $O·LQYHUVHODGRUVDOHVHUDLWQpH G·XQHDFFXPXODWLRQGHWUDMHFWRLUHVG·LQYHVWLVVHPHQWHWGHIDLWVXUEDLQVDXWRXUGH FRQVWUXFWLRQVSROLWLTXHVSOXVPRGHVWHVQpFHVVLWDQWOHWUDQVLWSRXUYLYUH

%UXQHW5GLU  /HVYLOOHV©HXURSpHQQHVª %UXQHW5  ©/HVOLJQHVGHIRUFH GHO·HVSDFHHXUR SpHQª 9DOpU\3  9DULpWpV /pY\- /·(X URSH /pY\- ª3DU OH]YRXV(XURSH"ª

©2QSHXWIDLUHO·K\SRWKqVHTXHOHVWUDMHWVSULYLOpJLpVRQWWLUpSDUWLGH ODGLVV\PpWULHSROLWLTXHHQWUHXQH)UDQFHSXLVVDQWHHWW{WFHQWUDOLVpH UHGRXWpHGHVPDUFKDQGVSHXWROpUDQWHDX[MXLIVSXLVDX[SURWHVWDQWV HWGHVSD\VUKpQDQVHWJHUPDQLTXHVPRUFHOpVGRQWOHVPXOWLSOHVVRX YHUDLQVDYDLHQWJUDQGEHVRLQGHVPDUFKDQGVHWRQWVXPrPHHQOHV SUHVVXUDQW OHV ÁDWWHU SOXV TXH OHV FRPEDWWUH /H SKpQRPqQH D pWp SURORQJpDXQRUGSDUXQH$QJOHWHUUHSDUWLFLSDQWDFWLYHPHQWDX[SUR GXFWLRQVHWDX[pFKDQJHVODPHUGX1RUGQHIDLVDQWQXOREVWDFOH$X FRQWUDLUH3DULVDSRPSpVHVDOHQWRXUVHWSOXW{WFKHUFKpjV·HQWRXUHUGH JODFLVSURWHFWHXUVUpJQDQWVXUGHVKRUL]RQVGHSODLQHVXQSHXYLGHVª %UXQHWS /D FRQFHQWUDWLRQ SDULVLHQQH HVW Les Bassins de Franchissement à l’épreuve des lignes de force de l’espace européen XQHDXWUHIRUPHGHVXSHUSRVL Aire de positionnement relatif WLRQTXLV·H[SULPHDXWUDYHUVGH Le Bassin occidental franco-italien SRLQWVGHÀ[DWLRQ0RGDQHSHXW Accumulation O·LOOXVWUHU j O·pFKHOOH GH O·D[H HQ WDQW TXH WrWH GH WXQQHO GH WHU PLQDLVRQÀJ /HWXQQHOGX )UpMXVHVWXQHGRXEOHH[WUpPLWp GH WHUULWRLUHV QDWLRQDX[ HW GH Concentration GRPDLQHV GH JHVWLRQ G·LQIUDV WUXFWXUH 0DOJUp GHV HVVDLV TXL RQWDERXWLSRXUOHVPDUFKHVGH O·$)$ HW GHV 7*9 $UWHVLD OHV VLOORQV UHVWHQW PDMRULWDLUHPHQW QRQ FRQQH[HV j 0RGDQH /H KS, 2011. WXQQHO HVW DLQVL XQ DJHQW GH GL VRQWLQXLWp QRQ SDUFH TX·LO HVW WXQQHOPDLVSDUFHTX·LOIUDQFKLW Dilution OD OLJQH GH FUrWH HW TX·LO D pWp DSSURSULp SDU OD IURQWLqUH /H )LJXUH  /HV %DVVLQV GH )UDQFKLVVHPHQW j O·pSUHXYH GHV OLJQHV GH IRUFHGHO·HVSDFHHXURSpHQ VHXO WUDLQ GH YR\DJHXUV 3DULV $LUHGHSRVLWLRQQHPHQWUHODWLI /H%DVVLQRFFLGHQWDOIUDQFRLWDOLHQ 0LODQ  IDLW O·REMHW GH FRQWU{OHV .6XWWRQ &KDSLWUH/HV%DVVLQVGH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWH[SUHVVLRQVSDWLDOHG·XQHUHIRQWHpSLVWpPRORJLTXHHQWUH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWHW$SSURFKH



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH QRQV\VWpPDWLTXHVUHVSHFWGH6FKHQJHQREOLJH PDLVTXDVLDXWRPDWLTXHVjO·DUUrW GHVHUYLFHGH0RGDQH/D3$)VXFFqGHDX['RXDQHVIUDQoDLVHVHWSHXWrWUHUHOD\pH F{Wp LWDOLHQ VHORQ OD VDLVRQ ,O HVW YUDL TXH FHWWH UHODWLRQ IHUURYLDLUH FRQVWLWXH XQH YRLHG·LPPLJUDWLRQLOOpJDOHFRQQXH/HPXUGHODJDUHGH%DUGRQQqFKHVLWXpHQWUH OHV GHX[ FDELQHV WpOpSKRQLTXHV DWWHVWH GX SDVVDJH GH PLJUDQWV TXL FKHUFKDLHQW j DWWHLQGUH/RQGUHV/DUHODWLRQ$UWHVLDHWVXUWRXWOHFRQÁLWTXLRSSRVHOHVGHX[H[ SORLWDQWVKLVWRULTXHVjWUDYHUVHOOHWpPRLJQHGHO·RPQLSUpVHQFHGHODFRQFHQWUDWLRQ FRPPHSULQFLSHGHVXSHUSRVLWLRQ&KDFXQHGHVGHX[HQWUHSULVHVVRXKDLWHHQIDLWj DFFURvWUHOHWDX[G·RFFXSDWLRQGHOHXUVVHUYLFHVQDWLRQDX[/·H[LJXLWpGXPDUFKp FRQGXLWjXQDIIURQWHPHQWGLUHFWTXLFRQWULEXHjGpJUDGHUODTXDOLWpGHVHUYLFH &HWHIIHWSDUDGR[DOWUDQFKHDYHFODVLWXDWLRQPDUFKDQGHGX%DVVLQ6XLVVH7RXWFHOD FRQYHUJHSRXULGHQWLÀHUOH)UpMXVFRPPHXQHYDULDEOHG·DWWHQWHSRXUOHVJUDQGV JURXSHVIUHWHXURSpHQVFRPPH'%6FKHQNHU5DLOTXLSUpIqUHQWFRQWRXUQHUOH)UpMXV SDUOHVXG9LQWLPLOOH RXOHQRUG6LPSORQ &HWWHSRVLWLRQQHFRQWULEXHSDVjGRQ QHUXQHG\QDPLTXHSRVLWLYHDXSURMHWGX/\RQ7XULQ  8Q SRWHQWLHO GH FRUULGRU H[LVWH FHSHQGDQW VL O·RQ FRQVLGqUH OHV HIIHWV GH FRQFXUUHQFHHQWUHOHVD[HVIUDQFRLWDOLHQVGX)UpMXVHWGHOD&RUQLFKH8QHRXYHUWXUH GXWXQQHOGHEDVHGX0RQWG·$PELQDXWRULVHUDLW Le Bassin Brenner, un couloir qui s’invente en corridor XQHH[SORLWDWLRQHQSDUDOOqOHGHVGHX[LWLQpUDLUHV Munich GH0DXULHQQH9DOGH6XVH,OHQYDGHPrPHSRXU O·LWLQpUDLUHGHOD&RUQLFKHDYHFO·pYHQWXHOOHUpDOLVD Salzbourg Wörgl WLRQGHOD/*9&{WHG·$]XUTXLGpOHVWHUDODOLJQH FODVVLTXH'HV3LHGVGHFRUULGRUSRXUUDLHQWDLQVL rWUHLGHQWLÀpVDXWUDYHUVGHVWUDWpJLHVUDPSDQWHV G·H[SORLWDWLRQ j 1vPHV RX $YLJQRQ )UDQFH  HW Villach $OH[DQGULH ,WDOLH  &HWWH RUJDQLVDWLRQ SRXUUDLW V·HQWHQGUHHQDVVRFLDWLRQDYHFOHV\VWqPHGH Bolzano FRQWRXUQHPHQW GHV 3\UpQpHV GHVVLQp SDU OH Trieste Trento WXQQHOGX3HUWKXVDSSHOpjrWUHFRQQHFWpjXQH /*& FRXUDQW GHSXLV %DUFHORQH 8Q WHO VFKpPD KS, 2011. RIIULUDLWXQHRVVDWXUHVROLGHDXFRUULGRU9PDLV UpFODPHUDLWXQHHQWHQWHDFFUXHHQWUH5))HW5), L’axe du Brenner L’axe Tauern-Tarvis YRLUHODFRQVWLWXWLRQG·XQJHVWLRQQDLUHXQLTXH SRXUO·HQVHPEOHGXIDLWIUDQFKLVVDQWTXLMRXHUDLW XQU{OHG·LQWHUIDFHHQWUHOHV*,KLVWRULTXHVHWOHV Tunnel de base Support du treillage européen en cours de percement H[SORLWDQWVjO·LPDJHGH6ZLVV6LOORQ6$ Support de redondances potentielles Pieds-de-Franchissement

Pieds-de-Traversée

Commutateur

 /H %UHQQHU XQH SUHPLqUH DUWLFXODWLRQ GHV HV VHQFHVHXURSpHQQHV

 $ FKDTXH SURMHW GH WXQQHO GH EDVH FRUUHV SRQGXQ%DVVLQHWXQHVRPPHGHFDUDFWpULVWLTXHV $WUDYHUVODOHFWXUHGHVVHUYLFHVGHIHUURXWDJHÀJ  O·D[HGX%UHQQHUHVWDSSDUXFRPPHVLQJX )LJXUH/H%DVVLQ%UHQQHUXQFRXORLUTXLV·LQYHQWH OLHU&HVHFWHXUSURSRVHXQHFRQÀJXUDWLRQLQ HQFRUULGRU WHUPpGLDLUHHQWUHOHVGHX[H[WUrPHVSUpFpGHQWV .6XWWRQ Frontière politique

Frontière identitaire

&KDSLWUH/HV%DVVLQVGH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWH[SUHVVLRQVSDWLDOHG·XQHUHIRQWHpSLVWpPRORJLTXHHQWUH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWHW$SSURFKH



7URLVLqPHSDUWLH/·,QWHUVSDWLDOLWpO·HQMHXG·XQHQRXYHDXWpUpWLFXODLUH GpSDVVHUO·LQFRKpVLRQ$OSLQHSDUXQHPERvWHPHQWG·LQWHUPpGLDWLRQV" ÀJ   /D PpWULTXH pOpPHQWDLUH VHPEOH WRXMRXUV rWUH O·D[H PDLV Le Bassin Brenner OH %UHQQHU UHSRVH IRQGDPHQWDOH Accumulation PHQWVXUXQHFRQYHUJHQFHGHTXD OLWpV G·DUWLFXODWLRQ DX FRO PrPH TXL IDLW GH OD JDUH IURQWLqUH XQ FRPPXWDWHXU HW QRQ XQH WHUPL Concentration QDLVRQ&HWWHLGpHGHFRPPXDWWHXU VH UHWURXYH XQH QRXYHOOH IRLV DX WUDYHUVG·XQHOHFWXUHGHVOLJQHVGH IRUFHGHO·HVSDFHHXURSpHQ &HWHQVHPEOHVHFDUDFWpULVHSDUXQ ELSRVLWLRQQHPHQW TXL WUDGXLW KS, 2011. VD SRVLWLRQ G·DUWLFXODWLRQ HQWUH OH GLVSRVLWLI  FHQWUDO GH )UDQFKLVVH Dilution PHQW OH %DVVLQ 6XLVVH SRUWDQW HW )LJXUH  /HV %DVVLQV GH )UDQFKLVVHPHQW j O·pSUHXYH GHV SRUWp SDU OD GRUVDOH HW OH GLVSR OLJQHVGHIRUFHGHO·HVSDFHHXURSpHQ VLWLI  RULHQWDO TXL UHOLH XQH SDUWLH $LUHGHSRVLWLRQQHPHQWUHODWLI OH%DVVLQ%UHQQHU GHVQRXYHDX[HQWUDQWVGHO·8(DX .6XWWRQ F±XUHXURSpHQ%UHIFHWHQVHPEOH FRQVWLWXH O·DUWLFXODWLRQ HQWUH GHX[ OHFWXUHV GH O·(XURSH PpGLDQH FHOOH HQWHQGXH FODVVLTXHPHQW VHORQ OH IDLW JpRSROLWLTXH GH 0LWWHOHXURSD )RXFKHU   HW FHOOH SURSRVpH SDU 3 5LTXHW GDQV OD *pRJUDSKLH XQLYHUVHOOH GLULJpH SDU 5 %UXQHW TXL UHSRVH VXU XQH OHFWXUH GHV SKpQRPqQHV G·DFFXPXODWLRQ VHORQ © XQH OR JLTXH FRD[LDOH G·LVWKPH ª 5LTXHW S /H%UHQQHUHVWj OD FURLVpH GH SOXVLHXUV OHFWXUHV G·(XURSH SDUFH TX·LO UpSRQG GH SOXVLHXUV LQÁXHQFHV GX WLV VDJHHXURSpHQÀJ &HODVH UHWURXYH GDQV OD ÀJXUH SURSR VpHSDU5%UXQHWS  UHSUpVHQWDQW OH WUHLOODJH GH O·(XURSH GRF   $SSOLFD WLRQGHODWKpRULHGHVOLHX[FHQ WUDX[OHGHVVLQGHODWUDPHHVW FDOp VXU OD GRUVDOH HXURSpHQQH HWVHVSURMHFWLRQVODWpUDOHVO·D[H /H +DYUH3DULV/\RQ0DU VHLOOHHW+DPERXUJ%HUOLQ3UD JXH9LHQQH /D VWUXFWXUH GH OD WUDPH HVW DLQVL OH GHVVLQ GH O·LVWKPH GpFXSOp j LQWHUYDOOH 'RFXPHQW/HWUHLOODJHGHO·(XURSH UpJXOLHUSRXUWUDFHUODSUHPLqUH Les Bassins de Franchissement à l’épreuve des lignes de force de l’espace européen Aire de positionnement relatif

)RXFKHU0  )UDJPHQWVG·(XURSH 5LTXHW3FRRUG  ©(XURSH 0pGLDQHª

5%UXQHW

&KDSLWUH/HV%DVVLQVGH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWH[SUHVVLRQVSDWLDOHG·XQHUHIRQWHpSLVWpPRORJLTXHHQWUH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWHW$SSURFKH



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH &ROODUGH\%  ©$XWULFKHXQ QRXYHDXWURQoRQHQ GRXEOHYRLHVXUOD OLJQHGHV7DXHUQª 'LHWWHULFK$  7DXHUQEDKQ 0HLOODVVRQ6  ©,WDOLHQRXYHOpODQ SRXUOH3XVWHUWDO EDKQª

RULHQWDWLRQGHO·HQVHPEOHQRUGRXHVWVXGHVW/HVGHX[JUDQGHVGLUHFWLRQVFRP SOpPHQWDLUHVDSSDUDLVVHQWHQFRQVLGpUDQWTXHOHFURLVHPHQWGHFHOOHVFLDYHFODGRU VDOH V·HIIHFWXH DX QLYHDX GHV WURLV JUDQGV FDUUHIRXUV G·(XURSH TXH VRQW OHV WURLV SULQFLSDOHVFRQFHQWUDWLRQVXUEDLQHVGXFRQWLQHQW/DSUHPLqUHSUpVHQWHXQHRULHQWD WLRQVXGRXHVWQRUGHVWHWODVHFRQGHXQHRULHQWDWLRQRXHVWHVW/·HQVHPEOHFHQWUDO SRUWH O·pSDLVVHXU GH OD GRUVDOH VHORQ O·RULHQWDWLRQ OD SOXV PpULGLHQQH DORUV TXH OH )UpMXV V·DIÀUPH GDQV OD SOXV ODWLWXGLQDOH /·HQVHPEOH RUJDQLVp DXWRXU GX %UHQQHU FRUUHVSRQG j O·DUWLFXODWLRQ HQWUH OHV GHX[ ORJLTXHV G·LVWKPH QRUGRXHVW  VXGHVW ODGRUVDOH HWVXGRXHVWQRUGHVW%DOWLTXH$GULDWLTXH $ODGLIIpUHQFHGHVGHX[ SUHPLHUVHQVHPEOHVGHSDVVDJHpYRTXpVO·DLUHGX%UHQQHUQHVHPDWpULDOLVHSDUDX FXQWUDFpOLQpDLUHGDQVOHGHVVLQGH5%UXQHW,OFRUUHVSRQGjODGHUQLqUHPDLOOH GHIRUPHWULDQJXODLUH TXLVRLWERUGpHGHOLJQHVSOHLQHV&HWWHPDLOOHHVWGHVVL QpHjO·RXHVWSDUODGRUVDOHDXQRUGSDUXQHH[SUHVVLRQGHODODWLWXGLQDOHUHOLDQWOHV 3LHGVGH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWGHO·HQVHPEOH0XQLFKHW6DO]ERXUJ HWjO·HVWSDUODOLJQH 9LHQQH9HQLVH7ULHVWHO·pFKRRULHQWDOGpYLpj9LHQQH TXLFRQYHUJHHQFHSRLQWDYHF XQHH[WUpPLWppWHQGXHGHODGRUVDOH  8QHG\QDPLTXHHQGRJqQHGHVDXWVFDODLUHYHUVOHFRUULGRUHVWHQWUDLQGH QDvWUHGHODPpWULTXHG·D[H/HSRVLWLRQQHPHQWV\PpWULTXHPHQWLQYHUVHGX%UHQQHU HQ$XWULFKHSDVVDJHRFFLGHQWDO HWHQ,WDOLHSDVVDJHRULHQWDO FRQWULEXHjO·LQFOXUH GDQVGHVORJLTXHVUpWLFXODLUHVYDULDQWG·XQYHUVDQWjO·DXWUH/HSRLQWGHFRQYHUJHQFH GHVGHX[VFKpPDVHVWGHWHQGUHjUDSSURFKHUOH%UHQQHUGX7DUYLVPDLVDXSUL[GH GHX[PRXYHPHQWVLQYHUVHV9XG·$XWULFKHO·DQWLFLSDWLRQGHO·RXYHUWXUHGXWXQQHOGH EDVHGX%UHQQHUFRQGXLWjFRQVLGpUHUOHV7DXHUQFRPPHOHQRXYHDXPDLOORQIDLEOH GX V\VWqPH GH WUDQVLW QRUGVXG 0RGHUQLVp DX FRXUV GHV DQQpHV  &ROODUGH\ 'LHWWHULFK FHWLWLQpUDLUHVLWXpjO·HVWGX%UHQQHUSUpVHQWHXQHFURLVVDQFH LPSRUWDQWHGHVDFKDUJHSDUUDSSRUWjÀJ SRXUSDUWLHSRUWpHSDU O·pODUJLVVHPHQWGHO·8(UDSSHORQVTXHOHV7DXHUQIDLVDLHQWSDUWLHGHVD[HV7,1$  /·RXYHUWXUHGXWXQQHOGHEDVHGX%UHQQHUSHUPHWWUDGHGpJDJHUGHVFDSDFLWpVDXWRUL VDQWXQUHSRUWG·XQHSDUWLHGHODFURLVVDQFHGHODOLJQHGHV7DXHUQVXUODOLJQHGHIDvWH 2U OHV WUDÀFV HPSUXQ Evolution du volume en transit par l’axe des Tauern WDQWOHV7DXHUQQHYLVHQW (rail et route, 1994-2007) SDVV\VWpPDWLTXHPHQWOHV Sce. Alpinfo PrPHV GpERXFKpV TXH ϲϬ FHX[GX%UHQQHU/·HQMHX HVWDORUVG·LGHQWLÀHUXQH ϱϬ YRLHGHUHGRQGDQFHSR ϰϬ WHQWLHOOH HQWUH FHV GHX[ LWLQpUDLUHVDXVHLQGXVHJ ZĂŝů ϯϬ PHQWWUDYHUVDQW0HLOODV ZŽƵƚĞĞƚZĂŝů ZŽƵƚĞ VRQ   /D OLJQH GX ϮϬ 3XVWHUWDO RIIUH XQ SR WHQWLHOPRWLOHjPrPHGH ϭϬ MRXHU FH U{OH GH OLDLVRQ LQWHUVHFWRULHOOH &HWWH Ϭ ϭϵϵϰ ϭϵϵϱ ϭϵϵϲ ϭϵϵϳ ϭϵϵϴ ϭϵϵϵ ϮϬϬϬ ϮϬϬϭ ϮϬϬϮ ϮϬϬϯ ϮϬϬϰ ϮϬϬϱ ϮϬϬϲ ϮϬϬϳ YRLHIHUUpHSHUPHWGHUH )LJXUH(YROXWLRQGXYROXPHHQWUDQVLWSDUO·D[HGHV7DXHUQ OLHU VDQV UHEURXVVHPHQW UDLOHWURXWH ,QQVEUXFN j 6SLWWDO HW $OSLQIR.VXWWRQ

&KDSLWUH/HV%DVVLQVGH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWH[SUHVVLRQVSDWLDOHG·XQHUHIRQWHpSLVWpPRORJLTXHHQWUH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWHW$SSURFKH



7URLVLqPHSDUWLH/·,QWHUVSDWLDOLWpO·HQMHXG·XQHQRXYHDXWpUpWLFXODLUH GpSDVVHUO·LQFRKpVLRQ$OSLQHSDUXQHPERvWHPHQWG·LQWHUPpGLDWLRQV" 9LOODFK3RXUOHVg%%FHWWHVROXWLRQSHUPHWWUDLWG·LQYHQWHUXQHYRLHGHGpOHVWDJHj O·LWLQpUDLUHGHV7DXHUQWRXWHQUHSRVLWLRQQDQWODOLJQHG·DOWLWXGHGX%UHQQHUJUkFHDX 7\URORULHQWDO&HWWHRSWLRQQHSHXWrWUHHQYLVDJHDEOHTX·HQDVVRFLDWLRQDYHFO·DFKq YHPHQWHQFRXUVGHO·8QWHULQQWDO%DKQTXLGRXEOHODOLJQHKLVWRULTXHGDQVODVpTXHQFH $SSURFKHGX7\UROQRUG/DOLJQHGX3XVWHUWDOHVWDXMRXUG·KXLXQLTXHPHQWSDUFRX UXHHQVHUYLFHUpJXOLHUSDUGHVWUDLQVUpJLRQDX[$YRLHXQLTXHVRQGpELWUHVWHOLPLWp PDLVGHVSURMHWVGHPRGHUQLVDWLRQHQOLHQDYHFO·HIIHWG·RSSRUWXQLWpTXHFRQVWLWXH O·RXYHUWXUHGX%UHQQHUEDVHVRQWSUpYXV 9XGXVXGOH%UHQQHUHVWJpUpGHSOXVHQSOXVHQOLHQDYHFOH7DUYLVDÀQG·LQYHQWHU XQHGLYHUVLÀFDWLRQGHVYRLHVGHSURMHFWLRQYHUVOHVPDUFKpVDOOHPDQGVHWG·(X URSHFHQWUDOH&ROODUGH\ /·HQMHXHVWDXVVLG·DVVXUHUODSODFHGH7ULHVWHGDQVOD FRPSpWLWLRQSRUWXDLUHTXLDQLPHOHQRUGGHO·$GULDWLTXH%H\HU6DYLQ &HWWH DVVRFLDWLRQDSULVODIRUPHG·XQHFDPSDJQHGHPRGHUQLVDWLRQFRPPXQHGHVGHX[ UDPSHVDXFRXUVGHVDQQpHV&HVPRGHUQLVDWLRQVRQWFRQVLVWpHQXQHPLVH HQWXQQHOGHVGHX[UDPSHVHQYXHG·REWHQLUGHVSHQWHVPRLQVLPSRUWDQWHVHWGHV UD\RQVGHFRXUEHVXSpULHXUV/HOLQpDLUHDQFLHQDpWpDEDQGRQQpGDQVOHVGHX[FDV GRQQDQWOLHXDXPrPHPRGHGHUpDSSURSULDWLRQXQHUHFRQYHUVLRQHQSLVWHF\ FODEOH/·DFFURLVVHPHQWGHODSHUIRUPDQFHGHFHVGHX[D[HVHVWDLQVLOHIDLWGHO·$S SURFKHSOXVTXHGX)UDQFKLVVHPHQWHQOXLPrPH/HVGHX[D[HVSHXYHQWFRQYHUJHU HQGLIIpUHQWVSRLQWVHQ,WDOLH8QHSUHPLqUHOLDLVRQSHUPHWGHUHOLHU7UHQWRj&DV WHOIUDQFR9HQHWRTXLHVWXQUHODLVRFRQYHUJHQWGHVLWLQpUDLUHVHQSURYHQDQFHGH 7UpYLVH7ULHVWH 9HQLVHRXHQFRUH9LFHQ]DHW3DGRXH%RORJQH &HWWHDUWqUHVH FRQGDLUHGRXEOHO·LWLQpUDLUH%RORJQH9pURQH7UHQWRHWSHUPHWG·DFFpGHUDX%UHQQHU GHSXLVOHSRUWGH7ULHVWH(QUHWRXUFHODSHUPHWDX%UHQQHUGHUHWURXYHUO·DLUHGHOD OLJQHGX7DUYLV &HWpWDWGHIDLWSHUPHWGHGHVVLQHUODVSKqUHGX%DVVLQ%UHQQHU$O·RXHVWO·D[HHQWUH GDQV XQH ORJLTXH GH FRQFXUUHQFH DYHF OH %DVVLQ 6XLVVH QH VHUDLWFH TX·DX WUDYHUV GH OD UpFHSWLRQ GHV GRPPDJHV FROODWpUDX[ GHV UHVWULFWLRQV VXLVVHV SDU OH SDVVDJH DXWULFKLHQ(QUHYDQFKHjO·HVWODFRQYHUJHQFHYHUVOHV7DXHUQSDUOHQRUGHWYHUVOH 7DUYLVSDUOHVXGFRQWULEXHjGHVVLQHUXQHIRUPHSOHLQH /H7DUYLVVHPEOHDLQVLDSSHOpjGHYHQLUXQSLYRWGXGLVSRVLWLI RULHQWDOGH)UDQ FKLVVHPHQW6HXOHPHQWODSDUWLFXODULWpGHFHWLWLQpUDLUHHVWG·DFFXHLOOLUXQHPXOWLWXGH GHORJLTXHVGHÁX[TXLQHSURSRVHQWSDVWRXWHVG·HYHQWXHOOHVFRQYHUJHQFHVDYHFOH %UHQQHU/H7DUYLVUHVWHIRQGDPHQWDOHPHQWXQHDQWHQQHGHO·pWRLOHGH9LOODFK

&ROODUGH\%  ©/DOLJQHGX DXVWURLWDOLHQQHGX %UHQQHUDXJPHQWH VRQVGpELWª %H\HU$6DYLQ -& ©/HV SRUWVIURQWLqUHV GH7ULHVWH.RSHU HW5LMHNDIXWXUV GpERXFKpVSRXUOHV FRQWHQHXUVG·(X URSHFHQWUDOª (LFKHU+  ©'HU2VWVHH$GULD .RUULGRUXQGGLH 6WHLHUPDUNª (LFKHU+  ©.lUQWHQXQGGLH %DOWLVFK$GULD WLVFKH9HUNHKU VDFKVHª

/·pWRLOHGH9LOODFKXQJUDGLHQWGHGLOXWLRQGHO·$OSLQ  /DG\QDPLTXHGX7DUYLVLQWHUURJHDXÀQDOO·pWRLOHGH9LOODFK&H%DVVLQDS SDUDvWFRPPHOHPRLQVVWUXFWXUpHWFRPPHOHSOXVVXMHWjGLOXWLRQ9LOODFKHQWDQW TXHFRPPXWDWHXUIHUURYLDLUHFRQVWLWXHOHIHUPHQWGX%DVVLQÀJ 6HXOHPHQW OHVSURMHWVGHFHLQWXUHIHUURYLDLUHVXGWHQGHQWjLGHQWLÀHUXQFRQFXUUHQWSRWHQWLHO GRQWO·DYqQHPHQWSDUWLFLSHUDLWjIDLUHpFODWHUODFRKpUHQFHGX%DVVLQ*UD]/H%DVVLQ GHO·pWRLOHGH9LOODFKHVWVRXPLVjXQHGRXEOHIRUFHFHQWULIXJH/DSUHPLqUHWHQGj DXWRQRPLVHUO·HQVHPEOH7DXHUQ7DUYLVHWDFFHVVRLUHPHQW.DUDZDQNHQSRXUOHVUDS SURFKHUGX%UHQQHU/DVHFRQGHWHQGjRULHQWDOLVHUWRXMRXUVSOXV3\UKQHWOHFROGH 6FKREHUHQV·DSSX\DQWVXUOHSLYRWUpJLRQDOTXLDGYLHQW*UD]9LOODFKVHUDLWVHORQFH VFKpPDGpFDOOpjO·RXHVWHWSRXVVpHQSpULSKpULHGX%UHQQHU*UD]VHUDLWFRQVROLGp FRPPHSRUWHYHUVOHV%DONDQV(LFKHU 6HXOO·D[HGX6HPPHULQJSUR SRVHUDLWDORUVXQIDFWHXUGHFRKpUHQFHOLQpDLUHHQWUHFHVGHX[VRXVHQVHPEOHVGL &KDSLWUH/HV%DVVLQVGH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWH[SUHVVLRQVSDWLDOHG·XQHUHIRQWHpSLVWpPRORJLTXHHQWUH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWHW$SSURFKH



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH YHUJHQWV,OIDLWG·DLOOHXUVO·REMHWGX SURMHWGHWXQQHOGHEDVHTXLDQLPH Le Bassin de l’étoile de Villach, de dilution en fragmentation FH %DVVLQ HQ UHFRPSRVLWLRQ &H Salzbourg/Wels VFKpPD G·pFODWHPHQW QH IHUDLW DX P ÀQDO TXH UHVSHFWHU OD G\QDPLTXH Wiener Neustadt Selthal S GHGpPXOWLSOLFDWLRQGHVDLUHVGH Sg Bruck/Leoben 5ROD WHOOH TXH QRXV O·DYRQV H[SR Graz Bischofs. VpHjO·DLGHGHVÀJXUHV/H%DVVLQ Tn pYROXHUDLW YHUV XQH VRUWH GH F{QH GLYHUJHQW GHSXLV OD UpJLRQ QRGDOH Villach GHODSODLQHGX'DQXEH:HOV  K Ts &HWWH LQFRKpVLRQ GHV LWLQpUDLUHV KS, 2011. UDSSHOOH TXH VHXOH OD SUpVHQFH GX Trieste FRPPXWDWHXUDYDLWRIIHUWXQHPD Un conglomérat d’itinéraires Ceintures ferroviaires de franchissmeent WULFHG·D[H/HIRQGHPHQWGHODGL et métropolitaines Tn : Tauern Commutateur ou point focal YHUJHQFH DFWXHOOHPHQW j O·RHXYUH Ts : Tarvis P : Pyrhn Pied-de-Traversée QDvW G·XQ PDLQWLHQ GH O·HQVHPEOH S : Schober Pied-de-Franchissement Sg : Semmering GDQV XQH PpWULTXH G·LWLQpUDLUH K : Karawanken Projet de Tunnel de base VXSSRUWDQWWDQWGHVORJLTXHVG·D[H TXH GH FRUULGRU VHORQ O·pFKHOOH Une fragmentation en cours... ... qui ne se réume pas à la frontière politique FRQVLGpUpH (Q FHOD LO V·DIÀUPH Le Semmering, ultime lien 2 commutateurs L’axe du Brenner, horizon de la dérive IRQGDPHQWDOHPHQW JXLGp SDU de cohérence en concurrence de l’ensemble Tauern-Tarvis entre les deux ensembles O·RUGUHGX)UDQFKLVVHPHQW$XVVL OHV IRUPHV QRGDOHV SUpVHQWHV Up Lien de redondance potentiel avec l’axe du Brenner SRQGHQWHOOHV HVVHQWLHOOHPHQW GH )LJXUH/H%DVVLQGHO·pWRLOHGH9LOODFKGHGLOXWLRQHQIUDJPHQWDWLRQ FHOXLFL HW GH FHOXL GH O·$SSURFKH .6XWWRQ 3RXU OD SDUWLH RXHVW QRXV UHWURX Les Bassins de Franchissement à l’épreuve des lignes de force de l’espace européen

YRQV OD FRQÀJXUDWLRQ VLQJXOLqUH Aire de positionnement relatif SURSUH j OD PpWULTXH FRUULGRU Le Bassin de l’étoile de Villach 3LHGGH)UDQFKLVVHPHQW 6DO] Accumulation ERXUJ7ULHVWH  0DLV j O·HVW OD FRPSRVLWLRQ QRGDOH TXL VH SUp VHQWHDVVRFLH3LHGGH7UDYHUVpH DX QRUG HW SRLQW IRFDO GDQV OHV Concentration YDOOpHV FHQWUDOHV ÀJ   /LQ] SHXW rWUH FRQVLGpUpH FRPPH XQ 3LHGGH7UDYHUVpHSRXUOHWXQQHO VRXV OH FRO GH 3\UKQ GH PrPH TXH %LVFKRIVKRIHQ SRXU OH FRO KS, 2011. GH 6FKREHU 0DLV OHV H[WUpPLWpV VXGHWHVWVHPEOHQWSOXVSURSLFHV j O·LGHQWLÀFDWLRQ GH SRLQWV IRFDO Dilution (Q HIIHW XQ Q±XG IRQGDPHQWDO FRPPDQGH OH GpERXFKp GX WXQ )LJXUH  /HV %DVVLQV GH )UDQFKLVVHPHQW j O·pSUHXYH GHV OLJQHVGHIRUFHGHO·HVSDFHHXURSpHQ QHO VRXV 3\UKQ HW O·DFFqV ÀQDO $LUHGHSRVLWLRQQHPHQWUHODWLI OH%DVVLQGHO·pWRLOHGH9LOODFK DXFROGH6FKREHUL6HO]WKDO&H .6XWWRQ ERXUJV·HVWHQWLqUHPHQWFRQVWUXLW &KDSLWUH/HV%DVVLQVGH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWH[SUHVVLRQVSDWLDOHG·XQHUHIRQWHpSLVWpPRORJLTXHHQWUH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWHW$SSURFKH



7URLVLqPHSDUWLH/·,QWHUVSDWLDOLWpO·HQMHXG·XQHQRXYHDXWpUpWLFXODLUH GpSDVVHUO·LQFRKpVLRQ$OSLQHSDUXQHPERvWHPHQWG·LQWHUPpGLDWLRQV" DXWRXUGXIHUURYLDLUH,OQHUpSRQGSDVGHODQRWLRQGHSRUWHGHWXQQHOFDULOQ·DSDV pWpHQJHQGUpSRXUOHVEHVRLQVVSpFLÀTXHVG·XQWXQQHOPDLVELHQGHO·H[SORLWDWLRQGH FHVLWLQpUDLUHVFHQWUDX[HQ$XWULFKH6HO]WKDOHVWXQHJDUHG·DUUrWJpQpUDO,ODUWLFXOH TXDWUH EUDQFKHV YHUV %LVFKRIVKRIHQ /LQ] $PVWHWWHQ HW /HREHQ%UXFNDQGHU 0XU&HGHUQLHUGRXEOHWFRQVWLWXHG·DLOOHXUVOHSHQGDQWGH6HO]WKDOVXUOHYHUVDQWHVW GXFROGH6FKREHUSXLVTX·LOFRQVWLWXHXQQ±XGjGHX[WrWHVDWWLUDQWDXWRXUGHOD OLJQHGX6HPPHULQJOHVYRLHVYHUV6FKREHU/HREHQ HW*UD]%UXFN &HWHQVHPEOH FRQVWLWXHXQDXWUHSRLQWIRFDO/·RUGUHGHQRGDOLWpGHOD6W\ULHDSSDUDvWFRPPHUp SRQGDQWGHO·$SSURFKHVRLWG·XQHIRUPHG·LQWHUPpGLDULWpTXHOH/DQGDLPHUDLW MXVWHPHQWWUDQVIRUPHUHQFHQWUDOLWpHQV·DSSX\DQWVXUOHFRPSOH[HGHWXQQHOVGH EDVH6HPPHULQJ.RUDOP(LFKHU   $LQVLOH%DVVLQGHO·pWRLOHGH9LOODFKUpSRQGDX%DVVLQGX%UHQQHUHQOXLSUR SRVDQWVRQF{WpSOHLQ$O·LQYHUVHjPHVXUHTXHO·RQV·pORLJQHGHO·D[H7DXHUQ7DUYLV YHUVO·HVWXQHIRUPHGHGLOXWLRQV·LPSRVHVRXVOHVFRXSVG·XQHEDQDOLVDWLRQGHV FDUDFWpULVWLTXHVDOSLQHVÀJ /DSUREOpPDWTXHGXVHJPHQWDXWRXUGH*UD]HVW ELHQSOXVFHQWUHHXURSpHQQHTX·DOSLQH/HSURMHWGHWXQQHOGHEDVHGX6HPPHULQJ VHPEOHG·DLOOHXUVV·pFKRXHUVXUFHWpFXHLO/·D[HGX6HPPHULQJMRXHOHU{OHG·D[HGH V\PpWULHjO·LQWpULHXUGHODPDLOOHGHVVLQpHSDUOHWUHLOODJHGDQVODTXHOOHV·LQVFULWOH%DV VLQ$XQRUGRXHVWGHFHWD[HO·DLUHVHIRQGDYHFFHOOHGX%UHQQHU(OOHHVWDLQVLGHV VLQpHSDUGHVWUDLWVSOHLQV$XVXGHVWO·KRUL]RQRULHQWDOQ·HVWSDVVWULFWHPHQWERUQp HWVHSHUGGDQVODIDLEOHVWUXFWXUDWLRQGXUpVHDXXUEDLQGHVWDELOLVpSDUOHVPXOWLSOHV UHQYHUVHPHQWVGHSRODULVDWLRQVXFFpGDQWDX[UHYLUHPHQWVJpRSROLWLTXHVLQFHVVDQWV 1RXV UHWURXYRQV LFL OHV SUHPLqUHV H[SUHVVLRQV GH © OD ]RQH GH EUR\DJH ª )RXFKHU L 0DXUHO   /pY\   DX[TXHOOHV OHV 7UDYHUVpHV $OSLQHV GRLYHQW IDLUH IDFHHQFHWWHSDUWLHRULHQWDOHGXPDVVLI&HWWH]RQHLQWHUYLHQWFRPPHXQKRUL]RQ GHFRQFXUUHQFHSRXUOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVQRWDPPHQWSDUODYDOHXUV\PEROLTXH TXHSUHQGWRXWHLQWHUYHQWLRQSROLWLTXHjVRQFRQWDFW

(LFKHU+  ©'HU2VWVHH$GULD .RUULGRUXQGGLH 6WHLHUPDUNª (LFKHU+  ©.lUQWHQXQGGLH %DOWLVFK$GULD WLVFKH9HUNHKU VDFKVHª )RXFKHU0  )UDJPHQWVG·(XURSH 0DXUHO0&  ©/HFWXUHVSRXU SHQVHUO·(XURSHª /pY\-  /·(XURSH

Les Bassins de Franchissement à l’épreuve des lignes de force de l’espace européen Aire de positionnement relatif Synthèse

Accumulation

Bassin Suisse

Bassin Brenner

Concentration

Bassin étoile de Villach

Bassin Alpes occidentales franco-italien

KS, 2011.

Dilution

)LJXUH/HV%DVVLQVGH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWjO·pSUHXYH GHVOLJQHVGHIRUFHGHO·HVSDFHHXURSpHQ $LUHGHSRVLWLRQQHPHQWUHODWLI 6\QWKqVH .6XWWRQ

&KDSLWUH/HV%DVVLQVGH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWH[SUHVVLRQVSDWLDOHG·XQHUHIRQWHpSLVWpPRORJLTXHHQWUH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWHW$SSURFKH



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH

,,/HGpÀGHVLQWHUVWLFHV XQHG\QDPLTXHG·DXWRQRPLVDWLRQ G·XQLQWHUPpGLDLUH$OSLQ"

'HVHVSDFHVUpWLFXODLUHVHQUHFRPSRVLWLRQV G·LQWHUPpGLDULWpVHQLQWHUPpGLDWLRQV  /DÀJXUHGHV%DVVLQVGH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWSHUPHWGHPHWWUHHQH[HUJXHXQH SUREOpPDWLTXH VRXYHQW ODLVVpH GH F{Wp j SURSRV GHV 7UDYHUVpHV $OSLQHV  OHV LQ WHUPpGLDULWpVHQWUHOHVVHFWHXUVGH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWVRLWOHV]RQHJULVHV3OXVLHXUV FRQÀJXUDWLRQVLQWHUPpGLDLUHVDSSDUDLVVHQWTXHO·RQSHXWGHQRXYHDXUpVXPHUSDU GHVMHX[GHSDUHQWKqVHV  &HODQ·HVWSDVVDQVUDSSHOHUOHVFRQÀJXUDWLRQVGHV %DVVLQV GH )UDQFKLVVHPHQW HX[PrPHV 0DLV FHV DJHQFHPHQWV GH SDUHQWKqVHV QH FDUDFWpULVHQWSDVLFLGHVPpWULTXHVPDLVGHVTXDOLWpVGHGLVFRQWLQXLWpVTX·LOQRXV DSSDUWLHQWGHGpÀQLUjO·DLGHG·H[HPSOHV&HODSHXWDOOHUGHODVROXWLRQGHFRQWLQXL Wp7DXHUQ7DUYLV jO·DXWRQRPLVDWLRQGHO·HQVHPEOH$UOEHUJ 3OXVO·HQVHPEOH V·DXWRQRPLVHYLVjYLVGX)UDQFKLVVHPHQWSOXVOHULVTXHGHSpULSKpULVDWLRQGXIDLW WUDYHUVDQWHVWpOHYp$O·pFKHOOHGXSKpQRPqQHGHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVOHVLQWHUÁXYHV SRUWHQWODQRWLRQG·LQWHUPpGLDULWp8QQRXYHDXMHXG·pFKHOOHDSSDUDvWHWSHUPHW GHGpYHORSSHUO·LGpHSUpFpGHPPHQWpQRQFpHG·XQHSRVVLEOHDXWRQRPLVDWLRQGH O·$SSURFKHYLVjYLVGXV\VWqPHGH7UDYHUVpHVRXVOHFRXSGHO·H[WpULRULVDWLRQGX )UDQFKLVVHPHQW3OXVLHXUVIDFWHXUVG·DXWRQRPLVDWLRQSHXYHQWrWUHPLVHQH[HUJXH /HGHJUpGHFRKpUHQFHDWWHLQWSDUFHWHQVHPEOHSHXWFRQVWLWXHUXQIDFWHXUG·DF FURLVVHPHQWGHODIUDJPHQWDWLRQjO·LQWpULHXUGHO·HVSDFHGHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV SDUODPLVHHQSODFHG·XQV\VWqPHG·DUFKLSHOVG·H[FODYHVG·pFKHOOHVYDULpHVPDLVUp SRQGDQWWRXWHVG·XQHPrPHRULJLQHO·H[FOXVLRQGHO·HVSDFHWUDYHUVDQW 8QLQWHUPpGLDUHHQURXWHYHUVOH%DVVLQO·HQVHPEOH7DXHUQ7DUYLV  /HVLQWpUrWVGpYHORSSpVDXWRXUGHO·HQVHPEOH7DXHUQ7DUYLVSRUWHQWjLGHQ WLÀHUXQHSUHPLqUHIRUPHG·DXWRQRPLVDWLRQGHFRQÀJXUDWLRQLQWHUPpGLDLUHO·DLUH GHFRQWDFWHQWUHOH%DVVLQGX%UHQQHUHWFHOXLGHO·pWRLOHGH9LOODFK&HWWHDLUHLQ WHUPpGLDLUHVHFRPSUHQGFRPPHXQHDUWLFXODWLRQHQWUHGHX[HQVHPEOHVGH)UDQ FKLVVHPHQWSRUWpHSDUXQD[HQRUGVXGO·HQVHPEOH7DXHUQ7DUYLVHW%UHQQHU&HWWH DLUHWHQGjVHFRQVWLWXHUHQXQ%DVVLQGH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWDXUHJDUGGHVORJLTXHVGH FRUULGRUTXLXQLVVHQWFHVGHX[D[HVÀJ &HWWHLQWHUPpGLDULWpHVWFRQVWUXLWHHQ VROXWLRQGHFRQWLQXLWpWDQWHOOHSHUWXUEHOHVFRQWLQXLWpVLQWHUQHVDX[%DVVLQVjOD UHQFRQWUHGHVTXHOVHOOHVHFRQVWLWXH /DFRQVWLWXWLRQGHFHWWHUHQFRQWUHHQ%DVVLQQDvWjODIRLVG·XQIDLWORJLVWLTXHG·XQ IDLWGHJHVWLRQHWG·XQIDLWSROLWLTXH2QDYXFRPELHQOHIDLWORJLVWLTXHVHFRPSUHQG &KDSLWUH/HV%DVVLQVGH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWH[SUHVVLRQVSDWLDOHG·XQHUHIRQWHpSLVWpPRORJLTXHHQWUH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWHW$SSURFKH



7URLVLqPHSDUWLH/·,QWHUVSDWLDOLWpO·HQMHXG·XQHQRXYHDXWpUpWLFXODLUH GpSDVVHUO·LQFRKpVLRQ$OSLQHSDUXQHPERvWHPHQWG·LQWHUPpGLDWLRQV" SDU OD ELSRODULVDWLRQ GH O·D[H GpÀQLH SDU O·DVVRFLD Munich Salzbourg WLRQGX7DUYLVHWGHV7DXHUQ 1RXVOHUHWURXYRQVjWUDYHUV OHV VWUDWpJLHV G·LWLQpUDLUHV PLVHVHQSODFHSDUH[HPSOH Wörgl Bischofs. SDUO·RSpUDWHXU/RNRPRWLRQ B Tn /H IDLW GH JHVWLRQ WLHQW j OD VWUDWpJLHG·RULHQWDWLRQGHV Fortezza Spittal ÁX[ GpYHORSSpH SDU 5), Ts /HV DXWRULWpV LWDOLHQQHV Jq Trento UHQWGHSOXVHQSOXVOHVÁX[ G·pFKHOOHFRQWLQHQWDOHGHSXLV OD PHU GX QRUG YHUV O·,WDOLH KS, 2011. Vérone Trieste j O·DLGH G·XQH PLVH HQ Up VHDX GH OHXUV GHX[ YRLHV GH Réseau principal ouest-est IUDQFKLVVHPHQW SULQFLSDOHV  Réseau de redondance Axes internationaux nord-sud OH %UHQQHU HW OH 7DUYLV /HV GRFXPHQWV G·RULHQWDWLRQ j B : Brenner Pieds-de-Franchissement Tn : Tauern GHVWLQDWLRQ GHV (QWUHSULVHV Ts : Tarvis Pied-de-Traversée )HUURYLDLUHV ()  pGLWpV SDU Point focal/commutateur Tunnel de base Frontière 5), SRXU OHV UHODWLRQV %HO en chantier Pied-de-corridor JLTXH,WDOLH QH IRQW QXOOH )LJXUH8QLQWHUPpGLDLUHHQURXWHYHUVOH%DVVLQ%UHQQHU7DUYLV PHQW PHQWLRQ GX )UpMXV .6XWWRQ 5), HQFRXUDJH XQH RULHQWD WLRQGHVÁX[YHUVXQFRXSOH GHSDVVDJHTXLEpQpÀFLHSRWHQWLHOOHPHQWG·XQHIIHWFRUULGRU8QFRUULGRUpPHUJHSDU FHWWHPLVHHQUHODWLRQGHVD[HVGX%UHQQHUHWGX7DUYLVTXLWLHQWFRPSWHGXGpSOD FHPHQWGXFHQWUHGHJUDYLWpGHO·pFRQRPLHLWDOLHQQHYHUVO·HVWDXVHLQG·XQWULDQJOH 0LODQ9HQLVH%RORJQH/·LWLQpUDLUHGHV7DXHUQVHUHWURXYHHQJDJpGDQVFHSURFHVVXV FRPPHXQDYDQWSDVVDJHGX7DUYLV&HODH[SOLTXHTXHF{Wpg%%ODUpDFWLRQWHQGH jHVVD\HUGHPLQLPLVHUO·LPSDFWGHODGpPDUFKH5),HQRUJDQLVDQWXQHUHGRQGDQFH G·D[H%UHQQHU7DXHUQ6HXOHPHQWDXÀQDOODFRQVWLWXWLRQGHFHWHQVHPEOHHQFRUUL GRUWHQGjV·HIIHFWXHUSDUXQHFRQYHUJHQFHGHPDQLIHVWDWLRQVG·LQWpUrWVHWQRQ SDUO·pODERUDWLRQG·XQHVWUDWpJLHFRPPXQH9XGH5),OH7DUYLVSHUPHWG·DOOpJHUOH %UHQQHUDORUVTXHYXGHVg%%OH%UHQQHUGRLWVRXODJHUOHV7DXHUQ/HGpFDODJHHVW HQIDLWG·RUGUHWHPSRUHO5),DSSURFKHODVLWXDWLRQHQIRQFWLRQG·XQpWDWDFWXHOGHV FRQGLWLRQVGHFLUFXODWLRQDORUVTXHOHVg%%DQWLFLSHQWODPLVHHQVHUYLFHGX%UHQ QHUEDVHHWGHODOLJQHGHODEDVVHYDOOpHGHO·,QQ &HGpFDODJHQ·DSDVWRXMRXUVHXOLHXGDQVODIRUPDOLVDWLRQGHVLWLQpUDLUHVGHV7DXUQ HW GX 7DUYLV HQ D[H FRPPH O·LOOXVWUH OH WURLVLqPH IDLW /H IDLW SROLWLTXH SUHQG HQ HIIHWODIRUPHG·XQHFRRUGLQDWLRQGHVWUDYDX[GHPRGHUQLVDWLRQGHVGHX[LWLQp UDLUHVGXUDQWOHVDQQpHVHWVRLWXQHFRQFHUWDWLRQHQWUHOHVGHX[HQWLWpV IHUURYLDLUHVJHVWLRQQDLUHVGHO·LQIUDVWUXFWXUHG·DORUV)6HWg%% HWGHOHXUVWXWHOOHV SROLWLTXHVQDWLRQDOHV&HVGHX[OLJQHVRQWIDLWO·REMHWG·LPSRUWDQWHVPRGHUQLVDWLRQV VXUOHXUYHUVDQWVXG'DQVOHVGHX[FDVLOV·DJLVVDLWG·XQHPLVHjGRXEOHYRLHHWG·XQH DFFpOpUDWLRQGHVPDUFKHVSDUODUpGXFWLRQGHVSHQWHVHWO·DXJPHQWDWLRQGHVUD\RQV Un intermédiaire en route vers le Bassin : Brenner-Tarvis

&KDSLWUH/HV%DVVLQVGH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWH[SUHVVLRQVSDWLDOHG·XQHUHIRQWHpSLVWpPRORJLTXHHQWUH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWHW$SSURFKH



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH

&ROODUGH\%D  ©/·LWLQpUDLUH DXVWURLWDOLHQGX 7DUYLVHQWLqUHPHQW PRGHUQLVpª &ROODUGH\%E  ©$XWULFKHXQ QRXYHDXWURQoRQHQ GRXEOHYRLHVXUOD OLJQHGHV7DXHUQª 'LHWWHULFK$  7DXHUQEDKQ %DYRX[--  ©/DQRGDOLWpXQ FRQFHSWIRQGDPHQ WDOGHO·RUJDQLVDWLRQ GHO·HVSDFHª 'H5RR3  /HVYLOOHVPR\HQQHV IUDQoDLVHV 6XWWRQ.  ©7KH9LHQQD0DLQ VWDWLRQ6HPPHULQJ EDVHWXQQHOSURMHFWV (XURSHDQ8QLRQ IDFHVXSLWVUHXQLÀ FDWLRQª 6XWWRQ.j SDUDvWUH ©7KH5HR SHQLQJRI 0XUVND 6RERWD=DODO|Yŋ 5DLOZD\$3DUDGR[ RI WKH(XURSHDQ 5HXQLÀFDWLRQLQ &HQWUDO(XURSH"ª (LFKHU+  ©'HU2VWVHH$GULD .RUULGRUXQGGLH 6WHLHUPDUNª (LFKHU+  ©.lUQWHQXQGGLH %DOWLVFK$GULDWLVFKH 9HUNHKUVDFKVHª

GHFRXUEH/DOLJQHGX7DUYLVDpWpHQWLqUHPHQWUpQRYpHGHSXLV&DUQLD&ROODUGH\ D 8QHVpULHGHPRGHUQLVDWLRQVHWGHUHSULVHVGHOLQpDLUHHQWUH8GLQHHW FHWWHPrPHJDUHDFFRPSDJQHHQDPRQWODOLJQHQRXYHOOH&HOOHFLRXYHUWHjODFLUFX ODWLRQHQHVWQRPPpHOD3RQWHEEDQDGpFOLDQDLVRQWRSRQ\PLTXHTXLUDSSHOOHOH ERXUJSULQFLSDOGHODYDOOpHGHOD)HOOD3RQWHEED&HERXUJHVWO·XQGHVUDUHVSRLQWV GHVRUWLHGHODQRXYHOOHYRLHjO·DLUOLEUHSRXUGHVVHUYLUXQHJDUH/·DXWUHH[HPSOHHVW 8JRYL]]DSOXVjO·HVW&HWWHOLJQHHVWHQWLqUHPHQWHQWXQQHOWRXWOHUHVWHGXWHPSV jO·LPDJHGHFHTXLDpWpUpDOLVpVXUODOLJQHGX%UHQQHUFRPPHXQJUDQGPpWURTXL JUDYLUDLWODSHQWHSRXUDERXWLUVXUOHSODWHDXGXFROGX7DUYLVGDQVODJDUHLQWHUQD WLRQDOGH7DUYLVLR%RVFRYHUGH&HWWHQRXYHOOHJDUHLQWHUQDWLRQDOHDpWpLQDXJXUpHj O·RFFDVLRQGHO·RXYHUWXUHGHOD3RQWHEEDQDHQUHPSODFHPHQWGHODJDUHGH7DUYLVLR FHQWUDOHFRQWUDLQWHGDQVXQHHPSULVHpWURLWHGHYHQXHWURSOLPLWpHSRXUDFFXHLOOLU O·DFFURLVVHPHQWGHWUDÀFGHVDQQpHV8QHVHFRQGHJDUHGHVVHUYDLWDXSDUD YDQWODVWDWLRQLWDOLHQQHL7DUYLVLRFLWWj/DYRLHUHWURXYHVRQHPSULVHG·RULJLQHjOD IURQWLqUHDYHFO·$XWULFKHDSUqVXQGHUQLHUWXQQHOHQFRXUEHTXLSHUPHWG·DGRXFLU OHVSUHPLqUHVSHQWHVGHODGHVFHQWH/HVHIIRUWVDXWULFKLHQVVHVRQWSRUWpVGDQVOH PrPHWHPSVVXUOHVUDPSHVHWOHWXQQHOGHV7DXHUQ/DSDUWLHFRPSULVHHQWUH0DOO QLW]HQWUpHVXGGXWXQQHO HW.ROEQLW]VXUODUDPSHVXG DIDLWO·REMHWGHPXOWLSOHV FRQVWUXFWLRQVGHYLDGXFVWRXWDXORQJGHVDQQpHV/LQGLVFKJUDEHQ0RVHULQ QHQ)DONHQVWHLQ3IDIIHQEHUJ/LW]OGRUIJUDEHQ /·REMHFWLI pWDLWG·pYLWHUOHVFRXUEHV VLQXHXVHV WUDFpHV j O·RULJLQH DX SOXV SUqV GH OD SHQWH H[SRVpHV DX[ DOpDV GH W\SH DYDODQFKHHWWRUUHQWLDOLWp/HSRLQWG·RUJXHGHFHWWHFDPSDJQHGHPRGHUQLVDWLRQD pWpODUpDOLVDWLRQGXWXQQHOGX.DSRQLJRXYHUWOHQRYHPEUH TXLDSHUPLV G·DFKHYHUODPLVHjGRXEOHYRLHGHODUDPSH&ROODUGH\E'LHWWHULFK  /·HQVHPEOHV·DFFRPSDJQHGHODUpDOLVDWLRQGXVKXQWRXHVWGH9LOODFKTXLSHUPHW G·HPEUDQFKHUOHVGHX[LWLQpUDLUHVHQXQHORJLTXHG·D[HQRQH[FOXVLYH  $XÀQDOLOQ·DSSDUDvWSDVSRVVLEOHGHFRQVLGpUHUFHWHQVHPEOHFRPPHXQ VLPSOH LQWHUPpGLDLUH GqV ORUV TX·LO IDLW O·REMHW G·XQH FRQVWUXFWLRQ SROLWLTXH LQWHU UpJLRQDOH TXL SUHQG SDU H[HPSOH OD IRUPH GX SURJUDPPH ,QWHUUHJ ,,,E pYRTXp SOXVKDXW1RXVSURSRVRQVGHFRQVLGpUHUFHWWHIRUPHFRPPHXQHLQWHUPpGLDWLRQ %DYRX[GH5RR /·LQWHUPpGLDWLRQHVWHQWHQGXHFRPPHXQHQRGDOLWp SROLWLTXH GH SURMHW (Q ÀQDQFHV FH WHUPH VHUW j FDUDFWpULVHU O·LQWHUYHQWLRQ G·XQ LQWHUPpGLDLUHGDQVXQHWUDQVDFWLRQRXXQHQpJRFLDWLRQ'·XQSRLQWGHYXHVSDWLDO QRXVSURSRVRQVGHOHFRQVLGpUHUjO·LPDJHGHVRQHPSORLSRXUOHVYLOOHVPR\HQQHV FRPPHXQHDUWLFXODWLRQGDQVXQDJHQFHPHQWWHUULWRULDOUpWLFXODLUH,OHVWIRUPp G·XQHQVHPEOHGHQ±XGVFHQWUHVHWS{OHVTXLSUHQGVHQVGDQVXQFRQWH[WHVFDODLUH GpÀQL,OSHXWV·DJLUGHODYDOOpHG·XQHQVHPEOHPpWURSROLWDLQRXHQFRUHGHV$OSHV ,FL O·pFKHOOH HVW OH FRUULGRU 0DLV  FRQVLGpUHU FHW HQVHPEOH FRPPH XQ %DVVLQ HQ VRLVHUDLWRVHUXQHDQWLFLSDWLRQVXUO·RXYHUWXUHGXWXQQHOGHEDVHGX%UHQQHUHWVXU XQHPRGHUQLVDWLRQHIIHFWLYHGHVVHJPHQWVGHUHGRQGDQFHV1RXVFKRLVLVVRQVDLQVL GH QH SDV OH IDLUH ÀJXUHU FRPPH XQ %DVVLQ GH )UDQFKLVVHPHQW GH SOHLQ H[HUFLFH &HSHQGDQWQRXVHQDUULYRQVjIDLUHDSSDUDvWUHO·D[H7DXHUQ7DUYLVFRPPHXQLQWHU PpGLDLUHHQVRLHWQRQSDUGpIDXWTXLSUHQGSODFHHQFRPSULPDQWO·pWRLOHGH9LOODFK YHUVO·HVW&HGHUQLHUHQVHPEOHUHVWHXQ%DVVLQHQVRLJUkFHjODFDSDFLWpIpGpUDWULFH GX6HPPHULQJPrPHVLFHWD[HWHQGGHSOXVHQSOXVjSDUWLFLSHUDXPRXYHPHQWGH IUDJPHQWDWLRQjO·RHXYUHQRWDPPHQWGDQVO·K\SRWKqVHGHODUpDOLVDWLRQGHODFHLQWXUH VXG6XWWRQjSDUDvWUH(LFKHU 

&KDSLWUH/HV%DVVLQVGH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWH[SUHVVLRQVSDWLDOHG·XQHUHIRQWHpSLVWpPRORJLTXHHQWUH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWHW$SSURFKH



7URLVLqPHSDUWLH/·,QWHUVSDWLDOLWpO·HQMHXG·XQHQRXYHDXWpUpWLFXODLUH GpSDVVHUO·LQFRKpVLRQ$OSLQHSDUXQHPERvWHPHQWG·LQWHUPpGLDWLRQV"

Les Bassins de Franchissement : essai de modélisation

Aujourd’hui L’aire des Traversées Alpines

A

B A C Bassin Suisse : métrique corridor classe 4 Franchissement accumulation

D C

Bassin occidental métrique axe classe 2 Approche concentration

D Bassin Brenner : métrique itinéraire classe 3 Traversée glissement d’accumulation

B

KS, 2011.

Bassin étoile de Villach métrique itinéraire classe 1 Traversée dilution

1 Bassin Suisse

Demain ?

2 1

2

Bassin Tauern-Tarvis

4 3 Bassin occidental ouvert sur les Pyrénées

3

4 Bassin oriental KS, 2011.

)LJXUH/HV%DVVLQGH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWXQHPRGpOLVDWLRQQRQÀJpH .6XWWRQ

/HVDWWULEXWVGHV%DVVLQVGH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWQRWDPPHQWHQWHUPHVGHPpWULTXHRXG·RUGUHG·DSSDUWHQDQFHVRQWpYROXWLIV/HSURGXLW JUDSKLTXHGHFHWHVVDLGHPRGpOLVDWLRQQ·HVWSDVjHQWHQGUHFRPPHÀJpPDLVFRPPHODPDQLIHVWDWLRQG·XQHEDVHFRQFHSWXHOOHGH FRQVLGpUDWLRQGHVLQFRKpVLRQDXFRHXUGHO·HVSDFHGHV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV

&KDSLWUH/HV%DVVLQVGH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWH[SUHVVLRQVSDWLDOHG·XQHUHIRQWHpSLVWpPRORJLTXHHQWUH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWHW$SSURFKH



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH

8QLQWHUPpGLDLUHGHYHQXSDUWLHG·XQFHQWUH OH6LPSORQRXO·H[SUHVVLRQG·XQHLQWHUPpGLDULWpFRQFXUUHQWLHOOH  /·H[HPSOHGHO·HQVHPEOH7DXHUQ7DUYLVPRQWUHTXHODG\QDPLTXHGHO·HQ VHPEOHLQWHUPpGLDLUHHVWIRQFWLRQGXSDVVDJH'DQVOHFDVSUpFpGHQWODFRQYHU JHQFHGXSDVVDJHFHQWUDO7DXHUQ DYHFOH%UHQQHUFRQVWUXLWXQHQVHPEOHHQVRL/H 6LPSORQSURSRVHXQDXWUHVFHQDULRSXLVTX·LOV·DJLWGHODWUDMHFWRLUHG·XQHOLJQHHWG·XQ SDVVDJHGHSXLVXQHSRVLWLRQLQWHUPpGLDLUHSpULSKpULTXHYHUVXQHQVHPEOHFHQ WUDOSDUODPpGLDWLRQGHO·RXYHUWXUHG·XQDXWUHWXQQHOOH/|WVFKEHUJ(QVRPPH OHIDFWHXUGHG\QDPLTXHHVWGHQRXYHDXO·DJHQFHPHQWG·LWLQpUDLUHVHQD[H /H6LPSORQVHVLWXHjODFKDUQLqUHGHVGpFRXSDJHVWUDGLWLRQQHOVGHV7UDYHUVpHV$O SLQHV>FKDSLWUH@6HORQODUpJLRQDOLVDWLRQTXHQRXVSURSRVRQVLOSDUWLFLSHQpFHV VDLUHPHQWDXV\VWqPH6XLVVHHWQHVDXUDLWV·HQWHQGUHGHFRQFHUWDYHFOH)UpMXV/H SRVLWLRQQHPHQWGLYHUJHQWGHVSURMHWVGHWXQQHOVGHEDVHVXLVVHVHWGX/\RQ7XULQ OHPRQWUHG·DLOOHXUV/HVSUHPLHUVVHSRVLWLRQQHQWFODLUHPHQWOHORQJGHODGRUVDOH DORUVTXHOH/\RQ7XULQVHPEOHDEDQGRQQHUOHSRVLWLRQQHPHQWPpULGLHQSXLVTX·LO VHWURXYHHQWLqUHPHQWLQVFULWGDQVODORJLTXHRXHVWHVW/HV%DVVLQV6XLVVHHWIUDQFR LWDOLHQVHPEOHQWDLQVLVHGLVVRFLHU3OXVH[DFWHPHQWOH%DVVLQIUDQFRLWDOLHQVHPEOH PLJUHUYHUVOHVXGSRXUV·pORLJQHUGHO·RPEUHSRUWpSDUOH%DVVLQ6XLVVH

'RFXPHQW&DUWHFRPSDUDWLYHGHSUpVHQWDWLRQ GHV©]RQHVLQWpUHVVpHVSDUOHSHUFHPHQWGX6LPSORQª %LEOLRWKqTXHPXQLFLSDOHGH/DXVDQQH &HWWHFDUWHLQYHQWHXQF{QHGHSHUWLQHQFHDX6LPSORQHQWUH*RWKDUGHW)Up MXV/H-XUDDSSDUDvWFRPPHO¶DPSOL¿FDWHXUGH©O¶HIIHW6LPSORQª

 /H WKqPH TXL FDUDFWpULVH O·DJHQFH PHQW LQWHUPpGLDLUH  HVW OD FRQFXU UHQFHSOXVHQFRUHTXHODFRPSpWLWLRQ ,QYHQWHUXQHFRKpVLRQHQWUHFHVGHX[ EDVVLQV VHPEOH LPSRVVLEOH WDQW OHV PpWULTXHV G·H[SORLWDWLRQ HW OHV FDGUHV SROLWLTXHVGHSHQVpHGLYHUJHQW+LVWR ULTXHPHQWOH)UpMXVHVWOHSUHPLHUWXQ QHOUpDOLVpGDQVO·HQVHPEOHRFFLGHQWDO   /H 6LPSORQ RXYHUW HQ   D pWDLW W{W SHUoX FRPPH XQ FRQFXU UHQW UHGRQGDQW GH FH WXQQHO SDU OD )UDQFHHWOH3/0TXLH[SORLWDLWMXVTX·j OD QDWLRQDOLVDWLRQ   OH WXQQHO GX )UpMXV 'qV OD JHQqVH GHV HQVHPEOHV OD ORJLTXH GH FRQFXUUHQFH DSSDUDvW GRQF$O·RULJLQHOH6LPSORQHVWSHUoX FRPPH O·HQWUHGHX[ HQWUH )UpMXV HW *RWKDUGGRF 3URJUHVVLYHPHQWLO V·LPSRVH FRPPH XQH FHQWUDOLWp SOD oDQW OH )UpMXV GDQV XQ F{QH G·RPEUH WRXMRXUV SOXV RSDTXH /H 6LPSORQ FRPPHQFH SDU FDSWHU OHV ÁX[ SURYH QDQWGH*UDQGH%UHWDJQHQRWDPPHQW OHV JUDQGV H[SUHVV LQWHUQDWLRQDX[ /H FRQWH[WH JpRSROLWLTXH OH IDYRULVH

&KDSLWUH/HV%DVVLQVGH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWH[SUHVVLRQVSDWLDOHG·XQHUHIRQWHpSLVWpPRORJLTXHHQWUH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWHW$SSURFKH



7URLVLqPHSDUWLH/·,QWHUVSDWLDOLWpO·HQMHXG·XQHQRXYHDXWpUpWLFXODLUH GpSDVVHUO·LQFRKpVLRQ$OSLQHSDUXQHPERvWHPHQWG·LQWHUPpGLDWLRQV" %HQ] /DUpXVVLWHGX6LPSORQVHWUDGXLWGDQVOHVLQYHVWLVVHPHQWVFRPPHU FLDX[FRQVHQWLVSDUOH3/0GDQVO·DLUHDXWRXUGHFHWD[H/DFRPSDJQLHIHUURYLDLUH pGLWHGHVVpULHVG·DIÀFKHVGHSURPRWLRQGHODOLJQHGX6LPSORQHWGHVHVGHVWLQDWLRQV WRXULVWLTXHVDVVRFLpHVGRF &HWWHSURPRWLRQDFFRPSDJQHO·DSSRUWGHFDSLWDX[ SRXUODUpDOLVDWLRQGHODOLJQHjYRLHPpWULTXHGH%ULJXHYHUVOD)XUND'HSOXVDYHF O·RXYHUWXUHGXWXQQHOGHIDvWHGX/|WVFKEHUJ OH3/0VHWURXYHHQFRQFXU UHQFHDYHFODFRPSDJQLHGHO·(VWSRXUODSDUWLHIUDQoDLVHGHVJUDQGVH[SUHVV0DQFKH ,WDOLH /H /|WVFKEHUJ RIIUH XQH YRLH YHUV OHV $OSHV j O·(VW SDU %HUQH HW %HOIRUW 9HQLVHGHYLHQWSDUH[HPSOHXQHGHVWLQDWLRQSURPXHSDUFHUpVHDXHQFRQFXUUHQFH DYHFOH3/0GRF 'HVDIÀFKHVVRQWpGLWpHVFHTXLGRQQHXQHYLVLELOLWp$OSLQH HWLWDOLHQQHDXUpVHDXGHO·(VW/H3/0LQYHVWLWDORUVOH6LPSORQHQFHTXHFHOXLFL ULVTXHG·rWUHDSSURSULpSDUO·(VWGHSXLVOH/|WVFKEHUJ/H3/0EpQpÀFLHG·XQHYRLH GHSURMHFWLRQGLUHFWHYHUVOH6LPSORQSDUODOLJQHGH-RXJQHHW/DXVDQQH>FKDSLWUH@ TXLOXLSHUPHWGHV·DVVXUHUG·XQFRQWU{OHUHODWLI GXQRXYHDXWXQQHOHWG·HQWLUHUSDUWL O·KHXUHGHODFRQFXUUHQFHVXUYHQXH /H/|WVFKEHUJSHUPHWDX6LPSORQGHJDJQHUHQDXWRQRPLHHWG·pFKDQJHUDYHFOH )UpMXVVDSRVLWLRQG·LQWHUPpGLDLUHLOHWXQQHOGX/|WVFKEHUJSHUPHWDX6LPSORQGH V·DWWDFKHUjXQHQVHPEOHDXWUHTXHVHXOHPHQWURPDQG,OSHUPHWDLQVLDX6LPSORQGH V·DIIUDQFKLUGHODWXWHOOHIUDQoDLVHHQSURSRVDQWXQHGLYHUVLÀFDWLRQGHVHVGpERXFKpV /H/|WVFKEHUJpPDQDWLRQGH%HUQHSURMHWWHOH6LPSORQGDQVXQHpFKHOOHG·D[HPR GXODEOH(QVRPPHOH6LPSORQV·DFFRPSOLWjWUDYHUVOH/|WVFKEHUJ

%HQ]* /HV $OSHVHWOHFKHPLQ GHIHU

/·LQWpJUDWLRQ6XLVVHXQIDFWHXUGHGLVFRQWLQXLWpV$OSLQHV"  /HV LQWHUPpGLDULWpV OHV SOXV PDUTXpHV VH VLWXHQW WRXWHV DXWRXU GX %DVVLQ 6XLVVH ,O VHPEOH TXH O·LQWHQVLWpGH O·LQWpJUDWLRQ LQWHUQH j FH %DVVLQ SURYRTXH SDU UpWURDFWLRQVXQHSpMRUDWLRQGHODFRQQH[LWpjO·pFKHOOHGHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV/D IRUPHVSKpULTXHDFFRPSOLHGX%DVVLQ6XLVVHUHVVRUWG·DXWDQWSOXVVXUODÀJXUHTX·LO HVWERUGpGH©]RQHVEODQFKHVª/·LGpHG·vOHVHFRQÀUPH/HFDGHQFHPHQWQDWLRQDO JpQpUDOLVp D SRXU FRQVpTXHQFH G·DFFURvWUH OD ORJLTXH VSKpULTXH HW GDQV OH PrPH WHPSVG·DFFURvWUHODPLVHjGLVWDQFHGHVDLUHVYRLVLQHV&HWWHLGpHG·vOHHVWIRUWH$ WUDYHUVFHWWHSROLWLTXHLOQ·HVWQXOOHPHQWSRVVLEOHGHSDUOHUG·HQFODYH6HXOHODQRWLRQ G·H[FODYHDXWRDOLPHQWpHGHO·LQWpULHXUVHPEOHFRQYHQLU/DSROLWLTXH6XLVVHDSRXU HIIHW j O·pFKHOOH GHV 7UDYHUVpHV $OSLQHV G·DFFURvWUH XQH IRUPH G·LQFRKpVLRQ GHV %DVVLQVGH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWGRQFGHIUHLQHUWRXWHIRUPHGHVROLGDULWp$OSLQHDX SURÀWG·XQHRULHQWDWLRQQDWLRQDOH1RXVHQDYRQVHXXQH[HPSOHORUVGHODIHUPHWXUH GXWXQQHOGX0RQW%ODQFGHj/D6XLVVHQ·DSDVUHOHYpVHVTXRWDVG·DG PLVVLRQGHSRLGVORXUGVVLELHQTXHOHUHSRUWGHVÁX[V·HVWSUHVTXHLQWpJUDOHPHQW HIIHFWXpVXUOH)UpMXVHWSDUFDVFDGHVGHUHSRUWVVXUOH0RQWJHQqYUHHWOD&RUQLFKH ÀJ  &HVHVSDFHVJULVSHXYHQWrWUHFRPSULVFRPPHGHVJODFLVPDUTXDQWXQHGLVFRQWLQXLWp SROLWLTXH HW IRQFWLRQQHOOH SHUVLVWDQWH &HWWH SRVLWLRQ SHUPHW G·LGHQWLÀHU OD 6XLVVH FRPPHXQHYDVWHLQWHUIDFHGHW\SHVpOHFWHXU/D6XLVVHFKRLVLWHQSUHPLHUHWLP SRVHDXUHVWHGHV$OSHVO·pFXPHGHVHVFKRL[TXLJOLVVHOHORQJGHVHVIURQWLqUHVHW pFKRXHSDUH[HPSOHVXUOH%UHQQHU

&KDSLWUH/HV%DVVLQVGH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWH[SUHVVLRQVSDWLDOHG·XQHUHIRQWHpSLVWpPRORJLTXHHQWUH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWHW$SSURFKH



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH

La fermeture du tunnel routier du Mont-Blanc, une illustration d’une incohésion venue de Suisse

 'HV IRUPHV GH FRKpUHQFHV VHP EOHQW pPHUJHU j O·LQWpULHXU GH FHV LQWHU PpGLDULWpVWUDYHUVDQWHV'HVORJLTXHVGH FRQVWLWXWLRQVGHEDVVLQVWHUULWRULDX[FR KpUHQWV DXWRXU G·XQH SROLWLTXH WDULIDLUH FRPPXQH SHXYHQW SDU H[HPSOH V·\ Gp YHORSSHU /H FDV OH SOXV HPEOpPDWLTXH HVW SHXWrWUH O·(XUHJLR %RGHQVHH O·(X URUpJLRQGXODFGH&RQVWDQFH DFWLYHGH SXLVjFKHYDOVXUO·$OOHPDJQHO·$X WULFKHHWOD6XLVVH8QHQVHPEOHGHWURLV ]RQHV GH WDULÀFDWLRQ WUDQVIURQWDOLqUH FRPPXQH D pWp LQVWDXUpH GDQV OH FDGUH G·XQSURJUDPPH,QWHUUHJ,9VRXVO·pJLGH GHO·8(GHOD&RQIpGpUDWLRQ+HOYpWLTXH HWGHODFRQIpUHQFHGXODFGH&RQVWDQFH &HWHQVHPEOHVHVXSHUSRVHDX[]RQDJHV WDULIDLUHV GH SUR[LPLWp HQ YLJXHXU GDQV FKDFXQH GHV HQWLWpV SROLWLTXHV $27 UH SUpVHQWpHV/DORJLTXHVSKpULTXHGXEDV VLQ 6XLVVH VHPEOH DLQVL VH GpFOLQHU j VD SUR[LPLWp LPPpGLDWH HQ DXWDQW GH EDV VLQV WHUULWRULDX[ TXH GH FRQVWUXFWLRQV PpWURSROLWDLQHV WUDQVIURQWDOLqUHV (Q VRPPH OD SpULSKpULH GX EDVVLQ 6XLVVH V·HQWHQGFRPPHXQMHXG·LQVXODULWpVGH IDLWV SROLWLTXHV PpWURSROLWDLQV HP ERvWpHV TXL V·H[SULPHQW DX WUDYHUV GHV HVSDFHVWDULIDLUHV

 /HV JODFLV SHXYHQW DEULWHU GHV OR JLTXHVSURSUHVG·LQWHUPpGLDWLRQVPp WURSROLWDLQHV ÀJ   PDLV DXVVL GH )UDQFKLVVHPHQW FRPPH O·H[SULPH OH FDVGHO·$UOEHUJ/DIRQFWLRQGHFHSDV Graphiques Alpinfo 2010, animation KS, 2011 VDJH V·HQWHQG SUHPLqUHPHQW j O·pFKHOOH )LJXUH/DIHUPHWXUHGXWXQQHOURXWLHUGX0RQW%ODQF GXWHUULWRLUHQDWLRQDODXWULFKLHQ2XYHUW XQHLOOXVWUDWLRQG·XQHLQFRKpVLRQYHQXHGH6XLVVH HQjO·H[SORLWDWLRQLOSHUPHWG·pWD $OSLQIRDQLPDWLRQ.6XWWRQ EOLUXQHFRQWLQXLWpWHUULWRULDOHWRXWDX ORQJGHO·DQQpHHQWUHOH7\UROHWDLQVLOH UHVWHGHO·$XWULFKH HWOH9RUDUOEHUJ(QFHODLOSHXWV·HQWHQGUHFRPPHXQ%DVVLQHQ OXLPrPHGRQWODIRUPHVHUDLWSURFKHGHFHOOHGHO·HQVHPEOHIUDQFRLWDOLHQO·HQWRQ QRLU PDLVVDQVDXFXQHFRPSRVDQWHIURQWDOLqUH /D UpDOLVDWLRQ GH FH WXQQHO HVW LQGLVVRFLDEOH GX FRQWH[WH JpRSROLWLTXH GHV DQQpHV /HVWUDYDX[VHGpURXOHQWGHjVRLWDXOHQGHPDLQGHODGpIDLWH IUDQoDLVHHWGHODSHUWHGHO·$OVDFH0RVHOOH/D)UDQFHFKHUFKHDORUVGHVDOWHUQD WLYHV j OD WUDYHUVpH GX WHUULWRLUH DOOHPDQG DÀQ GH UHOLHU 3DULV DX[ DXWUHV FDSLWDOHV &KDSLWUH/HV%DVVLQVGH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWH[SUHVVLRQVSDWLDOHG·XQHUHIRQWHpSLVWpPRORJLTXHHQWUH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWHW$SSURFKH



7URLVLqPHSDUWLH/·,QWHUVSDWLDOLWpO·HQMHXG·XQHQRXYHDXWpUpWLFXODLUH GpSDVVHUO·LQFRKpVLRQ$OSLQHSDUXQHPERvWHPHQWG·LQWHUPpGLDWLRQV" HXURSpHQQHV /D OLDLVRQ 3DULV9LHQQH Le Système Suisse, un emboîtement de sphères SDVVH KLVWRULTXHPHQW SDU 6WUDVERXUJ expression graphique des jeux métropolitains transfrontaliers .DUOVUXKH0XQLFKHW6DO]ERXUJ/·$UO Bâle EHUJ j O·pFKHOOH HXURSpHQQH V·HQWHQG Euregio Bodensee FRPPHODYRLHDOWHUQDWLYHHQWUH3D Zurich ULVHW9LHQQHYLD%kOHHW=XULFK&HWWH Berne IRQFWLRQLQWHUPpGLDLUHpWDLWGRQFSUp St-Gall VHQWH GqV OD JHQqVH GX WXQQHO *XL G Coire L Genève FKRQQHW  And. &HWWH IRQFWLRQ D G·DLOOHXUV pWp SRXU Brigue SDUWLHUpDFWLYpHSDUODVWUDWpJLHGH)UHW BrigueTilo Domo 61&)TXLDREWHQXXQFHUWLÀFDWG·KR PRORJDWLRQGHVHV(SRXUOH Milan/Novare KS, 2011. UpVHDX 6XLVVH MXVTX·j %XFKV OD IURQ WLqUH IHUURYLDLUH DYHF OH UpVHDX g%% Axe nord-sud : transit et liaisons Tunnels de base centres-périphéries /HV g%% FKHUFKHQW G·DLOOHXUV j UHYD ORULVHU FHW LWLQpUDLUH DÀQ G·HQ IDLUH XQHOLJQHGHFROOHFWHGHÁX[SRXUOH Dorsale du cadencement Echos à la dorsale IXWXU HQVHPEOH %UHQQHU7DXHUQ HQ Frontière fonctionnelle tenant compte FRQFXUUHQFH GX *RWKDUG %LHQ V€U Pieds-de-Franchissement des projections ultra-frontalières FHODSRXUUDLWrWUHOHVXSSRUWG·XQHOR Gothard L Lötschberg G JLTXH LQWUD$OSLQH GH VROLGDULWp 0DLV Apparition de cohérences territoriales propres OHV DFWHXUV SUpVHQWV VXU OHV GHX[ D[HV à cheval sur les intermédiarités dessinées par l’intégration du système suisse GLIIqUHQW ODUJHPHQW /H WXQQHO D IDLW O·REMHWGHJURVWUDYDX[GHVWUXFWXUHHQ )LJXUH/H6\VWqPH6XLVVHXQHDFFXPXODWLRQGHVSKqUHV  TXL IRQW VXLWH j XQH VpULH H[SUHVVLRQJUDSKLTXHGHVMHX[PpWURSROLWDLQVWUDQVIURQWDOLHUV .6XWWRQ GHPRGHUQLVDWLRQVDSSRUWpHVjODOLJQH GHSXLVODÀQGHVDQQpHV/DYDOR ULVDWLRQGHO·LQWHUPpGLDLUHjO·pFKHOOHGHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVHVWDLQVLXQHSLVWHTXL *XLFKRQQHW3 FRQÀUPHODQpFHVVLWpG·XQHFRQVLGpUDWLRQSOXVDSSUIRQGLHGXSKpQRPqQH D ©5HFKHUFKH G·XQHSROLWLTXHª

/HVVLJQHVG·XQHDXWRQRPLVDWLRQGHODVpTXHQFHLQWHUPpGLDLUH GHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV /RUVTXHODWHUPLQDLVRQV·LPSRVHjODWrWHGHWXQQHO%DUGRQQqFKH  %DUGRQQqFKHHWVRQVDLOODQWQHVRQWHQGpSLWGHOHXUORFDOLVDWLRQVXUXQD[H LQWHUQDWLRQDOTX·XQÀQLVWqUHGHO·,WDOLHWRXUQpYHUV7XULQHWQRQYHUVOD)UDQFH 6XVHUHVWHHQFHODELHQSOXVWRXUQpHYHUVVRQSDVVDJHOHFROGX0RQW&HQLVTXH %DUGRQQqFKHQHO·HVWYHUV©VRQªWXQQHO%DUGRQQqFKHQHFRQVWLWXHSDVXQHWrWHGH WXQQHOHOOHQ·HVWTX·XQHWHUPLQDLVRQ/·HVVRUXUEDLQGHFHWWHGHUQLqUHHVWG·DLOOHXUV HQJUDQGHSDUWLHOHIDLWGHVDIRQFWLRQGHVWDWLRQGHVSRUWG·KLYHUHWQRQGHERXUJ OH ORQJ G·XQ D[H (W FHWWH IRQFWLRQ HVW ELHQ IDYRULVpH SDU OD SRVLWLRQ WHUPLQDOH SOXVTXHSDUODGLPHQVLRQLQWpJUpHOHORQJGHO·D[HjO·LQYHUVHGH6XVHTXLDFRQQX VRQGpYHORSSHPHQWDXWRXUGHVIRQFWLRQVQRGDOHVGHO·LWLQpUDLUHGHIUDQFKLVVHPHQW &KDSLWUH/HV%DVVLQVGH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWH[SUHVVLRQVSDWLDOHG·XQHUHIRQWHpSLVWpPRORJLTXHHQWUH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWHW$SSURFKH



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH

Medail, un marqueur de l’espace urbain synomyme de Via Roma K. Sutton, janvier 2009.

Bardonnèche, une terminaison territoriale au pied du Franchissement

Panneau du parcours des 150 ans de l’unité italienne dans le Val de Suse placé devant le monument à G.F. Medail. K. Sutton, juin 2011.

Col du Fréjus Col de la Roue

Bgo. Vecchio Portail sud du tunnel du Fréjus. K. Sutton, janvier 2009.

Le Frassinet

Col de l’Echelle

Melezet

N Monument romantique à G.F. Medail orné de stèles qui devient le lieu de célébration de l’ancrage national de ce finistère de l’Italie K. Sutton, janvier 2009.

Sculpture de G. Giorani (an XVI) situé dans le hall de la gare de Bardonnèche. K. Sutton, janvier 2009.

1 km

Autel à la Sainte Barbe situé à proximité de la gare, sûrement réalisé à l’occasion du centenaire des débuts des travaux de percement du tunnel. K. Sutton, juin 2011.

KS, 2011.

L’ouverture du tunnel ferroviaire, un événement urbain

L’ouverture du tunnel routier, un amplificateur pour la réinvention touriqtique de Bardonnèche

Site historique du village Domaine skiable

Extension de la seconde moitié du XX° siècle

Les tombées de col

Tunnel routier du Fréjus Tunnel ferroviaire du Fréjus

Nationale (ancienne route du Fréjus)

Voie ferrée Urbanisation années 1980 Extension XIX° s.

Autoroute Route secondaire

La Via Medail

Village olympique

La gare

)LJXUH%DUGRQQqFKHXQHWHUPLQDLVRQWHUULWRULDOHDXSLHGGX)UDQFKLVVHPHQWWRXUQpHYHUV7XULQ .6XWWRQ

&KDSLWUH/HV%DVVLQVGH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWH[SUHVVLRQVSDWLDOHG·XQHUHIRQWHpSLVWpPRORJLTXHHQWUH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWHW$SSURFKH



7URLVLqPHSDUWLH/·,QWHUVSDWLDOLWpO·HQMHXG·XQHQRXYHDXWpUpWLFXODLUH GpSDVVHUO·LQFRKpVLRQ$OSLQHSDUXQHPERvWHPHQWG·LQWHUPpGLDWLRQV" &KDPXVV\ 6XVHSUpVHQWHG·DLOOHXUVXQSDWULPRLQHDQWLTXHTXLODFDUDFWpULVH FRPPHODSRUWHGHV$OSHVGHVDYDOOpH/·DUFGHWULRPSKHO·DUFG·$XJXVWHFRPPp PRUHFHU{OHGHSRLQWG·pFODWHPHQWGHGHX[URXWHVGHIUDQFKLVVHPHQW0RQWJHQqYUH HW 0RQW&HQLV  /D SRUWpH GH FHWWH pFULWXUH Q·HVW SDV QDWLRQDOH PDLV UpJLRQDOH HW DOSLQH$O·LQYHUVHDXWUHWHPSVDXWUHVSUREOpPDWLTXHVO·LQVFULSWLRQGHODPpPRLUH GXWXQQHOGX)UpMXVGDQV%DUGRQQqFKHUpSRQGG·XQHLQYHQWLRQGHODSODFHG·XQH UpJLRQGDQVXQHQVHPEOHQDWLRQDO/·HVSDFHXUEDLQHVWULFKHGHWUDFHVDVVRFLpHV DX WXQQHO ÀJ   6L QRXV FRQVLGpURQV OH WUDMHW G·XQ LQGLYLGX TXL HQWUH GDQV OH ERXUJSDUOHWUDLQXQHSUHPLqUHIRUPHG·pFULWXUHPpPRULHOOHDSSDUDvWGDQVOHKDOO GHODJDUH,OV·DJLWG·XQHVFXOSWXUHGH**LRUGDQLUHSUpVHQWDQWGHWRXWHpYLGHQFH WURLVEXVWHVGHPLQHXUVVDQVWH[WHDVVRFLp/HVW\OHQHWURPSHSDVVXUVRQFRQWH[WH GHUpDOLVDWLRQLRXSOXW{WDQ;9,&HWWH±XYUHDIDLWO·REMHWG·XQHFRPPDQGH HQjO·RFFDVLRQGHVDQVGHVGpEXWVGXSHUFHPHQWGXWXQQHOGX)UpMXV /DSUHPLqUHLQVFULSWLRQGHO·REMHWSUHQGGRQFOHYLVDJHGHV3LRQQLHUVÀJXUHSURMHWpH GHSXLVOH6LPSORQMXVTX·HQFHIRQGGHYDOOpH/DUKpWRULTXHHVWVLPSOHLO·,WDOLHQD GRQQpVRQVDQJSRXUODUpDOLVDWLRQGHFHVRXYUDJHVjSRUWpHHXURSpHQQHVRXYHQRQV QRXVHQFpOpEURQVOH&HWWHLQVFULSWLRQVHFRPSUHQGGRQFjXQHpFKHOOHQDWLRQDOHGH SURPRWLRQGHODJUDQGHXUGHOD3DWULHG·DXWDQWSOXVLPSRUWDQWHTXHO·RQVHVLWXHOH ORQJG·XQHIURQWLqUHSRWHQWLHOOHPHQWFRQÁLFWXHOOH ,O HVW QpFHVVDLUH GH FRQVLGpUHU OH FRQWH[WH GH O·XQLÀFDWLRQ LWDOLHQQH DÀQ GH FRP SUHQGUHO·LQVFULSWLRQVXLYDQWH,OV·DJLWG·XQPRQXPHQWGpGLpjFHOXLTXLHVWUHFRQQX GH FH F{WpFL GHV $OSHV FRPPH O·LQYHQWHXU GX WXQQHO *) 0HGDLO 7URLV LQJpQLHXUV SRXUXQWXQQHOFHWLWUHG·RXYUDJH/HVFD UpVXPHOHSUREOqPHGHODSDWHUQLWpGH O·RXYUDJHFRQVLGpUpODPpPRLUHFROOHFWLYHQHUHWLHQWVRXYHQWTX·XQHVHXOHSHUVRQ QDOLWp(Q)UDQFHHWQRWDPPHQWHQ6DYRLH*6RPPHLOOHUHVWFRPPXQpPHQWUHWHQX FRPPH OH SqUH GX )UpMXV OH QRPEUH GH UXH 6RPPHLOOHU GDQV OHV FRPPXQHV GH 6DYRLHOHPRQWUH jODIRLVSRXUVRQLQYHQWLRQGHODSHUIRUHXVHjDLUFRPSULPpSUR FpGpXWLOLVpSRXUIRUHUOHVRXWHUUDLQHWFRPPHHQIDQWG·XQYLOODJHGH+DXWH6DYRLH 6W-HRLUHHQ)DXFLJQ\ $%DUGRQQqFKHODÀJXUHDVVRFLpHHVW*)0HGDLOKRPPH SROLWLTXHQDWLI GHODFRPPXQHTXLHVWFRQVLGpUpFRPPHO·LQYHQWHXUSROLWLTXHGH O·REMHW&HPRQXPHQWVHFRPSUHQGFRPPHXQHVW\OLVDWLRQURPDQWLTXHG·XQURFKHU VXU OHTXHO HVW DSSRVp OH YLVDJH GX SHUVRQQDJH GDQV XQ PpGDLOORQ VRXOLJQp G·XQH GpGLFDFHjVRQ±XYUH

&KDPXVV\+  ©&LUFXOD WLRQWUDQVDOSLQH HWYLOOHVGHSLHG GHFRO%ULDQoRQ 0RGDQH6XVH $RVWH0DUWLJQ\ 'RPRGRVVRODª 5HYXHGH*pRJUDSKLH $OSLQH /HVFD&  7UHLQJHQLHULSHUXQ WUDIUR/DVWRULDGHOOD IHUURYLDGHO)UHMXV

©$*XLVHSSH)UDQF0HGDLO 4XLOHSUHPLHUDFRQoXO·LGpHKDUGLHGXWXQQHOGX)UpMXV (Q\GpGLDQWVHVpWXGHVHWVDYLH 1pj%DUGRQQqFKHOH 0RUWj6XVHOHª 7UDGXFWLRQSHUVRQQHOOH &HPRQXPHQWDpWppULJpSDUOH&OXE$OSLQR,WDOLDQR&$, OHSHQGDQWGX&$)HQ )UDQFH 6XU OHV GHX[ YHUVDQWV O·DOSLQLVPH HVW XQ VXSSRUW GH SDWULRWLVPH YRLUH GH QDWLRQDOLVPHFRPPHO·H[SULPHODVLJQDWXUHGHODFRPPDQGH

&KDSLWUH/HV%DVVLQVGH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWH[SUHVVLRQVSDWLDOHG·XQHUHIRQWHpSLVWpPRORJLTXHHQWUH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWHW$SSURFKH



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH ©'RQGHODVHFWLRQGH6XVHGX&$, /D3DWULHUHFRQQDLVVDQWHª 7UDGXFWLRQSHUVRQQHOOH /·HQVHPEOHHVWRUQpG·XQHVWqOHVXSSOpPHQWDLUHDSSRVpHjO·RFFDVLRQGXFHQWHQDLUH GHODSUHPLqUHFLUFXODWLRQjWUDYHUVOHWXQQHO ©/HVHSWHPEUHOHSUHPLHUWUDLQSDUFRXUXOHWXQQHOIHUURYLDLUHGX)UpMXV &pOpEUDQWOHFHQWHQDLUHGHFHWpYpQHPHQW%DUGRQQqFKHVHVRXYLHQWGHO·LQLWLDWHXUGHFHWRXYUDJH *)0HGDLO HWGHFHX[TXLRQWFRQWULEXpjVDUpDOLVDWLRQ ª 7UDGXFWLRQSHUVRQQHOOH /DSURMHFWLRQGXWXQQHOHWGXJpQLGHVDÀJXUHSDWHUQHOOHHVWDXÀQDOXQHpFULWXUH GX JpQL LWDOLHQ &H PRQXPHQW IDLW DFWXHOOHPHQW O·REMHW G·XQ GLVFRXUV PpPRULHO j O·RFFDVLRQGHVIHVWLYLWpVGXqPHDQQLYHUVDLUHGHO·XQLWpLWDOLHQQHSDUODPpGLDWLRQ G·XQSDQQHDXÁpFKDQWXQFLUFXLWGpFRXYHUWHGHODYDOOpHGH6XVH 6RPPHLOOHUODÀJXUHLQWHUQDWLRQDOHGXWXQQHOTXLSDUWDJHXQPRQXPHQWDYHFOHV GHX[DXWUHVLQJpQLHXUV6*UDQGLVHW6*UDWWRQL VXUOD3LD]]D6WDWXWRj7XULQHVW DXVVLSUpVHQWGDQVO·HVSDFHXUEDLQPDLVGHO·DXWUHF{WpGHODYRLHIHUUpHVRLWGDQVOD SDUWLHRIIGH%DUGRQQqFKH/HERXUJV·HVWKLVWRULTXHPHQWGpYHORSSpjODWRPEpHGHV FROVGHOD5RXHHWGX)UpMXVOHORQJGHO·RXYHUWXUHYHUVOHFROGHO·(FKHOOH$SDUWLU GHO·DUULYpHGXFKHPLQGHIHUHQOHERXUJV·HVWSURJUHVVLYHPHQWpWDOpYHUVOD OLJQHSOXVTXHYHUVODJDUHG·DLOOHXUV GHVVLQDQWDLQVLODYLD0HGDLO/DGHQVLÀFDWLRQ DFWXHOOHPHQW SHUFHSWLEOH GDWH GH O·HVVRU WRXULVWLTXH GH OD VHFRQGH PRLWLp GX ;;ƒ VLqFOH/DYRLHIHUUpHPDUTXHXQHOLPLWHLPSRUWDQWHGDQVODYLOOHG·DXMRXUG·KXLGqV ORUVTXHO·HVSDFHEkWLDXQRUGGHFHOOHFLOHIXWHQOLHQDYHFO·HVVRUGXWUDÀFURXWLHU DVVRFLpjO·RXYHUWXUHGXWXQQHOURXWLHUHQ2UF·HVWSUpFLVpPHQWGDQVFHWDXWUH %DUGRQQqFKHTXHVHWURXYHODYLD6RPPHLOOHUHWO·K{WHOTXLSRUWHVRQQRP 8QDXWUHPRQXPHQWSOXVGLVFUHWVHWURXYHjSUR[LPLWpGHODJDUH,OV·DJLWG·XQDX WHOjOD6DLQWH%DUEHGDWDQWYUDLVHPEODEOHPHQWGHVDQQpHV&HPRQXPHQWQH SRUWHQLGDWHQLGpGLFDFHPDLVQRXVSRXYRQVVXSSRVHUTX·LOV·DJLWG·XQHUpDOLVDWLRQ OLpHDXFHQWHQDLUHGXGpEXWGXSHUFHPHQWGXWXQQHOHQ&HWDXWHOUHSUHQGHQ HIIHW OD ÀJXUH GX SRUWDLO GX WXQQHO VLWXp j TXHOTXHV PqWUHV GH O·HVSDFH XUEDQLVp VXUPRQWpSDUODSDWURQQHGHVPLQHXUV1RXVUHWURXYRQVODFRPPpPRUDWLRQGX VDFULÀFHRXYULHUTXLV·DIÀUPHFRPPHXQWUDLWFRPPXQjODPpPRLUHGHVWXQQHOV IHUURYLDLUHVHQ,WDOLHPDLVQRQXQHPpPRLUHGHO·DFWHGHIUDQFKLU/·LPSUHVVLRQTXL pPDQHGHFHVpFULWXUHVHVWFHOOHG·XQHÀQGHWHUULWRLUHQDWLRQDOSOXVTXHG·XQHQYRL YHUVOD)UDQFH /RUVTXHODFRQQHFWLYLWpIDLWQDvWUHXQOLHXGXUpVHDXDXWHUULWRLUH*|VFKHQHQ  /·DQFUDJH QDWLRQDO Q·HVW SDV DXWRPDWLTXHPHQW V\QRQ\PH GH WHUPLQDLVRQ FRPPHOHPRQWUHOH*RWKDUG6HVSLHGVGHFROSHXYHQWrWUHLGHQWLÀpVHQ$LURORHW $QGHUPDWW$QGHUPDWWIDLWFRH[LVWHUFRPPH%ULJXHOHVIRQFWLRQVGHSLHGGHFRO HW GH SRLQW IRFDO $YHF O·RXYHUWXUH GX WXQQHO IHUURYLDLUH GH IDvWH HQ  $LUROR &KDSLWUH/HV%DVVLQVGH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWH[SUHVVLRQVSDWLDOHG·XQHUHIRQWHpSLVWpPRORJLTXHHQWUH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWHW$SSURFKH



7URLVLqPHSDUWLH/·,QWHUVSDWLDOLWpO·HQMHXG·XQHQRXYHDXWpUpWLFXODLUH GpSDVVHUO·LQFRKpVLRQ$OSLQHSDUXQHPERvWHPHQWG·LQWHUPpGLDWLRQV"

Göschenen, un hub point focal à la porte du Gothard Andermatt Locarno Ertsfeld Bâle

Andermatt Locarno Bâle

Andermatt

Ertsfeld

Lorsque l’efficacité rime avec exiguité : le hub de Göschenen. Vue de la voie du MGB qui fait office de parvis de la gare CFF et de gare routière. K. Sutton, janvier 2009.

Andermatt

KS, 2011.

Exemple de panneau animant l’espace urbain de Göschenen autour de la mémoire de l’ère du chantier. K. Sutton, 2011.

Stationnement du regio MGB Andermatt-Göschenen-Andermatt

Stationnement de l’IR CFF Liaison par car du canton d’Uri (desserte fine en correspondance avec le MGB)

3ULQFLSDX[GRPDLQHVVNLDEOHV

Vue du portail nord du Gothard. La date portée sur le fronton est 1882, l’année de la mise en exploitation du tunnel. K. Sutton, juillet 2010.

/LJQHGX0*%

2EHUDOS *RWKDUG

3ODQGHVUHPRQWpHVPpFDQLTXHVGHOD*RWKDUG$UHQDOH0*%XQHOLJQHGHYLH $QGHUPDWWFKIpYULHU 3ODQGHVUHPRQWpHVPpFDQLTXHVGHOD*RWKDUG$UHQD/DOLJQH0*%DSSDUDvWGDQVO·RIIUH $QGHUPDWWFK

)LJXUH*|VFKHQHQXQKXESRLQWIRFDOjODSRUWHGX*RWKDUG .6XWWRQ

&KDSLWUH/HV%DVVLQVGH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWH[SUHVVLRQVSDWLDOHG·XQHUHIRQWHpSLVWpPRORJLTXHHQWUH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWHW$SSURFKH



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH HVWFRQÀUPpHGDQVVDSUR[LPLWpjO·DFWHGHIUDQFKLUYLVjYLVGX*RWKDUGPDLVXQ JOLVVHPHQWQRGDODSSDUDvWjO·pFKHOOHGHO·HVSDFHXUEDLQTXLSHXWVHFDUDFWpULVHUSDU XQHGLVVRFLDWLRQWRXMRXUVSOXVDFFUXHGXS{OHHWGXQ±XGÀJ $O·LQYHUVH$Q GHUPDWWFRQQDvWXQHIRUPHGHSpULSKpULVDWLRQYLVjYLVGHO·D[HSULQFLSDOTXLHQWUH GDQVOHWXQQHOj*|VFKHQHQ&HVLPSOHUHODLVVXUODURXWHGX*RWKDUGFRPSDUDEOH j0RGDQHDpWpGpYHORSSpDXWRXUGHVQpFHVVLWpVGHSHUFHPHQW SXLV G·H[SORLWDWLRQ/HVHQWLHUGpFRXYHUWHGHODOLJQHGX*RWKDUGRXHQFRUHODPXQLFL SDOLWpWHQWHQWGHOHFRPPpPRUHUjO·DLGHGHPLVHHQVFqQHGHO·HVSDFHXUEDLQSDUXQ MHXGHSDQQHDXWDJH*|VFKHQHQGHYLHQWXQSRLQWG·pWDSHLPSRUWDQWOHORQJGHO·D[H GX*RWKDUG7RXWHXQHDFWLYLWpGHFRPPHUFHDPEXODQWV·pWDLWGpYHORSSpHDXWRXUGHV SDVVDJHVGHVJUDQGVH[SUHVVLQWHUQDWLRQDX[DLQVLTX·XQHDFWLYLWpG·K{WHOOHULHDXWRXU GHODIRQFWLRQGHQ±XGGHFRUUHVSRQGDQFHHQWUHOHWUDLQHWOHVVHUYLFHVGHSRVWHYHUV $QGHUPDWWHWOHYDOG·8UVHUHQ$YHFODFRQVWUXFWLRQGHO·DQWHQQHjYRLHPpWULTXH HQWUHFHVGHX[YLOODJHVHQODJDUHGH*|VFKHQHQGHYLHQWXQS{OHIHUURYLDLUH jSDUWHQWLqUH/HSRLQWKDXWYLVLEOHGHODOLJQHGHYLHQWXQSRLQWIRFDORXSOXW{W DFFXHLOOHXQGpGRXEOHPHQWGHVTXDOLWpVQRGDOHVGXSRLQWIRFDOG·$QGHUPDWW /RQJWHPSVGDQVO·RPEUHGHVUHQRPPpHVGHVWXQQHOHWGXWHUULWRLUHWRXULVWLTXHGH OD*RWKDUG$UHQD*|VFKHQHQEpQpÀFLHDXMRXUG·KXLG·XQHG\QDPLTXHFRPSDUDEOHj FHOOHTXHFRQQDvW%ULGHVOHV%DLQVSDUUDSSRUWj0pULEHO*|VFKHQHQHVWHQHIIHWLQ WpJUpGDQVO·HVSDFHWRXULVWLTXHG·$QGHUPDWWRIIUDQWXQSRWHQWLHOG·KpEHUJHPHQWORZ FRVWUHOLpDXGRPDLQHVNLDEOHSDUODQDYHWWHjYRLHPpWULTXHUHPRQWDQWOHV6FK|OOHQHQ GHX[IRLVSDUKHXUHDX[KHWK &HOOHFLHVWHQFRUUHVSRQGDQFHHQEDVDYHFOHV WUDLQVUpJLRQDX[&))GHO·D[HGX*RWKDUG=XULFK%kOH&KLDVVR/RFDUQRHWHQKDXW DYHFOHVWUDLQVUpJLRQDX[GXUpVHDX0*%YHUV%ULJXHHW=HUPDWWRXYHUV'LVHQWLV SDUO·2EHUDOS/·HPSORLGHFHVQDYHWWHVHVWFRPSULVGDQVOHVIRUIDLWVGHVNLjO·LPDJH GHO·XVDJHGXUpJLRQDOHQWUH$QGHUPDWWHW1lWVFKHQjO·HQWUpHGXSODWHDXGXFROGH O·2EHUDOS /RUVTXHODSRODULVDWLRQPpWURSROLWDLQHGpWRXUQHGX)UDQFKLVVHPHQW OH7HVVLQFRQWUHOH*RWKDUG"

0HLOODVVRQ6  ©7LOR XQHLQLWLDWLYH LWDORKHOYpWLTXHTXL SURVSqUHª *URXLOOHW$  ©6XLVVH,WDOLHXQH 5(5WUDQVIURQWDOLHU QRPPp7LOR«ª

 *|VFKHQHQHW$LURORQHVRQWSOXVGHVVHUYLVDXMRXUG·KXLjGHX[H[FHSWLRQV SUqV SDUOHVWUDLQV,&QDWLRQDX[HWLQWHUQDWLRQDX[$LURORRIIUHFHSHQGDQWXQSUR ÀO GLIIpUHQW GH FHOXL GH *|VFKHQHQ /D IRQFWLRQ QRGDOH GH O·HQWUpH WHVVLQRLVH QH EpQpÀFLH SDV G·XQH FRQQH[LRQ HQWUH UpVHDX[ IHUURYLDLUHV PDLV VHXOHPHQW HQWUH OH UpVHDXUpJLRQDOHWODWUDPHFDQWRQDOHGHGHVVHUWHURXWLqUHGHSUR[LPLWp$LURORHVW jO·RULJLQHXQUHODLVXQVLPSOHDUUrWLQWHUPpGLDLUH2UXQHG\QDPLTXHGHIHUPH WXUHHVWDFWXHOOHPHQWjO·±XYUH(OOHVHPEOHWHQGUHYHUVXQHWHUPLQDLVRQjO·pFKHOOH UpJLRQDOHFRPPHO·LQWpJUDWLRQGHODGHVVHUWHUpJLRQDOHGHFHWWHJDUHGDQVOHUpVHDX 7,/2OHODLVVHSUHVVHQWLU7,/2HVWQpGHODYRORQWpGHFRRSpUDWLRQHQWUHOHVEDV VLQV GH GHVVHUWHV UpJLRQDOHV GX VXG 7HVVLQ %HOOLQ]RQD&KLDVVR  HW GX QRUG GH OD /RPEDUGLHMXVTX·j0LODQ 7,FLQR/2PEDUGLDDSRXUREMHFWLI XQHSURPRWLRQGHV LQWHURSpUDELOLWpVWDULIDLUHVGXPDWpULHOURXODQWHWGHVVLOORQVUpJLRQDX[HQYXHGH FRQVWUXLUHXQUpVHDXFRKpUHQWFHQWUpDXWRXUGHODIURQWLqUHWUDYHUVpHTXRWLGLHQQH PHQWSDUGHVQDYHWWHXUVGDQVOHVGHX[VHQV0HLOODVVRQ*URXLOOHW /H FDQWRQGX7HVVLQDW{WH[SULPpODYRORQWpGHO·pWHQGUHMXVTX·DX[FRQÀQVIHUURYLDLUHV QRUGGXFDQWRQGRQF$LURORFHTXLHVWGpMjOHFDVOHPDWLQDYDQWKHWOHSDVVDJH

&KDSLWUH/HV%DVVLQVGH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWH[SUHVVLRQVSDWLDOHG·XQHUHIRQWHpSLVWpPRORJLTXHHQWUH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWHW$SSURFKH



7URLVLqPHSDUWLH/·,QWHUVSDWLDOLWpO·HQMHXG·XQHQRXYHDXWpUpWLFXODLUH GpSDVVHUO·LQFRKpVLRQ$OSLQHSDUXQHPERvWHPHQWG·LQWHUPpGLDWLRQV" GXSUHPLHU,5HQSURYHQDQFHGH=XULFKGRF &HODFRQVWLWXHXQUHQYHUVHPHQW PDMHXU GHV ORJLTXHV GH O·D[H GX *RWKDUG /H IUDQFKLVVHPHQW GH OD OLJQH GH FUrWH V\PEROLVHXQWUDLWG·XQLRQjO·pFKHOOHQDWLRQDOH7RXWFHTXLFLUFXODLWDXGHOjGX3LHG GH7UDYHUVpHIUDQFKLVVDLWMXVTX·jLO\DSHXODOLJQHGHFUrWH3RXUODSUHPLqUHIRLVXQ UpVHDXV·pWHQGVXUXQVHXOGHVGHX[YHUVDQWVGXWXQQHOLQYHQWDQWHQFHODXQHIRUPH LQpGLWHGHGLVV\PpWULHVXUFHWD[H/DWRXWHSXLVVDQFHGXWUDLWG·XQLRQLQWHUUpJLRQDO QDWLRQDOHVWUHPLVHHQFDXVHSDUO·LGHQWLÀFDWLRQG·XQHDXWUHLQWHUIDFHODIURQWLqUH HQWUHOD6XLVVHHWO·,WDOLH0RRV&DWWDQHR /·HQMHXGXWUDLWG·XQLRQUHVWH FHUWHV WRXMRXUV LQWHUUpJLRQDO PDLV FHWWH IRLV PpWURSROLWDLQ 'LPHQVLRQV OLQJXLV WLTXHVLGHQWLWDLUHVIRQFWLRQQHOOHVHWXUEDLQHVVHPrOHQWDLQVLSRXUFRQVROLGHUXQH WHUPLQDLVRQDX[SRUWHVGX*RWKDUGL$LURORSKRWR  /DFRPELQDLVRQWRXULVWLTXHHVWGHSOXVEHDXFRXSPRLQVDFFRPSOLHTX·DXQRUG8QH WpOpFDELQHSDUWFHUWHVGHODYDOOpHSRXUUHMRLQGUHOHGRPDLQHVNLDEOHGH7UHPRUJLR PDLVHOOHSDUWGXYHUVDQWRSSRVpjODJDUHO·XEDF FHTXLFRQWULEXHjH[WpULRULVHUWRX MRXUVSOXVOHQ±XGGXYLOODJH/DJDUHVHUHWURXYHDLQVLHQSRVLWLRQLQWHUPpGLDLUH GDQVOHVUpVHDX[DORUVTXHFHOOHGH*|VFKHQHQVHWURXYHDXÀQDOHQVLWXDWLRQG·DU WLFXODWLRQHWGHPpGLDWLRQHQWUHOHVDFWLYLWpVWHUULWRULDOHVHWOHUpVHDX

0RRV&  ©=XULJR7LFLQR ,WDOLDVWWHQWULRQDOHH LO6DQ*RWWDUGRª &DWWDQHR5  ©/DORPEDUGLDHOD QXRYHOLQHHIHUUR YLDULHª

Airolo, trajectoire d’un noeud au pied du Gothard Vue d’Airolo depuis les premiers lacets de la route du Gothard. K. Sutton, mars 2009. Noeud de la route de col

Gare FFS

Noeud autoroutier

KS, 2011.

Feu le portail du tunnel ferroviaire, arraché par l’aménagement du noeud autoroutier. K. Sutton, mars 2009.

3KRWR$LURORWUDMHFWRLUHG·XQQRHXGDXSLHGGX*RWKDUG .6XWWRQ

&KDSLWUH/HV%DVVLQVGH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWH[SUHVVLRQVSDWLDOHG·XQHUHIRQWHpSLVWpPRORJLTXHHQWUH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWHW$SSURFKH



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH &ROODUGH\%  ©OD¶SDVVDQWH· PLODQDLVHXQH LQWHUFRQQH[LRQDX F±XUGHODFDSLWDOH ORPEDUGHª &ROODUGH\% D ©3DQRUDPD GHODJUDQGHYLWHVVH HXURSpHQQHª &ROODUGH\% E ©5HJDUG VXUOHVOLJQHVj JUDQGHYLWHVVH LWDOLHQQHVqUH SDUWLH ª &RPPLVVLRQ (XURSpHQQH  57(7

$LURORVHGpWRXUQHGHO·DFWHGHIUDQFKLUHOOHQHSRVVqGHG·DLOOHXUVSOXVGHSRUWDLO FHOXLFLD\DQWpWpGpWUXLWDYHFOHUpDPpQDJHPHQWGXFDUUHIRXUURXWLHUHQOLHQDYHF O·DUULYpHGXWXQQHOURXWLHU*|VFKHQHQV·DSSXLHVXUFHWWHTXDOLWpSRXUV·LQYHQWHUHQ SRLQWIRFDO &HWH[HPSOHWHVVLQRLVFRQÀUPHODORJLTXHGHFRQVWLWXWLRQGH©VSKqUHVªWRXWDXWRXU GX %DVVLQ 6XLVVH HQ IRQFWLRQ GHV EDVVLQV PpWURSROLWDLQV ,FL FHWWH G\QDPLTXH VH JUHIIHjO·LQWpULHXUPrPHGX%DVVLQGH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWFHTXLUHQGO·H[HPSOHHQ FRUHSOXVFRPSOH[H,OLQWHUYLHQWHQpFKRjODPRGHUQLVDWLRQGXQ±XGGH0LODQ &ROODUGH\  D HW E  &RPPLVVLRQ (XURSpHQQH   TXL VH FRPSUHQG DX[pFKHOOHVQDWLRQDOHHWPpWURSROLWDLQHPRLQVjO·pFKHOOHGHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV ,OSRVHDXÀQDOOH7HVVLQFRPPHXQHJUDQGHLQWHUPpGLDWLRQ&HFDQWRQHVWjODIRLV XQQ±XGGX)UDQFKLVVHPHQWXQHHQWLWpXUEDLQHHQVRLHWXQHSDUWGHO·HQVHPEOH PpWURSROLWDLQPLODQDLV/H7HVVLQGHYLHQWHQFHODXQGpÀWHFKQLTXHHWSROLWLTXH SRXUOHV\VWqPHGHWUDQVLWVXLVVH&RPPHQRXVDYRQVSXOHYRLUODTXHVWLRQGHVDFFqV VXGDX*RWKDUGGHEDVHQ·HVWSDVUpVROXH/·DFWXHOOHUpDOLVDWLRQGXWXQQHOGHEDVH VRXVOH&HQHULFRPSOpPHQWVXGDX*RWKDUGEDVHFRPPHOH=LPPHUEHUJHQHVWOH FRPSOpPHQWQRUGSHUPHWWUDGHUpVRXGUHXQHSDUWLHGHODFROOXVLRQGHVpFKHOOHVSDU ODVpSDUDWLRQGHVÁX[VXUODPDMHXUHSDUWLHGXPDLOORQWHVVLQRLV/HSUREOqPHLWD OLHQUHVWHFHSHQGDQWHQWLHU/HFDVGX7HVVLQSRUWHDXÀQDOXQHSUHPLqUHH[SUHVVLRQ G·XQHG\QDPLTXHG·DXWRQRPLVDWLRQGHODVpTXHQFHGHO·$SSURFKHjO·LQWpULHXUPrPH GXMHXGHV7UDYHUVpHVSDUO·H[WHQVLRQGXIDLWPpWURSROLWDLQOHORQJGHVYDOOpHV

OLDLVRQVLQLWLpHV j$LUROR

'RFXPHQW7DEOHDXKRUDLUHGHVUHODWLRQVIHUURYLDLUHVVXUODSDUWLHWHVVLQRLVHGX*RWKDUG SUHPLqUHSDJH 7UDLQVUpJLRQDX[7,/2KRUDLUH

&KDSLWUH/HV%DVVLQVGH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWH[SUHVVLRQVSDWLDOHG·XQHUHIRQWHpSLVWpPRORJLTXHHQWUH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWHW$SSURFKH



7URLVLqPHSDUWLH/·,QWHUVSDWLDOLWpO·HQMHXG·XQHQRXYHDXWpUpWLFXODLUH GpSDVVHUO·LQFRKpVLRQ$OSLQHSDUXQHPERvWHPHQWG·LQWHUPpGLDWLRQV"

/·DXWRQRPLVDWLRQGHO·$SSURFKH XQMHXjTXLWWHRXGRXEOHSRXUOH)UDQFKLVVHPHQW" 'H7UDYHUVLWpHQ7UDYHUVLVPHOH6GWLUROHWOH%UHQQHU  /·DXWRQRPLVDWLRQGHO·$SSURFKHSHXWDLQVLFRUUHVSRQGUHjXQHQpJDWLRQ GX )UDQFKLVVHPHQW VRLW SDU XQH VRUWLH GHV 7UDYHUVpHV $OSLQHV 7 ” $ ² )  VRLWSDUXQHSRODULVDWLRQDXWRXUGHO·DFWHGHIUDQFKLU$UOEHUJOHWHPSVGHV(WDWV )L$L”L7 8QOLHQGRLWDORUVrWUHIDLWDYHFODQRWLRQGH7UDYHUVLWpTXHQRXVDYRQV SURSRVp /·DXWRQRPLVDWLRQ GH O·$SSURFKH QH V·HIIHFWXH SDV GH IDoRQ REOLJDWRLUH FRQWUHOH)UDQFKLVVHPHQW(OOHSHXWDYRLUOLHXHQOLHQDYHF O·LPSUpJQDWLRQWHUUL WRULDOHGHO·D[HTXLOHSRUWH&·HVWWRXWSDUWLFXOLqUHPHQWOHFDVGHODKDXWHYDOOpHGH O·$GLJH&HWWHKDXWHYDOOpHFRQVWLWXHO·DUWqUHFHQWUDOHGHOD3URYLQFH$XWRQRPHGX +DXW$GLJHRXGX6GWLUROHQDOOHPDQG/·LWDOLHQHWO·DOOHPDQGVRQWOHVGHX[ODQJXHV RIÀFLHOOHVGHFHWWH3URYLQFHVLQJXOLqUHFHTXLWpPRLJQHGXFDUDFWqUHUpFHQWGHVRQ UDWWDFKHPHQWjO·,WDOLH$YHFOD3URYLQFHGH7UHQWRHOOHVUHSUpVHQWHQWGHX[SULVHVGH JXHUUHWHUULWRULDOHVjODVXLWHGHOD3UHPLqUH*XHUUH0RQGLDOHDX[GpSHQGVGHO·$X WULFKH/H7\UROV·pWHQGDLWDXSDUDYDQWVXUWURLVEDVVLQVK\GURJUDSKLTXHVDOSLQVO·,QQ DXQRUGO·$GLJHDXVXGHWOD'UDYHjO·HVW&HW(WDW$OSLQSHUPHWWDLWKLVWRULTXHPHQW jODPDLVRQG·$XWULFKHGHFRQWU{OHUOH%UHQQHU6XLWHDXWUDLWpGH6qYUHVOH7\UROVH UHWURXYHPRUFHOpVHORQFHVWURLVEDVVLQV/DSDUWLHGHO·$GLJHUHYLHQWjO·,WDOLHFHTXL URPSWO·XQLWpWHUULWRULDOHDQWpULHXUH/H7\URORULHQWDO/LHQ] VHYRLWGpWDFKpGX7\URO FHQWUDO,QQVEUXFN /DPRGHUQLVDWLRQGHVUpVHDX[DFFURLVVHQWG·DLOOHXUVFHWpWDWGH IDLWSXLVTXHO·,WDOLHIDVFLVWHpOHFWULÀHVRQYHUVDQWGX%UHQQHUHQ9ÀJ /D GLVFRQWLQXLWpWHFKQLTXHV·DMRXWHDLQVLjODGLVFRQWLQXLWpSROLWLTXH6HXOHPHQWO·XQLWp WHUULWRULDOHSDVVpHGHPHXUHDXVHLQG·XQHXQLWpLGHQWLWDLUH/HSUHPLHUpOpPHQWWLHQW j OD PpPRLUH PLOLWDLUH DVVRFLpH DX IUDFWLRQQHPHQW SROLWLTXH GH O·HQVHPEOH /HV KRPPHVGX7\UROGXVXGRQWFRPEDWWXGDQVOHVUDQJVGHVWURXSHVDXWULFKLHQQHVOD SOXVSDUWGXWHPSVGDQVOHV.DLVHUVMlJHUFKDVVHXUVLPSpULDX[WURXSHVGHPRQWDJQH  FRQWUHOHV$OSLQLYHQXVOHSOXVVRXYHQWGX3LpPRQWGX9DOG·$RVWHRXGH/RPEDU GLH/HIUDFWLRQQHPHQWWHUULWRULDODSSDUDvWFRPPHXQHGRXEOHSHLQHWDQWO·DQFUDJH PpPRULHOHVWDXWULFKLHQ/H7\UROGXVXGSRVVqGHOHVFHQWUDOLWpVKLVWRULTXHVGX7\URO FRPPH 0HUDQR /H %UHQQHU VH WURXYH DORUV OH SRUWHXU WHUULWRULDO HW UpWLFXODLUH GH FHWWH7UDYHUVLWpTXLGHYLHQWOHIRQGHPHQWG·XQ7UDYHUVLVPH 'HODPrPHIDoRQTXHQRXVDYRQVSURSRVpXQWHUPHjSDUWLUG·LOpLWpLOFRQYLHQW GDQV OH FDGUH GX %UHQQHU G·LGHQWLÀHU XQ SHQGDQW j O·LQVXODULVPH /H 7UDYHUVLVPH FDUDFWpULVHXQSKpQRPqQHGHUHYHQGLFDWLRQSROLWLTXHG·XQHDXWRQRPLHDFFUXH YLVjYLVGXSRXYRLUFHQWUDOHQYHUWXGHODVSpFLÀFLWpFXOWXUHOOHHWLGHQWLWDLUH SUpFpGHPPHQW LGHQWLÀpH /D FRQQHFWLYLWp GH IDFWR HQ JDUH GH %UHQQHUR PRQWUHQW TX·XQHFRKpUHQFHUpWLFXODLUHWHQGjUHSURGXLUHXQHFRKpUHQFHWHUULWRULDOHTXL H[LVWHSDUOHIDLWSURIHVVLRQQHOLGHQWLWDLUHHWpWXGLDQW/·REWHQWLRQHQjO·RFFD VLRQGHODQDLVVDQFHGXVWDWXWGH3URYLQFH$XWRQRPHGHSOXVG·DXWRQRPLHSRXUOD 3URYLQFHODUHQIRUFH,OIDXWELHQUHFRQQDvWUHTX·XQHGHVFHQWHGX%UHQQHUDXPRLQV &KDSLWUH/HV%DVVLQVGH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWH[SUHVVLRQVSDWLDOHG·XQHUHIRQWHpSLVWpPRORJLTXHHQWUH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWHW$SSURFKH



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH

0HLOODVVRQ6  ©,WDOLH QRXYHOpODQSRXUOH 3XVWHUWDOEDKQª

MXVTX·j%RO]DQRRIIUHXQSDUIXPGH7\UROSOXVTXHG·,WDOLH/HVKRUDLUHVG·RXYHUWXUH GHVPDJDVLQVRXHQFRUHOHVIHVWLYLWpVYLOODJHRLVHVHVWLYDOHVUDSSHOOHQWOHU\WKPHGX YHUVDQWQRUG1RXVSRXYRQVHQUHWURXYHUOHVpFKRVGDQVOHPRQWDJHGXSURMHWGX WXQQHOGHEDVHVRXVOH%UHQQHU/·pTXLSHLWDOLHQQHHVWSULQFLSDOHPHQWFRPSRVpHG·LQ JpQLHXUVGX+DXW$GLJHTXLRQWpWpIRUPpVj,QQVEUXFNFRPPHO·LOOXVWUHOHGLUHF WHXUGHO·REVHUYDWRLUHGH%UHQQHU%DVLV7XQQHO%%7 0$XVVHUGRUIHU'·DLOOHXUV ORUVG·XQHQWUHWLHQTXHQRXVDYRQVSXDYRLUDYHFOXLOHPDL HWDORUVTXH QRXVO·LQWHUURJLRQVVXUOHSRLGVGHODIURQWLqUHSROLWLTXHQDWLRQDOHGDQVODFRQGXLWH GX SURMHW LO FRPPHQoD VD UpSRQVH HQ GLVDQW TXH OD IURQWLqUH Q·pWDLW SDV Oj R OH FUR\DLW3ODLVDQWHULHTXLQ·HQHVWSDVFRPSOqWHPHQWXQHWDQWODGpÀDQFHYLVjYLVGH O·,WDOLH HVW JUDQGH HW WDQW O·KRUL]RQ DXWULFKLHQ DSSDUDvW FRPPH VDOYDWHXU SRXU OHSURMHWGDQVODVXLWHGHO·HQWUHWLHQ/DIURQWLqUHYpFXHRXYRXOXHQ·HVWSDVQRQ SOXVO·DQFLHQQHOLJQHFRXUDQWjWUDYHUVOHYHUURXGH7UHQWR8QHUHFRQÀJXUDWLRQ LGHQWLWDLUH HVW SHUFHSWLEOH HQ OLHQ DYHF OH GpFRXSDJH GHV 3URYLQFHV $XWRQRPHV 8QHGLVWLQFWLRQQHWWHDSSDUDvWHQWUHOHEDVVLQVXSpULHXUHWOHEDVVLQPpGLDQ%RO]DQR SDVVpO·DPELDQFHOLQJXLVWLTXHFKDQJHG·DLOOHXUVGDQVOHVWUDLQV6LDXQRUGODODQJXH GHFRPPXQLFDWLRQDYHFOHVpTXLSHVFRPPHUFLDOHVHVWPDMRULWDLUHPHQWO·DOOHPDQGDX VXGO·LWDOLHQV·LPSRVHVXELWHPHQW/DIURQWLqUHVHVLWXHGRQFDXFRQWDFWHQWUHOH+DXW $GLJHHW7UHQWRÀJ  /·LQVFULSWLRQGHVOLEpUDOLVDWLRQVGDQVO·DLUHGHVVHUYLHSDUOH%UHQQHUSHUPHWG·LGHQ WLÀHU GH QRXYHDX XQ SKpQRPqQH G·LQVWUXPHQWDOLVDWLRQ GX SDVVDJH j GHV ÀQV G·DIÀUPDWLRQLGHQWLWDLUH/HVVHUYLFHVH[SORLWpVHQRSHQDFFHVVSDUOHVg%%HWOD'% RQW UHQFRQWUp XQH FOLHQWqOH MXVTX·HQ ,WDOLH 8QH GpÀDQFH YLVjYLV GH O·HQWUHSULVH UHSUpVHQWDQWODORJLTXHFHQWUDOHLWDOLHQQH7UHQLWDOLDVHUHWURXYHMXVTX·jWUDYHUVOHV OLYUpHVGHVPDWpULHOVDXWRPRWHXUVDFKHWpVSDUOD3URYLQFHGDQVOHFDGUHGHODUpJLR QDOLVDWLRQ&HVUDPHV6WDGOHUVRQWHQJDJpHVVXUOHVOLJQHV0HUDQR%RO]DQR7REELDFR YLD)RUWH]]D(OOHVQHPRQWHQWSDVj%UHQQHURSXLVTXHODGHVVHUWHGXFROHVWOHIDLW GHOLDLVRQWUDQVUpJLRQDOHV%UHQQHUR9pURQHYRLUH%RORJQH&HVUDPHVSURYLQFLDOHV VRQWWRXMRXUVH[SORLWpHVSDUGHVDJHQWV7UHQLWDOLDTXLGRLYHQWPDQLHUDXPLQLPXP OHVGHX[ODQJXHV0DLVOHORJRGHODVRFLpWpQ·DSSDUDvWSDVVXUFHVOLYUpHV6HXOHVOHV DUPHVGHOD3URYLQFH\ÀJXUHQW6HORQFHUWDLQVREVHUYDWHXUVOHUpVHDXUpJLRQDOGX +DXW$GLJH SRXUUDLW rWUH O·XQ GHV SUHPLHUV UpVHDX[ UpJLRQDX[ LWDOLHQV j EDVFXOHU YHUVXQRSpUDWHXUpWUDQJHUDXPRPHQWGHODOLEpUDOLVDWLRQGHOHXUH[SORLWDWLRQ/HV &))RQWSHQVpVHSRUWHUFDQGLGDWVjODUHSULVHGXUpVHDXGX3LpPRQWPDLVODVRFLpWp VXLVVH\DUHQRQFp(QUHYDQFKHOHVg%%VRQWGpMjSUpVHQWVGDQVOHWUDÀFUpJLRQDOj WUDYHUVOHV&RUULGRU=XJ,QQVEUXFN/LHQ]TXLHQWUHQWGDQVODWUDPHUpJLRQDOHGX3XV WHUWDO0HLOODVVRQ /DFRQÀJXUDWLRQGXUpVHDXVXSSRUWSHUPHWG·DLOOHXUVXQH H[SORLWDWLRQDLVpHGHSXLVOHFRO8QHUHSULVHGHFHUpVHDXSDUOHVg%%SHUPHWWUDLW XQHGLIIXVLRQGHODORJLTXHGH6%VXUOHYHUVDQWVXGGX%UHQQHU$O·pFKHOOH GX7\UROFHODSRXUUDLWFRUUHVSRQGUHjO·DIÀUPDWLRQSDUOHUpVHDXG·XQHHQWLWpIRQF WLRQQHOOHWUDQVUpJLRQDOHSDUGHOjODGLVFRQWLQXLWpSROLWLTXHQDWLRQDOH

&KDSLWUH/HV%DVVLQVGH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWH[SUHVVLRQVSDWLDOHG·XQHUHIRQWHpSLVWpPRORJLTXHHQWUH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWHW$SSURFKH



/DYLVLELOLWpSDUO·HQWUpHGHYLOODJHGUDSHDX FRQWHVWDWDLUHjO·HQWUpHRXHVWGH6HUUDYDOOH 7DJ1R7$9jO·HQWUpHQRUGGHODFRPPXQHGH6HUUD YDOOHDOO·$GLJLROHORQJGHODURXWHQDWLRQDOH

/RUVTXHOHV1R7$9VHUHQFRQ WUHQWDXWRFROODQWVGXFROOHFWLI  1R7$9GX9DOGH6XVHDSSRVpVXU XQSDQQHDXGHVLJQDOLVDWLRQURX WLqUHjO·HQWUpHRXHVWGXYLOODJH %DOFRQSULYDWLI DIÀFKDQWOHVFRXOHXUVGX UHMHWGXSURMHWGHWXQQHOGHEDVH © 6WRS %%7 1R 7$9 ª 3RXUTXRL " GHPDQGH O·DXWUH 'LDORJXH j GLVWDQFH HW LQFRPSUpKHQ VLRQPXWXHOOH&HMHXGHSRVWVGRQQHjYRLUOD IDLEOHUpVRQQDQFHGXFROOHFWLI GDQVODYDOOpHGH O·$GLJH

5HVWHVGHODPDQLIHVWDWLRQWHQXHj%RO]DQRHQ/·RSSRVLWLRQj O·RXYHUWXUHGHODEDVHGHO·27$1VHPrOHjODFRQWHVWDWLRQFRQWUH OHWXQQHOGHEDVHGX%UHQQHU 3KRWR1R7$9.HLQ%%7XQHSUHPLqUHDSSURFKHGHODVpPLRJUDSKLHFRQWHVWDWDLUHDXUHJDUGGHVWXQQHOVGHEDVH 3KRWR.6XWWRQDR€W



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH

/RUVTXHO·$SSURFKHVH GpWRXUQHGHOD7UDYHUVpH8QHSUHPLqUHFRQVLGpUDWLRQGH FRQÁLFWXDOLWpVDXWRXUGHVWXQQHOVGHEDVHODYDOOpHGHO·$GLJH  /HSURMHWHWO·DFWXHOFKDQWLHUGXWXQQHOGHEDVHVRXVOHFROGX%UHQQHUQ·DSDV pWpH[HPSWGHFRQÁLFWXDOLWpVWHUULWRULDOHV/HFDVGX9DOGH6XVHDIRFDOLVpO·DWWHQWLRQ GHVPpGLDHQFRUHORUVGHO·pWp0DLVGHX[JUDQGVPRXYHPHQWVWUqVGLIIpUHQWV SDUOHXUQDWXUHVHVRQWVXFFpGpVGDQVODYDOOpHGHO·$GLJH/HSUHPLHUFKURQRORJL TXHPHQWSULWSODFHGDQVODKDXWHYDOOpHGHO·$GLJHDXWRXUGHODVRUWLHSUpYXHGX WXQQHOGHEDVHHWGHO·HPSODFHPHQWGHODEDVHWUDYDX[SULQFLSDOHj)RUWH]]D/·HP SODFHPHQWGHFHVGHX[pOpPHQWVVSDWLDX[FRQÀUPHTXH)RUWH]]DHVWELHQXQOLHXGX IHUURYLDLUHYDOHXUUHQRXYHOpHGDQVOHFDGUHGHFHWWHDFFpOpUDWLRQ/HIRQGHPHQWGH FHWWHSUHPLqUHFRQWHVWDWLRQWHQDLWSOXVGX1LPE\LVPHTXHG·XQHRSSRVLWLRQSROLWLTXH DXSURMHW/·RULJLQHGHVDUJXPHQWVGHFHWWHFRQWHVWDWLRQHVWjOLHUjODFDPSDJQHGHV PXQLFLSDOHVGHSHQGDQWODTXHOOHOHVSDUWLVpFRORJLVWHVRQWUpSDQGXXQHVpULH GHSHXUVQRWDPPHQWYLVjYLVGHODÀJXUHGHO·$XWUHjGHVÀQVGHUHPLVHHQFDXVH GXIRQGHPHQWHQYLURQQHPHQWDOGXSURMHW$XÀQDOODGLPHQVLRQHQYLURQQHPHQ WDOHUHVWHXQHYDULDEOHGLVFXUVLYH/HVLQTXLpWXGHVLQLWLDOHVRQWpWpUHWRXUQpHVSDU %%7DÀQGHSURXYHUODSHUWLQHQFHGHVHVFKRL[HQODPDWLqUH/DFRPPXQDXWpGHV FKDVVHXUVGHODUpJLRQDYDLWSDUH[HPSOHPDQLIHVWpGHVFUDLQWHVTXDQWjODGLVSDULWLRQ GHODIDXQHVDXYDJHjFDXVHGHVH[SORVLRQV$XÀQDOSRXUXQHUDLVRQDEVROXPHQW GpFRQQHFWpHGXFKDQWLHUXQHFURLVVDQFHGHFHWWHIDXQHDSXrWUHREVHUYpH%%7HQ DIDLWXQLQGLFDWHXUGHVXLYLGHVLPSDFWVHQYLURQQHPHQWDX[GHVWUDYDX[GHIDoRQ XQSHXRSSRUWXQLVWH0DLVODSHXUGHKRUGHVGHWUDYDLOOHXUVSRORQDLVOHV\QGURPH GXSORPELHUDYDLWDXVVLIUDSSpGDQVFHWWHYDOOpH RXG·DXWUHVQDWLRQDOLWpVG·(XURSH GHGpYHORSSHO·H[HPSOHVXLVVHjO·DSSXL(QHIIHWOHVFKDQWLHUVVXLVVHVFRPPHO·HQ VHPEOHGHVSHUFHPHQWVSRVWpULHXUVRQWpWpPHQpVjO·DLGHG·pTXLSHVFRVPRSROLWHV 3RXUIDLUHIDFHjODSHXUGHO·$XWUHGpYHORSSpHRXUDQLPpHjO·RFFDVLRQGXFKDQWLHU OHV$OS7UDQVLWDYDLHQWFKRLVLG·DXWRQRPLVHUOHFKDQWLHUYLVjYLVGXWHUULWRLUH/H PpODQJHDYHFOHVSRSXODWLRQVDXWRFKWRQHVDpWpOLPLWpDXPD[LPXP%%7V·HVWLQV SLUpGHFHPRGqOHHWDDXWRQRPLVpOHVFRQGLWLRQVGHYLHGHVpTXLSHVGHFKDQWLHUjVRQ WRXU8QWUDYDLOÀQGHODSDUWGHO·2EVHUYDWRLUHHWGHO·LQIRSRLQW>YRLUFKDSLWUHVXLYDQW@ DSHUPLVGHPRQWUHUO·pYLGHQFHGHODSOXVYDOXHpFRQRPLTXHTX·DSSRUWHSRWHQWLHO OHPHQWOHFKDQWLHUSRXUOHWHUULWRLUHHWO·DEVHQFHGHSUREOqPHVGHVpFXULWpDVVRFLpV $XVVLO·RSSRVLWLRQDWHOOHXQHQRXYHOOHIRLVpWpUHWRXUQpHHQXQHDGKpVLRQGXWHU ULWRLUHDXSURMHWTXLVHPDQLIHVWHDXMRXUG·KXLSDUODSDUWLFLSDWLRQGHVKDELWDQWV HQWDQWTXHEpQpYROHVYRORQWDLUHVORUVGHVMRXUQpHVSRUWHVRXYHUWHVVXUOHFKDQWLHU 3OXVHQFRUHGqVOHGpVLUDpWpH[SULPpSDUOHVDFWHXUVpFRQRPLTXHVGHODKDXWH YDOOpH GH ORJHU HW QRXUULU OHV RXYULHUV /H FKDQWLHU HVW DLQVL WUDQVIRUPp HQ XQH PDQQHWHUULWRULDOHSDUOHUHYLUHPHQWGHVKDELWDQWVHWGHVDFWHXUVpFRQRPLTXHV&H UHQYHUVHPHQWHVWODUJHPHQWG€jO·LPSOLFDWLRQGHVDFWHXUVORFDX[HWQRWDPPHQWOD 3URYLQFH$XWRQRPHGDQVOHFRXUVGHO·LQYHQWLRQWHUULWRULDOHGXSURMHW/DFRQWHV WDWLRQDpWpSULVHHQFRPSWHHOOHQ·DSDVIDLWO·REMHWGHPpSULV/HIDLWLGHQWLWDLUHHW FXOWXUHOPHQWLRQQpSOXVKDXWDDLGpjFHUHQYHUVHPHQW/HVpTXLSHVGHO·LQIRSRLQWRQW SDUWLFXOLqUHPHQW±XYUpHQFHVHQV

&KDSLWUH/HV%DVVLQVGH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWH[SUHVVLRQVSDWLDOHG·XQHUHIRQWHpSLVWpPRORJLTXHHQWUH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWHW$SSURFKH



7URLVLqPHSDUWLH/·,QWHUVSDWLDOLWpO·HQMHXG·XQHQRXYHDXWpUpWLFXODLUH GpSDVVHUO·LQFRKpVLRQ$OSLQHSDUXQHPERvWHPHQWG·LQWHUPpGLDWLRQV"  0DLVOHFDVGX%UHQQHUQ·HVWSDVSRXUDXWDQWVDXI GHWRXWHRSSRVLWLRQTXL Q·H[SULPHSDVXQ7UDYHUVLVPHPDLSOXW{WXQGpWRXUQHPHQWGXIDLWWUDYHUVDQWPD QLIHVWH6LO·RSSRVLWLRQGHODKDXWHYDOOpHDpWpWUDLWpHXQPRXYHPHQWHVWQpHQ GDQVODEDVVHYDOOpHGDQVOHVXGGHOD3URYLQFH$XWRQRPHGH7UHQWRDXWRXUGH6HU UDYDOOHDOO·$GLJH6XWWRQ /HIRQGHPHQWGHFHWWHRSSRVLWLRQHVWEHDXFRXSSOXV SROLWLTXH(QHIIHWFHWWHSDUWLHGHODYDOOpHQ·HVWSDVFRQFHUQpHSDUOHVWUDYDX[ GHUpDOLVDWLRQGXWXQQHOGHEDVHTXLQHV·pWHQGTX·HQWUH,QQVEUXFNHW)RUWH]]D&H SHQGDQWOHQRPGHFHPRXYHPHQWHVWGLUHFWHPHQWWRXUQpFRQWUHOHWXQQHOGHEDVH SXLVTXHTX·LOV·DJLWGHV1R7$9$GLJLR.HLQ%%7VRLW1RQjOD/*9FRPPHGDQV OH9DOGH6XVH $GLJH1RQDXWXQQHOGHEDVHGX%UHQQHUSKRWR &HWWHFRQWHVWDWLRQ UHVWHWUqVOLPLWpHGDQVVDFDSDFLWpGHPRELOLVDWLRQHWVRQDPSOHXUVSDWLDOH/HV PDUTXHVGHFHPRXYHPHQWUHVWHQWFLUFRQVFULWHVDXWRXUGXIR\HUG·pPHUJHQFHDLQVL TX·j%RO]DQRGXIDLWGHODWHQXHGHPDQLIHVWDWLRQVHQ&HWWHRSSRVLWLRQQHIDLW SDVO·REMHWGHWUDLWHPHQWVSROLWLTXHVGHODSDUWGHOD3URYLQFH$XWRQRPHGH7UHQWR (OOHVHGpYHORSSHGRQFHQpFKRDYHFGHVPRXYHPHQWVVLPLODLUHVGDQVWRXWHO·,WDOLH HWSDUWLFLSHG·DLOOHXUVSOXVDX[RSpUDWLRQVH[WpULHXUHVjODYDOOpHTX·HOOHQ·\HQSUR YRTXH/HVEDVHVLGpRORJLTXHVGHFHPRXYHPHQWVRQWUDGLFDOHPHQWWRXUQpHVFRQWUH OHPRGqOHGHPRELOLWpVSRUWpSDUOHWXQQHOGHEDVHHWSOXVJpQpUDOHPHQWSDUOH SKpQRPqQHGH1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV/DGLPHQVLRQ©SDVVDJHªQ·HVWSDVXQH FRPSRVDQWHIRQGDPHQWDOHGHO·LGHQWLWpWHUULWRULDOHSU{QpHSDUFHPRXYHPHQW&HWWH DEVHQFHGH7UDYHUVLWpVHUHWURXYHDXÀQDOGDQVODFRQVWLWXWLRQG·XQPRXYHPHQW WUDYHUWLFLGHVRLWGpWRXUQpGXIDLWWUDYHUVDQW/·LGHQWLWpGXPRXYHPHQWVHIRQGHSOXV VXUXQUHIXVGXSDVVDJHHWO·DIÀUPDWLRQGHVYDOHXUVG·XQORFDO$OSLQHWYDOOpHQ GDQVXQFRQWH[WHGHPDOrWUHSpULXEDLQ(QVRPPHLOV·DJLWG·XQHDXWRQRPLVD WLRQG·XQHFRPSRVDQWHGHO·$SSURFKHSDUXQHGpYDORULVDWLRQWHUULWRULDOHGXIDLW WUDYHUVDQW (QFHODLOGLIIqUHG·XQGHVIRQGHPHQWVGHO·RSSRVLWLRQDX/\RQ7XULQGDQVOH9DOGH 6XVH6LOHVGHX[PRXYHPHQWV1R7$9SUpVHQWHQWGHIRUWHVVLPLOLWXGHVQRWDPPHQW JUDSKLTXHVOHXUDPSOHXUHWOHXUUpVRQQDQFHUHVWHELHQFRQWUDVWpH6XWWRQ /D QpJDWLRQGHO·rWUHGHSDVVDJHQ·HVWSDVXQIRQGHPHQWGHO·LGHQWLWp1R7$9GDQVOH 9DOGH6XVHDXFRQWUDLUH©6LDPRXQSDVVDJLRª©QRXVVRPPHVXQSDVVDJHª UHYLHQW IUpTXHPPHQWGDQVOHVHQWUHWLHQVTXHQRXVDYRQVUpDOLVpV&HSRLQWGHGLYHUJHQFH HQWUHOHVGHX[PRXYHPHQWVH[SOLTXHSRXUSDUWLHODGLIIpUHQFHG·DPSOHXU/·DEVHQFH GHO·REMHWFRQWHVWpGDQVOHSpULPqWUHWHUULWRULDOGHODEDVVHYDOOpHGHO·$GLJHQHFRQWUL EXHSDVjGRQQHUDXPRXYHPHQWXQUpJLPHGHYLVLELOLWpjO·pFKHOOHGXSURMHW 8QSRLQWIDLWFHSHQGDQWFRQYHUJHUOHVGHX[FDVOHVGHX[PRXYHPHQWVDQLPHQWOHV YHUVDQWVLWDOLHQVHWQDLVVHQWGDQVGHVEDVVHVYDOOpHV

6XWWRQ.  ©/H/\RQ7XULQ GDQVOHYDOGH6XVH XQDPpQDJHPHQW QRPPpPDODLVHª

&KDSLWUH/HV%DVVLQVGH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWH[SUHVVLRQVSDWLDOHG·XQHUHIRQWHpSLVWpPRORJLTXHHQWUH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWHW$SSURFKH



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH

 5HIRQGHUOHFDGUHLQWHOOHFWXHOG·DSSUpKHQVLRQGHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV DXWRXUGXUDSSRUWGHO·$SSURFKHDX)UDQFKLVVHPHQWSRUWHDXÀQDOO·HQ MHXVFLHQWLÀTXHSUHPLHUGHO·LGHQWLÀFDWLRQGHV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$O SLQHV/DFRQÁLFWXDOLWpDSSDUDvWFRPPHOHWKqPHTXLSHUPHWG·pYDOXHUOD QDWXUHGHODUHQFRQWUHHQWUHOHIDLWWUDYHUVDQWHWXQ$OSLQUpLQYHQWpVRLW G·pYDOXHUODSHUPpDELOLWpGHFKDFXQHGHFHVGHX[FRPSRVDQWHVDX[QpFHVVL WpVGHO·DXWUH/HVEDVVHVYDOOpHVVHPEOHQWWRXWSDUWLFXOLqUHPHQWRIIULUXQH HQWUpHVSDWLDOHSRXUFRQVLGpUHUO·pYHQWXHOOHGLYHUJHQFHTXLFDUDFWpULVHUDLW OHWHPSVGXPDUFKp6HXOHPHQWFRPPHQWGpÀQLUOHVEDVVHVYDOOpHV"8QH QRXYHOOHIRLVOHVHXOFULWqUHSK\VLTXHQHVDXUDLWVXIÀUH,OHVWLPSRUWDQW GHUpLQYHVWLUFHWWHSRUWLRQGHYDOOpHTXLQ·HVWMDPDLVGpÀQLHTX·DXWUDYHUV G·XQSRVLWLRQQHPHQWUHODWLI GDQVXQEDVVLQK\GURJUDSKLTXHSRXUO·pOHYHU DXUDQJGHTXDOLWpVSDWLDOH/HWKqPHGHO·LQWHUPpGLDLUHLQWHUPpGLDULWp HVWDLQVLjLQYHVWLUDÀQGHOHGpSDVVHUVRXVODIRUPHGHODQRWLRQG·LQ WHUPpGLDWLRQ,ODSSDUDvWGHSOXVHQSOXVTXHO·HQMHXGHV17$HVWELHQ G·RUGUHVSDWLDOHWQRQXQLTXHPHQWWHFKQRORJLTXHWHFKQLTXHpFRQRPLTXH RXÀQDQFLHU/DGLPHQVLRQUpWLFXODLUHHVWGpMjXQHUpDOLWp/HGpÀTXL HVWSRVpDX[FRQGXLWHVGHVFKDQWLHUVGHWXQQHOVGHEDVHHVWELHQG·RUGUH VSDWLDOSXLVTXHVRFLDO,OV·DJLWGHO·DJHQFHPHQWGHORJLTXHVWHUULWRULDOHV HWUpWLFXODLUHVDXVHLQG·XQHLQWHUVSDWLDOLWpTXLSRXUUDLWSUHQGUHODIRUPH G·XQH QRGRVLWp ,O GHYLHQW QpFHVVDLUH GH SRXUVXLYUH O·LQYHVWLVVHPHQW GX WKqPHGHO·DXWRQRPLVDWLRQGHO·$SSURFKHYLVjYLVGX)UDQFKLVVHPHQWj XQHpFKHOOHSOXVJUDQGH

&KDSLWUH/HV%DVVLQVGH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWH[SUHVVLRQVSDWLDOHG·XQHUHIRQWHpSLVWpPRORJLTXHHQWUH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWHW$SSURFKH



7URLVLqPHSDUWLH/·,QWHUVSDWLDOLWpO·HQMHXG·XQHQRXYHDXWpUpWLFXODLUH GpSDVVHUO·LQFRKpVLRQ$OSLQHSDUXQHPERvWHPHQWG·LQWHUPpGLDWLRQV"

&KDSLWUH /·$SSURFKH OHFUHXVHWGHV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV 8QHPLVHHQTXHVWLRQGHV©EDVVHVYDOOpHVª

 /HVEDVVHVYDOOpHVSRVVqGHQWXQFDSLWDOSpMRUDWLI MXVTXHGDQVOHXUDSSHOOD WLRQ&HWWHLGpHGHEDVVHFRPSUHQGFRPPHFHOOHG·XQHQWUHGHX[HQWUHOHVKDXWHV YDOOpHV WRXULVWLTXHV HQVROHLOOpHV HW OHV PpWURSROHV SpULDOSLQHV GRQW HOOHV VRQW OH WHUUDLQ G·H[SDQVLRQ 8Q SUREOqPH JpRJUDSKLTXH VH SRVH j WUDYHUV O·DSSHOODWLRQ ©LEDVVHVYDOOpHVª6HXOOHIRQGGHYDOOpHHVWVRXYHQWHQWHQGXjWUDYHUVFHWWHDSSHO ODWLRQ 2U O·RSSRUWXQLWp JpRJUDSKLTXH G·LGHQWLÀHU XQ W\SH G·DLUH VSpFLÀTXH DX WUDYHUV GH FH WHUPH UpVLGH GDQV OD FRQVLGpUDWLRQ GH OD FRQIURQWDWLRQ WULGLPHQ VLRQQHOOHGHO·LQWpULRULVDWLRQGHVG\QDPLTXHVPpWURSROLWDLQHVGHO·H[WpULRUL VDWLRQGHO·RULHQWDWLRQGHVPRELOLWpVG·DOWLWXGHHWGHODJHVWLRQGXIDLWYHUWLFDO GX SHXSOHPHQW GHV YHUVDQWV &HV DLUHV VHPEOHQW VH FDUDFWpULVHU SDU OHXU IRQFWLRQ G·pFODWHPHQW+LVWRULTXHPHQW6XVHOHSLHGGHFROHPEOpPDWLTXHGX0RQW&HQLV VHVLWXHSDUH[HPSOHGDQVODEDVVHYDOOpHpSRQ\PH/DGLVWLQFWLRQGHODKDXWHHWGHOD EDVVHYDOOpHHVWVRXYHQWOHIDLWGHODFRQVLGpUDWLRQG·XQHUXSWXUHGHSHQWHLGHQWLÀpH FRPPH GH UpIpUHQFH WDQW SRXU VD YDOHXU SROLWLTXH 6DYRLH'DXSKLQp GDQV OH FDV SUpVHQW RXSRXUVDYDOHXUSK\VLTXHOLPLWHFOLPDWLTXH VRLWHQIRQFWLRQGHYDOHXUV HQGRJqQHV/DEDVVHYDOOpHVHPEOHDXMRXUG·KXLUpLQYHQWpHSDUXQPRXYHPHQWSp QpWUDQWH[WHUQH/·XUEDQLVDWLRQHVWSRXUSDUWLHOHIDLWGHO·H[WHQVLRQGHO·DLUHPpWUR SROLWDLQHGHSUR[LPLWpODUHFRQYHUVLRQpFRQRPLTXHHVWGHPrPHOLpHjODSURMHFWLRQ GDQVFHWWHQRXYHOOHWHUUHPpWURSROLWDLQHG·DFWLYLWpVQRGDOHVRXORJLVWLTXHVDFFRPSD JQDQWOHGHVVHUHPHQWXUEDLQFODVVLTXH 8QHGLVWLQFWLRQKDXWHEDVVHYDOOpHDSSHOOHjGpSDVVHUODOHFWXUHHQGRJqQHSRXU FRQVLGpUHUOHVHIIHWVGHUpLQWpULRULVDWLRQGHVIRQFWLRQV$OSLQHVHWO·LQWpULRULVDWLRQ GHIRQFWLRQVPpWURSROLWDLQHV/DEDVVHVYDOOpHVHUDLWDLQVLXQHWHUUHG·DGGLWLRQGH IRQFWLRQVSURMHWpHVGHSXLVO·DLUHPpWURSROLWDLQHGHUpIpUHQFHFRPPHGHSXLVOHV FHQWUDOLWpVpFRQRPLTXHVGHVKDXWHVYDOOpHVWRXULVWLTXHV /D GpVLQGXVWULDOLVDWLRQ FDUDFWpULVH OH SD\VDJH GH FHWWH DLUH PDUTXpH SDU OHV PXWD WLRQVpFRQRPLTXHVXUEDLQHVUpWLFXODLUHVHWVRFLDOHV8QSHXFRPPHOHSDWULPRLQH OHV EDVVHV YDOOpHV FRQVWLWXHQW XQ UpYpODWHXU QpJOLJp GH O·pWDW GHV G\QDPLTXHV WHUULWRULDOHVGHVIDLWVGHPRELOLWpVGDQVOHV$OSHV(QFHODHOOHVFRQVWLWXHQWXQH &KDSLWUH/·$SSURFKHOHFUHXVHWGHV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV8QHPLVHHQTXHVWLRQGHVEDVVHVYDOOpHV



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH IRUPHGHQRGDOLWpVFDODLUH/·LQVFULSWLRQVSDWLDOHGHVEDVVHVYDOOpHVHVWWRXWSDU WLFXOLqUHPHQWYHUWLFDOHGHFHSRLQWGHYXH(OOHVFRQVWLWXHQWSDUOHXUDGGLWLRQXQ OLHXGHSUREDWLRQSRXUO·$OSLQIDFHDX[PXWDWLRQVGHO·HVSDFHDOSLQ/HVLQWHUUR JHUFRPPHOHFUHXVHWGHV17$SHUPHWG·DQFUHUFHWWHQRXYHOOHFRQÀJXUDWLRQGX V\VWqPHGH7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVGDQVXQHORJLTXHWHUULWRLUHHWDLQVLGHVRUWLUGXOHXUUH GXWRXWUpVHDX/HVEDVVHVYDOOpHVSUpVHQWHQWXQSRWHQWLHOGHPpGLDWLRQLQWHUVFDODLUHj O·pFKHOOHGHO·D[H,OFRQYLHQGUDDORUVGHPHWWUHFODLUHPHQWHQpYLGHQFHTXHOHVEDVVHV YDOOpHVFRQVWLWXHQWO·DLUHGHUHQFRQWUHGHVGLIIpUHQWHVpFKHOOHVFRQFHUQpHVSDU OHSKpQRPqQHGH7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV/DFRQÁLFWXDOLWpVHUDO·LQGLFDWHXUTXHQRXV VXLYURQVGDQVXQSUHPLHUWHPSVWDQWLOSDUDvWFRQVWLWXHUXQHPDWULFHGHWHUULWRULDOL VDWLRQSDUOHUHMHW, 3OXVTXHMDPDLVODJRXYHUQDQFHDSSDUDvWUDFRPPHXQWKqPH FHQWUDOjPrPHG·LQYHQWHURXGHSURYRTXHUXQHUXSWXUHGHWRXWHFRUUpODWLRQHQWUH OHVVSDWLDOLWpVHQMHX,, &HODQRXVSHUPHWWUDDORUVGHGpSDVVHUODQRWLRQG·LQWHUPp GLDULWpSRXUSURSRVHUODQRWLRQG·LQWHUPpGLDWLRQ'HVEDVVHVYDOOpHVDX[LQWHUVWLFHV HQWUHOHV%DVVLQVGH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWFHWWHQRWLRQG·LQWHUPpGLDWLRQVHPEOHSURPHW WHXVHSRXUGpYHORSSHUXQFDGUHLQWHOOHFWXHOGHOHFWXUHGHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVIRQGp VXUOHUDSSRUWGHO·$SSURFKHDX)UDQFKLVVHPHQW

Des marques de la contestation hors de la basse vallée Tag sur un mur bordant la Nationale 24 entre Exilles et Salbertrand. K. Sutton, août 2008

« Nous sommes encore ici pour planter des graines » Panneau de protestation en occitan qui défie le viaduc de l’autoroute A 32 à Venaus. K. Sutton, décembre 2009.

Ambiance d’une rue de Bussoleno : lorsque le collectif s’approprie l’affichage public. Cette photo propose une superposition d’affiches appelant à manifester contre les sondages en cours de réalisation, des lettres de protestation contre des dires d’élus régionaux dans le contexte de campagne pour les Régionales 2010 et un souvenir de Raoul, une figure emblématique du mouvement, décédé depuis peu. K. Sutton, janvier 2010

Tag sur une borne électrique publique dans les rues d’Oulx. K. Sutton, août 2009.

Manifestation contre le doublement du tunnel du Fréjus dans les rues d’Oulx le 29 août 2009. K. Sutton, août 2009.

« Moi, j’ai acheté un lot en première ligne ». Autocolant vu à Oulx porté sur une voiture comme une médaille récompensant la participation à une bataille. K. Sutton, août 2009.

Panneau sauvage de flèchage du Presidio de San Antonino Vaie situé à proximité de la gare. K. Sutton, janvier 2010. Tag sur une armoire électrique le long de la route menant à l’emblème de la vallée, Représentation de la vallée proposée par le collectif No TAV. la Sacra San Michele. La forme identifie le territoire et le recours à la toponymie communaleK. Sutton, août 2008. permet de revendiquer une appropriation qui tranche avec le corridor noir du projet de Ligne à Garnde Capacité/Vitesse. Comme tout « produit marketting », la contestation à son slogan (la véllée qui résiste) et sa signature (Ce sera dur). L’affrontement est producteur d’une mythologie spatiale puisque Venaus se trouve tout particulièrement singularisée en République libre suite aux affrontements de 2005. Page Facebook No TAV, consultée le 13/06/2010.

3KRWR([SUHVVLRQVYLVXHOOHVGHODFRQWHVWLRQGXSURMHWGX/\RQ7XULQGDQVOH9DOGH6XVH GRFFHQWUDO)DFHERRN1R7$9SKRWRVHWPRQWDJH.6XWWRQ



&KDSLWUH/·$SSURFKHOHFUHXVHWGHV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV8QHPLVHHQTXHVWLRQGHVEDVVHVYDOOpHV

7URLVLqPHSDUWLH/·,QWHUVSDWLDOLWpO·HQMHXG·XQHQRXYHDXWpUpWLFXODLUH GpSDVVHUO·LQFRKpVLRQ$OSLQHSDUXQHPERvWHPHQWG·LQWHUPpGLDWLRQV"

, /HVEDVVHVYDOOpHVGHVWHUUHVGHFRQÁLFWXDOLWp" /H/\RQ7XULQXQDPpQDJHPHQWQRPPpPDODLVH

8QFRQÁLWGHWHUULWRULDOLWpVXQHJpRJUDSKLHGHODFRPPXQLFDWLRQ ©8QHVHPSLRGLFRPHOHLQVWLWX]LRQLQRQGHYRQRFRPPXQLFDUHFROWHUULWRULRª O·H[SpULHQFHGHODQpJDWLRQ  /DYLVLELOLWpGXSURMHWGX/\RQ7XULQGDQVOH9DOGH6XVHHVWSDUDGR[DOH8QH WUDYHUVpHGHFHWWHYDOOpHQ·RIIUHQXOOHWUDFHGHPDQLIHVWDWLRQG·XQFKDQWLHUIHUURYLDLUH /·±LOQHSHXWFHSHQGDQWSDVLJQRUHUODGLIIXVLRQG·XQVORJDQTXLU\WKPHOHSDUFRXUV GDQVWRXVOHVYLOODJHVGHSXLV2XO[MXVTX·DX[SRUWHVGH7XULQ©1R7$9ª&HVORJDQ VHGpFOLQHVRXVODIRUPHGHGUDSHDX[GHWDJVG·LQVFULSWLRQVVXUOHVYHUVDQWVG·DXWR FROODQWVVXUOHVYRLWXUHVSKRWR /·HQMHXIHUURYLDLUHGHFHSURMHWGHWXQQHOGH EDVHQ·DSSDUDLWDORUVSDVFRPPHG·RUGUHUpWLFXODLUHPDLVELHQWHUULWRULDOHWVRFLDO VRLW VSDWLDO /RUV G·HQWUHWLHQV PHQpV GDQV OD YDOOpH WRXW DX ORQJ GH FH WUDYDLO GH WKqVHGHX[WHUPHVVRQWUHYHQXVIUpTXHPPHQWPRELOLVpVSDUOHVLQWHUORFXWHXUVSRXU FDUDFWpULVpVGHX[RSSRVpVOD7$9TXLSUHQGOHVKDELWVG·XQ/pYLDWKDQHWOD*HQWH ©OHVJHQVOHSHXSOHªTXLHQJOREHOHVKDELWDQWVHWODUpDOLWpVRFLDOH/HPRXYHPHQW G·RSSRVLWLRQ DX /\RQ7XULQ QRXV GLVWLQJXRQV OH PRXYHPHQWG·HQVHPEOHGX VHXO FROOHFWLI ©1R7$9ª XWLOLVHFHVHFRQGWHUPHFRPPHIRQGHPHQWGHVDOpJLWLPLWp HQFRQWUHSRLQWGHODQRWLRQGH©UDLVRQLQVWLWXWLRQQHOOHQDWLRQDOHHWHXURSpHQQHªTXLHVW PRELOLVpHSDUOHVDFWHXUVWHFKQLTXHVHWLQVWLWXWLRQQHOVSRXUOpJLWLPHUOHXUDFWLRQ6XW WRQ  &HPRXYHPHQWHVWGDQVOHVPpGLDVVRXYHQWUpVXPpDXVHXOFROOHFWLI ©1R7$9ª GRQWOHQRPHVWLQWLPHPHQWDVVRFLpDX[VORJDQVU\WKPDQWODYDOOpH2UFHWWHOHFWXUH HVWWURSUHVWULFWLYH/H0DLUHGH9HQDXVFRPPXQHGHYHQXHXQGHVV\PEROHVGH OD OXWWH LQVLVWH SDUWLFXOLqUHPHQW VXU FH SRLQW  © ,OV QH VRQW SDV WRXV GHV ¶1R 7$9· &HUWDLQVVRQW¶1RQ·¶2XL·¶SHXWrWUHSRXUTXRLSDV·ª3URSRVUHFXHLOOLVORUVG·XQHQWUHWLHQ PHQpjODPDLULHGH9HQDXVOHGpFHPEUH ,OQ·\DSDVG·XQDQLPLWpGDQVOD YDOOpHSRXURXFRQWUHFHSURMHW/HPRXYHPHQWG·RSSRVLWLRQHVWG·DLOOHXUVOXLDXVVL SDUWLFXOLqUHPHQWFRPSRVLWH/DIRUFHGXFROOHFWLI ©1R7$9ªHVWG·DSSDUDvWUHDX FHQWUHG·XQHQpEXOHXVHWHUULWRULDOHGDQVODTXHOOHJUDYLWHQWGLIIpUHQWVFKDPSVGH SURWHVWDWLRQHQYLURQQHPHQWDX[SROLWLTXHVFRPPHVRFLDX[1RXVVRPPHVDORUVHQ SUpVHQFH G·XQH IRUPH G·H[SUHVVLRQWHUULWRULDOH TXL GRLW LQWHUURJHU OH JpRJUDSKH VXUODGLPHQVLRQVSDWLDOHGHV17$*LUDXW$QWKHDXPH*LUDXW &HWWH FRQWHVWDWLRQVHPEOHWUDGXLUHXQHIRUPHGHWHUULWRULDOLWpGXUHMHW$XVVLHVWLOQp FHVVDLUHGHGpSDVVHUOHVVHXOHVVRXUFHVLQVWLWXWLRQQHOOHVSRXUV·LQWpUHVVHUDX[PRWV GHVDFWHXUVGRF GHFHPRXYHPHQW/·DEVHQFHGHGLDORJXHLQLWLDODLQWHQVLÀpOD SURGXFWLRQG·DUJXPHQWDLUHVUHQIRUoDQWOHVHQWUHVRLUHVSHFWLIV

6XWWRQ.F  ©/H/\RQ7XULQ GDQVOHYDOGH6XVH XQDPpQDJHPHQW QRPPpPDODLVHª *LUDXW)  ©5pYpODWLRQVHW LPSDVVHVG·XQH DSSURFKHUDGLFDOH GHODPRQGLDOLVD WLRQª $QWKHDXPH%*L UDXW)>GLU@  /H7HUULWRLUHHVWPRUW 9LYHOHV7HUULWRLUHV 8QHUH IDEULFDWLRQGHV WHUULWRLUHVDXQRPGX GpYHORSSHPHQW

&KDSLWUH/·$SSURFKHOHFUHXVHWGHV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV8QHPLVHHQTXHVWLRQGHVEDVVHVYDOOpHV



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH

 ©$UURJDQ]Dª7HOHVWOHPRWTXLSRXUOHPDLUHGH9HQDXVTXLDWHQXj ELHQVHGpWDFKHUGHWRXWHDIÀOLDWLRQDXFROOHFWLI 1R7$9©-HQHVXLVSDVXQ¶1R7$9· ªDpWpUpSpWpWURLVIRLVDXFRXUVGHO·HQWUHWLHQ V\PEROLVHOHSURMHWGX/\RQ7XULQ GDQV VRQ UDSSRUW DX WHUULWRLUH /D SUHPLqUH SKUDVH GH O·HQWUHWLHQ TXH QRXV DYRQV REWHQXHVWSDUWLFXOLqUHPHQWFODLUH©/H/\RQ7XULQHVWXQH[HPSOHGHFRPPHQWOHVLQVWLWX WLRQVQHGRLYHQWSDVFRPPXQLTXHUDYHFOHWHUULWRLUHª/·DUURJDQFHHVWSUpVHQWpHFRPPHOH V\PSW{PHG·XQPDOGHJRXYHUQDQFHDQFUp&HWWHVHQVDWLRQGHQRQrWUHLQVWL WXWLRQQHOHVWOHPDOSUHPLHUGRQWOHWHUULWRLUHVHPEOHVRXIIULUjWUDYHUVFHSURMHW/H UHMHWGXYROHWWHFKQLTXHWUDGXLWSOXVSURIRQGpPHQWO·H[SUHVVLRQG·XQDJJORPpUDW GHPDODLVHVLQGLYLGXHOVHWFROOHFWLIV DXWRXUGHVpYROXWLRQVWHUULWRULDOHVTXH ODEDVVHYDOOpHGH6XVHDFRQQXHGHSXLV DQV /H WKqPH V\PEROLVDQW OH UHVVHQWL GH FHWWH QpJDWLRQ TXL UHYLHQW V\VWpPDWL TXHPHQWGDQVOHFRXUVGHVHQWUHWLHQV HVW O·HDX ÀJ   /H WKqPH GH O·HDX WUDGXLWXQSURFHVVXVGHGpVDSSURSULD WLRQ VSDWLDOH UHVVHQWL SDU © OD *HQWH ª $ODFURLVpHGHVWKpPDWLTXHVHQYLURQ QHPHQWDOH VDQLWDLUH HW SROLWLTXH O·HDX HVWO·pOpPHQWUHOLDQWOHVYpFXVGHVGLI IpUHQWV DPpQDJHPHQWV UpDOLVpV GDQV OD EDVVH YDOOpH GHSXLV OH EDUUDJH GX 0RQW&HQLV MXVTX·j O·DXWRURXWH $  &HPRWHVWPrPHFLWpSDUXQPLOLWDQW ©1R7$9ªORUVG·XQHQWUHWLHQPHQp HQ GpFHPEUH  FRPPH OH WHUPH TXL FDUDFWpULVH OH PLHX[ OH SURMHW /D GpSRVVHVVLRQ GH OD &HQLVFKLD HW GHV VRXUFHVTXLV·pWDJHQWOHORQJGXYHUVDQW LOOXVWUHQW XQH QpJDWLRQ GH OD YLH OR FDOH SDU OD SULYDWLVDWLRQ JOREDOH GH OD UHVVRXUFH TXL U\WKPH OD WHPSRUDOLWp ©LWUDGLWLRQQHOOH ª SRXU UHSUHQGUH OD WHUPLQRORJLH HPSOR\pH SDU QRV LQWHU ORFXWHXUV  GHV FXOWXUHV HW GHV HVWLYHV &HWWHSULYDWLVDWLRQVHIDLWDXEpQpÀFH GHODPpWURSROH7XULQTXLFRQVWLWXH OHUpIpUHQWVSDWLDOGHFHPDOrWUHHQ WDQWTXHS{OHXUEDLQKRUL]RQGXWXQ QHOHWOLHXGHODFHQWUDOLWpSROLWLTXHQD WLRQDOH OD 3UpIHFWXUH  /D SHUWH GH OD PDvWULVHGHO·HDXFRQVpFXWLYHDX[UpDOL VDWLRQVGHVFHQWUDOHVK\GURpOHFWULTXHV 'RFXPHQWFRXYHUWXUHGX©SHWLWJORVVDLUH1R7$9ª HWGHVGLYHUVHVJDOHULHVGHGUDLQDJHUpD 1R7$9 pG/LEHUD5HSXEOLFDGL9HQDXVLQHVLOLR 

&KDSLWUH/·$SSURFKHOHFUHXVHWGHV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV8QHPLVHHQTXHVWLRQGHVEDVVHVYDOOpHV

La basse vallée de Suse, dynamiques territoriales d’une négation aménagée Un sentiment de négation Périmètre de la Communauté de Montagne de la basse vallée de Suse (majorité opposée au Lyon-Turin) Projet de fusion avec les communautés de Montagne de la haute vallée de Suse et du Val Sangone (nouvelle majorité favorable au projet)

Métropole turinoise et son expansion dans le val de Suse Corridor de traversée ferroviaire et routier (une autoroute et deux nationales) Aménagement hydro-électrique (captation vécue de la ressource en eau) Projet de ligne nouvelle Lyon-Turin Une manifestation de rejet Presidio ‘No Tav’ Diffusion de la visibilité de la contestation au reste de la vallée Echec de la diffusion de la contestation à la France (manifestation à Chambéry en janv Importance du sens de la frontière : une contestation ancrée dans un contexte nationa Valorisation identitaire du passage (col et tunnel ferroviaire de faîte)... ... rejet de la fonction de corridor symbolisée par le projet du Lyon-Turin Une co-spatialité de logiques discursives : espace communication LTF (localisation à l’extérieur du périmètre conflictuel)

)LJXUH/DEDVVHYDOOpHGH6XVHHQWUHUHVVHQWLVHWH[SUHVVLRQVGHUHMHWYLVLELOLWpVHWWHUULWRULDOLWpV .6XWWRQ



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH /7) &RQVFLD PRLOWHUULWRULR 5DIIHVWLQ& © 5pLQYHQWHUO·KRVSL WDOLWpª

OLVpHVSRXUO·DXWRURXWHVFHOOHODUXSWXUHG·XQOLHQLGHQWLWDLUHIRUWHQWUHODYDOOpH VHVYLOODJHVHWODIRQFWLRQGHSDVVDJHSDUODUXSWXUHGXOLHQTXLXQLVVDLWIRQFWLRQQHO OHPHQWHWV\PEROLTXHPHQWOHIRQGGHODYDOOpHjVHVYHUVDQWV

 7RXVOHVHQWUHWLHQVUpYqOHQWXQHPrPHH[LJHQFHOHGpVLUGHQHSDVFRQIRQGUH OD IRQFWLRQ GH SDVVDJH V\PEROH G·RXYHUWXUH DYHF OD GpIRQFWLRQQDOLVDWLRQ GX WHUULWRLUHjO·pFKHOOHGXUpVHDXDSSRUWpHSDUOHWUDQVLW/HWUDQVLWVHFRQIRQGDYHF ODQRWLRQGHFRUULGRUGDQVOHVSURSRVUHFXHLOOLVSRXUV\PEROLVHUO·HIIDFHPHQWHW ODQpJDWLRQGHO·LPSUpJQDWLRQUpFLSURTXHGXUpVHDXHWGXWHUULWRLUH8QHIRUPH GH7UDYHUVLWpUHVVRUWGHVHQWUHWLHQV3RXUOH0DLUHOHWHUULWRLUHGHODEDVVHYDOOpHGH 6XVHV·HVWFRQVWUXLWDXWRXUGHODIRQFWLRQGHSDVVDJHQRQGHFRUULGRUSKRWR  '·DLOOHXUVODFRPPXQHDYDLWXQSURMHWGHIDLUHUpDOLVHUGHVIUHVTXHVVXUOHVRULJLQHV GHVDORFDOLVDWLRQDXWUDYHUVGHVDFWLYLWpVTXLV·\VRQWVXFFpGpHV/HIUDQFKLVVHPHQW HQIDLVDLWELHQV€USDUWLH/DGpÀDQFHYLVjYLVGHODQRWLRQGHFRUULGRUHVWIRUWH3DU FRUULGRULOIDXWHQWHQGUHODGLPHQVLRQSURJUDPDWLTXHGHVFRUULGRUVGHSURMHWGH O·8(QRQODPpWULTXHWHOOHTXHQRXV DYRQVSXODGpÀQLU /·XWLOLVDWLRQ GH FH WHUPH © FRUULGRU ª FRQVWLWXH XQH SUHPLqUH H[SUHVVLRQ GXGpFDODJHTXLH[LVWHHQWUHOHVDF WHXUV LQVWLWXWLRQQHOV HW OHV KDELWDQWV GRF   /·2EVHUYDWRLUH PLV HQ SODFHHQSDUOD5pJLRQ3LpPRQW TXLUHYHQGLTXHXQHFRQQDLVVDQFHGX WHUULWRLUH SXLVTXH OH VORJDQ DSSRVp VXUVHVGHUQLqUHVSODTXHWWHVGHFRP PXQLFDWLRQ HVW © &RQRVFLDPR LO WHUUL WRULRª©1RXVFRQQDLVVRQVOHWHUULWRLUHª /7)LGRF XWLOLVHOHWHUPH GH ©LFRUULGRU ª SRXU FDUDFWpULVHU OD EDQGH G·LQYHVWLJDWLRQ JpRORJLTXH /DSODTXHWWHGHFRPPXQLFDWLRQUpD OLVpH SRXU O·LQIRUPDWLRQ VXU OD FDP SDJQHGHVRQGDJHVHQJDJpHDXPRLV GHMDQYLHUUpYqOHWRXWHO·DPEL JXwWpVpPDQWLTXHHWWRXWHO·LQFRP SUpKHQVLRQ TXL DQLPH OHV UHODWLRQV HQWUHOHVDFWHXUV,OQ·HVWHQHIIHWSDV TXHVWLRQ GH WHUULWRLUH VXU OH VFKpPD SURSRVpPDLVVHXOHPHQWGHFHFRUUL GRUREMHWG·LQYHVWLJDWLRQTXLHVWUHoX FRPPHXQHQRXYHOOHSUHXYHGHFHWWH DUURJDQFHGRF  &H GpQL GH WHUULWRULDOLWp ORFDOH HVW 'RFXPHQW  &RXYHUWXUH GH OD SODTXHWWH GH FRPPXQLFDWLRQ SUR O·pOpPHQW IRQGDWHXU GX PRXYHPHQW G·RSSRVLWLRQTXLVHFRQVWLWXHDXWRXU GXLWHjO·RFFDVLRQGHODFDPSDJQHGHVRQGDJHVGHMDQYLHU SDUO·2EVHUYDWRLUH GXFROOHFWLI ©L1R7$9ª/DWHUULWR

5DIIHVWLQ&%UHVVR 0 ©7UD GLWLRQPRGHUQLWp WHUULWRULDOLWpª

/7)



&KDSLWUH/·$SSURFKHOHFUHXVHWGHV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV8QHPLVHHQTXHVWLRQGHVEDVVHVYDOOpHV

7URLVLqPHSDUWLH/·,QWHUVSDWLDOLWpO·HQMHXG·XQHQRXYHDXWpUpWLFXODLUH GpSDVVHUO·LQFRKpVLRQ$OSLQHSDUXQHPERvWHPHQWG·LQWHUPpGLDWLRQV" ULDOLWpSHXWVHGpÀQLUSRXU&5DIIHVWLQ FRPPH©O·HQVHPEOHGHVUHODWLRQVTX·XQHVRFLp WpHQWUHWLHQWQRQVHXOHPHQWDYHFHOOHPrPHPDLV HQFRUHDYHFO·H[WpULRULWpHWO·DOWpULWpjO·DLGHGH PpGLDWHXUVSRXUVDWLVIDLUHVHVEHVRLQVGDQVOD SHUVSHFWLYHG·DFTXpULUODSOXVJUDQGHDXWRQRPLH SRVVLEOHFRPSWHWHQXGHVUHVVRXUFHVGXV\VWqPHª 5DIIHVWLQS (OOHHVWLQWLPH PHQWOLpHjODTXRWLGLHQQHWpFRPSULVH FRPPH WHPSRUDOLWp HW FRPPH QRWLRQ (OOHHQHVWVDGLPHQVLRQODWHQWHODIDFH TXL OD VRXVWHQG VD © VWUXFWXUH UHODWLRQ QHOOHSDVRXSHXSHUoXHLª5DIIHVWLQ%UHVVR S /DTXRWLGLHQQHWpQHVDXUDLW VH FRQIRQGUH DYHF OD WHUULWRULDOLWp VDQV SRXUDXWDQWTXHFHVGHX[QRWLRQVSXLV VHQW rWUH GLVVRFLpHV /D TXRWLGLHQQHWp LPSUqJQHOHVOLHX[HWOHVPRPHQWVHOOH FRQVWLWXH XQ SULVPH GH OHFWXUH GHV IRUPHV GH WHUULWRULDOLWpV HW G·pSUHXYH GH O·DOWpULWp (OOH HVW GRQF XQH FRPSR VDQWHIRQGDPHQWDOHGHODSUR[LPLWp2U OHVHQVGRQQpDXSURMHWSDUVHVSURPR WHXUV HVW UHVVHQWL FRPPH XQH QpJDWLRQ GHODTXRWLGLHQQHWpGH©FHX[TXLUHVWHQWª ©(QJOREHUQ·HVWSDVFRQWHQLUª/pY\  YLVLELOLWpVHWWHUULWRULDOLWpV  /HV pYpQHPHQWLDOLVDWLRQV SUR GXLWHV SDU OHV GLIIpUHQWHV SDUWLHV GX FRQÁLW UpYqOHQW XQH VXSHUSRVLWLRQ GH GHX[ SURFHVVXV WHFKQLTXHV HW GH GHX[ UpDOLWpV VRFLDOHV G·pFKHOOHV GLI IpUHQWHV /HV OLHX[ GH O·pYpQHPHQWLDOL VDWLRQ GH OD SURPRWLRQ GX SURMHW TXL U\WKPHQWOHSURFHVVXVLQVWLWXWLRQQHOVH VLWXHQW WRXV GDQV GHV PpWURSROHV HX URSpHQQHVFHX[GHODFRQWHVWDWLRQVH VLWXHQW PDMRULWDLUHPHQW GDQV OD YDOOpH GH6XVHQRWDPPHQWODSDUWLHEDVVH HW GDQVG·DXWUHV©FDPSDJQHVªSUpVHQWDQW XQHFRQWHVWDWLRQV±XU/·RSSRVLWLRQDX /\RQ7XULQGDQVODEDVVHYDOOpHGH6XVH HVW HQ FRQWDFW pWURLW DYHF OHV DXWUHV © IURQWV ª GH FRQWHVWDWLRQ j GHV SURMHWV 'RFXPHQW  7UDFp GX FRUULGRU G·LQYHVWLJDWLRQ GHV VRQGDJHV G·pTXLSHPHQWFLYLOVHWPLOLWDLUHVHQ,WD GDQV OD EDVVH YDOOpH SUpVHQWp SDU O·2EVHUYDWRLUH WHFKQLTXH GX /\RQ7XULQ /7)



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH OLH'HVGUDSHDX[©1R7$9ªRQWpWpSRUWpVSDUGHV©pPLVVDLUHVªGXFROOHFWLI WDQW GDQVOHVPDQLIHVWDWLRQVFRQWUHODOLJQHjJUDQGHYLWHVVHHQWUH)ORUHQFHHW%RORJQH 0XJHOOR TXHGDQVFHOOHVGpQRQoDQWOHSURMHWGHSRQWVXUOHGpWURLWGH0HVVLQH,OHQ IXWGHPrPHORUVGHVPDQLIHVWDWLRQVFRQWUHO·LPSODQWDWLRQG·XQHEDVHPLOLWDLUHDPp ULFDLQHGDQVOHFDGUHGHO·27$1$FWXHOOHPHQWOHFROOHFWLI GX9DOGH6XVHWHQWHGH UHQIRUFHUVHVOLHQVDYHFFHOXLGHODUpJLRQGH7UHQWROHV©L1R7$97UHQWR.HLQ%%7ª &HWWHGLIIXVLRQGHO·LPDJH©1R7$9ªQ·HVWSDVSHUoXHSDUOHVFDGUHVGXFROOHFWLI GX 9DOGH6XVHFRPPHXQDIIDLEOLVVHPHQWGHODOLVLELOLWpWHUULWRULDOHGXPRXYHPHQW /·LGpH VHORQ HX[ HVW GH GpSDVVHU OHV VHXOV KDELWV VSDWLDX[ G·XQH YDOOpH SRXU RIIULUjOD©UpVLVWDQFHªOHVKDELWVWKpPDWLTXHVGHODOXWWHFRQWUHOHVH[SUHVVLRQV GHVQpJDWLRQVGHVWHUULWRULDOLWpVORFDOHVDOSLQHVHWH[WUDDOSLQHV &HODVHUHWURXYHG·DLOOHXUVGDQVOHVFKURQRORJLHVUpDOLVpHVSDUOHVGLIIpUHQWVDFWHXUVHQ SUpVHQFH/·pYpQHPHQWIRQGDWHXULGHQWLÀpGDQVODFKURQRORJLH/7)GHO·DYDQFpHGX SURMHWHVWRFWREUHVRLWOHVRPPHWGH9LWHUEHGDWHGHODQFHPHQWG·XQHpWXGH GH IDLVDELOLWp GpWDLOOpH GH OD OLDLVRQ /\RQ7XULQ KWWSZZZOWIVDVFRPSDJHVDUWLFOHV SKS"DUWBLG  FRQVXOWp OH  VHSWHPEUH   $ O·pFKHOOH GHV HQWUHWLHQV UpDOLVpV O·pYpQHPHQW IRQGDWHXU LGHQWLÀp HVW OD SUHPLqUH UpXQLRQ SXEOLTXH RUJDQLVpH HQ GDQVXQFLQpPDG·$YLJOLDQDHQSUpVHQFHGXSUpVLGHQWGHOD5pJLRQHWGHVRQ DGMRLQWHG·DORUV0PH0HUFHGHV%UHVVR&HWpYpQHPHQWPDUTXHO·DFWHGHPLVHHQ YLVLELOLWpGXSURMHWGDQVOHWHUULWRLUHVDQVTXHODGDWHQHVRLWG·DLOOHXUVWRXMRXUVSUp FLVpHFODLUHPHQWGDQVOHVSURSRVUHFXHLOOLVDXSUqVGHVKDELWDQWVHWGHVFRQWHVWDWDLUHV

3KRWR5DVVHPEOHPHQWDX3UHVLGLRGH9HQDXVOHGpFHPEUHSRXUFRPPpPRUHU OHFLQTXLqPHDQQLYHUVDLUHGHOD©YLFWRLUHª .6XWWRQ 

&KDSLWUH/·$SSURFKHOHFUHXVHWGHV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV8QHPLVHHQTXHVWLRQGHVEDVVHVYDOOpHV

7URLVLqPHSDUWLH/·,QWHUVSDWLDOLWpO·HQMHXG·XQHQRXYHDXWpUpWLFXODLUH GpSDVVHUO·LQFRKpVLRQ$OSLQHSDUXQHPERvWHPHQWG·LQWHUPpGLDWLRQV" /HUDSSRUWjODYLVLELOLWpGXSURMHWHVWLPSRUWDQW&RRUGRQQpHjjO·HIIDFHPHQWHWj ODQpJDWLRQGHODTXRWLGLHQQHWpODTXHVWLRQGXYLVLEOHFDFKpDQLPHXQHSDUWPDMHXUH GXUDSSRUWGHSUR[LPLWpDXSURMHWFRPPHDXWXQQHOSDUODVXLWHGDQVVRQLQYHQ WLRQPpPRULHOOH>FKDSLWUH@/HVJUDQGHVPDQLIHVWDWLRQVGHHWGHDLQVL TXHFHOOHVVXUYHQXHVHQHWWUqVUpFHPPHQWHQMXLOOHWWUDGXLVHQWXQHYR ORQWpGHUHYHQGLTXHUODSRVVHVVLRQGXWHUULWRLUHSDUXQHDFWLRQGHFRQWHVWDWLRQ YLVLEOHDXPRPHQWPrPHROHFKDQWLHUUHERQGLGDQVO·HVSDFHHWVHGRQQHjYRLUSDU O·LQVWDOODWLRQGHEDVHVWUDYDX[/DGLIIXVLRQGHVV\PEROHVGHODFRQWHVWDWLRQWURXYH DORUVVRQpFKRGDQVFHOOHGHV©3UHVLGL1R7$9ªSKRWR 8Q©L3UHVLGLRªHVWXQH FRQVWUXFWLRQLQIRUPHOOHUpDOLVpHSDUOHFROOHFWLI TXLOXLDXWRULVHXQHYLVLELOLWpSHU PDQHQWHGHO·DSSDUHLOGHFRQWHVWDWLRQGDQVOHWHUULWRLUH&HVOLHX[VRQWGHVS{OHV GHGLIIXVLRQGHVGLVFRXUVHWGHVLQWHUSUpWDWLRQVGXFROOHFWLI,OVVRQWSHQVpVHWGp FULWVFRPPHGHVOLHX[G·pFKDQJH&HVFDPSHPHQWVVRQWDLQVLGHVSRLQWVGHUDOOLH PHQWHWGHGLIIXVLRQGHVDFWLRQVGHSURWHVWDWLRQGDQVGHVDPELDQFHVSOXVRXPRLQV IHVWLYHV/H©3UHVLGLRªHVWOHOLHXTXLV\PEROLVHOHPLHX[OHUDSSRUWGHODFRQWHVWDWLRQ DXWHUULWRLUH,OHVWjODIRLVFHQWUHGHYLJLHS{OHGHGLIIXVLRQGHO·LQIRUPDWLRQOLHX G·pFKDQJHHWGHFRSUpVHQFHDLQVLTX·XQYHFWHXUGHSURPRWLRQVRFLDOHGDQVOH WHUULWRLUHDXJUpGXQLYHDXG·LPSOLFDWLRQSK\VLTXHHWWHPSRUHOGHO·LQGLYLGXGDQVOH FROOHFWLI&HVRQWGHUpHOVKDXWVOLHX[V\PEROHVGHUHFRQTXrWHGHVQRQOLHX[TXH UHSUpVHQWHQWOHVEDVHVGHFKDQWLHUHQYLVDJpHVGDQVODYDOOpHHWGpYHORSSpHDXU\WKPH GHVLQMRQFWLRQVFRPPXQDXWDLUHV/DYDOHXUGHFHVOLHX[HVWUHFRQQXHSDUOHVDGYHU VDLUHVGXFROOHFWLIFRPPHHQWpPRLJQHO·LQFHQGLHYRORQWDLUHGX©3UHVLGLRªGH%UX ]RORVXUYHQXOHMDQYLHUHQSOHLQHFDPSDJQHpOHFWRUDOHSRXUOHV5pJLRQDOHV TXLV·HVWGpURXOpHVXUIRQGGHSXEOLFDWLRQGXQRXYHDXWUDFpGXWXQQHOLQWHUQDWLRQDO  /·H[HPSOHOHSOXVDFFRPSOLUHVWHOH©3UHVLGLRªGH9HQDXVpWDEOLGDQVOHFKDPS TXLIDLWIDFHDXOLHXGXIDLWG·DUPHIRQGDWHXUGHWRXWXQSDQGHODP\WKRORJLHUpFHQWH GHODYDOOpHODPDQLIHVWDWLRQGXGpFHPEUH&HWWHMRXUQpHDpWpOHWKpkWUH G·XQHPDQLIHVWDWLRQHQUpDFWLRQDXGpSORLHPHQWG·XQLPSRUWDQWGLVSRVLWLI GHIRUFHV GHO·RUGUH&HOXLFLIDLVDLWVXLWHjXQHVpULHGHWHQVLRQVOLpHVjO·LQVWDOODWLRQGXFKDQWLHU GHUHFRQQDLVVDQFHGH9HQDXV/HGpSORLHPHQWSROLFLHUDWUDQVIRUPpOHVHFWHXUHQWUH 6XVH9HQDXVHW1RYDODLVHHQXQWHUULWRLUHHQpWDWGHVLqJH/DPXOWLSOLFDWLRQGHV FRQWU{OHVG·LGHQWLWpFRQWULEXDjUHQIRUFHUOHVHQWLPHQWGHPDUJLQDOLVDWLRQHQOLHQ DYHFOHSURMHWGHWXQQHOGHEDVH/DPDQLIHVWDWLRQSUpVHQWDXQULVTXHGHGpERUGH PHQWVYLROHQWVpYLWpVSDUO·LQWHUYHQWLRQHWO·LQÁXHQFHGHVpOXVPXQLFLSDX[2XWUHOHV KDELWDQWVYHQXVHQIDPLOOHGHV©SURIHVVLRQQHOVGXFKDRVYHQXVGHWRXWHO·,WDOLHªPRWVGX 0DLUHGH9HQDXV DYDLHQWLQÀOWUpOHVFRUWqJHVGHSXLVOHVSUHPLqUHVWHQVLRQVGHODÀQ QRYHPEUH/·LQWHQVLWpGHODFRQIURQWDWLRQHWGHODGpWHUPLQDWLRQH[SULPpHIXWjOD KDXWHXUGHO·H[DVSpUDWLRQpSURXYpHSDUOHVKDELWDQWV&HODFRQGXLVLWOHVDFWHXUVWHFK QLTXHVjDEDQGRQQHUOHFKDPSHQTXHVWLRQDORUVPrPHTXHO·HQWUpHGXIXWXUWXQ QHOLQWHUQDWLRQDOGHYDLW\SUHQGUHSODFH&HWWHPDQLIHVWDWLRQVHFRPSUHQGFRPPH OHSUHPLHUSDVGDQVO·LQFHUWLWXGHTXDQWjODORFDOLVDWLRQGHODVRUWLHLWDOLHQQH/H GpFHPEUHSUHQGHQRXWUHXQVHQVVLQJXOLHUGDQVODPpPRLUHGXWHUULWRLUHFHWWHGDWH FRUUHVSRQGjODIRQGDWLRQGXPRXYHPHQWGHUpVLVWDQFHGDQVOH9DOGH6XVHORUV SHQGDQWOD6HFRQGH*XHUUH0RQGLDOH 6LODPDQLIHVWDWLRQQ·DYDLWjO·RULJLQH SDVGHOLHQDYHFFHWpYpQHPHQWO·DVVRFLDWLRQPpPRULHOOHHVWSUHVTXHLPPpGLDWH FHTXLIDLWHQWUHUO·DFWHGHPDQLIHVWDWLRQGDQVOHFKDPSGHO·DFWHGHUpVLVWDQFHHWGH ODGpVREpLVVDQFHFLYLOHFRPPHSULQFLSHGHOpJLWLPDWLRQ &KDSLWUH/·$SSURFKHOHFUHXVHWGHV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV8QHPLVHHQTXHVWLRQGHVEDVVHVYDOOpHV



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH

(QWUHUpDOLWpVHWYLUWXDOLWpVFRPPXQLTXHUSRXUFRPPXQLHU  /HV©3UHVLGLªVRQWGHVOLHX[GHFRPPXQLFDWLRQHWGHFRPPXQLRQ,OVLQ FDUQHQW OH V\PEROH GH FRSUpVHQFH VXU ODTXHOOH OH PRXYHPHQW FRQVWUXLW VD OpJLWL PLWp /·HUUHXU RULJLQHOOH GH FRPPXQLFDWLRQ GH OD SDUW GHV SURPRWHXUV GX SURMHW VHORQOHPDLUHGH9HQDXVUpVLGHGDQVOHFKRL[GHODPRGDOLWpGHSUpVHQWDWLRQHWGH UHSUpVHQWDWLRQ GX SURMHW /RUV GH FHWWH IDPHXVH UHQFRQWUH GH  j $YLJOLDQD XQHFDUWHVXUODTXHOOH©XQHOLJQHQRLUHWUDYHUVDLWOH9DOGH6XVHSDUGHVVXVOHVPDLVRQVªIXW SUpVHQWpHDX[KDELWDQWV&HWWHPDODGUHVVHVpPLRORJLTXHDDFFRPSDJQpODJHQqVH GHODUKpWRULTXHPRGHUQHRSSRVDQWODTXRWLGLHQQHWpORFDOHjODPDUFKHGXSUR JUqV&HODFRQWULEXHjFHTXHO·pFKHOOHORFDOHOD©JHQWHªV·LGHQWLÀHFRPPHO·$XWUH GpVLJQpSDUVRQLQH[LVWHQFHGDQVODSURJUDPPDWLRQHXURSpHQQHDXWUDYHUVGHFH GLVFRXUV2UFHW©$XWUHªHVWFHOXLTXLYLW©,FLª&HWWHDVVRFLDWLRQ©$XWUH,FLªHVW SDUDGR[DOH&HSUHPLHUDFWHGHFRPPXQLFDWLRQORLQGHWLVVHUXQHEDVHGHGLDORJXH HQWUHGHVSURPRWHXUVGXSURMHWSDUODQWG·KRUL]RQHXURSpHQHWGHVKDELWDQWV SDUODQWTXRWLGLHQQHWpHW©WUDGLWLRQªDFRQVWLWXpOHSUHPLHUWHPSVGHODIUDFWXUH WHUULWRULDOHHQWUHODEDVVHYDOOpHHWOHSURMHWGHWUDQVLW&HULVTXHpWDLWSRXUWDQWELHQ FRQQXGH0%UHVVRSXLVTXHGDQVXQDUWLFOHFRVLJQpDYHF&5DIIHVWLQ OH PpFDQLVPHGXEORFDJHDXTXHOQRXVDVVLVWRQVpWDLWDSSUpKHQGpHQGHVWHUPHVSUp PRQLWRLUHV 'HYDQWO·LQFRPSUpKHQVLRQSUHPLqUHXQHVRUWHGHYLGHGHFRPPXQLFDWLRQV·HVW LQVWDXUp$XVVLQHWURXYRQVQRXVDXFXQHUpIpUHQFHDX[PRXYHPHQWVGHFRQWHVWDWLRQ GDQVODFKURQRORJLHG·pYROXWLRQGXSURMHWSUpVHQWpHSDU/\RQ7XULQ)HUURYLDLUHVXU VRQ VLWH LQWHUQHW FRPPH GDQV VRQ HVSDFH FRPPXQLFDWLRQ GH 0RGDQH /HV GDWHV FOpVGXSURMHWUHQYRLHQWWRXWHVjGHVpYpQHPHQWVLQVWLWXWLRQQHOV/DVHXOHpYR FDWLRQG·XQHSRVVLEOHWHQVLRQHVWODPHQWLRQHQDR€WGHODPLVHHQSODFHGH VWUXFWXUHVGHFRQFHUWDWLRQFRPPHO·2EVHUYDWRLUHWHFKQLTXH/HVLQIRUPDWLRQVSRU WpHVSDU/7)FRPPHSDU©/D7UDQVDOSLQHªKWWSZZZWUDQVDOSLQHFRPFRQVXOWpOH  OHJURXSHG·LQWpUrWIUDQoDLVFRQVWLWXpSRXUSURPRXYRLUOHSURMHWGX /\RQ7XULQGRQWOHSHQGDQWLWDOLHQHVWOD©7UDQVSDGDQDªKWWSZZZWUDQVSDGDQDRUJ FRQVXOWpOH VRQWDYDQWWRXWGHVWLQpHVjXQSXEOLFH[WpULHXU&HVVLWHV SDUOHQWGHSUREOpPDWLTXHVJOREDOHVQRQORFDOHV$LQVLOD©JHQWHªQHWURXYHSDV HQFHVDFWHXUVGHUpHOVLQWHUORFXWHXUV/·2EVHUYDWRLUHLQVWLWXWLRQQDOLVpSRVWpULHXUH PHQWDXGpFOHQFKHPHQWGHODFULVHGXGpFHPEUHQ·DMDPDLVSXVXSSODQWHUOH FROOHFWLI FRPPHVRXUFHGHGLIIXVLRQG·LQIRUPDWLRQjO·pFKHOOHORFDOH/DIRUFHGHFH GHUQLHUWLHQWG·DLOOHXUVjVDFDSDFLWpjRFFXSHUO·HVSDFHODLVVpOLEUHSDUOHVSURPR WHXUVLQVWLWXWLRQQHOV/D©JHQWHªDYLGHG·LQIRUPDWLRQHQUDLVRQGHO·LQTXLpWXGHSUR YRTXpHSDUODSUpVHQWDWLRQLQLWLDOHWURXYHGDQVOHFROOHFWLI XQHVRXUFHGHGLIIXVLRQ GHGRQQpHVTXLFRPEOHFHYLGH  /D FRPPXQLFDWLRQ HVW DLQVL OH WHUUDLQ G·LGHQWLÀFDWLRQ GH O·DOWpULWp &H FKDPSGHYLHQWHVSDFHGHFRPPXQLRQSRXUOHPRXYHPHQWGHFRQWHVWDWLRQFHTXL FRQWULEXHjSODFHUOHFROOHFWLI ©1R7$9ªDXFHQWUHGHODYLVLELOLWpG·XQIDLWWHU ULWRULDOTXLQHVDXUDLWV·\UpVXPHU/DGLVWDQFHGXODQJDJHGHVLQVWLWXWLRQVWUDQFKH DYHFO·HIÀFDFLWpGHVGLVFRXUVSURGXLWVRXWUDGXLWVGDQVODYDOOpH&HWWHFRPPXQLRQ VHFRQVWUXLWDXWRXUGHO·LQYHVWLVVHPHQWGHVGLIIpUHQWVHVSDFHVGHODFRPPXQLFDWLRQ 

&KDSLWUH/·$SSURFKHOHFUHXVHWGHV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV8QHPLVHHQTXHVWLRQGHVEDVVHVYDOOpHV

7URLVLqPHSDUWLH/·,QWHUVSDWLDOLWpO·HQMHXG·XQHQRXYHDXWpUpWLFXODLUH GpSDVVHUO·LQFRKpVLRQ$OSLQHSDUXQHPERvWHPHQWG·LQWHUPpGLDWLRQV" FRPPHODUXHjWUDYHUVOHVWDJVOHVYHUVDQWVjWUDYHUVGHVOHWWUHVGHVVLQpHVSDUGHV GUDSVLQWHUQHWRXHQFRUHODSUHVVH8QHWUDYHUVpHGHODEDVVHYDOOpHGH6XVHRIIUHXQ SDQRUDPDGHODYLJXHXUGHODFRQWHVWDWLRQ&HOOHFLHVWWRXWDXWDQWPDQLIHVWHGDQV O·HVSDFH PDWpULHO TXH GDQV O·HVSDFH YLUWXHO 6L HQ  XQH VLWRJUDSKLH TXH QRXV DYLRQVUpDOLVpUpYpODLWXQHIDLEOHYLVLELOLWpGHO·RSSRVLWLRQSDUO·HQWUpHHQODQJXHIUDQ oDLVH©/\RQ7XULQªHWXQHYLVLELOLWpXQSHXSOXVLPSRUWDQWHSDUO·HQWUpHHQODQJXH LWDOLHQQHLWDOLHQQH©7RULQR/LRQHªO·RPQLSUpVHQFHYLUWXHOOHGHVVLWHVFRQWHVWDWDLUHV HVWDXMRXUG·KXLSUpJQDQWH/HFROOHFWLI ©1R7$9ªVDLWWUqVELHQXWLOLVHUOHVUpVHDX[ VRFLDX[DÀQG·DFFURvWUHVDYLVLELOLWpHWODGLIIXVLRQGHVDOHFWXUHGHVpYpQHPHQWV/D SDJH©)DFHERRNªGXPRXYHPHQWHQHVWXQHLOOXVWUDWLRQ$QLPpHGHIUpTXHQWV©SRVWVLª VXUVRQPXUHWFRQQDLVVDQWXQQRPEUHG·©DPLVªFURLVVDQWDXU\WKPHGHVFULVHV PpGLDWLVpHVjO·pFKHOOHQDWLRQDOHFHWWHSDJHHVWXQPRWHXUGHSDUWDJHGHSKRWRJUD SKLHVGHGHVVLQVHWG·RSLQLRQVWRXWDXWDQWTX·XQWHUUDLQGHMRXWHjGLVWDQFHDYHFOHV GpIHQVHXUVGXSURMHW'HV©SRVWVªSURYRFDWHXUVRQWpWpSRUWpVVXUOHPXUGHODSDJH ©1R7$9ªSDUGHVPHPEUHV©)DFHERRNªIDYRUDEOHVDX/\RQ7XULQGRF &H PRGHGHSURYRFDWLRQVHUHWURXYHGDQVO·DXWUHVHQV&HPpGLDJDJQHWRXMRXUVSOXVGH SODFHSDUUDSSRUWjO·pFKDQJHGHPDLOVSDUOLVWHGHGLIIXVLRQ1RXVDYRQVHQHIIHW

 'RFXPHQW&DSWXUHG·pFUDQGHODSDJH)DFHERRNGH1R7$9TXLSURSRVHXQSRVWSURYRFDWHXU6L7$9 &DSWXUHGXQRYHPEUH

&KDSLWUH/·$SSURFKHOHFUHXVHWGHV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV8QHPLVHHQTXHVWLRQGHVEDVVHVYDOOpHV



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH SXQRWHUXQHEDLVVHG·LQWHQVLWpGHVpFKDQJHVSDUPHVVDJHVpOHFWURQLTXHVRUGLQDLUHV HQSDUDOOqOHjXQHFURLVVDQFHG·DFWLYLWpVXUODSDJHVRFLDOHGXFROOHFWLI/DVWUXFWXUD WLRQGXPRXYHPHQWG·RSSRVLWLRQDX/\RQ7XULQVXUFHVLWHGHUpVHDXVRFLDOWUDQFKH G·DLOOHXUVDYHFFHOOHGXPRXYHPHQWGHSURPRWLRQFRQVWLWXpHQUpDFWLRQDSSHOp©6u 7$9ª/DSUpVHQFHVXUFHPpGLDHVWVWUDWpJLTXHFRPPHHQWpPRLJQHO·LQWHUGLF WLRQGHODSDJH©1R7$9ªVXUYHQXHOHIpYULHU&HWWHVXSSUHVVLRQDSDUD GR[DOHPHQWFRQWULEXpDXUHQIRUFHPHQWGHODVWUXFWXUDWLRQGXFROOHFWLI GDQVFHW HVSDFH'·XQHDWWDTXHOHFROOHFWLI HQDIDLWXQHRSSRUWXQLWpTXLWUDGXLWGHQRXYHDX O·LPSRUWDQFHGXPRWHXUUpDFWLI FRPPHSULQFLSHGHFRKpVLRQGXPRXYHPHQW G·RSSRVLWLRQ

8QHWHUULWRULDOLWpGHFULVH /HUHMHWFRPPHUHFRQ TXrWHWHUULWRULDOH  /H UHMHW HVW OD FRPSRVDQWH SULQFLSDOH GH OD VRPPH GH UHYHQGLFDWLRQV TXL FRPSRVHFHPRXYHPHQWG·RSSRVLWLRQ/HFKDPSVpPDQWLTXHXWLOLVpSDUOHPRXYH PHQWHVWWUqVPDMRULWDLUHPHQWGHWRXUQXUHQpJDWLYH/HVGLIIpUHQWVVORJDQVPHQ WLRQQpV GDQV OD SUHPLqUH SDUWLH GH FH SDUDJUDSKH O·LOOXVWUHQW 1RXV OH UHWURXYRQV GDQV OD IDoRQ GRQW OHV PHPEUHV GX FROOHFWLI  HW OHV V\PSDWKLVDQWV SDUOHQW GH OHXU SRVLWLRQQHPHQW /D IRUPXOH OD SOXV IUpTXHPPHQWUHQFRQWUpH HVW © 1RQ VLDPR« ª 1RXVQHVRPPHVSDV« /DPRGDOLWpGXPRXYHPHQWHVWDLQVLODQpJDWLYHFRPSULVH FRPPHXQHH[SUHVVLRQGHUHMHWHWXQHSRVWXUHGHUpDFWLRQ/HSULQFLSHGHFRKpVLRQ HVWO·DXWRLGHQWLÀFDWLRQGXJURXSHHQXQHDOWpULWpSHUoXHFRPPHPHQDoDQWH HWO·LGHQWLÀFDWLRQYLVXHOOHHWFRJQLWLYHG·XQVRLIRQGXHQXQHDLUH/DVXUIDFHUHP SODFHGDQVOHVUHSUpVHQWDWLRQVGX9DOGH6XVHSURGXLWHVSDUOHFROOHFWLIOHÀJXUpOL QpDLUHQRLUGXSURMHWLQLWLDORXEOHXGXFRUULGRUVXMHWjVRQGDJH&HVUHSUpVHQWDWLRQV LGHQWLÀHQWOHWHUULWRLUHSDUVDIRUPHSROLWLTXHWHOOHTXHGpÀQLHSDUOHSpULPqWUHGH OD&RPPXQDXWpGH0RQWDJQHGHODEDVVHYDOOpHGH6XVH1RXVYR\RQVLFLXQH

'RFXPHQW1R7$91R7,5DXWRFRODQWVGXFROOHFWLI 1R7$9 /H©QLLFLQLDLOOHXUVªG·$VWHUL[VHIDLWO·pFKRGXSD\VDQEUDLOODUG 1R7$9



&KDSLWUH/·$SSURFKHOHFUHXVHWGHV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV8QHPLVHHQTXHVWLRQGHVEDVVHVYDOOpHV

7URLVLqPHSDUWLH/·,QWHUVSDWLDOLWpO·HQMHXG·XQHQRXYHDXWpUpWLFXODLUH GpSDVVHUO·LQFRKpVLRQ$OSLQHSDUXQHPERvWHPHQWG·LQWHUPpGLDWLRQV" UXSWXUHQHWWHDSSDUDvWUHHQWUHOHVGHX[SDUWLHVGHODYDOOpHGH6XVH/D©9DOOHGL6XVDLª LGHQWLÀpHGDQVFHVUHSUpVHQWDWLRQVVHUpVXPHjODSDUWLH©UpVLVWDQWHªVRLWODSDUWLH EDVVHFRPSULVHHQWUHOHSLHGGXYHUURXGH&KLPRQWHO·DQFLHQQHIURQWLqUH'DXSKLQp 6DYRLH HWO·HVSDFHGHQVHGHODPpWURSROHWXULQRLVH&HWHUULWRLUHHVWJUDSKLTXHPHQW GpÀQLFRPPHO·LQYHUVHGXFRUULGRU,OHVWSRQFWXpGHPDUTXHVG·DSSURSULDWLRQV TXLV·H[SULPHQWVRXVODIRUPHGHO·LGHQWLÀFDWLRQGHO·pFKHOOHG·DUWLFXODWLRQGXFRO OHFWLI HWGXPRXYHPHQWO·pFKHOOHFRPPXQDOH/DSKRWRHVWFDUDFWpULVWLTXHGHV DWWULEXWV GX PRXYHPHQW /D IRUPH VHUW G·DEVWUDFWLRQ GX WHUULWRLUH TXL HVW UH SUpVHQWpFRPPHXQHWHUUHGHUpVLVWDQFHXQLHDXWRXUGXFROOHFWLI ©1R7$9ª3DU Oj FH FROOHFWLI  UHYHQGLTXH XQH IRUPH G·DSSURSULDWLRQ GH FHW HVSDFH RX SOXW{W G·LPSUpJQDWLRQUpFLSURTXHG·XQWHUULWRLUHHWG·XQH©FDXVHª/HUHFRXUVDX[ WRSRQ\PHVFRPPXQDX[SHUPHWG·LGHQWLÀHUFHWHQVHPEOHFRPPHXQHVRPPHGH OLHX[ *LUDXW +RXVVD\+RO]VFKXVK    Oj R OHV VRQGDJHV GHVVLQHQW XQ FKD SHOHW GH F{WHV WRSRJUDSKLTXHV 8Q OLHX HVW WRXW SDUWLFXOLqUHPHQW VLQJXODULVp GDQV FHWWHUHSUpVHQWDWLRQ9HQDXVFRQVWLWXpHQ©L5pSXEOLTXH/LEUHªHQVRXYHQLUGHVIDLWV G·DUPHGHVPRLVGHQRYHPEUHHWGpFHPEUH&HVUHSUpVHQWDWLRQVWpPRLJQHQW G·XQHPDQLIHVWDWLRQGHO·DSSDUWHQDQFHjXQWHUULWRLUHFRPPHGHVRQDSSURSULDWLRQ LGHQWLWDLUHHWSROLWLTXH0DLVHOOHVUpYqOHQWGDQVOHPrPHWHPSVODGLPHQVLRQLQVX ODLUHTXLSRUWHFHWWHVSDWLDOLWp&HWWHVLQJXODULVDWLRQDXWRXUGXWKqPHGHOD©UpVLVWDQ FHLªFRQWULEXHjUHQIRUFHUOHFDUDFWqUHGH©LYLOODJHJDXORLVªUHYHQGLTXpSDUO·XWLOLVDWLRQ GHODÀJXUHG·$VWpUL[VXUOHVGUDSHDX[DX[F{WpVGHFHOOHGXSD\VDQEUDLOODUGGRF  &HWWHLQVXODULWpVHFRPSUHQGFRPPHXQHPERvWHPHQWG·vOHV/DEDVVHYDOOpH FRQVWLWXHODERvWHpOpPHQWDLUHOHV©3UHVLGLªFRQVWLWXHQWODGHX[LqPHHQYHORSSHOHV SHUVRQQHVODWURLVLqPH&HWWHDSSURFKHLQVXODLUHH[FOXWGHVFRPPXQHVTXLVHVRQW SRXUWDQW LPSOLTXpHV GDQV O·RSSRVLWLRQ DX SURMHW FRPPH &KLRPRQWH RX *UDYHUH &HVFRPPXQHVVHVLWXpHVVXUOHKDXWGXYHUURXVHWURXYHQWSROLWLTXHPHQWGDQVOD &RPPXQDXWpGH0RQWDJQHGHOD+DXWH9DOOpH&HWWHLPDJHLQVXODLUHYpKLFXOHGH O·H[WpULHXUXQHLPDJHG·HQIHUPHPHQWTXLFRQWULEXHjDOLPHQWHUOHVGLVFRXUVGHV© 6u7$9ªTXLTXDOLÀHQWGH©UpJUHVVLYHªODSRVLWLRQGHFHWWHRSSRVLWLRQ /HV©6u7$9ªHWOHVSURPRWHXUVGXSURMHWFRQVWUXLVHQWOHXUGLVFRXUVGHFRQWUH RIIHQVLYH DX PRXYHPHQW DXWRXU GX WKqPH G·XQH LUUHVSRQVDELOLWp SDUWLVDQH HQ GHKRUVGHVUpDOLWpVGXPRQGHTXLV·H[FOXHG·HOOHPrPHGXPRXYHPHQWJpQpUDO &HWWHSRVWXUHH[FOXDQWHHVWXWLOLVpHSRXUMXVWLÀHUOHVGLIÀFXOWpVGHPLVHHQSODFHG·XQ GLDORJXHIRUPDOLVp/HIRQGHPHQWGHODFRQWHVWDWLRQHVWHQHIIHWXQUHMHWGXSULQ FLSHPrPHGXWXQQHOGHEDVHHWGHOD/LJQHj*UDQGH9LWHVVH&DSDFLWp,OHVWLP SRUWDQWGHSUpFLVHUTXHODTXDOLÀFDWLRQGXSURMHWDpYROXpDXJUpGHODUpDFWLRQVXVFL WpHSDUOHUDSSRUWjODYLWHVVH$X[RULJLQHVGXSURMHWLOpWDLWTXHVWLRQHQ,WDOLHG·XQH ©/LQHDDG·$OWD9HORFLWDª/LJQHj*UDQGH9LWHVVH 2UODUpIpUHQFHjFHWWHLQWHQVLWp GHYLWHVVHIXWOHVXSSRUWGXUHMHWVpPDQWLTXHTXLGRQQDQDLVVDQFHjO·DSSHOODWLRQGX FROOHFWLI ©1R7$9ª1RQjOD/LJQHj*UDQGH9LWHVVH /·DSSHOODWLRQ©7$9ªSRU WDLWOHSURMHWYHUVOHVHXOWUDQVSRUWGHSDVVDJHUV(OOHHVWDLQVLGHYHQXH©L7$&ªVRLW XQSURMHWGH/LJQHj*UDQGH&DSDFLWp&HFKDQJHPHQWG·DSSHOODWLRQSHUPLWGHIDLUH XQHSODFHDXWUDÀFGHPDUFKDQGLVHVGDQVO·DSSHOODWLRQHWGDQVODFRPPXQLFDWLRQ VXUOHSURMHW/HVSODTXHWWHVG·LQIRUPDWLRQpGLWpHVSDU/7)RQWG·DLOOHXUVFRQQXXQ FKDQJHPHQWPDMHXUHQWUHHWSXLVTXHODSUHPLqUHSURSRVDLWXQ7*9VXU VDFRXYHUWXUHDORUVTXHODVHFRQGHH[SRVHGRUpQDYDQWXQWUDLQGHIUHWFRPELQpGRF  0DLVODUpFHSWLRQGDQVODEDVVHYDOOpHGHFHWWHpYROXWLRQVpPDQWLTXHDpWpXQH

*LUDXW)+RXVVD\ +RO]VFKXFK0  ©1pRWR SRQ\PLHIRUPHV HWHQMHX[GHOD GpQRPLQDWLRQGHV WHUULWRLUHVpPHU JHQWVª

&KDSLWUH/·$SSURFKHOHFUHXVHWGHV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV8QHPLVHHQTXHVWLRQGHVEDVVHVYDOOpHV



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH

'RFXPHQW'X7*9DXFRPELQpXQHFRQÁLFWXDOLWp (YROXWLRQGHODFRXYHUWXUHGHODSODTXHWWHGHSUpVHQWDWLRQGXSURMHWGX/\RQ7XULQHQWUHHW /7)

$O·RULJLQHOHYLVDJHGXSURMHWHVWXQ7*9$ODVXLWHGHVKHXUWVGDQVOH9DOGH6XVHODFRPPXQLFDWLRQVHSRVLWLRQQHVXUO·DUJXPHQW ©GpYHORSSHPHQWGXUDEOHªHWRSWHSRXUOHWUDLQGHIUHWFRPELQpFRPPHSLYRWGHYLVLELOLWp

DVVLPLODWLRQ©7$9 7$&ª&HFKDQJHPHQWDpWpSHUoXFRPPHXQHYRORQWpGHGp JXLVHUXQSURMHWWHFKQLTXHORFDOHPHQWLQDFFHSWDEOHHQXQREMHWGHFRPPXQLFDWLRQ SRUWHXUG·XQHSROLWLTXHGHVWUDQVSRUWV©GXUDEOHªDXSUqVGHO·H[WpULHXU$XVVLFHOD DWLOpWpSHUoXFRPPHXQHQRXYHOOHPDQLIHVWDWLRQGHPpSULV  ,OQHIDXWSDVOLPLWHUODOHFWXUHGXPRXYHPHQWG·RSSRVLWLRQDXSURMHWGX/\RQ 7XULQjXQHVLPSOHSRVLWLRQ1,0%GLU@  /DUHOLJLRQ FLYLTXHjO·pSRTXH PpGLpYDOHHWPRGHUQH FKUpWLHQWpHWLVODP 



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH IRLVjGXPDWpULHOURXODQWVHWURXYHDXSLHGGHODUDPSHVXGj0XU]]XVFKODJSKRWR  (QFHODXQHFRQWLQXLWpSDWULPRQLDOHH[LVWHDYHFOHVPXVpHVpWDEOLVDX[VRP PHWVGHVFROVFHTXLRIIUHXQHQRXYHOOHGpFOLQDLVRQGHODÀJXUH

6XWWRQ.D  ©/HV1RXYHOOHV 7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV OD©FLWp(XURSHªj O·pSUHXYHGHO·DFFHS WDELOLWpDOSLQH"ª 6XWWRQ.E  ©/H/\RQ7XULQ GDQVOHYDOGH6XVH XQDPpQDJHPHQW QRPPpPDODLVHª



 (Q VRPPH XQ SDQ GH GpÀQLWLRQ GHV 1RXYHOOHV 7UDYHUVpHV $OSLQHV SRXU UDLWUpVLGHUGDQVFHPRXYHPHQWGHYDORULVDWLRQSDWULPRQLDOHWRXWD]LPXWTXLSHXW WHQGUHYHUVOHQ·LPSRUWHTXRLPpPRULHO/HEHVRLQGHOpJLWLPLWpHWGHUpLWpUDWLRQ G·XQHIRUPHGHFRQWUDWVSDWLDOHQWUHOHWHUULWRLUHHWOHUpVHDXV·H[SULPHjWUDYHUVFH EHVRLQ GH PpGLDWLRQV H[SULPp SDU O·$SSURFKH 3OXV O·$SSURFKH HVW pFDUWp SDU OH )UDQFKLVVHPHQWSOXVOH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWSDVVpHVWUHSUpVHQWpVRXVOHVWUDLWVGHUpLQ YHQWLRQVPpPRULHOOHV/DFRPSUpKHQVLRQGHFHSURFHVVXVTXLHVWLQGLVVRFLDEOHGH ODG\QDPLTXHGHSpULXUEDQLVDWLRQGHVEDVVHVYDOOpHVSUpVLGHjODPLVHHQSODFHGHV HVSDFHVFRPPXQLFDWLRQHWGHVYLVLWHVGHFKDQWLHU/DQRXYHDXWpDSSHOOHODQpFHVVLWp GHODVpOHFWLYLWp,OHVWQpFHVVDLUHGHGRQQHUjYRLUFHTXLQ·DSDVpWpIDLWGDQVOH 9DOGH6XVH6XWWRQDHWE 5HFRXULUjXQVHQWLHURXjXQSDUFRXUVUHYLHQWj VpOHFWLRQQHUFHTXLGRLWrWUHH[SRVp4X·LOV·DJLVVHG·XQHFXULRVLWpPRWLYpHSDUO·DW WUDLWGHODWHFKQLTXHRXSDUO·LQTXLpWXGHGXTXRWLGLHQGRQQHUDFFqVDXFKDQWLHUHVW XQDFWHGHPpGLDWLRQQpFHVVDLUHjO·pWDEOLVVHPHQWG·XQSDFWHVSDWLDO/HVVHQWLHUV SDWULPRQLDX[ RQW VHUYL GH EDVH j OD PLVH HQ SODFH GH SDUFRXUVGpFRXYHUWH GHV QRXYHOOHVFRQGLWLRQVGX)UDQFKLVVHPHQWSKRWR 'HVVHQWLHUVVRQWEDOLVpVDXWRXU GHVLQVWDOODWLRQVGHWUDYDX[HWVRQWMDORQQpVGHSDQQHDX[TXHFHVRLWj$PVWHJRX j6HGUXQHW%LDVFD&HVVHQWLHUVVRQWG·DLOOHXUVPDLQWHQXVODPLVHHQH[SORLWDWLRQGX WXQQHOVXUYHQXHFRPPHj)UXWLJHQRWURLVSDUFRXUVSHUPHWWHQWGHGpFRXYULUOHV LQVWDOODWLRQVGXQRXYHDXWXQQHOGX/|WVFKEHUJ/H%/6MRXHODFDUWHGHODWUDQVSD UHQFHWRXWHQV·DIÀFKDQWFRPPHOHJHVWLRQQDLUH/HWURQoRQGHFRQYHUJHQFHGHWRXV OHVSDUFRXUVHVWO·D[HSRUWDLOJDUHFHTXLQ·HVWSDVVDQVUDSSHOHUOHVSURSRVGXFKD SLWUH7RXWFRQFRUGHjWLVVHUXQUpVHDXGHVHQWLHUHWXQUpVHDXGHODPpPRLUHGHV pWDWVGHIUDQFKLVVHPHQWDXWRXUG·XQHRSSRUWXQLWpWRXWSDUWLFXOLqUHPHQWH[SORLWpHHQ 6XLVVH0DLVFHJHQUHGHYDORULVDWLRQQ·HVWSDVQpKLVWRULTXHPHQWHQ6XLVVH'pMjORUV GXSHUFHPHQWGXWXQQHOGX)UpMXV ODYLVLWHGXFKDQWLHUFRQVWLWXDLWXQH H[FXUVLRQSDUWLFXOLqUHPHQWSULVpHSRXUOHVFXULVWHVG·$L[OHV%DLQV/HVDYRLUIDLUH VXLVVHDpWpGHFRQFHYRLUXQSURGXLWTXLFRPELQHYDORULVDWLRQSDWULPRQLDOHHW SURPRWLRQGHODQRXYHDXWpDXWUDYHUVGXVHQVGHO·D[HHWGHVG\QDVWLHVGH)UDQ FKLVVHPHQWTXLFRPSRVHQWDXÀQDOODEDVHGHVRQV\VWqPHIRQFWLRQQHOGH1RX YHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV

&KDSLWUH/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVjO·pSUHXYHGHYDOHXUDMRXWpHWHUULWRULDOH



500 m

3KRWR.6XWWRQMXLQPRQWDJH

K. Sutton, mars 2009.

Stèle commémorant les 5 ouvrires morts lors du percement du tunnel de base.

Panneautage des circuits de la Promenade de Frutigen. K. Sutton, juin 2010.

Couverture du prospectus de présentation des promenades de Frutigen. BLS, 2007.

3KRWR/DSURPHQDGHIHUURYLDLUHGH)UXWLJHQO·DIÀUPDWLRQGXFRXSOHSRUWDLOJDUHDXVHUYLFHG·XQSDFWHWHUULWRULDO

Vue de l’entrée nord du tunnel de base du Lötschberg avec un panneau de la promenade ferroviaire, sentier C. K. Sutton, juin 2010.

Sentier BLS rampe nord

Parcours D

Parcours C

Parcours B

Parcours A

Dernier panneau du sentier de la rampe nord du Lötschberg : la gare de Frutigen. K. Sutton, juin 2010.

Fond de carte topographique Swiss Topo 1/25 000 Niessen 1227 éd. 2006.

/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH

,, 8QHRSSRUWXQLWpGHUHQRXYHOOHPHQW GHO·LPSUpJQDWLRQUpFLSURTXH GHV7HUULWRLUHVHWGHVRSpUDWHXUVIHUURYLDLUHV XQQRXYHDXFRQWUDWVSDWLDO

/DSDWULPRQLDOLVDWLRQSRXURSSRUWXQLWpHQWUHSUHQHXULDOH /HODEHOWpPRLJQDJHG·XQHHVVHQFHWHUULWRULDOH 6XWWRQ.  ©/HSRUWDLOGHWXQQHO FRPPHpFULWXUH PRQXPHQWDOHGHV WUDYHUVpHVDOSLQHV /·HQWUHSULVHIHUUR YLDLUHHWODPpPRLUH GXIUDQFKLVVHPHQW GDQVOHV$OSHVRFFL GHQWDOHVª %HUQLHU;6XWWRQ . ©8Q SDWULPRLQHIRUWLÀp GHPRQWDJQHj O·pSUHXYHGHVD UHFRQYHUVLRQ /·H[HPSOHGH%ULDQ oRQª %HUQLHU;6XWWRQ .jSDUDvWUH  ©)UDJPHQWDWLRQVHW DFFHVVLELOLWpG·XQ WHUULWRLUHIRUWLÀpGH PRQWDJQH%ULDQ oRQjO·pSUHXYHGHVD ODEHOOLVDWLRQª 3DS5  :HOWNXOWXUHUEH6HPPH ULQJEDKQ .RV:'LQREO* >GLU@ *URVVHU %DKQKRI:LHQXQGGLH ZHLWH:HOW 6WXGHU%  5KlWLVFKH%DKQ (LVHQEDKQHUOHEQLVLQ *UDXEQGHQ



 /HVHQWUHSULVHVIHUURYLDLUHVVHPHWWHQWWRXWSDUWLFXOLqUHPHQWHQVFqQHORUV GHVFRPPpPRUDWLRQV6XWWRQ ,OQHV·DJLWSDVVHXOHPHQWGHV·DIÀUPHUFRPPH XQDFWHXUGHUpVHDXPDLVELHQFRPPHXQDFWHXUGHPRELOLWpVDXF±XUGHVWHU ULWRLUHV&UpHUO·pYpQHPHQWDXWRXUGHODOLJQHGHYLHQWXQHIRUPHG·REVHVVLRQFKH] OHVJHVWLRQQDLUHV2EWHQLUXQODEHOUHYLHQWjREWHQLUXQHYLVLELOLWpHWXQHOpJLWLPLWp DFFUXH TXL FRQVWLWXH XQH VRXUFH GH SOXVYDOXH WHUULWRULDOH SRWHQWLHOOH %HUQLHU 6XWWRQjSDUDvWUH DXWUDYHUVGHODOLJQH'HSOXVHQSOXVG·LWLQpUDLUHVGH7UDYHU VpHV$OSLQHVFDQGLGDWHQWHWUHoRLYHQWOHODEHOVXSUrPHGDQVO·pFKHOOHGHFRWDWLRQGHV ODEHOVOHFODVVHPHQW81(6&27URLVOLJQHVO·RQWG·RUHVHWGpMjREWHQXOH6HPPH ULQJO·$OEXODHWOD%HUQLQD/H*RWKDUGVHUDFHUWDLQHPHQWSRUWpFDQGLGDW0RQWHUXQ GRVVLHUGHFODVVHPHQWSHUPHWGHPRELOLVHUOHVpQHUJLHVDXWRXUGHODOLJQHHWDLQVL GHFRQVWUXLUHXQHYLVLELOLWpSRXUHOOHDXWRXUGHYDOHXUVSDWULPRQLDOHV&HWWHGpPDUFKH SHXWrWUHYXHFRPPHXQPR\HQGHSURMHWHUOHVHQMHX[GHODUpDOLVDWLRQpYHQWXHOOH G·XQWXQQHOGHEDVH/H6HPPHULQJDHQHIIHWRXYHUWOHEDQFGHVpOXV/HGRVVLHUD pWpGpSRVpHQVRLWHQSDUDOOqOHGHVSUHPLqUHVHVTXLVVHVGXSURMHWGHWXQQHOGH EDVH3DS 8QHYpULWDEOHIUpQpVLHV·HVWHPSDUpHGXPRQGHIHUURYLDLUHDO·RE WHQWLRQGXODEHO8QHSDUWLHGHVORFRPRWLYHVTXLFLUFXODLHQWVXUO·D[HRQWpWpSHOOLFX OpHVDX[FRXOHXUVGHVYLDGXFVHPEOpPDWLTXHVGHODOLJQH&HVORFRPRWLYHVRQWPrPH IDLWO·REMHWGHUHSURGXFWLRQHQPRGqOHVUpGXLWVTXLRQWpWpSDUWLFXOLqUHPHQWDSSUp FLpHVVXUOHPDUFKpIHUURYLDLUHGXMRXHW'HQRPEUHX[RXYUDJHVVHVRQWLQWpUHVVpV DX[GLPHQVLRQVKLVWRULTXHVHWSDWULPRQLDOHVGHODOLJQH3DS jVRQUDSSRUWj 9LHQQH.RV'LQREO GDQVOHFRQWH[WHGHPRGHUQLVDWLRQDQQRQFpHGXQ±XG HWGHVJDUHV6LELHQTXHO·KRUL]RQGXWXQQHOGHEDVHHVWSDVVpDXVHFRQGSODQ/D ÀqYUHSDWULPRQLDOHDVXSSODQWpOHGpVLUGHWXQQHO/HSDVVpGHODOLJQHHVWOH KpURVSOXVTXHOHIXWXU4XHOTXHVUpIpUHQFHVjXQSURMHWHQFRXUVVHWURXYHQWWRXW GHPrPHGDQVOHVHVSDFHVPpPRULHOVPDLVULHQTXLSXLVVHFRQVWLWXHUXQWUHPSOLQGH PRELOLVDWLRQGHUULqUHOXL

&KDSLWUH/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVjO·pSUHXYHGHYDOHXUDMRXWpHWHUULWRULDOH

7URLVLqPHSDUWLH/·,QWHUVSDWLDOLWpO·HQMHXG·XQHQRXYHDXWpUpWLFXODLUH GpSDVVHUO·LQFRKpVLRQ$OSLQHSDUXQHPERvWHPHQWG·LQWHUPpGLDWLRQV"

3KRWR(QWUpHGHODJDUHGH&RLUHGDQVOHV*ULVRQV /HFDQWRQGHV*ULVRQVXQHvOHGDQVO·vOH6XLVVH .6XWWRQPDUV

 /HVOLJQHVJULVRQQHVRQWREWHQXHVOHSUpFLHX[ODEHOHQ/DVLWXDWLRQHVW DORUVWRXWHDXWUH&HWWHODEHOOLVDWLRQRIIUHDX[5K%O·RSSRUWXQLWpGHODQFHUXQHSKDVH GHUHYDORULVDWLRQGHOHXUD[HWRXULVWLTXHSKDUH$OEXOD%HUQLQD GDQVXQFRQWH[WH GHGpSULVHIRQFWLRQQHOOHGHODSUHPLqUHHQOLHQDYHFO·RXYHUWXUHGXWXQQHOGHOD9HUHL QDSOXVjO·HVW 6WXGHU /DODEHOOLVDWLRQQ·HVWULHQHQVRL%HUQLHU6XWWRQ jSDUDvWUH HOOHFRQVWLWXHXQHRSSRUWXQLWpTXHOHVDFWHXUVFDSLWDOLVHQWRXQRQ /HV5K%RQWSDUWLFXOLqUHPHQWV€FDSLWDOLVHUO·pYpQHPHQW/DFRPSDJQLHGpYHORSSH GHX[ FLEOHV PDUNHWLQJ SULQFLSDOHV  O·DQFUDJH LGHQWLWDLUH WHUULWRULDO HW OD IppULH HQQHLJpHSRXUO·H[WpULHXU/DSUHPLqUHVHGpFOLQHVRXVODIRUPHG·XQFRQFHSWGH PRELOLWpTXLVHUpYqOHDXÀQDOXQFRQFHSWWHUULWRULDOO·DERQQHPHQWJpQpUDO*ULVRQV ©%XJDª&HWDFURQ\PHMRXHVXUODODQJXHTXLVLQJXODULVHOHV*ULVRQVjO·pFKHOOHGHOD 6XLVVHOH5RPDQFKH1RXVUHWURXYRQVO·LGpHGHO·DIÀUPDWLRQLGHQWLWDLUHSDUODODQ JXHFRPPHGDQVOH6GWLUROTXLHVWGpOLQpHMXVTXHVXUOHVORFRPRWLYHV/DFRPPXQL FDWLRQPHWHQVFqQHOHWUDLQHWVHVORFRPRWLYHVPRGHUQHVV\PEROHGHSHUIRUPDQFH DYHF OHV DWRXUV HPEOpPDWLTXHV GX &DQWRQ ,O HVW LPSRUWDQW GH SUpFLVHU TX·j FHWWH pFKHOOHO·DQJOHGHFRPPHUFLDOLVDWLRQHVWELHQODSHUIRUPDQFHHWO·LGpHTXHOHV*ULVRQV FRQVWLWXHQWXQHvOHGDQVO·vOH6XLVVHFRPPHOHMHXGHQpRQjO·HQWUpHGHODJDUHGH &RLUH OH IDLW FRPSUHQGUH SKRWR   /HV *ULVRQV RQW OHXU SURSUH FDGHQFHPHQW UHOLpDXFDGHQFHPHQWQDWLRQDO%XJDHVWDLQVLSOXVJpQpUDOHPHQWODGpQRPLQDWLRQGX V\VWqPHGHWUDQVSRUWTXLRIIUHXQHIRUPHG·DXWRQRPLHDX&DQWRQ/DPRGHUQLWp VHIDLWO·pFKRGHODWUDGLWLRQHWGHVUHSUpVHQWDWLRQVDXWRDOLPHQWpHGHSXLVOH&DQWRQ /DORFRPRWLYHHVWDLQVLSUpVHQWpHDYHFXQHWrWHGHERXTXHWLQGRF O·DQLPDO TXLV\PEROLVHOH&DQWRQHWOH3DUF1DWLRQDO6XLVVH&HWWHLPDJHULHSODLWSDUWLFXOLqUH PHQWjODFOLHQWqOHWRXULVWLTXHTXLXWLOLVHFHVSURGXLWVIHUURYLDLUHVSRXUGpFRXYULUOH &KDSLWUH/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVjO·pSUHXYHGHYDOHXUDMRXWpHWHUULWRULDOH



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH &DQWRQHWJR€WHUjXQHFHUWDLQHLGpHGHV $OSHVVXLVVHV&HODYDGX*ODFLHU([SUHVV SURGXLWHQFRPPXQDYHFOH0*%jOD %HUQLQD([SUHVVHQUHODLVGHSXLV6W0R ULW] GRF   &HV QRPV GH WUDLQ VRQW HQ TXHOTXH VRUWH OHV DXWUHV ODEHOV GX UpVHDX&HUWHVLOVQ·RQWSDVODYDOHXUMX ULGLTXH RX XQLYHUVHOOH GH O·81(6&2 PDLV FHV QRPV SUHVWLJLHX[ YDORULVHQW j HX[VHXOV OHV OLJQHV SDUFRXUXHV /HV JDUHVGHVVHUYLHVH[SRVHQWG·DLOOHXUVDX[ F{WpVGHODSODTXHWWHGXODEHO81(6&2 OHSDQQHDX©*ODFLHU([SUHVVªTXLGp FOLQHGDQVWRXWHVOHVODQJXHVSULQFLSDOHV DXPRQGHXQ©FRUGLDO%LHQYHQXHª/H FODVVHPHQW81(6&2QHSURGXLWSDVOD IUpTXHQWDWLRQLOQHIDLWTXHFRXURQQHU XQH YDORULVDWLRQ H[WHUQH G·LWLQpUDLUHV TXL j O·pFKHOOH QDWLRQDOH SRXUVXLYHQW OD QRWLRQ GH FRQWLQXLWpV WHUULWRULDOHV MXVTXHGDQVOHVSpULSKpULHVOHVSOXVH[ FHQWUpHV GX SD\V FRPPH &DPSDVFLR GDQVOD9DOWHOLQHVXLVVH/D%HUQLQDHVW XQQ±XGPXOWLVFDODLUHGHO·XQLYHUVDOLWp GHVRQODEHOjODSUR[LPLWpODSOXVORFDOH HQSDVVDQWSDUOHVpFKHOOHVFDQWRQDOHVHW QDWLRQDOHV 3OXVLHXUV HVSDFHV G·H[SRVL 'RFXPHQW/HV5K%XQHHQWUHSULVH WLRQRQWpWpRXYHUWVjO·RFFDVLRQGXFHQ VRXVOHVLJQHGXERXTXHWLQ WHQDLUHGHOD%HUQLQD /HSULQFL 3ODTXHWWHG·LQIRUPDWLRQVXUOHVVHUYLFHV5K% SDOTXLVHYRLWSpUHQQLVpVHWURXYHGDQV 5K% ODJDUHGH6W0RULW]SRLQWGHGpSDUW VXLVVHGHODOLJQH/RUVGHO·KLYHU XQHLJORRH[SRVLWLRQDYDLWpWpPRQWpj'LDYROH]]DODKDOWHVLWXpHVXUOHSODWHDX GXFROGHOD%HUQLQDFRQQHFWpHDXWpOpSKpULTXHTXLSHUPHWG·DFFpGHUDXSLFGXPrPH QRP &HWWH KDOWH HVW XQ © VSRW ª KLYHUQDO LPSRUWDQW FDU FRPPH GDQV OD *RWKDUG $UHQD SRXU OH 0*% OHV VHUYLFHV 5K% VRQW LQWpJUpV GDQV OHV IRUIDLWV GX GRPDLQH VNLDEOHGHO·(QJDGLQH6W0RULW]/HWUDLQMRXHOHU{OHGHWLUHIHVVHHQWUHOHVOLHX[GHUp VLGHQFHGHODYDOOpHHQWUH6W0RULW]HW3RQWUHVLQDHWOHVpWHQGXHVVNLDEOHVGXFRO&H PRGqOHGHPRELOLWpSHUPHWG·DFFRPSDJQHUOHSURMHWXUEDQLVWLTXHTXLYLVHjODLVVHU OLEUHGHWRXWHFRQVWUXFWLRQPDVVLYHOHSODWHDXGXFRO(QKLYHUODVHXOHYRLHG·DFFqV DXGRPDLQHVNLDEOHHVWOHWUDLQFDUODURXWHGXFROQ·HVWSDVGpQHLJpH8QSDUDOOqOH SHXWDLQVLrWUHIDLWHQWUHO·2EHUDOSHWOD%HUQLQDOHODEHOHQPRLQVSRXUOHSUHPLHU /DPDUTXHWpPRLJQDJHG·XQDQFUDJHUpWLFXODLUH  ,OVHPEOHTXHO·DQFUDJHWHUULWRULDOGHV5K%TXLHVWXQHYpULWDEOHLQVWLWXWLRQ GDQVOHFDQWRQGHV*ULVRQVDpWpGpFLVLI3RUWHUXQGRVVLHUGHFHWWHDPSOHXUQpFHV 

&KDSLWUH/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVjO·pSUHXYHGHYDOHXUDMRXWpHWHUULWRULDOH

7URLVLqPHSDUWLH/·,QWHUVSDWLDOLWpO·HQMHXG·XQHQRXYHDXWpUpWLFXODLUH GpSDVVHUO·LQFRKpVLRQ$OSLQHSDUXQHPERvWHPHQWG·LQWHUPpGLDWLRQV" VLWHGHIRUWVUHODLVSROLWLTXHVWHUULWRULDX[DX[pFKHOOHVORFDOHVHWQDWLRQDOHV6WXGHU  /jUpVLGHSHXWrWUHXQHGLIIpUHQFHLPSRUWDQWHDYHFOH0*%/HUpVHDXGHV 5K%V·pWHQGH[FOXVLYHPHQWVXUOHWHUULWRLUHGHV*ULVRQVjO·H[FHSWLRQGHODFRXUWH SRUWLRQLWDOLHQQHHQ9DOWHOLQH7LUDQR $O·LQYHUVHOH0*%V·pWHQGVXUWURLVFDQWRQV 9DODLV8UL*ULVRQV $ORUVTXHODSUHPLqUHV·DSSDUHQWHjXQHLQVWLWXWLRQSROLWLTXH WHUULWRULDOHODVHFRQGHVHFRPSUHQGSOXVFRPPHXQHHQWUHSULVHGHUpVHDX/H 0*% HVW LPSOLTXp GDQV GHV GpPDUFKHV GH PDUTXHV HW QRQ GH ODEHO /H *ODFLHU ([SUHVVHVWSRXUHOOHXQHPDUTXHGRF 8QPrPHWUDLQSUpVHQWHDLQVLGHX[LQV FULSWLRQVVHORQODVWUDWpJLHGHO·HQWUHSULVHFRQFHUQpHHWVHORQOHSRWHQWLHOSDWULPR QLDOGHVOLJQHVH[SORLWpHV/H0*%HVWXQDFWHXUFOpSRXUO·DFFqVj=HUPDWWVWDWLRQ GHUHQRPPpH,OH[SORLWHDXVVLOHWUDLQTXLSHUPHWGHPRQWHUDX*RUQHUJUDWGHSXLV ODVWDWLRQ8QHQRXYHOOHIRLVFHVSRVLWLRQQHPHQWVVSDWLDX[HWQRQWHUULWRULDX[ V·DS SUpKHQGHQWFRPPHGHVPDUTXHVRXGHVDFWLIVGDQVOHSRUWHIHXLOOHGHWHUULWRULD OLWp GH O·HQWUHSULVH %RXD\DG   $ O·pFKHOOH GX FDQWRQ GX 9DODLV OH 0*% HVW LPSOLTXpGDQVOHODEHOTXDOLWp9DODLVTXLHVWXQHFHUWLÀFDWLRQGHODTXDOLWpGHVHUYLFH TXLVHGpFOLQHQRWDPPHQWSRXUODPRELOLWp/·LQWpJUDWLRQGDQVOHGRPDLQHVNLDEOHGH OD*RWKDUG$UHQDHVWXQHDXWUHPDUTXHjO·DFWLI GHODFRPSDJQLH%UHIODGLIIpUHQFH SULQFLSDOHTXLDQLPHFHVGHX[HQWUHSULVHVGH7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVjYRLHPpWULTXHWLHQW DXUDSSRUWjO·DQFUDJHWHUULWRULDOTXLSHUPHWRXQRQG·DSSDUDvWUHFRPPHXQVXMHW SURGXFWHXUGHPpPRLUH

6WXGHU%  5KlWLVFKH%DKQ (LVHQEDKQHUOHEQLVLQ *UDXEQGHQ %RXD\DG$  /DVWUDWpJLHGHV WURLVSRUWHIHXLOOHV

'RFXPHQW%HUQLQDRX*ODFLHU([SUHVV"/HFKRL[G·XQODEHORXG·XQHPDUTXH 5K%0*%5K%

&KDSLWUH/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVjO·pSUHXYHGHYDOHXUDMRXWpHWHUULWRULDOH



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH

/·RXYHUWXUHGHVWXQQHOVGHEDVHUHQGH]YRXVDYHFO·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWp /H*RWKDUGDQWLFLSHUODUHFRQYHUVLRQSHQVHUOHUHSRVLWLRQQHPHQW  /DG\QDPLTXHGHODEHOOLVDWLRQTXLDQLPHOH*RWKDUGSUpVHQWHXQHDXWUHSUR EOpPDWLTXH 9LD 6WRULD (OVDVVHU   /·pYHQWXHOOH ODEHOOLVDWLRQ 81(6&2 j OD TXHOOHODOLJQHFDQGLGDWHUDSHXWrWUHjO·LVVXHGHODPLVHHQH[SORLWDWLRQGXWXQQHO GHEDVHPRQWUHTXHO·REMHW©ODEHOªQ·HVWSDVDSSURFKpFRPPHXQHRSSRUWXQLWpGH YDORULVDWLRQGHO·D[HPDLVGHUHFRQYHUVLRQGHO·LWLQpUDLUHGHIDvWH/HWXQQHOGH EDVHGX*RWKDUGQHGHYUDLWSDVVRXIIULUGXPrPHIUHLQTXHVRQDvQpGX/|WVFKEHUJ ,OVHUDELHQjGHX[WXEHVWRXWGXORQJGHVRQWUDFpFHTXLOXLSHUPHWWUDG·DFFXHLOOLU XQQRPEUHELHQVXSpULHXUGHFLUFXODWLRQV'XFRXSODOLJQHGHIDvWHQHGHYUDLWSDV MRXHU OH PrPH U{OH IRQFWLRQQHO TXH FHOOH GX /|WVFKEHUJ QH VHUDLWFH TXH SDU OH VLPSOHIDLWGHO·DEVHQFHGHVHUYLFHVGHQDYHWWHVDXWRVXVSHQGXGHSXLVHWO·RX YHUWXUHGXWXQQHOURXWLHU (OOHFRQWLQXHUDjDFKHPLQHUOHV,5FDGHQFpVjO·KHXUH DLQVLTXHOHVUHODWLRQV7LORVXUVRQYHUVDQWVXGDX[KHXUHVPDWLQDOHVGHSXLV$LUROR ,OIDXWPDLQWHQDQWVHPpÀHUGHVSURVSHFWLYHVO·H[HPSOHGX/|WVFKEHUJOHPRQWUH WDQWODFKDUJHYR\DJHXUVQDWLRQDOHDYDLWpWpVRXVHVWLPpH0DLVWRXMRXUVHVWLOTXHOHV &))FKHUFKHQWGHVYRLHVGHUHFRQYHUVLRQSRXUOHXUOLJQHDOSLQHSKDUH/HVVHQWLHUV QRUGHWVXGVRQWXQHSUHPLqUHIRUPHGHWUDQVLWLRQSDWULPRQLDOHVXUOHWHUUDLQOD FRPPHUFLDOLVDWLRQGHODYRLWXUHSDQRUDPLTXHVXUOHV,5HQqUHFODVVHDXVVL0DLV O·DQFUDJH LGHQWLWDLUH HW PpPRULHO GRQF WHUULWRULDO  GH OD OLJQH HW O·LQWHQVLWp GH VD YDOHXUV\PEROLTXHDX[pFKHOOHVQDWLRQDOHHWHXURSpHQQHOXLDXWRULVHQWWRXWHVOHV FKDQFHVG·REWHQLUOHODEHO81(6&2&HWWHODEHOOLVDWLRQSHUPHWWUDLWGHGRQQHUXQ pODQSDWHQWpDXUHSRVLWLRQQHPHQWIRQFWLRQQHOGHO·LWLQpUDLUH&HWWHSDWULPRQLDOLVD WLRQQHV·HQWHQGSDVFRPPHXQHPXVpLÀFDWLRQ,OV·DJLWWRXMRXUVG·XQHDVVRFLDWLRQ YHUWLFDOHIRQFWLRQQHOIRQFWLRQQHO/HIRQFWLRQQHOGXKDXWVHUDLWDLQVLWHLQWpGH© SDWULPRLQHªORUVTXHOHIRQFWLRQQHOGXEDVVHUDLWWHLQWpGH©LSHUIRUPDQFHª$X ÀQDOFHUHSRVLWLRQQHPHQWSRWHQWLHOQ·HVWSDVVLpORLJQpGHFHOXLFKRLVLSDUOH%/6 SRXUVHVQDYHWWHVUpJLRQDOHVHQWUH%ULJXHHW6SLH]ODUHFKHUFKHGXODEHOHQPRLQV /H%/6FKURQLTXHG·XQHLQWHUVSDWLDOLWpSDUOHKDXW OH/|WVFKEHUJFRPPHLQWHUPpGLDWLRQ

%/6 (LQIDFK WROOH$XVÁJH 9LD6WRULD(OVDVVHU . 'HU 'LUHNWH:HJLQGHQ 6GHQ



 /H%/6Q·DSDVEHVRLQGHSDUWLUjODUHFKHUFKHG·XQODEHOFHOXLFLOXLHVWIRXU QLSDUOHWHUULWRLUHGHVVHUYL/DOLJQHGX/|WVFKEHUJERUGHO·DLUHODEHOOLVpH81(6&2 GX JODFLHU G·$OHWVFK %/6   /·HQWUHSULVH GH PRELOLWpV DVVRFLH OH ORJR j O·HQ VHPEOHGHVDFRPPXQLFDWLRQDXWRXUGHODOLJQHGHIDvWHGX/|WVFKEHUJ(QOLHQDYHF O·RXYHUWXUHGXWXQQHOGHEDVHODQpFHVVLWpGHUHSRVLWLRQQHUFRPPHUFLDOHPHQW ODOLJQHGHIDvWHV·HVWLPSRVpHjO·RSpUDWHXU&HWpYpQHPHQWUpWLFXODLUHSHXWV·HQ WHQGUHFRPPHXQGpÀRXXQHRSSRUWXQLWpOH%/6HQDIDLWXQHRSSRUWXQLWpÀJ  &HWWHSpULRGHXQLWODOLJQHGHEDVHHWFHOOHGHIDvWHGDQVOHEHVRLQGHYLVLELOLWp /HVHQWLHUGpFRXYHUWHGHODOLJQHGHIDvWHLQVSLUHODPLVHHQSODFHGHODSURPHQDGH IHUURYLDLUH GH )UXWLJHQ TXL JXLGH OHV FXULHX[ j OD GpFRXYHUWH GX WXQQHO GH EDVH &KDSLWUH/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVjO·pSUHXYHGHYDOHXUDMRXWpHWHUULWRULDOH

%/6

©'HVXSHUVH[FXUVLRQVWRXWVLPSOHPHQWª&HVORJDQFRPPHUFLDOGHYLHQWODSKUDVHG¶XQFRQFHSWTXLGpSDVVHGHORLQOHVHXOFKDPSGHO¶H[FXUVLRQSRXUGRQQHUjYRLUXQXQLYHUVGXKDXWIRQGp VXUXQSULQFLSHG¶XQLWpSRUWpSDUODOLJQHGHPRQWDJQH/HWUDLQFRXUWOHORQJGHGHX[YHUVDQWVTXLQLSROLWLTXHHQWQLUHOLJLHXVHPHQWQHFRQQDLVVHQWG¶XQLWpjO¶RULJLQH/H/|WVFKEHUJQ¶HVWSDVXQH PDWULFHGHFRQVWUXFWLRQUpJLRQDOH/H/{WVFKEHUJHUOXLLQYHQWHXQHWHOOHPDWULFHJUkFHjODPpGLDWLRQG¶XQWUDLQHWGHODYDORULVDWLRQG¶XQXQLYHUVGHPRELOLWpVGRXFHVTXLV¶pWDOHGDQVODYHUWLFDOLWp GHVYHUVDQWVHWGDQVO¶KRUL]RQWDOLWpGHVpWHQGXHVXUEDLQHVTXLERUQHQWODVFqQH

'RFXPHQW3DQRUDPDGHO·XQLYHUVGH/|WVFKEHUJHU

7URLVLqPHSDUWLH/·,QWHUVSDWLDOLWpO·HQMHXG·XQHQRXYHDXWpUpWLFXODLUH GpSDVVHUO·LQFRKpVLRQ$OSLQHSDUXQHPERvWHPHQWG·LQWHUPpGLDWLRQV"

&KDSLWUH/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVjO·pSUHXYHGHYDOHXUDMRXWpHWHUULWRULDOH



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH 'HEDUELHX[%>GLU@  ©4XHOOH VSpFLÀFLWpPRQWD JQDUGH"ª 'HEDUELHX[% >GLU@ ©/D PRQWDJQHREMHWGH UHFKHUFKH"ª 'HEDUELHX[%  ©/HPRQWD JQDUGLPDJLQDLUHV GHODWHUULWRULDOLWpHW LQYHQWLRQG·XQW\SH KXPDLQª 'HEDUELHX[% 5XGD]* /HV IDLVHXUVGHPRQWDJQH ,PDJLQDLUHVSROLWLTXHV HWWHUULWRULDOLWpV ;9,,,H;;,HVLqFOH

/·LQYLVLEOHGRLWrWUHGRQQpjYRLUSRXUH[LVWHUGDQVOHFKDPSWHUULWRULDO/HVHQ WLHUGHODUDPSHVXGDYDLWVXLYLO·DFKqYHPHQWGHVWUDYDX[GHPLVHjGRXEOHYRLHGH OD OLJQH /·pYpQHPHQWLDOLVDWLRQ UHSRVDLW VXU OH FRXSOH SDWULPRLQHPRGHUQLWp /D SURPHQDGHUHSRVHVXUOHGRXEOHWSHUIRUPDQFHH[FHSWLRQQHOOHVpFXULWpDVVXUDQW ODQRUPDOLVDWLRQ /DYDORULVDWLRQGXVHQWLHUGHYLHQWOHSUHPLHUSLOLHUGHODUpLQYHQWLRQGHOD%HUJVWUHFNH /HWHUPHDOOHPDQGSRXUGpVLJQHUODOLJQHGHIDvWHHVWLQWpUHVVDQWOLJQHGHPRQWDJQH/D OLJQHGHIDvWHHVWDLQVLDXGHOjGXVHXOTXDOLÀFDWLI GHKDXWHXUUHODWLYHTXHO·DSSHOODWLRQ HQODQJXHIUDQoDLVHSURSRVHXQHOLJQHGHPRQWDJQHHWGDQVODPRQWDJQH/·LFRQR JUDSKLHSURGXLWHSDUO·HQWUHSULVHHQYXGHUpLQYHQWHUODOLJQHHWOHVVHUYLFHVTXL\VRQW SURSRVpVMRXHMXVWHPHQWGHFHFDUDFWqUH©PRQWDJQHª'HEDUELHX[ 'HEDUELHX[5XGD] GRF /HUHOLHI HVWELHQV€UODSUHPLqUHFRP SRVDQWHPDLVO·LGpHGHPRQWDJQHHVWVXUWRXWSUpVHQWHDXWRXUG·DFWLYLWpVTXLGLIIX VHQWXQHFHUWDLQHUHSUpVHQWDWLRQXUEDLQHGHFHW\SHG·HVSDFH/DPRQWDJQHHVWLFL V\QRQ\PHG·DLUHGHORLVLUSpULXUEDLQHQFHTX·HOOHVHVLWXHHQWUHGHVS{OHVXUEDLQV /·HQFDGUHPHQWGHFHWWHDLUHHVWDVVXUpSDUGHX[S{OHVXUEDLQV%HUQHHW%ULJXH&HW XQLYHUVHVWIDLWGHVRPPHWVGHODFVGHFKDOHWVGHFRXUVG·HDXGHPDUPRWWHVGRFLOHV GHWpOpSKpULTXHVGHIDPLOOHVpSDQRXLHVHWWRXWFHODJUkFHjODPpGLDWLRQG·XQDJHQW OHUpVHDXUpJLRQDO%/68QOLHQDSSDUDvWDYHF O·DIÀFKHSRXUOHV5K%GDQVODTXHOOHOHWUDLQIDLVDLW FRQYHUJHUOHPRQGHVDXYDJHGDQVXQHKDUPRQLH ,FLFHWWHLGpHHVWWHLQWpHG·KXPRXUG·DXWRGpUL VLRQPDLVO·DJHQWG·pTXLOLEUHTXLV·DIÀUPHHVW ELHQ OH WUDLQ &HW DJHQW RIIUH XQH QRGDOLWp OL QpDLUHGHSXLVODTXHOOHUD\RQQHQWO·HQVHPEOHGHV PRGHV GH GpSODFHPHQW YHUWLFDX[ TXL SHUPHW WHQW O·H[SpULPHQWDWLRQ GH FH OLHX GH YLH &HWWH OLJQHGHPRQWDJQHHVWDLQVLXQHYRLHG·XEDQL VDWLRQGHHWGDQVODPRQWDJQH©8UEDQLVDWLRQLª Q·HVW SDV LFL j HQWHQGUH FRPPH FRQVWUXFWLRQ PDLVFRPPHODGLIIXVLRQG·XQPRGHG·KDELWHU XUEDLQ©'HVXSHUVH[FXUVLRQVWRXWVLPSOHPHQWªFH VORJDQPDUNHWWLQJWHQGjLQYHQWHUXQSRVLWLRQQH PHQWFRPPHUFLDOjXQWUDLWG·XQLRQHQWUHGHX[ FDQWRQVSDUODPpGLDWLRQGXWXQQHO&HOXLFLHVW G·DLOOHXUV SDUWLFXOLqUHPHQW UHFRQQDLVVDEOH GDQV ODVFqQHSURSRVpHSXLVTXHVHVSRUWDLOVVRQWUH SUpVHQWpVDYHFOHXUIRUPHUpHOOH

 &HWWHRIIUHGHORLVLUQ·HVWSDVODUDLVRQG·rWUH SUHPLqUHGHODOLJQHHWGHVVHUYLFHVTXLODSDUFRX UHQW (OOH VH FRPSUHQG FRPPH XQ UpJLPH GH 'RFXPHQW  /H /|WVFKEHUJHU DORUV TX·LO Q·pWDLW TXH YLVLELOLWpGRQQpjODOLJQHTXLYLVHjFRQVROLGHU 1,1$ OH V\VWqPH GH PRELOLWpV TXL O·DQLPH /D UHQ %/6 1RXYHDX[WUDLQVSRXUODOLJQHGHIDvWHGX/|WVFKEHUJ FRQWUHGHODTXRWLGLHQQHWpDYHFO·RULJLQDOLWpGH /HSOXVEHDXFKHPLQGHO¶2EHUODQGEHUQRLVHWGX9DODLVVHUDHQ FRUH SOXV EHDX  j SDUWLU GH  GH FRQIRUWDEOHV DXWRPR O·H[FXUVLRQVHSURGXLWjO·LQWpULHXUG·XQFRQFHSW WHXUVVRQWPLVHQFLUFXODWLRQVXUODOLJQHFODVVLTXHGHIDvWHGX/|WV FRPPHUFLDOTXLGRQQHVHQVDXV\VWqPHGHPR FKEHUJ



&KDSLWUH/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVjO·pSUHXYHGHYDOHXUDMRXWpHWHUULWRULDOH

7URLVLqPHSDUWLH/·,QWHUVSDWLDOLWpO·HQMHXG·XQHQRXYHDXWpUpWLFXODLUH GpSDVVHUO·LQFRKpVLRQ$OSLQHSDUXQHPERvWHPHQWG·LQWHUPpGLDWLRQV" Finalité Composants du concept Défi de l’opportunité Déclinaison des enjeux

... réticulaires routières

Optimisation services navette-auto

Besoins en continuités...

Concept Opportunité Objectif

... territoriales régionales.

Abandon tunnel routier Rawill

Autoverlad Lötschberg (navette auto)

Valorisation d’un acteur de mobilités

Lötschberger Un univers

Nouveau train Repositionnement de la ligne de faîte

Nouvelle offre

Ouverture du tunnel de base du Lötschberg

Lötschberger 2008

Agence commerciale

Mise en valeur de sentiers

Recherche de visibilité

Partenaires locaux

KS, 2011.

)LJXUH©/|WVFKEHUJHUªG·XQHRSSRUWXQLWpjXQFRQFHSW .6XWWRQ

ELOLWpV&HFRQFHSWHVWPLVHQPDUTXHSDUODGLYLVLRQFRPPHUFLDOHGX%/6/|WV FKEHUJHU/·DGMHFWLI UHQGFRPSWHG·XQHLGHQWLWpWHUULWRULDOHDVVRFLpHjODOLJQHGH FUrWH/HVGHX[YHUVDQWVSRVVqGHQWHQHIIHWGHIRUWHVLGHQWLWpV©/|WVFKEHUJHRLVª VLJQLÀHUDLWDLQVLO·H[LVWHQFHG·XQOLHQG·DSSDUWHQDQFHDXIDLWGHIUDQFKLUODOLJQHGH FUrWH/·DFWHVHUDLWDORUVFRQVWLWXWLI G·XQHWHUULWRULDOLWpTXLVHQRXUULUDLWGHVLGHQWLWpV GXEDVSRXUOHVGpSDVVHUHQOHVUpLQYHQWDQWGHSXLVOHKDXWGHSXLVOHWXQQHO/·RULJLQH GXFRQFHSWHVWLQGLVVRFLDEOHGHO·RSSRUWXQLWpHWGXGpÀTXHUHSUpVHQWDLWODPLVHHQ VHUYLFH GX WXQQHO GH EDVH GX /|WVFKEHUJ HQ  &HWWH RXYHUWXUH QRXV O·DYRQV YXDpWpDFFRPSDJQpHG·XQUHSRVLWLRQQHPHQWGHVVHUYLFHVIHUURYLDLUHVVXUODOLJQH GHIDvWH&RPSWHWHQXGHO·DFFURLVVHPHQWGHODFDGHQFHUpJLRQDOHVXUO·LWLQpUDLUHj O·KHXUH HWGHO·HIIRUWÀQDQFLHUTXHFHODUHSUpVHQWHOH%/6DFKHUFKpjJDJQHUHQ YLVLELOLWp/DQRXYHOOHRIIUHV·HVWDFFRPSDJQpHG·XQHFRPPDQGHGHQRXYHDX[WUDLQV /DUHFRQÀJXUDWLRQGHVKRUDLUHVFRQGXLWjRSWLPLVHUOHVVLOORQVHQWUH%HUQHHW6SLH] GXIDLWGHODWHQVLRQDFFUXHVXUOHVFDSDFLWpVLQGXLWHVSDUODKDXVVHGXQRPEUHG·,& &))'HX[DQWHQQHVUpJLRQDOHV%/6VHGpWDFKHQWj6SLH]LFHOOHYHUV=ZHLVLPPHQ FRUUHVSRQGDQFHSRXUOH*ROGHQ3DVVYHUV0RQWUHX[ HWFHOOHYHUV%ULJXHSDUOH/|WV FKEHUJIDvWH6HXOXQUHJURXSHPHQWGHVGHX[PDUFKHVVXUOHPrPHVLOORQHQWUH6SLH] HW%HUQHSHUPHWWDLWGHPHWWUHHQSODFHXQFDGHQFHPHQWjO·KHXUHVXUFHVGHX[DQ WHQQHV/·H[SORLWDWLRQHQUDPHVWUDFWpHVGHYHQDLWDORUVLPSRVVLEOH6HXOXQUHFRXUV jGHVUDPHVDXWRPRWULFHVGHW\SHSpULXUEDLQDGDSWpHjODPRQWDJQHOHSHUPHW WDLW/H%/6DGRQFGpFLGpG·DFTXpULUXQHVpULHGHPDWpULHOGpGLpjO·H[SORLWDWLRQGH FHVGHX[OLJQHVGHW\SH1,1$1LHGHUÁXU1DKYHUNHKUV]XJUDPHSpULXUEDLQHjSODQ &KDSLWUH/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVjO·pSUHXYHGHYDOHXUDMRXWpHWHUULWRULDOH



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH

6XWWRQ.D  ©/HSRUWDLOGH WXQQHOFRPPH pFULWXUHPRQXPHQ WDOHGHVWUDYHUVpHV DOSLQHV/·HQWUH SULVHIHUURYLDLUH HWODPpPRLUHGX IUDQFKLVVHPHQW GDQVOHV$OSHV RFFLGHQWDOHVª 6XWWRQ.  ©7UDYHUVHUOHV $OSHVSDUO·DI ÀFKHª 6XWWRQE  ©/·DFFpOpUDWLRQ FRPPHLQYHQ WLRQSHUSpWXHOOH GHV7UDYHUVpHV $OSLQHVª /pY\-  ©,QWHUVSDWLDOLWpª



FKHU EDV  GRF   /H FRQFHSW G·H[SORLWDWLRQ UHSRVHVXUXQHXQLWpWULSOHDXGpSDUWGH%HUQH TXLVHVFLQGHHQGHX[j6SLH]8QHXQLWpPXO WLSOHSRXUVXLWMXVTX·j%ULJXHHWODGHUQLqUHUDPH SRXUVXLW GDQV OH 6LPPHQWDO /H QRXYHDX WUDLQ GHYLHQWOHYLVDJHGHODQRXYHOOHRIIUH,OVVRQW G·DLOOHXUV IrWpV FHUWHV DYHF PRLQV GH IDVWH TXH O·LQDXJXUDWLRQGXWXQQHOGHEDVHPDLVDYHFOHV KRQQHXUVUpJLRQDX[/DOLYUDLVRQGHODSUHPLqUH UDPHDGRQQpOLHXjXQHPLVHVFqQHORXUGHGH VHQVODUDPHHQTXHVWLRQQ·HVWSDVVRUWLHG·XQ KDQJDUPDLVG·XQHUHSUpVHQWDWLRQGXSRUWDLO GXWXQQHOGHIDvWHGX/|WVFKEHUJ/DUHFKHUFKH GHYLVLELOLWpGX%/6Q·RSSRVHDLQVLSDVODOLJQH GHEDVHjODOLJQHGHIDvWH/HFRQFHSWG·H[SORL WDWLRQ FRPELQp VH UHWURXYH MXVTXH GDQV FH MHX 'RFXPHQW,QDXJXUDWLRQGX/|WVFKEHUJHU OHSRUWDLOGX/|WVFKEHUJjO·KRQQHXU G·pYpQHPHQWLDOLVDWLRQ %/6 &HWWHOLYUDLVRQDHXOLHXOHPDL$O·RUL JLQHDXFXQSHOOLFXODJHVSpFLÀTXHQ·pWDLWGRQQpj YRLU2UGqVOHMXLQOHPDWpULHOUHoRLWXQHOLYUpHTXLOHVSpFLÀHjFHWWHOLJQH HQPrPHWHPSVTX·XQQRPGHEDSWrPH©/|WVFKEHUJHUª'·XQQRPGHWUDLQUpJLR QDOO·DGMHFWLI VXEVWDQWLYpSXLVTXHGRWpG·XQHPDMXVFXOH VHSRVHHQSULQFLSHGHFR KpUHQFHSRXUO·HQVHPEOHGHO·RIIUHUHQRXYHOpH&HUHSRVLWLRQQHPHQWGpSDVVHO·RS SRVLWLRQEDVLTXHUpWLFXODLUHWHUULWRULDOHSRXUV·LPSRVHUFRPPHXQYUDLV\VWqPHGH PRELOLWpVGRQWO·DQFUDJHVSDWLDOHVWO·pFKHOOHG·XQHUpJLRQUHFRPSRVpHDXWRXUG·XQ pOpPHQW IpGpUDWHXU OH WXQQHO GH IDvWH GX /|WVFKEHUJ /·DXWRPRWULFH SRUWH VXU VHV ÁDQFVODUHSUpVHQWDWLRQGHFHWWHUpJLRQOLQpDLUHERUQpHSDU%HUQHHW%ULJXHU\WKPpH SDUOHODFGH7KRXQHO·2EHUODQGEHUQRLVOD*OHWVFKHU$UHQD'RQQHUXQHLGHQWLWp DX VHUYLFH IHUURYLDLUH Q·HVW SDV QRXYHDX FHOD UHQRXH DYHF OD WUDGLWLRQ GHV JUDQGV H[SUHVVLQWHUQDWLRQDX[TXLSDUFRXUDLHQWO·(XURSHSDUOHV$OSHV3OXVTXHMDPDLVOH )UDQFKLVVHPHQWHVWOHGpSRVLWDLUHGHO·KpULWDJHGHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVHWOHSHU SpWXHMXVTXHGDQVVHVUpGXLWVjYRLHPpWULTXHRXLFLDXWRXUGX/|WVFKEHUJ6XWWRQ D ,O\DIRUWjSDULHUTXHOHVFpOpEUDWLRQVGXFHQWLqPHDQQLYHUVDLUHGHODOLJQH GHIDvWHHQGRQQHURQWjYRLUXQHPLVHHQVFqQHGHFHWWHSHUPDQHQFH&HW KpULWDJHHVWIRQFWLRQQDOLWp,OHVWOHIRQGHPHQWGHODUHFRQYHUVLRQjODTXHOOHQRXV DVVLVWRQV/DYDOHXUVSDWLDOHGHO·LWLQpUDLUHHVWOHPRWHXUGHODPRELOLVDWLRQG·DFWHXUV pFRQRPLTXHVORFDX[ DXWRXU GHV DFWLYLWpVSURPXHV SDU OH FRQFHSW FRPPHUFLDO TXL PXHHQSURGXLWpFRQRPLTXH/HUpVHDXGHVHQWLHUODQRXYHOOHRIIUHOHQRXYHDXWUDLQ UHQIRUFHO·DWWUDFWLYLWpGHO·DLUHGX/|WVFKEHUJQRQSDUODSHUIRUPDQFHEUXWHGHOD YLWHVVHPDLVSDUO·HVWKpWLVPHGXSDUFRXUV©/HSOXVEHDXHWOHSOXVYLWHªVHUDLWDLQVL OHWLWUHGHODIDEOHGHVRUWLHGHFHWWHKLVWRLUH/HXUDVVRFLDWLRQHVWOHIRQGHPHQWGH ODSHUIRUPDQFHQHWWHGHO·D[HIRQGpHVXUODUpJXODULWp6XWWRQE (OOH HVWDLQVLODEDVHG·XQHIRUPHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpIRQGpHWDQWVXUXQHLQWHUIDFHGHX[ H[WUpPLWpVFDQWRQDOHV TXHVXUXQHIRUWHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHIRQFWLRQQDOLWpVFLUFXODWRLUH HWSURGXFWLYHOHWRXWHQOLHQDYHFXQHPERvWHPHQWFRPSOHWGHVpFKHOOHVGHV7UDYHU VpHV$OSLQHVGXORFDOjO·KRUL]RQHXURSpHQ/DPLVHHQIRUPHGHO·D[HGX/|WVFKEHUJ SDUOH%/6LQYHQWHDLQVLXQHLQWHUVSDWLDOLWpIHXLOOHWpH/pY\ F·HVWjGLUHXQH LQWHUPpGLDWLRQ &KDSLWUH/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVjO·pSUHXYHGHYDOHXUDMRXWpHWHUULWRULDOH

7URLVLqPHSDUWLH/·,QWHUVSDWLDOLWpO·HQMHXG·XQHQRXYHDXWpUpWLFXODLUH GpSDVVHUO·LQFRKpVLRQ$OSLQHSDUXQHPERvWHPHQWG·LQWHUPpGLDWLRQV"

([SOLFDWLRQGXFRQFHSWG·H[SORLWDWLRQSUpVHQWpHGDQVOHOLYUHW ©/|WVFKEHUJHUªjGHVWLQDWLRQGXJUDQGSXEOLF %/6

/|WVFKEHUJHUOHORJR %/6

'RFXPHQW GH SUpVHQWDWLRQ GX FRQFHSW G·H[SORLWD WLRQGHODOLJQHGHIDvWHGX/|WVFKEHUJ %/6

'RFXPHQWGHSUpVHQWDWLRQGHVVHQWLHUVGpFRXYHUWHGHOD OLJQHGX/|WVFKEHUJ 1L OD PDUTXH /|WVFKEHUJHU QL O·DXWRPRWULFH Q·DSSDUDLVVHQW SXLVTXHOHGRFXPHQWHVWDQWpULHXUjOHXUDSSDULWLRQ %/6

'RFXPHQW/H/|WVFKEHUJHUXQFRQFHSWFRPPHUFLDOXQUpJLPHGHYLVLELOLWpSRXUODOLJQHGHPRQWDJQH %/6GDWHVGLYHUVHV

&KDSLWUH/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVjO·pSUHXYHGHYDOHXUDMRXWpHWHUULWRULDOH



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH

 /RLQ GH WRXW GpWHUPLQLVPH OHV 7UDYHUVpHV $OSLQHV PHWWHQW j O·pSUHXYHOHVWHUULWRLUHVGDQVOHXUFDSDFLWpG·DSSURSULDWLRQGHVpYpQH PHQWVVSDWLDX[FRPPHO·RXYHUWXUHG·XQWXQQHOGHEDVH8QWHOpYpQH PHQWSURSRVHXQHRSSRUWXQLWpGHUHSRVLWLRQQHPHQWGHODOLJQHGHIDvWH $XGHOjG·XQHVHXOHTXHVWLRQGHUpRUJDQLVDWLRQGHVWUDPHVGHGHVVHUWH FHWWH RSSRUWXQLWp HVW j HQWHQGUH FRPPH O·LQYHQWLRQ G·XQ V\VWqPH GH PRELOLWpV/HVODEHOVHWOHVPDUTXHVH[SULPHQWODTXrWHGHYLVLELOLWp jODTXHOOHOHV()V·DGRQQHQW&HWWHTXrWHQHVHUpVXPHSDVjXQVHXO SRVLWLRQQHPHQWGHPDUNHWWLQJUpWLFXODLUH/HFOLYDJHWHUULWRLUHUpVHDX HVWPrPHGpSDVVpDXSURÀWGHODSURPRWLRQGHGLYHUVHVIRUPHVG·LQWHUV SDWLDOLWp/H/|WVFKEHUJHUSURSRVHODFRQÀJXUDWLRQODSOXVDFFRPSOLH XQHLQWHUVSDWLDOLWpIHXLOOHWpHTXLWUDGXLWXQGpVLUGHSURPRWLRQG·XQH FRKpUHQFHVSDWLDOHSDUOHKDXWV·DIIUDQFKLVVDQWGHVLQFRKpVLRQVGXEDV 1RXVQRXVUHWURXYRQVGHQRXYHDXIDFHjXQHIRUPHG·DXWRQRPLVDWLRQ G·XQHVpTXHQFHGHOD7UDYHUVpH&HWWHLQWHUVSDWLDOLWpHVWIRQGpHVXUXQ UHFHQWUDJHDXWRXUGHODVpTXHQFH)UDQFKLVVHPHQW/·DFWHGHIUDQFKLU FRQVWLWXH XQ UpGXLW GHSXLV OHTXHO O·HVVHQFH GH OD 7UDYHUVpH UD\RQQH &HWWHFRQÀJXUDWLRQV·RSSRVHDLQVLDXUHSOLVXUO·$SSURFKHTXHQRXV DYRQVSXPHWWUHHQDYDQWDYHFO·H[HPSOHGX9DOGH6XVH0DLVWRXW FRQYHUJHHQGpÀQLWLYHHQXQHYDVWHDGGLWLRQGHG\QDPLTXHVGHIUDJ PHQWDWLRQV



&KDSLWUH/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVjO·pSUHXYHGHYDOHXUDMRXWpHWHUULWRULDOH

7URLVLqPHSDUWLH/·,QWHUVSDWLDOLWpO·HQMHXG·XQHQRXYHDXWpUpWLFXODLUH GpSDVVHUO·LQFRKpVLRQ$OSLQHSDUXQHPERvWHPHQWG·LQWHUPpGLDWLRQV"

 7RXW pFODWH WRXW VH IUDJPHQWH /HV 1RXYHOOHV 7UDYHUVpHV $OSLQHV DSDUDLVVHQW VRXV OD IRUPH G·XQH YDVWH LQFRKpVLRQ (Q VRPPHOHVGLIIpUHQWHVSURGXFWLRQGHVSDWLDOLWpTXHQRXVDYRQV SX H[SULPHU GHSXLV OHV %DVVLQV GH )UDQFKLVVHPHQW MXVTX·DX FRQFHSW/|WVFKEHUJHUVHPEOHQWWRXWHWHQGUHjUHPpGLHUjFHWWHVL WXDWLRQG·LQFRKpVLRQJOREDOHHQVHUHFHQWUDQWVXUGHVpFKHOOHV LQIUDGHO·(WDWjGHVUpJLRQDOLWpVUHFRQVWLWXpHV6HXOHPHQWFHWWH PRVDwTXHGHUHFHQWUDJHVVHPEOHSRXUVXLYUHFHSURFHVVXVGHIUDJ PHQWDWLRQJOREDOHDXWUDYHUVG·XQpFODWHPHQWJpQpUDOLVpGHV VpTXHQFHV GH OD 7UDYHUVpH /H /|WVFKEHUJHU SURSRVH XQ UHFHQ WUDJHVXUODVpTXHQFHGX)UDQFKLVVHPHQWODFRQÁLFWXDOLWpGDQVOH 9DO GH 6XVH SURSRVH XQH DXWRQRPLVDWLRQ GH O·$SSURFKH /·$S SURFKHFRQVWLWXHODVpTXHQFHTXLV·DXWRQRPLVHWRXWSDUWLFXOLqUH PHQWGHSXLVO·DWWUDFWLRQPpWURSROLWDLQHMXVTX·jODGpÀDQFHYLVj YLVGHVDIRUPHSpULXUEDLQH&HWWHUHFKHUFKHWRXWD]LPXWKDFFURvW HQUHWRXUOHVLQFRKpVLRQVSURYRTXpHVSRXUSDUWLHSDUODFROOXVLRQ GHOD7UDYHUVpHDYHFO·HVSDFHQDWLRQDO 8Q SKpQRPqQH GH GLIIUDFWLRQ DFFHQWXH FHV IDLOOHV KpULWpHV GX WHPSVGHV(WDWV/HEDVV·LPSRVHFRPPHOHPRWHXUGHFHWWHGLI IUDFWLRQ&HEDVSUpVHQWHODSDUWLFXODULWpGHSUpVHQWHUGHVERUQDJHV DXVVLGLYHUVTXHOHV3LHGVGH7UDYHUVpHOHV3LHGVGH)UDQFKLVVH PHQW RX HQFRUH OHV 3LHGVGHFRUULGRU 3OXV O·DLUH V·pODUJLW SOXV O·HQVHPEOHVHIUDJPHQWHHWSOXVXQUHWRXUjO·HVVHQWLHOV·LPSRVH OHUHFHQWUDJHDXWRXUGHODPpWULTXHGHO·LWLQpUDLUH&HUHWRXU jO·LWLQpUDLUHSURSRVHXQHDSSURFKHFRQWUDGLFWRLUHjFHOOHGHO·H[ WpULRULVDWLRQGXIDLW©FRUULGRUª1RXVUHWURXYRQVDLQVLOHSDUD GR[HGHV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHVH[SRVpDXORQJGHODSDUWLH&HWWH GRXEOHG\QDPLTXHHVWFHTXLFDUDFWpULVHOHV17$7RXWOHGpÀSRVp jFHWWHFRQÀJXUDWLRQWLHQWjODFDSDFLWpGHFRPELQDLVRQGHFHV WHQVLRQVFRQWUDLUHVDXVHLQG·XQHPrPHDSSURFKHVSDWLDOH1RXV HQUHYHQRQVGRQFSURIRQGpPHQWjXQHJpRJUDSKLHDFWRULHOOHTXL LQWHUURJHODFDSDFLWpGHVDFWHXUVSROLWLTXHPDLVDXVVLWHFKQLTXH jVHSRVLWLRQQHUYLVjYLVGHFHSKpQRPqQHDXWRDOLPHQWpTX·LOV RQW PRWLYp HW TX·LOV VXELVVHQW SDU PRPHQW &H GRXEOH PRXYH PHQWORUVTX·LOHVWFRPELQpSHUPHWG·LQYHQWHUOHPRGqOHPrPH GH O·LQWHUPpGLDWLRQ  OH %DVVLQ GH )UDQFKLVVHPHQW DFFRPSOL VRLWOD6XLVVH/H%DVVLQ6XLVVHSHXWVHUpVXPHUjXQYDVWHHP ERvWHPHQW GH UHSOLV VXU OH )UDQFKLVVHPHQW DUWLFXOpV DX VHUYLFH G·XQHFRKpUHQFHWHUULWRULDOHHWG·XQHFRKpVLRQUpWLFXODLUH/H FDGHQFHPHQW O·DVVRFLDWLRQ GHV WXQQHOV GH EDVH HW GHV OLJQHV GH IDvWHDXWUDYHUVG·XQHVWUDWpJLHDFWRULHOOHODPLVHHQRHXYUHG·XQH FRQQH[LWpHWG·XQHFRQQHFWLYLWpJpQpUDOLVpHHVWMXVWHPHQWFHTXL &RQFOXVLRQ



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH PDQTXHjO·pFKHOOHGHV$OSHV/H6HPPHULQJOHPRQWUHODSDWUL PRQLDOLVDWLRQ DFFRPSOLH SDU O·REWHQWLRQ GX ODEHO 81(6&2 HQ  Q·D SDV pWDLW XQ HQYRL SRXU XQH TXHOFRQTXH PRELOLVDWLRQ DXWRXUGXSURMHWGHWXQQHOGHEDVH/HUHFHQWUDJHVXUO·LWLQpUDLUH ULPHLFLDYHFPXVpLÀFDWLRQGHODSHQVpHGHO·LWLQpQDLUH&HSHQ GDQWFHOXLFLSURSRVHXQHIRQFWLRQQDOLWpWRXWFHTX·LO\DGHSOXV HPSUHLQWHGHVG\QDPLTXHVWHUULWRULDOHVGHVRQWHPSVQRWDPPHQW O·pODUJLVVHPHQW GH  8QH VpULH GH FRQÁLWV GH UHSUpVHQWD WLRQ DSSDUDLW QHWWHPHQW DX WUDYHUV GHV OXWWHV VpPDQWLTXHV GRQW OH9DOGH6XVHHVWODSOXVEHOOHLOOXVWUDWLRQ$ORUVTXHOHV7$VRQW XQHQFKDvQHPHQWGHVpTXHQFHVOHV17$VRQWXQHFRVSDWLDOLWp GHVpTXHQFHVTXLWHQGHQWFKDFXQHjXQHDXWRQRPLVDWLRQSDUIRLV DQDUFKLTXH&·HVWMXVWHPHQWFHWWHFDUDFWpULVWLTXHFRVSDWLDOHTXLLQ FLWHjSHQVHUXQHDUWLFXODWLRQ$OSLQHTXLSUHQGUDLWODIRUPHG·XQH YDVWHLQWHUPpGLDWLRQ6HXOHPHQWFHODQHUHVWHTXHGHO·RUGUHGH ODSHQVpH/·pFKHFHVWFODLUjO·pFKHOOHGHV$OSHVDXSURÀWGHO·LGHQ WLÀFDWLRQG·XQHQRXYHOOHpFKHOOHVXEVWLWXWLYHO·pFKHOOHGHV%DVVLQV GH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWDYDWDU GHVpFKHOOHVQDWLRQDOHVRXSOXW{WGHV pFKHOOHVGHVSROLWLTXHVQDWLRQDOHV



&RQFOXVLRQ

3DUGHOjODQRXYHDXWp O·(XURSHO·$OSLQHWOH)UDQFKLVVHPHQW

&RQFOXVLRQ

3DUGHOjODQRXYHDXWp O·(XURSHO·$OSLQHWOH)UDQFKLVVHPHQW

/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH

3DJHSUpFpGHQWH 'RFXPHQW=RQHG·DLJXLOODJHjO·LQWpULHXUGXWXQQHOGHEDVHGX/|WVFKEHUJ %/6

 

&RQFOXVLRQ3DUGHOjODQRXYHDXWpO·(XURSHO·$OSLQHWOH)UDQFKLVVHPHQW

©$OO·RPEUDqOHJDWRLOVHQVRGHOODQDVFLWDHGHOODPRUWHHGqLOOXRJRRFFXOWR LQFXLLPPDJLQLHLGHHSUHQGRQRIRUPDª &3DUPLJJLDQL 6WHOOD6DQJXH6SLULWR&UHVSLS

/HXHQ EHUJHU0  /HV DQVGX WXQQHOGX 6LPSORQ SLRQQLHUG·XQ MRXU 9DOpU\3   9DULpWpV %UXQHW5 GLU  /HVYLOOHV ©HXUR SpHQQHVª %UXQHW5  © /HVOLJQHV GHIRUFH GHO·HVSDFH HXURSpHQª /pY\-   /·(XURSH /pY\-   ©3DUOH] YRXV (XURSH"ª

 4XHUHVWHWLOGHODSURPHVVHG·HIIDFHPHQWGHORQJVRPPHLOOHWHPSVG·XQH FRXUWHWUDYHUVpHTXLQRXVDYDLWpWpIDLWHGRF "1RXVSRXUULRQVUpSRQGUHVLP SOHPHQWFRPPH0/HXHQEHUJHU TXHOH3LRQQLHUHVWWRXMRXUVSUpVHQWDORUV TXHOHVHUYLFHHQTXHVWLRQV·HQHVWDOOp9LVFLFLWXGHVGHODFRQIURQWDWLRQHQWUHGHV DFWHXUVKLHUFRQWUDLQWVGHV·HQWHQGUHDXMRXUG·KXLFRQWUDLQWVGHVHGpWHVWHUHWGHVH GLVSXWHUO·LQFRKpVLRQTXLFDUDFWpULVHOHV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVQHIDLWDXÀQDO TXHSHUSpWXHUGHVFDUDFWpULVWLTXHVJpRSROLWLTXHVGHFRVSDWLDOLWpVGHIDLWVWUDYHUVDQWV QDWLRQDX[/DQRXYHDXWpVHUDLWDORUVGDQVO·LQWHQVLWp/RUVTXHODSHUIRUPDQFH EUXWHJXLGDLWXQHDSSUpKHQVLRQPRGHUQLVWHGXSKpQRPqQHOHV17$VRQWJXLGpHV SDUODUHFKHUFKHG·HIÀFDFLWpGRQFGHSHUIRUPDQFHQHWWH/DSRQGpUDWLRQGHODSHU IRUPDQFHHVWDORUVOHIDLWGHO·LQWHQVLWpTX·HOOHVRLWDFFpOpUDWLRQDXGHOjGHODYLWHVVH  SRQFWXDOLWpDXGHOjGHO·DXVVLYLWHTXHSRVVLEOH RXFRQQHFWLYLWpLOVHPEOHTXHO·RQ QH SXLVVH SDUOHU GH © 1RXYHOOHV 7UDYHUVpHV $OSLQHV ª TXH Oj R VH UHQFRQWUH XQH DFFXPXODWLRQGHPD[LPDQHWV,FLUpVRQQHQWOHVPRWVGH3DXO9DOpU\jSURSRVGH O·HVSULWHXURSpHQ /·HVSULWHXURSpHQVHUDLWVHORQO·DXWHXUSDUWRXWRVRXIÁH OHYHQWGHODUHFKHUFKHGHPD[LPDGDQVWRXVOHVGRPDLQHV/·LQWHQVLWpVHUDLWDLQVLDX IRQGHPHQWPrPHGHO·(XURSH

YRLU 3UpVDJHV

YRLU &KDSLWUH

YRLU &KDSLWUH

©3DUWRXWRO·HVSULWHXURSpHQGRPLQHRQYRLWDSSDUDvWUHOHPD[LPXPGHEHVRLQVOHPD[L PXPGHWUDYDLOOHPD[LPXPGHFDSLWDOOHPD[LPXPGHUHQGHPHQWOHPD[LPXPG·DPEL WLRQOHPD[LPXPGHUHODWLRQVHWG·pFKDQJHV &HWHQVHPEOHGHPD[LPDHVW(XURSHRXLPDJHGHO·(XURSHª 39DOpU\ S  /HV $OSHV HQ VHUDLW XQ SULVPH TXL H[DFHUEHUDLW OHV FDUDFWqUHV MXVTX·j HQ H[SRVHU OHV SDUDGR[HV OHV SOXV PDUTXpV ,O Q·\ D SOXV OLHX j pQRQFHU DX FRHXU GH O·(XURSH OHV $OSHV9H\UHWHW9H\UHW O·(XURSHHVWSDUWRXWFRPPHKRUL]RQFRPPHDFWHXU FRPPHVSHFWUH/·(XURSHHVWFHWWHPDLQLQYLVLEOHTXLLP SRVHOHPDUFKp'HYDQWOHV DQQRQFHVUpSpWpHVGHO·HIIDFHPHQWGHV$OSHVLO\DSOXW{WOLHXjpQRQFHU©SDUGHOj O·(XURSHO·$OSLQª $ GH QRPEUHXVHV UHSULVHV QRXV DYRQV RSpUp XQ MHX GH PLVH HQ DEvPH GHV SKp QRPqQHVPDQLIHVWDQWVSDWLDOHPHQWOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVDYHFGHVOHFWXUHVGH O·(XURSHLFLFRPSULVFRPPHO·rWUHJpRJUDSKLTXHFRPSOH[HDXTXHOOHVJpRJUDSKHV DLPHQWjVHFRQIURQWHU%UXQHW/pY\HWF /·(XURSHQ·D SDVTXLWWpQRWUHpWXGH(OOHHQHVWXQÀOFRQVWDQWHQDFFRUGDYHFOHPRWHXUG·pYROX WLRQYHUWLFDOGXV\VWqPHJpQpUDOTXHQRXVDYLRQVSURSRVpDXFRXUVGHO·LQWURGXFWLRQ )LJ Ƥ   OD FRQVWUXFWLRQ HXURSpHQQH ,O Q·HVW SDV TXHVWLRQ GH O·pULJHU HQ SULQFLSH JXLGDQWODPDUFKHGHWRXVOHVpYpQHPHQWVGXFRQWLQHQW/DFRQVWUXFWLRQHXURSpHQQH

YRLU 9LEUDWLRQV

 

/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH YRLU &KDSLWUH

YRLU &KDSLWUH

YRLU 9LEUDWLRQV

YRLU &KDSLWUH

YRLU &KDSLWUH

YRLU &KDSLWUH

 

FRPSWHHQGpÀQLWLYHSOXVHQWDQWTXHFDSGRQQpjXQHSURMHFWLRQGDQVO·HVSDFHTXH FRPPHPDWpULDOLWp/D6XLVVHQ·HVWSDVGDQVO·8(PDLVOD6XLVVHFRQVWUXLWO·(XURSH WRXWDXWDQWTXHO·8QLRQ©&RQQHFWLQJ(XURSHª/HVORJDQGHODYLFWRLUHGX/|WVFKEHUJ HVWSDUWLFXOLqUHPHQWÀHUHWVHMRXHGHVUHSUpVHQWDWLRQVGqVORUVTXHOHGUDSHDXGX &RQVHLOGHO·(XURSHpWDLWDIÀFKpVXUOHUXEDQYLFWRULHX[VXUPRQWDQWODSRUWHHIIDFpH RXSOXW{WGLOXpHGXWXQQHO  4XHUHVWHWLOG·DOSLQGDQVOD7UDYHUVpHQRXYHOOH"/DSHQWHHVWDSSODQLHOD YHUWLFDOLWp HVW FRQWRXUQpH SDU O·KRUL]RQWDOLWp /H SRUWDLO OXLPrPH Q·HVW SOXV ODQFp YHUVOHKDXWPDLVHVWSHUGXGDQVXQHOLJQHGHIXLWHHQYLURQQHPHQWDOHPHQWDFFHS WDEOHOHVUHVWHVpWDQWGLOXpVjO·pFKHOOHGHFHWKRUL]RQHXURSpHQSDUOHVORFRPRWLYHV LQWHURSpUDEOHVGRQWOHVDFWHXUVRQWIDLWOHYLVDJHGHODEDQDOLVDWLRQ6XWWRQ /H PDWpULHOPRWHXUUHSUpVHQWDLWKLHUOHYLVDJHGHODVLQJXODULWpGHODOLJQH$XMRXUG·KXLLO HVWLVVXG·XQHpWDJqUHHOOHPrPHVWDQGDUGLVpHUpIUDLOS  (WSRXUWDQWLOUHVWHELHQTXHOTXHFKRVHG·$OSLQOH)UDQFKLVVHPHQW/H)UDQ FKLVVHPHQW IDLW FHUWHV O·REMHW G·XQH IUDJPHQWDWLRQ QRWDPPHQW VRXV OD IRUPH GHV %DVVLQVGH)UDQFKLVVHPHQW,OVXELWGLUHFWHPHQWOHVHIIHWVGHODGLIIUDFWLRQjO·RHXYUH PDLVLOHVWGDQVOHPrPHWHPSVO·DEUL$OSLQGDQVOHTXHOSHUGXUHQWOHVpWDWVGHIUDQ FKLVVPHQWDFFXPXOpV/H)UDQFKLVVHPHQWHVWXQPD[LPD3OXVLOHVWGLVVRXWSOXVLOVH UpJpQqUHFDUSOXVLOVHPXOWLSOLH,OHVWXQHH[SUHVVLRQGXSDUDGR[HGHG·$OHPEHUW ©L,OQ·\DSDVGHUpVLVWDQFHjO·DYDQFHPHQWGXVROLGHGDQVOHÁXLGHª/H)UDQFKLVVHPHQWHVWXQH IRUPHGHVROLGH,OVHQRXUULWGHODUXJRVLWpTXLOHIDLWrWUH5DSSHORQVTXHIUDQFKLUHVW LQWLPHPHQWOLpjO·LGpHGHOLEpUDWLRQG·DIIUDQFKLVVHPHQWÀJ /·DFWHGHIUDQFKLUHVW O·H[SUHVVLRQG·XQHFDSDFLWpGHGpSDVVHPHQWG·XQHUXJRVLWp&HWWHUXJRVLWpQHGLVSD UDvWSDVHOOHVHUHFRPSRVHHWFRPSRVHOH)UDQFKLVVHPHQW/DUXJRVLWpG·DXMRXUG·KXL Q·HVWSOXVODOLJQHGHFUrWHG·KLHU(OOHHVWIURQWLqUHGLVWDQFH(OOHGHYLHQWDLQVLSRXU SDUWLHPpWURSROLWDLQHORUVTXHOH7HVVLQVHWRXUQHYHUVOHVXGDXULVTXHGHIURLVVHUOH *RWKDUG8QHIRUPHGHUHWRXUQHPHQWDOSLQHVWHQWUDLQGHVHSURGXLUHDXWUDYHUVGHV VHUYLFHVYR\DJHXUV/D*UDQGH9LWHVVHDIDLWGHV$OSHVXQHWHUPLQDLVRQSOXVTX·XQ SRQW/HVWXQQHOVGHEDVHVRQWFHQVpVIDLUHOHOLHQHQWUHOHVUpVHDX[j*UDQGH9LWHVVH GHSDUWHWG·DXWUHGHODOLJQHGHFUrWH6HXOHPHQWOjROHEDVWLRQDFFpOpUppWDLWSHQVp SRXUO·LQWHUQDWLRQDOXQHJDUQLVRQQDWLRQDOHV·HQHVWEHOHWELHQHPSDUp/HWXQQHOGH EDVHGX/|WVFKEHUJDFKHPLQHSULQFLSDOHPHQWOHV,QWHU&LW\QDWLRQDX[/HIUHWXWLOLVH OHVFDSDFLWpVUHVWDQWHVRXHVWGpYLpSDUODOLJQHGHIDvWH&HSDUDGR[HV·pTXLOLEUHJUkFH j XQH UHGRQGDQFH GHV UpVHDX[ TXL pPDQH G·XQH SHQVpHWHUULWRULDOH GH FHX[FL/D IURQWLqUHHVWGpFLGHPPHQWWRXMRXUVOjPDOJUpO·LQWHURSpUDELOLWpHWPDOJUpOHVHIIHWV G·DQQRQFHG·XQDYHQLU$OSLQ/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVUHQIRUFHQWPrPHOH FORLVRQHPHQWPpULGLHQHQWUHOHV%DVVLQVGH)UDQFKLVVHPHQW3OXVOHV\VWqPHVXLVVH SUpVHQWHGHOLHQVV\VWpPLTXHVLQWHQVHVSOXVOHVGLVFRQWLQXLWpVjVHVDERUGVVRQWUHQ IRUFpHV  /D7UDYHUVpHV·HVWGLOXpHGDQVOHIDLWQDWLRQDO8QHQRXYHOOHIRLVO·H[ SORLWDWLRQGX/|WVFKEHUJEDVHOHPRQWUH,OUHVWHDLQVLOHVGHX[VpTXHQFHV©YDULDEOHVª GHO·pTXDWLRQLQLWLDOH7 )$jVDYRLUO·$SSURFKHHWOH)UDQFKLVVHPHQW/H)UDQ FKLVVHPHQW QRXV O·DYRQV GLW YRJXH Oj R O·LGHQWLÀFDWLRQ G·XQH OLPLWH HQ GLVFRQ WLQXLWp DSSDUDvW /·$SSURFKH HOOH HVW EHDXFRXS SOXV GpSHQGDQWH GH VRQ DQFUDJH VSDWLDO/H)UDQFKLVVHPHQWHVWXQHFKRVHHQVRLDORUVTXHO·$SSURFKHHVWjO·RULJLQH

6XWWRQ .  ©/HSRUWDLO GHWXQQHO FRPPH pFULWXUH PRQXPHQ WDOHGHV WUDYHUVpHV DOSLQHV /·HQWUHSULVH IHUURYLDLUH HWODPp PRLUHGX IUDQFKLVVH PHQWGDQV OHV$OSHV RFFLGHQ WDOHVª 0HLOODVVRQ 6  ©5HGH &))&DUJR GHVHQJLQV FKRLVLVVXU pWDJqUHª

&RQFOXVLRQ3DUGHOjODQRXYHDXWpO·(XURSHO·$OSLQHWOH)UDQFKLVVHPHQW

6XWWRQ.  ©/H /\RQ7XULQ GDQVOHYDO GH6XVH XQDPp QDJHPHQW QRPPp PDODLVHª 0HUJHU 0  ©/HUHSRUW PRGDOGHOD URXWHYHUV OHUDLOGX WUDÀFGH PDUFKDQ GLVHVGDQV OHV$OSHV VXLVVHVXQ PRGqOHj VXLYUH"ª %HQ]*  /HV $OSHVHWOH FKHPLQGHIHU

XQHFKRVHSDUGpIDXW/·HQWUHGHX[ODYDULDEOHG·DMXVWHPHQWVDQVFHVVHFRQWUDFWpH DWURXYpGDQVOHIDLWPpWURSROLWDLQSpULXUEDLQVRLWO·RXYHUWXUHDXWRULVDQWXQHG\QD PLTXHG·DXWRQRPLVDWLRQYLVjYLVGX)UDQFKLVVHPHQWHWGHFHTX·LOUHSUpVHQWH7HV VLQ VRLWOHVSHFWUHG·XQPDOrWUHHWG·XQPDODLVHWHUULWRULDOTXLUpYqOHXQHFULVHGHOD WHUULWRULDOLWpTXHO·RQSRXUUDLWUHWURXYHUGDQVG·DXWUHVLQWHUPpGLDLUHV9DOGH6XVH  6XWWRQ 'DQVOHVGHX[FDVQRXVDVVLVWRQVjXQHIRUPHGHUHSOLVXUVRLGHOD SDUWGHFHWWHVpTXHQFHLQWHUPpGLDLUHTXLUpYqOHGDQVODFRQÁLFWXDOLWpO·DPSOHXUGH VRQU{OHTXLHVWORLQOXLG·rWUHXQVLPSOHHQWUHGHX[4XHFHVRLWGDQVOH9DOGH6XVH RXjXQHpFKHOOHPRLQGUHGDQVODEDVVHYDOOpHGHO·$GLJHO·$SSURFKHVHGpWRXUQHGH OD7UDYHUVpHHWGpWRXUQHSDUFHPrPHPRXYHPHQWOD7UDYHUVpHGX)UDQFKLVVHPHQW 2UOD7UDYHUVpHQHSHXWrWUHVDQV)UDQFKLVVHPHQW/·DXWRQRPLVDWLRQGHO·$SSURFKH HVW OD YUDLH YRLH G·H[WLQFWLRQ GH OD 7UDYHUVpH Oj R OH )UDQFKLVVHPHQW HVW VRQ HVSDFH SURWpJp 3OXV O·KRUL]RQ HXURSpHQ HVW SURQRQFp FRPPH OH IRQGHPHQW GX SURMHWGHWXQQHOGHEDVHHWSOXVOHUHMHWHVWLQWHQVH&HUWDLQVpFULWV0HUJHU  RXEOLHQWWURSVRXYHQWTXHOHIRQGHPHQWGHVWXQQHOVVXLVVHVHVWQDWLRQDOODSROLWLTXH GHUHSRUWPRGDOQHFKHUFKHSDVOHELHQGHO·(XURSHPDLVXQELHQSRXUOD6XLVVH %HQ] '·DLOOHXUVVHORQOHSULQFLSHGHVYDVHVFRPPXQLFDQWVFHTXLQHSDVVH SDVHQ6XLVVHSDVVHSDUOH%UHQQHUHWFHTXHQHYHXWSDVOD6XLVVHpFKRXHIRUFpP PHQWVXUOHVULYDJHVFRPPXQDXWDLUHVGHV$OSHV/H%DVVLQ6XLVVHSHXWG·DXWDQWSOXV V·DFFRPSOLUTXHO·LQFRKpVLRQUqJQHDXWRXUGHOXL/H%UHQQHUWHQGjVHFRQVWLWXHU HQ%DVVLQ©LFRUULGRUªGH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWPDLVDXSURÀWG·XQUHSRVLWLRQQHPHQWTXL Q·HVWQL$OSLQQLHXURSpHQPDLVGRXEOHPHQWQDWLRQDO$XQRUGOH%UHQQHUHWOHV 7DXHUQVHUDSSURFKHQWFHTXLODLVVHHQWUHYRLUXQUHWRXUGHODYDOHXUG·DUWLFXODWLRQ GXGHV7\UROGDQVVRQHQVHPEOH$XVXGOH%UHQQHUWHQGjUHQFRQWUHUOH7DUYLVHQ YXHGHO·RULHQWDOLVHUXQSHXSOXV/DUHQFRQWUHGHFHVGHX[FRQVLGpUDWLRQVQDWLRQDOHV HVWOHIDLWGHODFRVSDWLDOLWpGHVUpDOLWpVWUDYHUVDQWHV7UHQLWDOLDUHJDUGHWRXMRXUVSOXV YHUVOH7DUYLVSRXUUHJDUGHUYHUVO·HVWFRPPHHQDWWHVWHVRQDOOLDQFHDYHFOHJpDQW GXIUHWPpFRQQXTXHVRQWOHV3.33RORJQH /DFRPSpWLWLYLWpGH7ULHVWHHVWDXVVL HQMHXGDQVXQFRQWH[WHRO·pFKHOOHFRPPXQDXWDLUHLQYHVWLWOD6ORYpQLH.RSHUHW VDVRUWLHIHUURYLDLUHGLUHFWHYHUVOD+RQJULH&HWWHFRVSDWLDOLWpDSSDUDvWG·DXWDQWSOXV QHWWHPHQWTXHVXUOH7DUYLVDXFXQHRIIUHGHWUDQVSRUWGHYR\DJHXUVQHSHUPHWGH UHOLHUOHFROj9LOODFKGDQVODMRXUQpH/HVRSpUDWHXUVSDUWDJHQWXQPrPHHVSDFHVDQV SRXUDXWDQWTXHOHXUVLQWHUDFWLRQVSHUPHWWHQWG·pWDEOLUXQHIRUPHGHFRSUpVHQFH  ©,OQ·\DSDVGHUpVLVWDQFHSRXUOHVROLGHGDQVOHÁXLGHª/H)UDQFKLVVHPHQWFRQWLQXH GHV·pSDQRXLUG·DXWDQWTXHODGLVVROXWLRQGHOD7UDYHUVpHGDQVOHVIDLWVQDWLRQDX[OXLD RIIHUWXQOLHQGLUHFWDYHFOHVFHQWUHVGHFRPPDQGHPHQWVGXWHPSVGHV(WDWVF·HVWj GLUHOHVPpWURSROHVSpULDOSLQHVYRLUHDXMRXUG·KXLUKpQDQHVHWF{WLqUHV/HV3LHGV GH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWRXGDQVXQFRQWH[WHSOXVQHXWUHOHV3LHGVGHFRUULGRU HQVRQWOHVH[SUHVVLRQVORJLVWLTXHV/H)UDQFKLVVHPHQWDXWRDOLPHQWHGRUpQDYDQW VDYDOHXUDMRXWpH/HVUpRUJDQLVDWLRQVGHVDFWHXUVIHUURYLDLUHVTXLSODFHQWOHXUGLYL VLRQIUHWVRXVOHFRPPDQGHPHQWGHOHXUORJLVWLFLHQOHPRQWUH/HWHPSVGHV(WDWV VH FDUDFWpULVDLW SOXW{W SDU XQ SULPDW GH O·LQGXVWULHO VXU OH WHUWLDLUH /D SURGXFWLRQ IHUURYLDLUHSUpGRPLQDLWDLQVLGqVORUVTX·HOOHFRQVWLWXDLWO·DFWLYLWpODSOXVIRUWHPHQW FDSLWDOLVpH /HV U{OHV VRQW LQYHUVpV DXMRXUG·KXL /D PDUJH GH FURLVVDQFH SRXU OHV RSpUDWHXUVQ·HVWPrPHSOXVWDQWHQ(XURSHSRXU'%6FKHQNHU5DLOPDLVjO·pFKHOOH PRQGLDOH/D7UDYHUVpHGHYLHQWDLQVLVXSHUÁXHDX)UDQFKLVVHPHQW/HVÁX[QHFKHU

YRLU &KDSLWUH

YRLU &KDSLWUH

YRLU &KDSLWUH

YRLU &KDSLWUH

 

/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH YRLU &KDSLWUH

YRLU &KDSLWUH

YRLU &KDSLWUH

YRLU &KDSLWUH

YRLU &KDSLWUH

YRLU &KDSLWUH

 

FKHQW VXUWRXW SOXV OD FRQFHQWUDWLRQ PDLV OD PDVVLÀFDWLRQ OH ORQJ G·DJHQFHPHQWV UHGRQGDQWVG·LWLQpUDLUHV/HFRUULGRUHVWODPpWULTXHGHFHWWHORJLTXH/HV%DVVLQVGH )UDQFKLVVHPHQWOHVSOXVDFFRPSOLVHQUpSRQGHQW 6HXOHPHQW GHUULqUH OH FRUULGRU UpVLGH O·pFKHOOH pOpPHQWDLUH TXL UHVWH O·LWLQpUDLUH HW QRQO·D[H/·D[HHVWOLpjOD7UDYHUVpHDORUVTXHO·LWLQpUDLUHHVWOLpDX)UDQFKLV VHPHQW3HQVHUOHV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVjO·pFKHOOHGHO·D[HWpPRLJQHG·XQ PDQTXHGHFRKpUHQFHGDQVO·DSSUpKHQVLRQGXSKpQRPqQH&·HVWSRXUFHODTX·DX WHUPHGHFHWWHUHFKHUFKHQRXVUpDIÀUPRQVODQpFHVVLWpG·DSSURFKHUOHSKpQRPqQH WRWDOHWQRQJOREDOF·HVWjGLUHjO·pFKHOOHGHO·DUFDOSLQ/H/\RQ7XULQHVWUDLVRQQp jO·pFKHOOHGHO·D[HOjROHVWXQQHOVVXLVVHVRQWpWpSHQVpVHQV\VWqPH6XWWRQD HWEÀJ /HV17$UHVWHQWXQHVRPPHGHIDLWVQDWLRQDX[HQUHFKHUFKHGHFRRU GLQDWLRQHWG·KDUPRQLVDWLRQjO·pFKHOOHGXPDUFKpHXURSpHQHWQRQjO·pFKHOOHGHV $OSHV  ©(QJOREHUQ·HVWSDVFRQWHQLUª/pY\ &HWWHDIÀUPDWLRQSHXWrWUHFRQVL GpUpHFRPPHOHUHPqGHDQWLkJHGX6LPSORQHWGHVDXWUHVWXQQHOV0/HXHQEHUJHU DXUDLWWUqVELHQSXXWLOLVHUXQHWHOOHLPDJHGDQVXQGHVHVQRPEUHX[GLVFRXUVD\DQW SRXUWKqPHOHVWXQQHOV/HVHFUHWGHORQJpYLWpGX)UDQFKLVVHPHQWWLHQWjVDIRQFWLRQ WRWDOLVDQWHFXPXODWLYHHWVLPXOWDQpH/H)UDQFKLVVHPHQWJDUGHOHVWUDGLWLRQVPDLV QH VDXUDLW j OXL VHXO DUWLFXOHU GHV HVSDFHV /j VH SRVH OH GpÀ GH FRKpVLRQ VSDWLDOH TXLVHGpFOLQHjWRXWHVOHVpFKHOOHVGHO·DFWLRQGHWUDYHUVpH/H)UDQFKLVVHPHQWHVW IRQGpVXUXQDFWHGHPRXYHPHQW,OHVWODFRPSRVDQWHÀOHWGXUpVHDX/D7UDYHUVpH MRXDLWKLVWRULTXHPHQWODSRVWXUHGHODPDLOOHSXLVTXHTX·HOOHDJHQoDLWGLIIpUHQWVLWL QpUDLUHVGDQVXQD[H1RXVUHWURXYRQVLFLQRVSUHPLqUHVUHSUpVHQWDWLRQVGHVWURLV VpTXHQFHVLOD7UDYHUVpHpWDLWUHSUpVHQWpHSDUXQFDGUHEOHXTXLGHVVLQDLWXQHPDLOOH DXWRXUGHO·pSUHXYHGHIRUFHHQWUHOH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWHWO·$SSURFKH&HWWHpSUHXYH GHIRUFHSHXWSUHQGUHGLIIpUHQWVDVSHFWVQRWDPPHQWO·RSSRVLWLRQKDXWHEDVVHYDO OpH/·pFODWHPHQWGHVHVSDFHVGX)UDQFKLVVHPHQWHQGHPXOWLSOHVÀOVDSSHOOHODWURL VLqPHIRUPHGXUpVHDXOH1HW]VRLWOHQRHXG/HVYDOHXUVQRGDOHVGHFRPPXWDWLRQHW GHIRFDOLVDWLRQUpSRQGHQWGHO·RUGUHGHO·$SSURFKH2UVRXVOHVFRXSVGHODWHQVLRQ G·DXWRQRPLVDWLRQ GH FHWWH VpTXHQFH O·LQFRKpVLRQ VH JpQpUDOLVH MXVTX·j O·LQWpULHXU PrPHGHO·LWLQpUDLUH/DÁXLGLWpHVWIRQFWLRQGHO·DUWLFXODWLRQHWGHODUpJXODWLRQQRQ G·XQHpYHQWXHOOHWXEXODWLRQGHVÁX[/·LPSRUWDQFHGHODSDUWLH(XURSWLUDLOGDQVOH SURMHW(5706OHPRQWUH/H)UDQFKLVVHPHQWHVWXQHG\QDPLTXHSXUHTXLQpFHVVLWH XQFHUWDLQQRPEUHGHFDWDO\VHXUVSRXUOXLSHUPHWWUHG·rWUHDJHQFpGDQVXQHFKDvQH GHPRELOLWpV/H)UDQFKLVVHPHQWHVWpFODWHPHQWLODSSHOOHGRQFXQHOHQWLOOHIRFDOH SRXUTXHOHVUD\RQVFRQYHUJHQWHQXQIDLVFHDXVDQVSRXUDXWDQWVHIRQGUHHQXQH VHXOHHQWLWp&HWWHVpTXHQFHFHQWUDOHUHVWHFHOOHGHO·H[SpULPHQWDWLRQGXFKRL[TXH SURSRVDLWOHSLHGGHFRO©2YHX[WXSRXUVXLYUHWRQFKHPLQ"ªHVWODTXHVWLRQTXHOH W\PSDQ GH OD FKDSHOOH G·+RVSHQWDO j SUR[LPLWp G·$QGHUPDWW  SRVH DX YR\DJHXU $QGHUPDWWHVWSHXWrWUHOHPRGqOHPrPHGHODOHQWLOOH /H)UDQFKLVVHPHQWH[LVWHSDUFHTX·RQOHYLWFRPPHXQWHPSVVLQJXOLHU/H IDLWTXHODOHQWLOOHVRLWDXVVLXQHVRUWHGH6SK\Q[UHQYRLHjO·LPDJHGXODE\ULQWKHGH O·LQWURGXFWLRQ/DÀJXUHGHO·LQLWLDWLRQGHODUHFKHUFKHGHVRLHVWRPQLSUpVHQWHKLVWR ULTXHPHQWGDQVOHYpFXGHV$OSHVHQJpQpUDOHWGHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVHQSDUWLFXOLHU /DÀJXUHGXJXLGHYDGHSDLUHDYHFFHOOHGHO·HUUDQWODÀJXUHGX3DSHQHV·HQWHQG TX·DYHFFHOOHGX'LDEOH/H)UDQFKLVVHPHQWHVWODVpTXHQFHGXMRXUHWGHODUDLVRQL

6XWWRQ. D ©/H /\RQ7XULQ GDQVOHYDO GH6XVH XQDPp QDJHPHQW QRPPp PDODLVHª 6XWWRQ. E  ©/HSRUWDLO GHWXQQHO FRPPH pFULWXUH PRQXPHQ WDOHGHV WUDYHUVpHV DOSLQHV /·HQWUHSULVH IHUURYLDLUH HWODPp PRLUHGX IUDQFKLVVH PHQWGDQV OHV$OSHV RFFLGHQ WDOHVª /pY\-  /H WRXUQDQW JpRJUDSKLTXH

&RQFOXVLRQ3DUGHOjODQRXYHDXWpO·(XURSHO·$OSLQHWOH)UDQFKLVVHPHQW O·$SSURFKHHVWFHOOHGHODQXLWHWGHODUXVH&HWWHOHFWXUHDFRQWULEXpjGpYDORULVHU O·$SSURFKHHWSOXVJpQpUDOHPHQWOHVEDVVHVYDOOpHV/DGLIIpUHQFHGHWUDLWHPHQWHQWUH ODFRQWHVWDWLRQGH)RUWH]]DHWGHFHOOHGH6HUUDYDOOHDOO·$GLJLRDXGHOjGHWRXWHDS SURFKH LGpORJLTXHGH OHXUV IRQGHPHQWV PRQWUH XQH GLYHUJHQFHPDMHXUH HQWUH XQ IDLWGX)UDQFKLVVHPHQWHWXQQRQ IDLWGHO·$SSURFKH)DFHjODFRQWHVWDWLRQORFDOH O·LGHQWLWpWHUULWRULDOHDpWpOHUHFRXUVOHSOXVHIÀFDFHSRXULQYHQWHUXQHOpJLWLPLWpj O·DFWHXUGHPpGLDWLRQ/HWXQQHOGX%UHQQHUQHIUDQFKLWSDVWDQWTXHoDXQHIURQ WLqUHHQHIIHW2XSOXW{WLOFRQWULEXHjHQWUHWHQLUODUHSUpVHQWDWLRQG·XQHDEVHQFHGH IURQWLqUHDXFRO/DJHUPDQLWpHQSDUWDJHHVWOHSULQFLSHGHTXRWLGLHQQHWpGRPLQDQW TXLSHUPHWGHUHFRPSRVHUOH7\UROOHWHPSVG·XQFKDQWLHU/HEDVFRQWLQXHGHIUDJ PHQWHUGHGLOXHUOHSDWULPRLQHGHOD7UDYHUVpHDORUVOH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWUHWURXYHOH KDXWHW\SXLVHO·pODQGHVRQpWDOHPHQWjO·pFKHOOHGHO·LVWKPHOH7\UROHVWXQHIRUPH G·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpGXKDXW$FHWWHpFKHOOHWUDQVIURQWDOLqUHHOOHSUpVHQWHOHVWURLVFRP SRVDQWHVGHODYHUVLRQIHXLOOHWpH/pY\ (OOHSRUWHXQHLQWHUIDFHpYLGHQWHTXL HVWLQGLVVRFLDEOHGHO·HPERvWHPHQWFRPSOHWGHVpFKHOOHVGHSXLVODFRPPXQHHWOD YDOOpHMXVTX·jO·(XURSH/DVLPXOWDQpLWpGHVHUYLFHVIHUURYLDLUHVUpJLRQDX[SURSRVH HQRXWUHXQHFRQIURQWDWLRQGDQVXQPrPHHVSDFHGHSOXVLHXUVUpJLPHVGHYLVLELOLWp D\DQWWUDLWjODPDQLIHVWDWLRQG·XQHDSSURSULDWLRQGHFHWHVSDFH7\URO'HSXLVODOLEp UDOLVDWLRQGHVVHUYLFHVYR\DJHXUVLQWHUQDWLRQDX[FHWWHFRVSDWLDOLWpHVWWRXWjIDLWQHWWH HQWUHXQHH[SORLWDWLRQpWUDQJqUHPDLVG·,FLO·$XWULFKHW\UROLHQQHHVWXQ,FL 6WDV]DN  GHVVHUYLFHVDX[FRXOHXUVGH7UHQLWDOLDQDWLRQDX[PDLVGHO·$LOOHXUVFHTXL UHSUpVHQWHO·(WDWLWDOLHQHVWXQ$LOOHXUV HWOHVUHODWLRQVDVVXUpHVSDUOHVDXWRPRWHXUV DX[FRXOHXUVGX6WLUROTXLH[SULPHQWOHVHQWLPHQWG·,FLOHSOXVLQWHQVH/H7\UROVH FRQVWUXLWHQLQWHUVSDWLDOLWpIHXLOOHWpHHWDLQVLHQLQWHUPpGLDWLRQSDUOHIDLWGHGLVFRQ WLQXLWpSROLWLTXH3ULVVpSDUHPPHQWOH6GWLUROHVWOLPLWpjODFRQÀJXUDWLRQREOLTXH WDQWODTXDOLWpG·LQWHUIDFHSUHQGOHSDVVXUODFRVSDWLDOLWp /pY\-   ©,QWHUVSD WLDOLWpª 6WDV]DN -)  ©4X·HVWFH TXHO·H[R WLVPHª 6XWWRQ. E  ©/HSRUWDLO GHWXQQHO FRPPH pFULWXUH PRQXPHQ WDOHGHV WUDYHUVpHV DOSLQHV /·HQWUHSULVH IHUURYLDLUH HWODPp PRLUHGX IUDQFKLVVH PHQWGDQV OHV$OSHV RFFLGHQ WDOHVª

 0DLVODIRUPHODSOXVDERXWLHGHFRQVWUXFWLRQSDUOHKDXWHVWSHXWrWUHOH/|WV FKEHUJHU/H%/6DWRXMRXUVVXSURÀWHUGHVHIIHWVG·RSSRUWXQLWpRIIHUWVSDUO·pFKHOOH QDWLRQDOH1RXVDYRQVODUJHPHQWSDUOpGHO·pYpQHPHQWTX·DFRQVWLWXpO·RXYHUWXUHGX WXQQHOGHEDVH0DLVGpMjGDQVOHVDQQpVODFRPSDJQLHEHUQRLVHDYDLWVXWLUHU SDUWLGHODGpFLVLRQG·DEDQGRQQHUOHSURMHWGHWXQQHOURXWLHUVRXVOH5DZLOOSRXUUHOLHU GLUHFWHPHQWOH9DODLVj%HUQHSDUDXWRURXWH8QWHOD[HDXUDLWWUqVODUJHPHQWFRQFXU UHQFpOH/|WVFKEHUJWDQWVXUOHPDUFKpSDVVDJHUVTXHGHIUHW&HWWHGpFLVLRQQ·HVW SDVjSURMHWHUGDQVXQHOHFWXUHW\SH©GpYHORSSHPHQWGXUDEOHªPDLVGDQVOHFKRL[ G·RSWLPLVHUXQHLQIUDVWUXFWXUHIHUURYLDLUHH[LVWDQWHHWXQVHUYLFHURXWLHUOXLDXVVLGpMj HQDFWLYLWpODQDYHWWHDXWR/HVLWHGH*RSSHQVWHLQDDORUVYXXQUpDPpQDJHPHQWGH VHVHPSULVHVIHUURYLDLUHVTXLUpXWLOLVDOHVDQFLHQQHVYRLHVGHJDUDJHjO·RFFDVLRQGHOD UpDOLVDWLRQGHYLDGXFHWGHUDPSH$XGHOjODYLJLOHQFHGHVDVVRFLDWLRQVGHPLQHXUV LWDOLHQQHVOHQRXYHDXWHUPLQDOSHUPHWXQDFFURLVVHPHQWGXGpELWURXWLHUHQWUHOH9D ODLVHWOHFDQWRQGH%HUQHPDLVSDUOHWUDLQ/H/|WVFKEHUJGHYLHQWDLQVLODGHX[LqPH SRUWHURXWLqUHQRUGGX9DODLVH[SORLWpHWRXWHO·DQQpH 3DUOH]YRXV$OSLQ"/H/|WVFKEHUJHUSURSRVHXQOH[LTXHJUDSKLTXHHQYXHG·LQYHQWHUXQH UpJLRQ/|WVFKEHUJ&HIDLWUpJLRQDOHVWDORUVXQIDLWGXKDXWTXLVHFDUDFWpULVHSDUOHV LQWHUUHODWLRQVOHVSOXVGHQVHVHQWUH)LOHW0DLOOHHW1RHXG&HFRQFHSWHVWSHXWrWUH ODIRUPHPrPHG·XQ$OSLQUpDOLVpSDUOHIDLWDXWRFHQWUpVXUOH)UDQFKLVVH PHQW/HV$OSHVSUHPLqUHFRPSRVDQWHGHO·$OSLQHQFDGUp VRQWELHQSUpVHQWHV

YRLU &KDSLWUH

YRLU &KDSLWUH

YRLU 3UpVDJHV

 

WƌĠŚĞƐŝŽŶͬ ŶĐĞƌĐůĞŵĞŶƚ

ĐŽ ŶĐ D ĞŶƚƌ ŽŶ ŽƉ ĂƟŽŶ ŽůĞ

K,ZE^ Temporalités

intermédiation

ďĂƐƐĞƐǀĂůůĠĞƐ construction européenne

culte, religion civique

Acceptabilité

K,^/KE

dĞƌƌŝƚŽŝƌĞͬ ƐƉĂĐĞƉŽůŝƟƐĠ

dZZ/dKZ/>/d

YhKd//EEd

/d

B D D utempie Ï urbanisation diversités ǀĂůĞƵƌ M Ubiquité Conflictualité Ï ĂũŽƵƚĠĞ S B U report modal J P O effacement Nécessité des Alpes

ĐŽŶƟŶƵŝƚĠƐ ƌĠƟĐƵůĂŝƌĞƐ

Ž ĠĐ ŵƉ ůĂƚ ĠƟ Ğŵ ƟŽ ĞŶ Ŷ ƚ D/d/KE

processus des tunnels de base

Prépondérance nationale

EK>/d

jeu d’acteurs ďĂƐƐŝŶĚĞ circulatoire ĨƌĂŶĐŚŝƐƐĞŵĞŶƚ séquençages Entreprises éclatement linéaire/ dynamique laboratoire nodale

^Wd/>/d

ŽŶ Ŷ ƐƐŝ ƐĂƟŽ Ğ ĐĐ ƌŝ ^Ƶ ĠƌŝŽ ƚ Ğdž

ZĠƐĞĂƵͬ DĂƌĐŚĠ

Figure de synthèse de représentation des lignes de force du système d’évolution des Traversées Alpines

Continuités territoriales

 Monumentalité

WĞƌĐƵƐƐŝŽŶͬ WĠŶĠƚƌĂƟŽŶ

K,^/KE

^Wd/>/d

dydh>/d

D/d/KE

Temporalités

Sillons de diffraction

L’apparition d’un cône de diffraction

Une aire d’expression matérielle des circulations

Les noeuds de nouveauté, les points de force du système de renouvellement

Le coeur du système

Les moteurs d’animation du système

La toile des paradoxes

Etoile de mise en tension du système

EK>/d

^Wd/>/d

Prépondérance nationale Organisation Agencements de la production verticaux

Cohérences urbaines

D/d/KE

européennes

ƌĠƟĐƵůĂŝƌĞƐ

Temporalités

construction européenne

Monumentalité

K,ZE^

Continuités territoriales Pla nif. nat pro io gra m. vs nales com mu nau tair e

tion nta e tme giqu Frag émolo t épis

Fr ĂƐƐŝŶĚĞ pé agm rim e &ƌĂŶĐŚŝƐƐĞŵĞŶƚ n Accès marché Légitimation èt ta re tio sn n Dynamique Jeux Transmission/ at en io tr capitalistiques voies métriques pédagogie na e ux Traversité Eclatement des Alpes Acceptabilité Entreprises sous la Gde Vitesse Esp. Libéralisations com. Marchés Commémoration// ďĂƐƐĞƐǀĂůůĠĞƐ célébration ĐŽŶƟŶƵŝƚĠƐ Politiques

YhKd//EEd

Conflits B Observatoire D D Conflictualité Ubiquité Ï Instantanéité M Patrimoine Ï Rugosités Traversisme S Ba na Progrès B Vitesse lisa e i U ǀĂůĞƵƌ ti o r d’e on de eT J d l xp ĂũŽƵƚĠĞ a v P loi s con e tat Ch O ion ditio ns Complémentarité Horizontalité nodale

Intéropérabilités

K,^/KE

Nécessité

Effet tunnel

dydh>/d

dZZ/dKZ/>/d

)LJXUH3DUOH]YRXV)UDQFKLVVHPHQW" jSDUWLUGHODÀJ .6XWWRQ



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH YRLU &KDSLWUH

YRLU &KDSLWUH

YRLU 5pVRQQDQFHV

YRLU &KDSLWUH

 

SXLVTX·HOOHVGpÀQLVVHQWOHFDGUHGHUHSUpVHQWDWLRQTXLV·LQVFULWGDQVFHWXQLYHUVGHV VLQpDXWUDYHUVGHODYHUWLFDOLWpGRF &HWWHYHUWLFDOLWpHVWSUpVHQWHMXVTXHGDQVOD PLVHHQVFqQHGXSRUWDLOGX/|WVFKEHUJIDvWH,OQ·HVWSOXVDORUVTXHVWLRQG·$OSHV PDLVG·DOSLQ/HSRUWDLOUpYqOHODIRUWHFRPSRVDQWHVRFLDOHHWDLQVLVSDWLDOHGXWXQ QHO 6D IRUPH IDLW O·REMHW G·XQH SDWULPRQLDOLVDWLRQ TXL UHQIRUFH VD PRQXPHQWDOLWp 6XWWRQ   /H VRFLDO HVW KLVWRULTXHPHQW HPERvWp GDQV O·DVSHFW H[WpULRULVp OH WHUPHQDWLRQDOVRLWODGLPHQVLRQ3ROLWLTXHGHO·$OSLQ7RXWWXQQHOQDvWGHODFRQYHU JHQFH LQ ÀQH GH TXDWUH JUDQGV IDFWHXUV TXL GpÀQLVVHQW XQH PDWULFH GH VXFFqV SDU OHXUUHQFRQWUHODFRKpUHQFHQDWLRQDOO·LQWpUrWORFDOO·DGpTXDWLRQDYHFOHFRQWH[WH JpRSROLWLTXHHWODUHFKHUFKHGHUD\RQQHPHQWPpWURSROLWDLQ/DGLPHQVLRQ3ROLWLTXH HVWOHIDLWGHFHWWHPLVHHQPDWULFHGHIDFWHXUVKpWpURJqQHV/H/|WVFKEHUJHUEDVHHVW ELHQQDvWG·XQHPLVHHQRSSRUWXQLWpG·XQGpWRXUQHPHQWGXIDLVFHDXGHFRQYHUJHQFH YHUVOHEDVF·HVWjGLUHYHUVOHWXQQHOGHEDVH(QWUHTXDOLWpH[FOXDQWHHWLQFOXDQWHOH SRVLWLRQQHPHQWGX%/6DFRQVWUXLWXQHLQWHUPpGLDWLRQTXLDUWLFXOHGHX[LWLQpUDLUHV HWGHX[YRLUHWURLV WHPSVGX)UDQFKLVVHPHQWHQXQV\VWqPH$OSLQGHPRELOLWpV3DU OH]YRXV$OSLQ"&HWWHWRXUQXUHGpWRXUQpHGH-/pY\3DUOH]YRXV(XURSH" UpYqOH GHQRXYHDXOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVFRPPHXQSULVPHH[DFHUEDQWOHVHQMHX[VSDWLDX[ G·XQREMHWHQPDOG·LGHQWLÀFDWLRQ/·(XURSHHVWXQHLQWHUPpGLDWLRQQHVHUDLWFH TXHOLQJXLVWLTXHjO·pFKHOOHGXPRQGHWRXWFRPPHOHV$OSHVOHVRQWjO·pFKHOOHGH O·LVWKPH©L(Q(XURSHOHVWHUULWRLUHVHWOHVUpVHDX[QHVHVXSSHUSRVHQWSDVWRXMRXUVORLQV·HQIDXW 2QQHVDLWSDVV·LOIDXWYUDLPHQWSHQVHUO·(XURSHFRPPHXQHVRFLpWpDXPRLQVHQJHVWDWLRQ/·(X URSHQRXVSDUOHG·pFKHOOHVGHPpWULTXHVGHVXEVWDQFHVª/pY\S /·(XURSHVHUDLW HOOHOHV$OSHVOHV$OSHVVHUDLHQWHOOHVO·(XURSH"7DQWGHVLPLOLWXGHVWDQWGHUDLVRQV G·DQFUHUXQFDGUHG·DSSURFKHDXWRXUG·XQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUHDXSULVPHGH ODFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV%DVVLQVPpWDSKRUHGHV(WDWV$FFXPXODWLRQFRQFHQWUDWLRQGL OXWLRQ5KLQ5K{QH'DQXEH3{*RWKDUG%UHQQHU6LPSORQ7DXHUQOHV$OSHV VRQWG·(XURSH   3DUOH]YRXV $OSLQ " 3DUOH]YRXV )UDQFKLVVHPHQW " 9RLOj OH ODQJDJH TXH FHWWH UH FKHUFKHDDPELWLRQQpGHFRQVWUXLUHGHJUDPPDLUHWRQDOHJUDSKLTXH HQJUDPPDLUH PRGDOHFRGHFRXOHXU GHYRFDEXODLUHpGLFWpQpRORJLVPH HQVRXVFRQYHUVDWLRQLQL WLDWLTXHP\KWRORJLH /·DLUHG·H[SUHVVLRQPDWpULHOOHGHVFLFXODWLRQVÀJƦ VRLWO·DLUH GHYLHGHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVVHFRPSRVHG·XQDVVHPEODJHG·DLUHVWKpPDWLTXHVSOXV RXPRLQVFRKpUHQWHVPDLVTXLRIIUHYXGHO·KRUL]RQXQHFRQVLGpUDWLRQGHFRKpVLRQ GHODPpWLqUHOjRYXGHV$OSHVO·LQFRKpVLRQHVWJpQpUDOLVpH '·RSDUOH]YRXV)UDQFKLVVHPHQWDORUV"/H/|WVFKEHUJHUHVWXQDUWGHFvPHVXU SORPEDQW XQH PDUUH G·DEvPHV 0DLV OH MDXQH HW OH URXJH WULRPSKHQW WRXMRXUV GX JULV/H)UDQFKLVVHPHQWHWO·$SSURFKHWULRPSKHURQWWRXMRXUVGHOD7UDYHUVpHDXWR GLOXpHGDQVOHIDLWQDWLRQDO/HJULVHVWODFRXOHXUGHODWrWHGHWXQQHO(OOHH[SULPHOD QHXWUDOLWpLPPRELOHSDUOHIDLWGHUHSOLVXUVRL$O·LQYHUVHOHYHUWSRUWHODQHXWUDOLWp HWO·LPPRELOLWpSDUOHIDLWGXPRXYHPHQW&HPRXYHPHQWUpVXOWHGHODWHQVLRQTXH OHV17$UpKDELOLWHQWHWQRQLQYHQWHQW HQWUHH[WpULRULVDWLRQHWLQWpULRULVDWLRQ&HWWH WHQVLRQHVWODGpFOLQDLVRQ$OSLQHGXFRPSOH[HGHWRXWHH[WHQVLRQG·(PSLUHGHWRXW IDLWG·DFFURLVVHPHQWGHO·HPSULVHVSDWLDOHG·XQSKpQRPqQHSROLWLTXHHWDLQVLFLUFXOD WRLUHH[SHQVLRQIUDJPHQWDWLRQ/·HQVHLJQHPHQWGX7LPpHUHVWHHWVHSHUSpWXHPDLV QRXVODLVVHWRXMRXUVIDFHDX6SK\Q[YHUVRIUDQFKLUYHUVRSDUOHU)UDQFKLVVHPHQW" /HSURJUqVDORQJWHPSVGRQQpOHFDSGRQFO·XQLWpGHODPLVHHQWHQVLRQ&HSURJUqV

/pY\-   ©3DUOH] YRXV (XURSH"ª

&RQFOXVLRQ3DUGHOjODQRXYHDXWpO·(XURSHO·$OSLQHWOH)UDQFKLVVHPHQW Q·HVWSOXVLOHVWHVWGLOXpSOXVTXHGLVVRXWG·DLOOHXUV/·pFODWHPHQWGXFDSFROOHFWLI  IDLWSODFHjXQHVRPPHGHUHFHQWUDJHVLQGLYLGXHOVTX·LOVVRLHQWXQLWpGHFLUFXODWLRQ VLOORQ XQLWpSROLWLTXH%DVVLQGH)UDQFKLVVHPHQW RXXQLWpDFWRULHOOHUpVHDXG·H[ SORLWDWLRQ  /·RSSRUWXQLWp GH TXHVWLRQQHU YHUV R HVW HOOHPrPH j LQWHUURJHU GDQV FHWWHUHPLVHHQFDXVHGHVIRQGHPHQWVG·XQPRGHUQLVPHSOXVTXHGHODPRGHUQLWp (WSRXUWDQWOH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWUHVWHQpFHVVDLUHPHQWRULHQWp/DTXHVWLRQGX6SK\Q[ G·+RVSHQWDOGHPHXUHPrPHGDQVOH9DOGH6XVH©,FLVHVpSDUHQWOHVFKHPLQVª0DLV OHVFKHPLQVSHUGXUHQWSRXUOHVHXOSODLVLUG·HUUHUSDUOHVHXOEHVRLQG·rWUHHQPRX YHPHQW

 

%LEOLRJUDSKLH

7DEOHV

/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH

3DJHSUpFpGHQWH 'RFXPHQW©*ORLUHGX*RWKDUGª OH*RWKDUGRXO·DFFRPSOLVVHPHQWGHO·(XURSH $IÀFKHGHVDWHOLHUV&KLDWWRQH0LODQ 

 

%LEOLRJUDSKLHJpQpUDOH

%LEOLRJUDSKLH

%LEOLRJUDSKLHJpQpUDOH $OODLQ5%DXGHOOH**X\&>GLU@ /HSRO\FHQWULVPHXQSURMHWSRXU O·(XURSH385S $OLSUDQGL/HW* ©/HV$OSHVHWOHVSUHPLqUHVFDUWHV,WLQpUDLUHV DX;9,ƒVLqFOHª5HYXHGH*pRJUDSKLH$OSLQHSS $OSHVPDJD]LQH+6 $OSHVOHVWUDQVSRUWVHQTXHVWLRQS $PLOKDW6]DU\$/ 3UpIDFHGXQXPpUR©7UDYHUVHUHWXWLOLVHUOD IURQWLqUH$QGHV$OSHVª5HYXHGH*pRJUDSKLH$OSLQHSS $QFRQD8 /DJDOOHULDGHO6HPSLRQH7UHYHVS $QWKHDXPH%*LUDXW)>GLU@ /H7HUULWRLUHHVWPRUW9LYHOHV 7HUULWRLUHV8QHUH IDEULFDWLRQGHVWHUULWRLUHVDXQRPGXGpYHORSSHPHQW,5' pGLWLRQVS $5$) KWWSZZZUHJXODWLRQIHUURYLDLUHIULQGH[ DVS"D FRQVXOWpHQVHSWHPEUH $UOHWD]*$UOHWD]6 /D6XLVVHHWOHVpWUDQJHUV$QWLSRGHVS $UQDRXYLWFK' +LVWRLUHGHVFKHPLQVGHIHU\RXJRVODYHV 'XQRGS $U[YRQ + 'HU.OXJHUHLVWLP=XJH$69HUODJS $XJp0 1RQOLHX[,QWURGXFWLRQjXQHDQWKURSRORJLHGHODVXUPRGHUQLWp 6HXLOOLEUDLULHGX;;ƒVLqFOHS $XSKDQ( ©/HVQ±XGVIHUURYLDLUHVSKpQRPqQHUpVLGXHORX SRLQWVIRUWVGHO·HVSDFHUpJLRQDO"ª/·(VSDFH*pRJUDSKLTXHSS  %DLOO\$+HXUJRQ( 1RXYHDX[U\WKPHVXUEDLQVTXHOVWUDQVSRUWV" pGGHO·$XEHS %DOOXGLU@ ©/DPRQWDJQHREMHWGHUHFKHUFKH"ª5HYXH GH*pRJUDSKLH$OSLQHYROQƒS 'HEDUELHX[% ©/DWUDYHUVpHGHV$OSHVXQHKLVWRLUHG·pFKHOOHV HW G·LQWpUrWV G·pSRXVDLOOHV HW GH GLYRUFHV ª 5HYXH GH *pRJUDSKLH $OSLQH SS 'HEDUELHX[% ©/HPRQWDJQDUGLPDJLQDLUHVGHODWHUULWRULDOLWp HWLQYHQWLRQG·XQW\SHKXPDLQª$QQDOHVGH*pRJUDSKLHSS 'HEDUELHX[%5XGD]* /HVIDLVHXUVGHPRQWDJQH,PDJLQDLUHVSROL WLTXHVHWWHUULWRULDOLWpV;9,,,H;;,HVLqFOHpG&156S 'H5RR3 /HVYLOOHVPR\HQQHVIUDQoDLVHV/')S 'LGL+XEHUPDQ* *pQLHGXQRQOLHX$LUSRXVVLqUHHPSUHLQWHKDQWLVH /HVpGLWLRQVGHPLQXLWS 'L0HR*%XOpRQ3 /·HVSDFHVRFLDO/HFWXUHJpRJUDSKLTXHGHVVRFLpWpV $UPDQG&ROLQS 'LUHFWLRQGHVFKHPLQVGHIHUVORYqQH /HWUDQVSRUWLQWHUPRGDOGDQV OD5pSXEOLTXHGH6ORYpQLH6LWXDWLRQDFWXHOOHSRVVLELOLWpVHWGpÀV 'LHWWHULFK $   7DXHUQEDKQ (LVHQEDKQ -RXUQDO QXPpUR VSpFLDO S 'UHYHW-) +LVWRLUHGHODSROLWLTXHUpJLRQDOHGHO·8QLRQHXURSpHQQH%H OLQVXSJpRJUDSKLHS 'XEXLV3 ©'HSDUWHQSDUWªSRUWIROLR/·$OSH©1RXYHOOHV WUDYHUVpHVIHUURYLDLUHVªSS

 

%LEOLRJUDSKLHJpQpUDOH

%LEOLRJUDSKLH

'XFUXHW& ©6WUXFWXUHVHWG\QDPLTXHVVSDWLDOHVGHVYLOOHVSRU WXDLUHVGXORFDODXPRQGLDOª0DSSHPRQGH 'XODLW$7KXDO) /H0R\HQ2ULHQWHWO·HDX&5(63,S 'XQFDQ$ &ODXGH6LPRQ2HXYUHV*DOOLPDUG3OpLDGHSS,;/9 'XSRQW/GLU ©/LHXHWLQWHQWLRQQDOLWpª*pRJUDSKLHHWFXOWXUHV S (LFKHU+ ©'HU2VWVHH$GULD.RUULGRUXQGGLH6WHLHUPDUNLª ,Q)HVWVFKULIWIU:/HLWQHU%HLWUlJH]XU*HRJUDSKLHGHU6WHLHUPDUN ,QVWLWXWIU*HRJUDSKLH.)8*UD]SS (LFKHU+ ©.lUQWHQXQGGLH%DOWLVFK$GULDWLVFKH9HUNHKU VDFKVHª6FKULIWHQUHLKHGHU9HUNHKUVSODQXQJLQ.lUQWHQ+HIW.ODJHQIXUW S (OVDVVHU.7 ©6DLQW*RWKDUGOHSUL[GHO·LQWHUQDWLRQDOª /·$OSHQƒSS (OVDVVHU.7 :DQGHUZHJ*RWWDUGR=X)XVVHQWODQJGHV*RWWKDUG EDKQ$79HUODJS (PVHOOHP. ©3RXUXQHJpRJUDSKLHGHVHVSDFHVLQWHUPp GLDLUHVª,QWHUYHQWLRQORUVGXFROORTXH*HRSRLQW$YLJQRQ (3((6   © (YpQHPHQW VSDWLDO ª /·HVSDFH JpRJUDSKLTXH © /·pYpQH PHQWVSDWLDOHQGpEDWªQƒS )DUPHU)5 ©7RGD\·VULVNVWKLQNLQJWKHXQWKLQNDEOHª1DWXUH SS )DXUH* $X[ODFVLWDOLHQV(GLWLRQV-5H\S )DYUH7 /HWUDLQV·DIÀFKHpGGH/DYLHGX5DLOS )D\H) ©/·LQIRUPDWLRQPDULWLPHDXVHUYLFHGHODVpFXULWpLQWp ULHXUHGHO·(XURSHª/D5HYXH0DULWLPHSS )RXFKHU0 /·LQYHQWLRQGHVIURQWLqUHV)('1S )RXFKHU0 )UDJPHQWVG·(XURSH)D\DUGS )RXFKHU0 /DUpSXEOLTXHHXURSpHQQH%HOLQS )RXFKHU0 /·(XURSHHWO·DYHQLUGXPRQGH2GLOH-DFRES )RXFKHU0 ©(XURSH(XURSHVª/DGRFXPHQWDWLRQSKRWRJUDSKLTXH /DGRFXPHQWDWLRQIUDQoDLVHS

%LEOLRJUDSKLHJpQpUDOH

 

/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH

)RXUQ\.REHU0&&ULYHOOL5 ©&HWWHPRQWDJQHTXHO·RQSDU WDJH)URQWLqUHHWPRQWDJQHGDQVOHVFRRSpUDWLRQVWUDQVIURQWDOLqUHVGH UpJLRQVDOSLQHVª5HYXHGH*pRJUDSKLH$OSLQHSS )UDJROD )   9HUV XQH SROLWTXH IHUURYLDLUH HXURSpHQQH /·(XURSH j WRXWH YDSHXU"/·+DUPDWWDQFROO4XHVWLRQVFRQWHPSRUDLQHVS )UpPRQW$ ©)OX[HWWUDQVSRUWVª,Q&DUURXpGLU/DPRQGLDOLVD WLRQ&1('6HGHVSS )UHVFKL/ ©/·D[HGX%UHQQHUª7UDYHUVHUOHVPRQWDJQHV&D KLHUVGHJpRJUDSKLH('GLU@3DWULPRLQHHWWHUULWRLUHHQ3D\VGH 6DYRLH&KDLHUV6DYRLVLHQVGH*pRJUDSKLH8QLYHUVLWpGH6DYRLHSS *DXFKRQ& ©'HVUpDOLVDWLRQVPpFRQQXHVOHVSOXVDQFLHQV WXQQHOVGHV$OSHVª)URQWLqUHV$FWHVGXƒFROORTXH&16+6/LOOH SS *DXFKRQ& ©/HVPRQXPHQWVGHSDVVDJHª7UDYHUVHUOHVPRQ WDJQHV&DKLHUVGHJpRJUDSKLH('GLU@ *URVVHU%DKQKRI:LHQXQGGLHZHLWH:HOW &]HUQLQ9HUODJS .RV: ©7DQQHXQG3DOPH'DVLPDJLQDWLYH3RWHQ]LDOGHU6G EDKQª,Q.RV:'LQKREO*>GLU@*UR‰HU%DKQKRI:LHQXQGGLHZHLWH :HOWSS² .UHPSHU .   © 6·DGDSWHU SRXU DVVXUHU O·DYHQLU ª /H 5DLO  /·$OSH )UDQFKLUOHV$OSHVQƒ*OpQDWS /·$OSH 1RXYHOOHVWUDYHUVpHVIHUURYLDLUHVQƒ*OpQDWS /DVOD]/ /HV]RQHVFHQWUDOHVGHV3DUFV1DWLRQDX[DOSLQVIUDQoDLV9D QRLVH(FULQV0HUFDQWRXU GHVFRQÁLWVDXFRQVHQVXVVRFLDO"&RQWULEXWLRQFULWLTXH jO·DQDO\VHGHVSURFHVVXVWHUULWRULDX[G·DGPLVVLRQGHVHVSDFHVSURWpJpVHWGHVUDS SRUWVHQWUHVRFLpWpVHWSROLWLTXHVG·DPpQDJHPHQWHQPLOLHX[PRQWDJQDUGV7KqVH GH'RFWRUDWHQ*pRJUDSKLHVRXVODGLUHFWLRQGH;%HUQLHU8QLYHUVLWp GH6DYRLHS /DVOD]/ /D0HLMH8QKDXWOLHXDOSLQpGLWLRQV*DSS /DVVHUUH)'HVFURL[/ (DX[HWWHUULWRLUHVWHQVLRQVFRRSpUDWLRQVHW JpRSROLWLTXHVGHO·HDX/·+DUPDWWDQS /D7UDQVDOSLQH /\RQ7XULQ%XGDSHVW8QHOLDLVRQWUDQVHXURSpHQQHDX VHUYLFHGXGpYHORSSHPHQWGXUDEOH3ODTXHWWHGHFRPPXQLFDWLRQ /D7UDQVDOSLQH 1RXYHDX[WXQQHOVQRXYHDX[GpÀVDFWHVGXFROORTXH WHQXjOD&LWpGHVVFLHQFHVHWGHO·LQGXVWULHGH3DULVOHMXLQS /·HIIHWIURQWLqUHGDQVOHV$OSHV $FWHVGXFROORTXHLQWHUQDWLRQDO WHQXj$RVWHRFWREUHWRPHSWRPHS /HPD/ ©$YHFOHVPLQHXUVGDQVOHVHQWUDLOOHVGX/|WVFKEHUJª /·$OSH©1RXYHOOHVWUDYHUVpHVIHUURYLDLUHVªSS /H5DLO GRVVLHU(5706OHUrYHGHO·LQWHURSpUDELOLWp /HURL*RXUKDQ$ /·+RPPHHWODPDWLqUH$OELQ0LFKHOS /HVFD& 7UHLQJHQLHULSHUXQWUDIUR/DVWRULDGHOODIHUURYLDGHO)UHMXV 0HOOLS

 

%LEOLRJUDSKLHJpQpUDOH

%LEOLRJUDSKLH

/HXHQEHUJHU0 +DEHPXV7XQQHOGLVFRXUVjO·RFFDVLRQGXSHUFH PHQWSULQFLSDOGXWXQQHOGHEDVHGX/|WVFKEHUJ)UXWLJHQ /HXHQEHUJHU0 (SHUVLPXRYHGLVFRXUVjO·RFFDVLRQGHO·LQDX JXUDWLRQ GX WHUPLQDO LQWHUPRGDO +83$& GH %XVWR$UVL]LR *DOODUDWH %XVWR$UVL]LR /HXHQEHUJHU0 /HVDQVGXWXQQHOGX6LPSORQSLRQQLHUG·XQMRXU SLRQQLHUSRXUWRXMRXUV$OORFXWLRQSRXUOHFHQWHQDLUHGHODPLVHHQH[SORL WDWLRQGXWXQQHOGX6LPSORQ%ULJXH /HXHQEHUJHU 0   6RXOHYHU GHV PRQWDJQHV GLVFRXUV j O·RFFDVLRQ GH O·LQDXJXUDWLRQGXWXQQHOGHEDVHGX/|WVFKEHUJ)UXWLJHQ /pY\ -   /·HVSDFH OpJLWLPH 3UHVVHV GH OD )RQGDWLRQ 1DWLRQDOH GHV 6FLHQFHV3ROLWLTXHVS /pY\- /·(XURSH+DFKHWWHFDUUpJpRJUDSKLHS /pY\- /HWRXUQDQWJpRJUDSKLTXH%HOLQFROO0DSSHPRQGHS /pY\- ©/HVQRXYHDX[HVSDFHVGHODPRELOLWpª,Q%RQQHW0 HW'HVMHX['>GLU@/HVWHUULWRLUHVGHODPRELOLWp38)SS /pY\-/XVVDXOW0GLU 'LFWLRQQDLUHGHODJpRJUDSKLHHWGHO·HVSDFHGHV VRFLpWpV%HOLQS /pY\- ©&RVSDWLDOLWpª,Q/pY\-/XVVDXOW0'LFWLRQQDLUHGHOD JpRJUDSKLHHWGHO·HVSDFHGHVVRFLpWpV%HOLQSS /pY\- ©,QWHUVSDWLDOLWpª,Q/pY\-/XVVDXOW0'LFWLRQQDLUHGHOD JpRJUDSKLHHWGHO·HVSDFHGHVVRFLpWpV%HOLQSS /pY\- ©0pWULTXHª,Q/pY\-/XVVDXOW0'LFWLRQQDLUHGHODJpR JUDSKLHHWGHO·HVSDFHGHVVRFLpWpV%HOLQSS /pY\- ©3DUOH]YRXV(XURSH"ª,Q*pUDUGRW0GLU/·(XURSH 3UpIDFH$WODQGHSS /RWL3 $]L\DGp)UDQFHORLVLUS /XVVDXOW0D ©8UEDLQª,Q/pY\-/XVVDXOW0'LFWLRQQDLUHGHOD JpRJUDSKLHHWGHO·HVSDFHGHVVRFLpWpV%HOLQSS /XVVDXOW0E ©UpJLPHGH 9LVLELOLWpª,Q,Q/pY\-/XVVDXOW0 'LFWLRQQDLUHGHODJpRJUDSKLHHWGHO·HVSDFHGHVVRFLpWpV%HOLQS /XVVDXOW0 /·KRPPHVSDWLDO6HXLOS /7) 1RXYHOOHOLDLVRQIHUURYLDLUH/\RQ7XULQ2XYURQVOHV$OSHVUHOLRQV O·(XURSH3ODTXHWWHGHFRPPXQLFDWLRQ

%LEOLRJUDSKLHJpQpUDOH

 

/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH

/7) 1RXYHOOHOLDLVRQIHUURYLDLUH/\RQ7XULQ2XYURQVOHV$OSHVUHOLRQV O·(XURSH3ODTXHWWHGHFRPPXQLFDWLRQ /7) &RQVFLDPRLOWHUULWRULR3ODTXHWWHGHFRPPXQLFDWLRQ /9'5 ©,QWHURSpUDELOLWpO·$JHQFHIHUURYLDLUHHXURSpHQQHHVW QpHªSS /9'5 ©5RXWHURXODQWHTXDQG)UDQoDLVHW$XWULFKLHQVV·LQWHU URJHQWVXUOHIHUURXWDJHªQƒVHSWHPEUHSS 0lGHU0 ©(VVD\²0\WKRV*RWWKDUGª,Q-HNHU5(>GLU@'LH =XNXQIWEHJLQQW*RWWKDUG%DVLVWXQQHO'HUOlQJVWH7XQQHOGHV:HOW:HUG9HU ODJSS 0DODVSLQD-3 'HV7((DX[7*9/9'5YROS 0DUFDGRQ- ©/HWUDQVSRUWPDULWLPHPRQGLDOLVpHWOHFRQFHSW GHIURQWLqUHYLUWXHOOHª)OX[SS 0DULQL5 ©/D(%XQHORFRPRWLYHGHYLWHVVHELWHQVLRQ SRXUOHV)6ª5DLO3DVVLRQVHSWHPEUHSS 0DUWLQ-3&KDWHDX% 7UDYHUVHUOHV$OSHVODURXWHHQTXHVWLRQ38* S 0DUWLQ-3 ©/DWUDYHUVpHGHV$OSHVª/H'DXSKLQp/LEpUpFROO© /HVSDWULPRLQHVªS 0DXUHO0& ©/HFWXUHVSRXUSHQVHUO·(XURSHª6WUDWHV_ 85/KWWSVWUDWHVUHYXHVRUJ 0HLOODVVRQ6 ©8QH7DXUXVSRXUFKHYDOGH7URLHª5DLO3DVVLRQ RFWREUHS 0HLOODVVRQ6 ©1%60DWWVWHWWHQ5RWKULVWGHUQLHUDFWHGHOD SKDVH,GH5DLOª5DLO3DVVLRQMXLQS 0HLOODVVRQ6 ©&))&DUJRELHQW{WGHV5H,,HQ$OOHPD JQHL"ª5DLO3DVVLRQDYULOS 0HLOODVVRQ6 ©5HGH&))&DUJRGHVHQJLQVFKRLVLVVXU pWDJqUHª5DLO3DVVLRQRFWREUHSS 0HLOODVVRQ6 ©%/6HW'%&DUJRIRQWSUHXYHG·XQHJUDQGH HIÀFDFLWpª5DLO3DVVLRQDYULOS 0HLOODVVRQ6 ©'pEXWVUHWDUGpVSRXUO·$)$ª5DLO3DVVLRQ DR€WS

 

%LEOLRJUDSKLHJpQpUDOH

%LEOLRJUDSKLH

0HLOODVVRQ6 ©&))&DUJRGRSHVDÀOLDOHLWDOLHQQHª5DLO3DV VLRQRFWREUHS 0HLOODVVRQ6 ©&))&DUJRIRQGHXQHQRXYHOOHVRFLpWpHQ,WD OLHLª5DLO3DVVLRQMDQYLHUS 0HLOODVVRQ6 ©&))&DUJRSODQGHVDXYHWDJHGXZDJRQª5DLO 3DVVLRQQRYHPEUHS 0HLOODVVRQ6 ©5DLO&KHPV·LPSODQWHDX%HQHOX[ª5DLO3DVVLRQ GpFHPEUHS 0HLOODVVRQ6 ©5DLOÀQGHODSUHPLqUHpWDSHª5DLO3DV VLRQGpFHPEUHS 0HLOODVVRQ6 ©&))&DUJRPHWHQORFDWLRQVHV5Hª5DLO 3DVVLRQMXLQS 0HLOODVVRQ6 ©5DLOLRQDXWRULVpVXUOH*RWKDUGª5DLO3DVVLRQ IpYULHUS 0HLOODVVRQ6 ©/HVpOqYHVPRGqOHV«ª/H5DLOSS 0HLOODVVRQ6 ©&RRSpUDWLRQRSpUDWLRQQHOOHHQWUH)UHW61&)HW 5DLOLRQª5DLO3DVVLRQDYULOS 0HLOODVVRQ6 ©)UHW(XURSHDQ%XOOVGDQVO·DUqQHª5DLO3DVVLRQ DYULOS 0HLOODVVRQ6 ©6LEHOLWUHODQFHO·D[HIUHW$QYHUV%kOHª5DLO3DV VLRQRFWREUHS 0HLOODVVRQ6 ©5DLOOHORQJFKHPLQYHUVODSHUIHFWLRQª 5DLO3DVVLRQMXLQSS 0HLOODVVRQ6 ©/HVORFRPRWLYHVPXOWLV\VWqPHVHQ(XURSHH SDUWLH ª5DLO3DVVLRQMDQYLHUSS 0HLOODVVRQ6 ©$NPNGDQVOHWXQQHOGHEDVHGX/|WV FKEHUJª5DLO3DVVLRQGpFHPEUHS 0HLOODVVRQ6 ©/HV&))HWOD'%RIÀFLDOLVHQW5KHLQDOSª5DLO 3DVVLRQPDUVS 0HLOODVVRQ6 ©/HV$OSHVODERUDWRLUHGXWUDÀFLQWHUPRGDOª 5DLO3DVVLRQMDQYLHUSS 0HLOODVVRQ6 ©/HWXQQHOGHEDVHGX/|WVFKEHUJVHUDSUrWHQ ª5DLO3DVVLRQIpYULHUS

%LEOLRJUDSKLHJpQpUDOH

 

/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH

0HLOODVVRQ6 ©/DOLJQHGHIDvWHGX/|WVFKEHUJXQSDULDXGD FLHX[PDLVXQSDULWHQXª5DLO3DVVLRQDR€WSS 0HLOODVVRQ6 ©&))&DUJRHW9HROLDDX[3D\V%DVª5DLO3DVVLRQ MXLOOHWS 0HLOODVVRQ6 ©6ORYpQLHODG\QDPLTXHHXURSpHQQHª5DLO3DV VLRQMDQYLHUSS 0HLOODVVRQ6 ©/HQRXYHDX&URVVUDLOHVWQpª5DLO3DVVLRQ PDUVSS 0HLOODVVRQ6 ©)UHW&URVVUDLOHW'/&VHPDULHQWª5DLO3DVVLRQ MDQYLHUS 0HLOODVVRQ6 ©)UHW(&5jO·DVVDXWGHOD6XLVVHª5DLO3DVVLRQ PDUVS 0HLOODVVRQ6 ©%LHQW{WGHVFRUUHVSRQGDQFHVVXUOHPrPHTXDL HQJDUHGH9LqJH"ª5DLO3DVVLRQDYULOS 0HLOODVVRQ6 ©,WDOLHQRXYHOpODQSRXUOH3XVWHUWDOEDKQª5DLO 3DVVLRQQRYHPEUHS 0HLOODVVRQ6 ©%LHQW{W6%%&DUJR,QWHUQDWLRQDOª5DLO3DVVLRQ RFWREUHS 0HLOODVVRQ6 ©/HVDQVGX/|WVFKEHUJª5DLO3DVVLRQ MXLQS 0HLOODVVRQ6 ©7LORXQHLQLWLDWLYHLWDORKHOYpWLTXHTXLSURV SqUHLª5DLO3DVVLRQMXLQSS 0pUHQQH( *pRJUDSKLHGHVWUDQVSRUWV385S 0HUJHU0 ©/HUHSRUWPRGDOGHODURXWHYHUVOHUDLOGXWUDÀFGH PDUFKDQGLVHVGDQVOHV$OSHVVXLVVHVXQPRGqOHjVXLYUH"ª,Q3DQ ]HUD)5RPDQR5,O6DQ*RWWDUGRGDOODJDOOHULDGL)DYUHDOO·$OS7UDQVLW 6DOYLRQLSS 0HUOH$ ©'HO·LQFODVVDEOHj¶O·HVSqFHG·HVSDFH·O·LQWHUPpGLDULWp HW VHV HQMHX[ HQ JpRJUDSKLH ª /·,QIRUPDWLRQ JpRJUDSKLTXH  9RO  SS 0HUOHDX3RQW\0 /·RHXLOHWO·HVSULW)ROLRHVVDLVS 0HWH\HU0 ©3URMHFWLRQVGHODGHPDQGHHQ)UDQFHª,Q 5H\ QDXG&3RLQFHOHW0GLU 5HFKHUFKHHXURSpHQQHHWWUDYHUVpHVDOSLQHVDFWHV GXVpPLQDLUHG·$QQHF\GHVHWVHSWHPEUHOHVFROOHFWLRQVGH O·,15(76SS

 

%LEOLRJUDSKLHJpQpUDOH

%LEOLRJUDSKLH

0H\HU 6DELQR *   8Q 6XG ROWUH L FRQÀQL /·HPLJUD]LRQH FDODEUHVH LQ 6YL]]HUD&HQQL VWRULFL WHVWLPRQLDQ]H SURVSHWWLYH /·$YYHQLUH GHL ODYRUDWRUL 4XDGHUQLPRQRJUDÀFL7HU]DVHULHS 0LFKHO/ ©)UHWHXURSpHQFRH[LVWHQFHGHPpWKRGHVª5DLO 3DVVLRQQRYHPEUHSS 0LJUHXURS $WODVGHVPLJUDQWVHQ(XURSH*pRJUDSKLHFULWLTXHGHVSROL WLTXHVPLJUDWRLUHV$UPDQG&ROLQS 0RQQHW- ©/DV\PEROLTXHGHVOLHX[SRXUXQHJpRJUDSKLHGHV UHODWLRQVHQWUHHVSDFHSRXYRLUHWLGHQWLWpª&\EHUJpRQƒS 0RQWDGD0 ©/DVpSDUDWLRQGHVLQIUDVWUXFWXUHVHWGXWUDÀFIHU URYLDLUHQHSHXWrWUHXQHÀQHQVRLª3XEOLF7UDQVSRUW,QWHUQDWLRQDO8,73 S 0RQWXOHW%.DXIPDQQ9GLU  0RELOLWpVÁXLGLWpVOLEHUWp"3XEOLFD WLRQVGHV)DFXOWpV8QLYHUVLWDLUHVGH6DLQW/RXLVS 0RRV& ©=XULJR7LFLQR,WDOLDVWWHQWULRQDOHHLO6DQ*RWWDUGRLª ,Q3DQ]HUD)5RPDQR5,O6DQ*RWWDUGRGDOODJDOOHULDGL)DYUHDOO·$OS 7UDQVLW6DOYLRQLSS 0RUH7 /·8WRSLH/LEULRSKLORVRSKLHS 0RUHDX-3 ©6XLVVH/HUpVHDXIHUURYLDLUHIpGpUDOHQWLqUHPHQW pOHFWULÀpª$QQDOHVGH*pRJUDSKLHWQƒSS 0RUHDX5 ©(%XQHLWDOLHQQHHQ%RXUJRJQHª5DLO3DV VLRQPDLSS 0RUHWWL0 ©/·,WDOLDHLQXRYLSURJHWWLIHUURYLDULª,Q3DQHUD) 5RPDQR5GLU ,O6DQ*RWWDUGRGDOODJDOOHULDGL)DYUHDOO·$OS7UDQVLW$WWL GHOFRQYHJQRLQWHUQD]LRQDOHGLVWXGLVXOOHWUDYHUVDOLDOSLQHVYROWRVLD/R FDUQRLORWWREUHSS 0RULQ( 3HQVHUO·(XURSH*DOOLPDUGS 0RVHU%3IHLIIHU3 ©6%%*RWWKDUGEDKQª(LVHQEDKQ-RXUQDO QXPpURVSpFLDOS 0RVHU%-RVVL8 ©'LH%/6(LQHPRGHUQH$OSHQEDKQª(L VHQEDKQ-RXUQDOS 0RVHU%%|UUHW5.VWQHU7 ©*ODFLHU([SUHVV9RQ6W0R ULW]QDFK=HUPDWWª(LVHQEDKQ-RXUQDOQXPpURVSpFLDOS 0RVHU%3IHLIIHU3 ©6LPSORQ/DXVDQQH%ULJ'RPRGRVVR ODLª(LVHQEDKQ-RXUQDOQXPpURVSpFLDOS

%LEOLRJUDSKLHJpQpUDOH

 

/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH

0RVHU%-RVVL83IHLIIHU3 ©*RWWKDUGEDKQ'HUGLUH[WH:HJ LQGHQ6GHQª(LVHQEDKQ-RXUQDOQXPpURVSHFLDOS 1RUD3 /HVOLHX[GHPpPRLUH*DOLPDUGWRPHVS 1RUGPDQ' /DPLVHHQ±XYUHGHODVWUDWpJLHGH&))&DUJR/H 5DLO 127$9 UDJLRQLFRQWUROD7$9LQYDOOHGL6XVD*UXJOLDVR3ULQW (GLWRUS 1RXYHDX[WXQQHOVQRXYHDX[GpÀV DFWHVGXFROORTXHWHQXjOD &LWpGHVVFLHQFHVHWGHO·LQGXVWULHGH3DULVOHMXLQS g%% 6HPPHULQJEDVHWXQQHOS g%%D 0RUHWKDQMXVWDUDLOZD\VWDWLRQ+DXSWEDKQKRI :LHQS g%%E )DKUJDVW,QIRS 2IIQHU-0 ©/HVHIIHWVVWUXFWXUDQWVGHWUDQVSRUWP\WKHSR OLWLTXHP\VWLÀFDWLRQVFLHQWLÀTXHª/·HVSDFHJpRJUDSKLTXHSS 2IIQHU-03XPDLQ' 5pVHDX[HWWHUULWRLUHVVLJQLÀFDWLRQVFURLVpHVpG GHO·$XEHFROO7HUULWRLUHS 2IIQHU-0 ©1RHXGª,Q/pY\-/XVVDXOW0'LFWLRQQDLUHGHOD JpRJUDSKLHHWGHO·HVSDFHGHVVRFLpWpV%HOLQSS 2)7 $OSWUDQVLW8QHYLVLRQGHYLHQWUpDOLWpS 2)7 $OSWUDQVLW'HQRXYHDX[LWLQpUDLUHVjWUDYHUVOD6XLVVHS 2)7 ©1XPpURVSpFLDORXYHUWXUHGXWXQQHOGHEDVHGX/|WV FKEHUJª6ZLVVWUDIÀFS 2OOLYUR- /·KRPPHjWRXWHVYLWHVVHV'HODOHQWHXUKRPRJqQHjODUDSLGLWp GLIIpUHQFLpH385 S 2OOLYUR- 4XDQGODYLWHVVHFKDQJHOHPRQGH$SRJpHS 2OOLYUR- ©&HOXLTXLFRXUWSOXVYLWHDYDQFHWLOGDYDQWDJH"9L WHVVH PRELOLWp HW LQpJDOLWpV VRFLDOHV ª ,Q )ORQQHDX 0 *XLJXHQR 9 GLU 'HO·KLVWRLUHGHVWUDQVSRUWVjO·KLVWRLUHGHODPRELOLWp"385SS 2]RXI0DULJQLHU09 ©*pRJUDSKLHHWKLVWRLUHª,Q%DLOO\$ )HUUDV53XPDLQ'(QF\FORSpGLHGHJpRJUDSKLH(FRQRPLFDVXSSS 

 

%LEOLRJUDSKLHJpQpUDOH

%LEOLRJUDSKLH

3DQ]HUD)5RPDQR5>GLU@ ,O6DQ*RWWDUGRGDOODJDOOHULDGL)DYUH DOO·$OS7UDQVLW6DOYLRQLS 3DS5 :HOWNXOWXUHUEH6HPPHULQJEDKQ/DQG1LHGHU|VWHUUHLFK S 3DTXRW7/XVVDXOW0 ©8WRSLHª,Q/pY\-/XVVDXOW0GLU  'LFWLRQQDLUHGHODJpRJUDSKLHHWGHO·HVSDFHGHVVRFLpWpV%HOLQSS 3DTXRW7GLU@*URVVHU%DKQKRI:LHQXQGGLHZHLWH:HOWSS 5LTXHW3FRRUG ©(XURSH0pGLDQHª,Q%UXQHW5GLU*pRJUDSKLH 8QLYHUVHOOHWRPH5HFOXV%HOLQSS 5REEH*ULOOHW$ /·DQQpHGHUQLqUHj0DULHQEDGOHVpGLWLRQVGH PLQXLWS 5REEH*ULOOHW$ 3RXUXQQRXYHDXURPDQOHVpGLWLRQVGHPLQXLW (VVDLVS 5REEH*ULOOHW $   /HV GHUQLHUV MRXUV GH &RULQWKH (G GH 0LQXLW S 5RPDQR& 'HODFRXOHXUOHVpGLWLRQVGHODWUDQVSDUHQFHSKLORVR SKLHS 5RVD+ $FFpOpUDWLRQ8QHFULWLTXHVRFLDOHGXWHPSV/D'pFRXYHUWH FROO©7KpRULHFULWLTXHªS 5RXWLHU- %ULDQoRQjWUDYHUVO·KLVWRLUH6RFLpWpG·pWXGHGHV+DXWHV $OSHVS 5XE\& ©0RGHUQLWpª,Q/pY\-/XVVDXOW0'LFWLRQQDLUHGHOD JpRJUDSKLHHWGHO·HVSDFHGHVVRFLpWpV%HOLQSS 6DLQW-XOLHQ7 ©'LIIXVLRQVSDWLDOHª,Q%DLOO\$)HUUDV5 3XPDLQ'(QF\FORSpGLHGHJpRJUDSKLH(FRQRPLFDVXSSS 6DOVD$ 9LDJJLRDOOH$OSL$OOHRULJLQLGHOWXULVPRDOSLQR0XVHRQD ]LRQDOHGHOODPRQWDJQDS 6DUUDXWH1 /·qUHGXVRXSoRQ*DOOLPDUGS 6DY\0 /HWUDQVSRUWGHPDUFKDQGLVHV(\UROOHVS 6HOOD( /·HPLJUD]LRQHLWDOLDQDQHOOD6YL]]HUDS 6HOOLHU-6HOOLHU$ $WODVGHVSHXSOHVG·(XURSHRFFLGHQWDOH/DGpFRX YHUWHS 6LPRQ& /·KHUEHpG'H0LQXLWUppG&ROO'RXEOHS 6LPRQ& /DURXWHGHV)ODQGUHVOHVpGLWLRQVGHPLQXLWFROO 'RXEOHVS

%LEOLRJUDSKLHJpQpUDOH

 

/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH

6LPRQ& /·KHUEHOHVpGLWLRQVGHPLQXLWFROO'RXEOHV S 6LURQQHDX- /·HDX1RXYHOHQMHXVWUDWpJLTXHPRQGLDO(FRQRPLFD SRFKHJpRSROLWLTXHS 6LHYHUWV7 (QWUHYLOOHXQHOHFWXUHGHOD=ZLQVFKHQVWDGWeGLWLRQV 3DUHQWKqVHVS 61&) /LDLVRQIHUURYLDLUHWUDQVDOSLQH/\RQ7XULQ3UpVHQWDWLRQJpQpUDOH GXSURMHWGRVVLHUGHFRQVXOWDWLRQ 6WDV]DN-) ©4X·HVWFHTXHO·H[RWLVPHª/H*OREH SS 6WXGHQ\& /·LQYHQWLRQGHODYLWHVVH*DOLPDUGQUIS 6WXGHU %   5KlWLVFKH %DKQ (LVHQEDKQHUOHEQLV LQ *UDXEQGHQ 9HUODJ 'LHWVFKODJ$*S 6XWWR/ /HU{OHGHO·H[SHUWLVHpFRQRPLTXHGDQVO·pODERUDWLRQGHVSROLWLTXHV DOSLQHVGHWUDQVSRUWHWGXSURMHW/\RQ7XULQYHUVO·pPHUJHQFHG·XQHVSDFHDOSLQ" 7KqVHGHGRFWRUDW8QLYHUVLWp/\RQ²3ROLWHFKQLFRGL0LODQRS 6XWWR/ ©/·pPHUJHQFHHWODFRQVWUXFWLRQG·XQHVSDFHDOSLQGHV WUDQVSRUWVOXHVjWUDYHUVO·KLVWRLUHGXSURMHW/\RQ7XULQª&DKLHUV6FLHQWL ÀTXHVGX7UDQVSRUWSS 6XWWR/ ©/HVHQMHX[GHODSROLWLTXHGHVWUDQVSRUWVGDQVOHVDOSHV ODJRXYHUQDQFHWHUULWRULDOHHXURSHHQQHHQTXHVWLRQ"ª$FWHVHQOLJQH GX FROORTXH $65'/)$,65H ,GHQWLWp 4XDOLWp HW &RPSpWLWLYLWp WHUULWRULDOH $RVWH KWWSZZZLQWHUQHWLWDLVUHPLQLVLWR&'SHQGULYHSD SLHUVSGI68772BSGI 6XWWRQ. /HWXQQHOVRXVOH0RQWJHQqYUHHQWUHP\WKHVHWUpDOLWpV0p PRLUHGHPDvWULVH8QLYHUVLWp3DULV;1DQWHUUHS 6XWWRQ. /HVWUDYHUVpHVDOSLQHVFRQWULEXWLRQjXQHOHFWXUHSDUODFRVSD WLDOLWpUDSSRUWGHUHFKHUFKHGH©0UHFKHUFKH67''$'ª8QLYHUVLWp GH6DYRLHS 6XWWRQ .   © 7UDYHUVHU OHV $OSHV SDU O·DIÀFKH ª ,Q )XPH\ * 9DUOHW-=HPEUL3GLU 0RELOLWpVFRQWHPSRUDLQHV$SSURFKHVJpRFXOWXUHOOHVGHV WUDQVSRUWV(OOLSVHVSS 6XWWRQ .   ©7KH 9LHQQD 0DLQ VWDWLRQ6HPPHULQJ EDVH WXQQHO SURMHFWV(XURSHDQ8QLRQIDFHVXSLWVUHXQLÀFDWLRQª7KLUG,QWHUQDWLR QDO&RQIHUHQFHRI WKH,QWHUQDWLRQDO5DLOZD\+LVWRU\$VVRFLDWLRQ5DL OZD\VLQWUDQVLWLRQ²(DVWHUQ(XURSH5DLOZD\VSDVWSUHVHQWDQGIXWXUHLQWKHWK DQGWKHVWFHQWXULHV%UDWLVODYD

 

%LEOLRJUDSKLHJpQpUDOH

%LEOLRJUDSKLH

6XWWRQ. ©/HSRUWDLOGHWXQQHOFRPPHpFULWXUHPRQXPHQWDOH GHV WUDYHUVpHV DOSLQHV /·HQWUHSULVH IHUURYLDLUH HW OD PpPRLUH GX IUDQ FKLVVHPHQWGDQVOHV$OSHVRFFLGHQWDOHVª)OX[SS 6XWWRQ ©/·DFFpOpUDWLRQFRPPHLQYHQWLRQSHUSpWXHOOHGHV7UDYHU VpHV$OSLQHVª&RPPXQLFDWLRQORUVGHODMRXUQpHG·pWXGHGHO·$+,&) 9LWHVVHIHUURYLDLUHJHVWLRQGXWHPSVHWFRQVWUXFWLRQGHVWHUULWRLUHV&1$03DULV 6XWWRQ. ©/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVOD©FLWp(XURSHªj O·pSUHXYHGHO·DFFHSWDELOLWpDOSLQH"ª%HOJHRSS 6XWWRQ. ©/H/\RQ7XULQGDQVOHYDOGH6XVHXQDPpQDJHPHQW QRPPpPDODLVHª$FWHVHQOLJQHGXFROORTXH$65'/)$,65H,GHQWLWp 4XDOLWp HW &RPSpWLWLYLWp WHUULWRULDOH $RVWH KWWSZZZLQWHUQHWLWDLVUH PLQLVLWR&'SHQGULYHSDSLHUVSGI6XWWRQBSGI 6XWWRQ. ©7KHKHULWDJHVRI WKHFURVV$OSLQHWUDQVSRUWQHWVD JHRJUDSKLFDOFRQWULEXWLRQWRWKH(XURSHDQJHRSROLWLFVª&RPPXQLFD WLRQORUVGXFROORTXHLQWHUQDWLRQDOGH707UDQVSRUWDOLIHOLQHRI GHYHORS PHQW1HZ'HOKL$UWLFOHFRPPXQLTXpDX[SDUWLFLSDQWVVXUFOpXVE 6XWWRQ.jSDUDvWUH ©7KH5HRSHQLQJRI 0XUVND6RERWD=DODO|Yŋ5DL OZD\$3DUDGR[RI WKH(XURSHDQ5HXQLÀFDWLRQLQ&HQWUDO(XURSH"ª,Q 5RWK5-DFROLQ+GLU5DLOZD\VLQWUDQVLWLRQ²(DVWHUQ(XURSH5DLOZD\VSDVW SUHVHQWDQGIXWXUHLQWKHWKDQGWKHVWFHQWXULHV 7pWDUW) ©*pRSROLWLTXHGH.DOLQLQJUDGXQHvOHUXVVHDXVHLQ GHO·8QLRQHXURSpHQQHpODUJLHª+pURGRWHSS 7pWDUW) *pRSROLWLTXHGH.DOLQLQJUDGXQH©vOHUXVVHªDXF±XUGH O·8QLRQHXURSpHQQH3836S 7pWDUW )   © .DOLQLQJUDG WrWH GH SRQW GH O·DUPpH UXVVH IDFH DX ERXFOLHUDQWLPLVVLOHDPpULFDLQ"ª+pURGRWHQƒSS 7HXVFKHU 3  ©5HWRXU G·H[SpULHQFH VXU OD PHQpHGX FKDQWLHU GX /|WVFKEHUJª/D7UDQVDOSLQH 1RXYHDX[WXQQHOVQRXYHDX[GpÀVDFWHV GXFROORTXHWHQXjOD&LWpGHVVFLHQFHVHWGHO·LQGXVWULHGH3DULVOH MXLQ 7KLEDXOW6 ©6\VWqPHª,Q/pY\-/XVVDXOW0GLU 'LFWLRQQDLUH GHODJpRJUDSKLHHWGHO·HVSDFHGHVVRFLpWpV%HOLQSS 7KULIW1- $QLQWURGXFWLRQWR7LPHJHRJUDSK\&DW0RJS 7KURERLV7&KDUOLHU/ ©)UHWOHVRSpUDWHXUVSULYpVV·LQVWDO OHQWLª5DLO3DVVLRQPDUVSS

%LEOLRJUDSKLHJpQpUDOH

 

/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH

7ROLQL0 ©IUHW61&)V·pWHQGHQFRUHHQ,WDOLHª5DLO3DVVLRQ MXLQS 7RUULFHOOL*3 ©5HWLGLWUDVSRUWRHUHWLGLFLWWjLOFDVRGHOO·$UFR DOSLQR ª ,Q %RQDYHUR 3 'DQVHUR ( /·(XURSD GHOOH UHJLRQL H GHOOH UHWL ,QXRYLPRGHOOLGLRUJDQL]]D]LRQHWHUULWRULDOHQHOORVSD]LRXQLÀFDWRHXURSHR8WHW OLEUHULDSS 7RUULFHOOL*3)LVFKHU&0HWWDQ1 ©3ROLWLTXHVGHWUDQVSRUW HW UpJLRQV IURQWDOLqUHV XQ H[HPSOH GH UHFKHUFKH HQ 6XLVVH ª ,Q 5H\ QDXG&3RLQFHOHW0GLU 5HFKHUFKHHXURSpHQQHHWWUDYHUVpHVDOSLQHVDFWHV GXVpPLQDLUHG·$QQHF\GHVHWVHSWHPEUHOHVFROOHFWLRQVGH O·,15(76SS 7RUULFHOOL*3 ©7UDYHUVpHVDOSLQHVYLOOHVHWWHUULWRLUHOHSDUD GR[HGHODYLWHVVHª5HYXHGH*pRJUDSKLH$OSLQHSS 7RUULFHOOL*3 ©/DFLUFROD]LRQHWUDQVDOSLQDOHIHUURYLHHJOL HIIHWLVXOODFLWWjGHOOH$OSLª,Q3DQ]HUD)5RPDQR5,O6DQ*RWWDUGR GDOODJDOOHULDGL)DYUHDOO·$OS7UDQVLW6DOYLRQLSS 9DOpU\3 9DULpWpV*DOOLPDUG 9DQGHUPRWWHQ&'p]HUW% /·LGHQWLWpGHO·(XURSH+LVWRLUHHWJpR JUDSKLHG·XQHTXrWHG·XQLWp$UPDQG&ROLQS 9DQLHU0 ©4X·HVWFHTXHOHWLHUVHVSDFH"ª5HYXHGH*pRJUDSKLH $OSLQH¶7HUULWRULDOLWpVFRPSOH[HVHWFRQVWUXFWLRQSROLWLTXH·7Qƒ SS 9DUOHW-%HUQH/ ©7UDÀFVURXWLHUVHWIHUURYLDLUHVGHPDUFKDQ GLVHVDX[SULQFLSDX[FROVHWWXQQHOVGHO·DUFDOSLQ ª3ODQFKHKRUV WH[WH,Q©7UDYHUVHUOHVPRQWDJQHVªFDKLHUVGHJpRJUDSKLH(G\WHPS 9DUOHW-%HUQH/ /HVWUDQVSRUWVjWUDYHUVOHV$OSHV&$),S 9DUOHW - 0HQDXOW - 3HUURQHW0HQDXOW 0   © 7HUULWRLUHV HW DF WHXUV IDFH DX SURMHW HW DX FKDQWLHU GH O·DXWRURXWH $  (IIHWV G·DQ QRQFH DQWLFLSDWLRQV HW UHFRPSRVLWLRQV ª $WODV GH O·2EVHUYDWRLUH GHO·$SS 9DUOHW-=HPEUL3 $WODVGHVWUDQVSRUWV/HVSDUDGR[HVGHODPLVHHQ UpVHDXGXPRQGHpG$XWUHPHQWS 9DXFKH] $ >GLU@   /D UHOLJLRQ FLYLTXH j O·pSRTXH PpGLpYDOH HW PRGHUQH FKUpWLHQWpHWLVODP DFWHVGXFROORTXHRUJDQLVpSDUOH&HQWUHGHUHFKHUFKH ©+LVWRLUHVRFLDOHHWFXOWXUHOOHGHO·2FFLGHQW;,,;9,,,HVLqFOHªGHO·8QL YHUVLWp GH 3DULV ;1DQWHUUH HW O·,QVWLWXW XQLYHUVLWDLUH GH )UDQFH 1DQ WHUUHMXLQS

 

%LEOLRJUDSKLHJpQpUDOH

%LEOLRJUDSKLH

9HOW]3 /HQRXYHDXPRQGHLQGXVWULHO*DOOLPDUGS 9HUJQDXG* ©7HUULWRLUHVLQWHUPpGLDLUHVPDLOORQVIDLEOHV"/·LQ WHUPpGLDULWpQHXWUDOLVDQWHGHVQRXYHDX[WHUULWRLUHVORFDX[HQ)UDQFH HWHQ(VSDJQHSD\VHWFRPDUFDV ªFRPPXQLFDWLRQORUVGXFROORTXH 3HQVHUOHVWHUULWRLUHVLQWHUPpGLDLUHVHQ(XURSH(16/6+/\RQ 9H\UHW3HW* $XF±XUGHO·(XURSHOHV$OSHV)ODPPDULRQS 9LDUG- eORJHGHODPRELOLWpHVVDLVXUOHFDSLWDOWHPSVOLEUHHWODYDOHXU WUDYDLO/D7RXUG·$LJXHVeGLWLRQVGH/·$XEH0RQGHHQFRXUVS 9LD6WRULD(OVDVVHU. 'HU'LUHNWH:HJLQGHQ6GHQ$69HUODJ S 9LHOODUG5 ©%HOJLTXH,WDOLHYHUVXQ]pURUHODLV"ª5DLO3DVVLRQ MDQYLHUSS 9LHOODUG5 ©/D61&)GHYLHQWRSpUDWHXUGHIUHWHQ,WDOLHª5DLO 3DVVLRQDYULOSS 9LULOLR3 9LWHVVHHWSROLWLTXH(VVDLGHGURPRORJLH*DOLOpHS 9LULOLR3 ©/HVUpYROXWLRQVGHODYLWHVVHªHW©/DYLWHVVHG·H[ SRVLWLRQª,Q/DYLWHVVHFDWDORJXHG·H[SRVLWLRQGHODIRQGDWLRQ&DUWLHU )ODPPDULRQS 9RGR] / 3ÀVWHU *LDXTXH % -HPHOLQ & >GLU@   /HV WHUULWRLUHV GH OD PRELOLWp /·DLUH GX WHPSV 3UHVVHV SRO\WHFKQLTXHV HW XQLYHUVLWDLUHV UR PDQGHVS 9RJHO+ ©/HWUDQVSRUWFRPELQpHQ6XLVVHª5DLOLQWHUQDWLRQDO RFWREUHS 9ROYH\$ ©/$1'$576/HVIDEULTXHVVSDWLDOHVGHO·DUWFRQWHP SRUDLQª7UDYDX[GHO·,QVWLWXWGH*pRJUDSKLHGH5HLPVQƒSS  :DUORX]HW/ /HFKRL[GHOD&((SDUOD)UDQFH/HVGpEDWVpFRQRPLTXHV GH0HQGqV)UDQFHjGH*DXOOHWKqVHGHGRFWRUDWVRXVODGLUHF WLRQG·(%XVVLqUH8QLYHUVLWp3DULV,9S :HQJHU+ /·8,55DDQV+LVWRLUHGHO·8,55HWGXWUDQVSRUWFRP ELQpGHPDUFKDQGLVHVUDLOURXWHHQ(XURSHGHjS :KHEHOO&)- ©&RUULGRUVDWKHRU\RI 8UEDQ6\VWHPVª$Q QDOVRI WKHDVVRFLDWLRQRI $PHULFDQ*HRJUDSKHUVYROQƒSS

%LEOLRJUDSKLHJpQpUDOH

 

/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH

:LHQHU0 ©g%%LP:DQGHOª(LVHQEDKQ-RXUQDOQXPpURVSp FLDOS :ROPDU& ©/DSULYDWLVDWLRQjO·DQJODLVHXQHYRLHjQHSDVVXL YUHLª/H5DLOSS :RONRZLWVFK0 *pRJUDSKLHGHVWUDQVSRUWV$UPDQG&ROLQS =DYRQL, 7UDQVLWXQG*UHQ]H$XI 8PZHJHQYRP*RWWKDUG]XU *UHQ]HLQ&KLDVVR&KDPDHOHRQS =HPEUL3 ©6WUXFWXUHGHVUpVHDX[GHWUDQVSRUWVHWGpUpJOHPHQWD WLRQª)OX[SS =HPEUL 3   3RXU XQH DSSURFKH JpRJUDSKLTXH GH OD GpUpJOHPHQWDWLRQ GHV WUDQVSRUWV'RVVLHUG·+'53DULV,3DQWKpRQ6RUERQQH =UHLN.GLU@3DWULPRLQHHWWHUULWRLUHHQ3D\VGH6DYRLH &KDLHUV6DYRLVLHQVGH*pRJUDSKLH8QLYHUVLWpGH6DYRLHSS *DXFKRQ& ©'HVUpDOLVDWLRQVPpFRQQXHVOHVSOXVDQFLHQV WXQQHOVGHV$OSHVª)URQWLqUHV$FWHVGXƒFROORTXH&16+6/LOOH SS *DXFKRQ& ©/HVPRQXPHQWVGHSDVVDJHª7UDYHUVHUOHVPRQ WDJQHV&DKLHUVGHJpRJUDSKLH('GLU@ 'LH=XNXQIWEHJLQQW*RWWKDUG%DVLVWXQQHO'HU OlQJVWH7XQQHOGHV:HOW:HUG9HUODJS -RVW+8 ©3ROLWLTXHVXLVVHHWP\WKHVGX*RWKDUGDX;;H VLqFOHLª,Q3DQ]HUD)5RPDQR5,O6DQ*RWWDUGRGDOODJDOOHULDGL)DYUH DOO·$OS7UDQVLW6DOYLRQLSS /HXHQEHUJHU0 (SHUVLPXRYHGLVFRXUVjO·RFFDVLRQGHO·LQDX JXUDWLRQ GX WHUPLQDO LQWHUPRGDO +83$& GH %XVWR$UVL]LR *DOODUDWH %XVWR$UVL]LR

%LEOLRJUDSKLHFODVVpH

 

/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH

0lGHU0 ©(VVD\²0\WKRV*RWWKDUGª,Q-HNHU5(>GLU@'LH =XNXQIWEHJLQQW*RWWKDUG%DVLVWXQQHO'HUOlQJVWH7XQQHOGHV:HOW:HUG9HU ODJSS 0RRV& ©=XULJR7LFLQR,WDOLDVWWHQWULRQDOHHLO6DQ*RWWDUGRLª ,Q3DQ]HUD)5RPDQR5,O6DQ*RWWDUGRGDOODJDOOHULDGL)DYUHDOO·$OS 7UDQVLW6DOYLRQLSS 0RVHU%3IHLIIHU3 ©6%%*RWWKDUGEDKQª(LVHQEDKQ-RXUQDO QXPpURVSpFLDOS 0RVHU%-RVVL83IHLIIHU3 ©*RWWKDUGEDKQ'HUGLUH[WH:HJ LQGHQ6GHQª(LVHQEDKQ-RXUQDOQXPpURVSHFLDOS 3DQ]HUD)5RPDQR5>GLU@ ,O6DQ*RWWDUGRGDOODJDOOHULDGL)DYUH DOO·$OS7UDQVLW6DOYLRQLS 3LJHRQ 3   © *HVWLRQ GHV ULVTXHV HW SHXSOHPHQWV KHOYpWLTXHV  /·H[HPSOHGX*RWKDUGª,Q©7UDYHUVHUOHVPRQWDJQHVªFDKLHUVGHJpRJUD SKLH(G\WHPSS 9LD6WRULD(OVDVVHU. 'HU'LUHNWH:HJLQGHQ6GHQ$69HUODJ S =DYRQL, 7UDQVLWXQG*UHQ]H$XI 8PZHJHQYRP*RWWKDUG]XU *UHQ]HLQ&KLDVVR&KDPDHOHRQS 5pVHDX[jYRLHPpWULTXH 0RVHU%%|UUHW5.VWQHU7 ©*ODFLHU([SUHVV9RQ6W0R ULW]QDFK=HUPDWWª(LVHQEDKQ-RXUQDOQXPpURVSpFLDOS 6WXGHU %   5KlWLVFKH %DKQ (LVHQEDKQHUOHEQLV LQ *UDXEQGHQ 9HUODJ 'LHWVFKODJ$*S %DVVLQ%UHQQHU %HUJPHLVWHU& %UHQQHU%DVLVWXQQHO/HEHQVUlXPHXQG9HUNHKUVZHJH %%76(S )UHVFKL/ ©/·D[HGX%UHQQHUª7UDYHUVHUOHVPRQWDJQHV&D KLHUVGHJpRJUDSKLH('GLU@ *URVVHU%DKQKRI:LHQXQGGLHZHLWH:HOW &]HUQLQ9HUODJS .RV: ©7DQQHXQG3DOPH'DVLPDJLQDWLYH3RWHQ]LDOGHU6G EDKQª,Q.RV:'LQKREO*>GLU@*UR‰HU%DKQKRI:LHQXQGGLHZHLWH :HOWSS² g%%D 0RUHWKDQMXVWDUDLOZD\VWDWLRQ+DXSWEDKQKRI :LHQS g%%E )DKUJDVW,QIRS 5LJHOH* ©'DV9HUVFKZLQGHQGHU*URVVEDKQK|IHGHV-DK UKXQGHUWV$EULVVXQG1HXEDXQDFKGHP=ZHLWHQ:HOWNULHJª,Q.RV :'LQREO*>GLU@*URVVHU%DKQKRI:LHQXQGGLHZHLWH:HOWSS

 

%LEOLRJUDSKLHFODVVpH

%LEOLRJUDSKLH

(FKRVJpRJUDSKLTXHVHWDXWUHVG·DLOOHXUV %RvWHjQRWLRQVHWjFRQFHSWV $PLOKDW6]DU\$/ 3UpIDFHGXQXPpUR©7UDYHUVHUHWXWLOLVHUOD IURQWLqUH$QGHV$OSHVª5HYXHGH*pRJUDSKLH$OSLQHSS $XJp0 1RQOLHX[,QWURGXFWLRQjXQHDQWKURSRORJLHGHODVXUPRGHUQLWp 6HXLOOLEUDLULHGX;;ƒVLqFOHS $XSKDQ( ©/HVQ±XGVIHUURYLDLUHVSKpQRPqQHUpVLGXHORX SRLQWVIRUWVGHO·HVSDFHUpJLRQDO"ª/·(VSDFH*pRJUDSKLTXHSS  %DYRX[-- ©/DQRGDOLWpXQFRQFHSWIRQGDPHQWDOGHO·RUJDQL VDWLRQGHO·HVSDFHª/HVFDKLHUVVFLHQWLÀTXHVGXWUDQVSRUWSS %HUGRXOD\9 ©/HVYDOHXUVJpRJUDSKLTXHVª,Q%DLOO\$)HUUDV 53XPDLQ'(QF\FORSpGLHGHJpRJUDSKLH(FRQRPLFDVXSSS %HUQLHU; ©/HVFROVURXWLHUVGDQVODWUDYHUVpHGHVPRQWDJQHV IUDQoDLVHVFRQWULEXWLRQjXQHGpÀQLWLRQSOXULYDOHQWHHWG\QDPLTXHª ,Q©7UDYHUVHUOHVPRQWDJQHVªFDKLHUVGHJpRJUDSKLH(G\WHPSS %HUTXH$ ©&KRUpVLHª&DKLHUVGHJpRJUDSKLHGX4XpEHFYRO QƒSS %HUTXH$ ©7HUULWRLUHHWSHUVRQQHO·LGHQWLWpKXPDLQHª'HVL JXDOGH 'LYHUVLGDGH²5HYLVWDGH&LHQVDV6RFLDOVGD38&5LRQƒMDQ MXOSS %RQHUDQGL ( /DQGHO 3$ 5RX[ (   © /HV HVSDFHV LQWHUPp GLDLUHVIRUPHK\EULGHYLOOHHQFDPSDJQHFDPSDJQHHQYLOOH"ª5HYXH GH*pRJUDSKLH$OSLQHS %RQQHPDLVRQ- ©9R\DJHDXWRXUGXWHUULWRLUHª/·HVSDFHJpRJUD SKLTXHSS %RQQHPDLVRQ- ©9LYUHGDQVO·vOH8QHDSSURFKHGHO·vOpLWpRFpD QLHQQHª/·HVSDFHJpRJUDSKLTXHSS %RXOLQHDX(HW&RXGUR\GH/LOOH/GLU  &ROORTXH©3HQVHUOHV HVSDFHVLQWHUPpGLDLUHVHQ(XURSHª(16/6+/\RQ %RXUGLQ $ /HIHXYUH 03 *HUPDLQ $ GLU    /D SUR[LPLWp &RQVWUXFWLRQSROLWLTXHHWH[SpULHQFHVRFLDOH/·+DUPDWWDQFROO9LOOHVHWHQWUH SULVHVS

%LEOLRJUDSKLHFODVVpH

 

/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH

%R]RQQHW-3 'HVPRQWVHWGHVP\WKHVO·LPDJLQDLUHVRFLDOGHODPRQ WDJQH38*S %RXD\DG$ /DVWUDWpJLHGHVWURLVSRUWHIHXLOOHV'XQRGS %UXQHW5 /HVSKpQRPqQHVGHGLVFRQWLQXLWpVHQJpRJUDSKLH&156FROO ©0pPRLUHVHWGRFXPHQWVª %UXQHW5 ©/HVOLJQHVGHIRUFHGHO·HVSDFHHXURSpHQª0DSSH PRQGH %UXQHW5GLU /HVPRWVGHODJpRJUDSKLH5HFOXV/D'RFXPHQWDWLRQ )UDQoDLVHS &KDPXVV\+ ©&LUFXODWLRQWUDQVDOSLQHHWYLOOHVGHSLHGGHFRO %ULDQoRQ0RGDQH6XVH$RVWH0DUWLJQ\'RPRGRVVRODª5HYXHGH*pR JUDSKLH$OSLQH/9,SS &ULYHOOL55DIIHVWLQ& ©%ODQFKH1HLJHHWOHVVHSWQDLQVRXOD WUDQVIRUPDWLRQGHV$OSHVHQSDWULPRLQHFRPPXQª5HYXHGH*pRJUDSKLH $OSLQH7QƒSS &XULHQ1'XSX\* ©5pVHDX[GHFRPPXQLFDWLRQV0DUFKpVHW WHUULWRLUHVª)OX[QƒSS 'DXSKLQp$ /HVWKpRULHVGHODFRPSOH[LWpFKH]OHVJpRJUDSKHV(FRQR PLFDS 'HEDUELHX[%>GLU@ ©/DPRQWDJQHREMHWGHUHFKHUFKH"ª5HYXH GH*pRJUDSKLH$OSLQHYROQƒS 'HEDUELHX[% ©/HPRQWDJQDUGLPDJLQDLUHVGHODWHUULWRULDOLWp HWLQYHQWLRQG·XQW\SHKXPDLQª$QQDOHVGH*pRJUDSKLHSS 'LGL+XEHUPDQ* *pQLHGXQRQOLHX$LUSRXVVLqUHHPSUHLQWHKDQWLVH /HVpGLWLRQVGHPLQXLWS 'L0HR*%XOpRQ3 /·HVSDFHVRFLDO/HFWXUHJpRJUDSKLTXHGHVVRFLpWpV $UPDQG&ROLQS 'XSRQW/GLU ©/LHXHWLQWHQWLRQQDOLWpª*pRJUDSKLHHWFXOWXUHV S (PVHOOHP. ©3RXUXQHJpRJUDSKLHGHVHVSDFHVLQWHUPp GLDLUHVª,QWHUYHQWLRQORUVGXFROORTXH*HRSRLQW$YLJQRQ (3((6   © (YpQHPHQW VSDWLDO ª /·HVSDFH JpRJUDSKLTXH © /·pYpQH PHQWVSDWLDOHQGpEDWªQƒS )DUPHU)5 ©7RGD\·VULVNVWKLQNLQJWKHXQWKLQNDEOHª1DWXUH SS

 

%LEOLRJUDSKLHFODVVpH

%LEOLRJUDSKLH

)RXFKHU0 /·LQYHQWLRQGHVIURQWLqUHV)('1S *D\-& OHVGLVFRQWLQXLWpVVSDWLDOHV(FRQRPLFDFROO©JpRSRFKHª S *HRUJH3 ©/DJpRJUDSKLHjO·KHXUHGXWHPSVª,Q%DLOO\$ )HUUDV53XPDLQ'(QF\FORSpGLHGHJpRJUDSKLH(FRQRPLFDVXSSS  *LUDXW)9DQLHU0 ©3ODLGR\HUSRXUODFRPSOH[LWpWHUULWRULD OHLª,Q*LUDXW)>GLU@8WRSLHSRXUOHWHUULWRLUHFRKpUHQFHRXFRPSOH[LWp/D 7RXUG·$LJXHV(GGHO·$XEHSS *LUDXW) ©5pYpODWLRQVHWLPSDVVHVG·XQHDSSURFKHUDGLFDOHGH ODPRQGLDOLVDWLRQª(VSDFHV7HPSVQHWKWWSHVSDFHVWHPSVQHWGRFX PHQWKWPO *UDVODQG&)UDQoRLV-& ©/DGLVFRQWLQXLWpHQJpRJUDSKLHRUL JLQHVHWSUREOqPHVGHUHFKHUFKHªHQWUHWLHQDYHF5RJHU%UXQHW/·HVSDFH JpRJUDSKLTXHSS *XLFKRQQHW35DIIHVWLQ& *pRJUDSKLHGHVIURQWLqUHV38)S +DEHUPDV- /DPRGHUQLWpXQSURMHWLQDFKHYppGGXPRQLWHXU +lJHUVWUDQG7 ©6SDFHWLPHDQGKXPDQFRQGLWLRQª,Q.DUOTXLVW $/XQGTXLVW/6QLNDUV)'\QDPLFDOORFDWLRQRI XUEDQVSDFH/H[LQJWRQ SS +HJHO *:)   3KpQRPpQRORJLH GH O·HVSULW WUDGXFWLRQ -3 /H IHEYUH$XELQELEOLRWKqTXHSKLORVRSKLTXHS +XVVHUO( /·LGpHGHODSKpQRPpQRORJLH&LQTOHoRQV7UDG DYHUW SDU$OH[DQGUH/RZLW38)©eSLPpWKpHª ,17(5)$&( /HFRQFHSWG·LQWHUIDFHFRPPHLQVWUXPHQWG·DQDO\VHGHV HVSDFHVIURQWDOLHUVHWG·RULHQWDWLRQGHOHXUDPpQDJHPHQW3UpVHQWDWLRQSSWDF FHVVLEOHHQOLJQH -RQDV- /H3ULQFLSHUHVSRQVDELOLWp3DULVS /HURL*RXUKDQ$ /·+RPPHHWODPDWLqUH$OELQ0LFKHOS /pY\ -   /·HVSDFH OpJLWLPH 3UHVVHV GH OD )RQGDWLRQ 1DWLRQDOH GHV 6FLHQFHV3ROLWLTXHVS /pY\-/XVVDXOW0GLU 'LFWLRQQDLUHGHODJpRJUDSKLHHWGHO·HVSDFHGHV VRFLpWpV%HOLQS

%LEOLRJUDSKLHFODVVpH

 

/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH

/pY\- ©&RVSDWLDOLWpª,Q/pY\-/XVVDXOW0'LFWLRQQDLUHGHOD JpRJUDSKLHHWGHO·HVSDFHGHVVRFLpWpV%HOLQSS /pY\- ©,QWHUVSDWLDOLWpª,Q/pY\-/XVVDXOW0'LFWLRQQDLUHGHOD JpRJUDSKLHHWGHO·HVSDFHGHVVRFLpWpV%HOLQSS /pY\- ©0pWULTXHª,Q/pY\-/XVVDXOW0'LFWLRQQDLUHGHODJpR JUDSKLHHWGHO·HVSDFHGHVVRFLpWpV%HOLQSS /XVVDXOW0D ©8UEDLQª,Q/pY\-/XVVDXOW0'LFWLRQQDLUHGHOD JpRJUDSKLHHWGHO·HVSDFHGHVVRFLpWpV%HOLQSS /XVVDXOW0E ©UpJLPHGH 9LVLELOLWpª,Q,Q/pY\-/XVVDXOW0 'LFWLRQQDLUHGHODJpRJUDSKLHHWGHO·HVSDFHGHVVRFLpWpV%HOLQS /XVVDXOW0 /·KRPPHVSDWLDO6HXLOS 0HUOHDX3RQW\0 /·RHXLOHWO·HVSULW)ROLRHVVDLVS 0RQQHW- ©/DV\PEROLTXHGHVOLHX[SRXUXQHJpRJUDSKLHGHV UHODWLRQVHQWUHHVSDFHSRXYRLUHWLGHQWLWpª&\EHUJpRQƒS 0RUH7 /·8WRSLH/LEULRSKLORVRSKLHS 1RUD3 /HVOLHX[GHPpPRLUH*DOLPDUGWRPHVS 2IIQHU-0 ©/HVHIIHWVVWUXFWXUDQWVGHWUDQVSRUWP\WKHSR OLWLTXHP\VWLÀFDWLRQVFLHQWLÀTXHª/·HVSDFHJpRJUDSKLTXHSS 2IIQHU-03XPDLQ' 5pVHDX[HWWHUULWRLUHVVLJQLÀFDWLRQVFURLVpHVpG GHO·$XEHFROO7HUULWRLUHS 2IIQHU-0 ©1RHXGª,Q/pY\-/XVVDXOW0'LFWLRQQDLUHGHOD JpRJUDSKLHHWGHO·HVSDFHGHVVRFLpWpV%HOLQSS 2]RXI0DULJQLHU09 ©*pRJUDSKLHHWKLVWRLUHª,Q%DLOO\$ )HUUDV53XPDLQ'(QF\FORSpGLHGHJpRJUDSKLH(FRQRPLFDVXSSS  3DTXRW7/XVVDXOW0 ©8WRSLHª,Q/pY\-/XVVDXOW0GLU  'LFWLRQQDLUHGHODJpRJUDSKLHHWGHO·HVSDFHGHVVRFLpWpV%HOLQSS 3DTXRW7GLU@/HVWHUULWRLUHVGHODPRELOLWp38)SS 0DUFDGRQ- ©/HWUDQVSRUWPDULWLPHPRQGLDOLVpHWOHFRQFHSW GHIURQWLqUHYLUWXHOOHª)OX[SS 0pUHQQH( *pRJUDSKLHGHVWUDQVSRUWV385S 0H\HU 6DELQR *   8Q 6XG ROWUH L FRQÀQL /·HPLJUD]LRQH FDODEUHVH LQ 6YL]]HUD&HQQL VWRULFL WHVWLPRQLDQ]H SURVSHWWLYH /·$YYHQLUH GHL ODYRUDWRUL 4XDGHUQLPRQRJUDÀFL7HU]DVHULHS 0LJUHXURS $WODVGHVPLJUDQWVHQ(XURSH*pRJUDSKLHFULWLTXHGHVSROL WLTXHVPLJUDWRLUHV$UPDQG&ROLQS 0RQWXOHW%.DXIPDQQ9GLU  0RELOLWpVÁXLGLWpVOLEHUWp"3XEOLFD WLRQVGHV)DFXOWpV8QLYHUVLWDLUHVGH6DLQW/RXLVS

%LEOLRJUDSKLHFODVVpH

 

/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH

2IIQHU-03XPDLQ' 5pVHDX[HWWHUULWRLUHVVLJQLÀFDWLRQVFURLVpHVpG GHO·$XEHFROO7HUULWRLUHS 2IIQHU-0 ©1RHXGª,Q/pY\-/XVVDXOW0'LFWLRQQDLUHGHOD JpRJUDSKLHHWGHO·HVSDFHGHVVRFLpWpV%HOLQSS 2OOLYUR- /·KRPPHjWRXWHVYLWHVVHV'HODOHQWHXUKRPRJqQHjODUDSLGLWp GLIIpUHQFLpH385S 2OOLYUR- 4XDQGODYLWHVVHFKDQJHOHPRQGH$SRJpHS 2OOLYUR- ©&HOXLTXLFRXUWSOXVYLWHDYDQFHWLOGDYDQWDJH"9L WHVVH PRELOLWp HW LQpJDOLWpV VRFLDOHV ª ,Q )ORQQHDX 0 *XLJXHQR 9 GLU 'HO·KLVWRLUHGHVWUDQVSRUWVjO·KLVWRLUHGHODPRELOLWp"385SS 3DUURFKLD' ©4XHOTXHVDVSHFWVKLVWRULTXHVGHODQRWLRQGHUp VHDXª)OX[SS 3ODVVDUG) ©,QWHUFRQQH[LRQVHWQRXYHOOHVSRODULWpVª,Q/HVFRX ORLUV5KLQ5K{QHGDQVO·HVSDFH/(7SS 3ODVVDUG) ©/HVUpVHDX[GHWUDQVSRUWHWGHFRPPXQLFDWLRQª,Q %DLOO\$)HUUDV53XPDLQ'(QF\FORSpGLHGHJpRJUDSKLHSS  5HYXH GHV GHX[ PRQGHV   GRVVLHU ´3HXWRQ HQFRUH YR\DJHU"µ MXLOOHWDR€WSS 5RVD+ $FFpOpUDWLRQ8QHFULWLTXHVRFLDOHGXWHPSV/D'pFRXYHUWH FROO©7KpRULHFULWLTXHªS 6DY\0 /HWUDQVSRUWGHPDUFKDQGLVHV(\UROOHVS 6HOOD( /·HPLJUD]LRQHLWDOLDQDQHOOD6YL]]HUDS 6WXGHQ\& /·LQYHQWLRQGHODYLWHVVH*DOLPDUGQUIS 7KULIW1- $QLQWURGXFWLRQWR7LPHJHRJUDSK\&DW0RJS 9DUOHW-=HPEUL3 $WODVGHVWUDQVSRUWV/HVSDUDGR[HVGHODPLVHHQ UpVHDXGXPRQGHpG$XWUHPHQWS 9LDUG- eORJHGHODPRELOLWpHVVDLVXUOHFDSLWDOWHPSVOLEUHHWODYDOHXU WUDYDLO/D7RXUG·$LJXHVeGLWLRQVGH/·$XEH0RQGHHQFRXUVS :RONRZLWVFK0 *pRJUDSKLHGHVWUDQVSRUWV$UPDQG&ROLQS =HPEUL3 ©6WUXFWXUHGHVUpVHDX[GHWUDQVSRUWVHWGpUpJOHPHQWD WLRQª)OX[SS =HPEUL 3   3RXU XQH DSSURFKH JpRJUDSKLTXH GH OD GpUpJOHPHQWDWLRQ GHV WUDQVSRUWV'RVVLHUG·+'53DULV,3DQWKpRQ6RUERQQH

 

%LEOLRJUDSKLHFODVVpH

%LEOLRJUDSKLH

5HJDUGV*pRSROLWLTXHV %HDXPRQW3 ©7KHP\WKRI ZDWHUZDUVDQGWKHIXWXUHRI  LUULJDWHGDJULFXOWXUHLQWKH0LGGOH(DVWª,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDORI :DWHU 5HVRXUFHV5HVHDUFK;SS %HUQLHU; ©/HVG\QDPLTXHVUpWLFXORWHUULWRULDOHVHWODIURQWLqUH HQ]RQHGHPRQWDJQHDSSURFKHW\SRORJLTXHª)OX[©5pVHDX[HW IURQWLqUHV*pRSROLWLTXHV,ªSS %pWKHPRQW- ©/·HDXOHSRXYRLUODYLROHQFHGDQVOHPRQGH PpGLWHUUDQpHQª+pURGRWHQƒSS &ULYHOOL5 ©+LVWRLUHJpRSROLWLTXHGHVWUDYHUVpHVDOSLQHVª /·$OSH©1RXYHOOHVWUDYHUVpHVIHUURYLDLUHVªSS 'DYLG' ©*pRJUDSKLHPLOLWDLUHHWIRUWLÀFDWLRQFLQTVLqFOHV G·KLVWRLUHHQ0DXULHQQHª5HYXHKLVWRULTXHGHVDUPpHV_85/ KWWSUKDUHYXHVRUJLQGH[KWPO 'XODLW$7KXDO) /H0R\HQ2ULHQWHWO·HDX&5(63,S )D\H) ©/·LQIRUPDWLRQPDULWLPHDXVHUYLFHGHODVpFXULWpLQWp ULHXUHGHO·(XURSHª/D5HYXH0DULWLPHSS )RXFKHU0 /·LQYHQWLRQGHVIURQWLqUHV)('1S )RXFKHU0 )UDJPHQWVG·(XURSH)D\DUGS )RXFKHU0 /DUpSXEOLTXHHXURSpHQQH%HOLQS )RXFKHU0 /·(XURSHHWO·DYHQLUGXPRQGH2GLOH-DFRES )RXFKHU0 ©(XURSH(XURSHVª/DGRFXPHQWDWLRQSKRWRJUDSKLTXH /DGRFXPHQWDWLRQIUDQoDLVHS *XLFKRQQHW35DIIHVWLQ& *pRJUDSKLHGHVIURQWLqUHV38)S *XLFKRQQHW3 ©/DIURQWLqUHGDQVOHV$OSHVª,Q/·HIIHWIURQWLqUH GDQV OHV $OSHV DFWHV GH FROORTXH LQWHUQDWLRQDO  RFWREUH  $RVWHWRPH,SS *XLFKRQQHW3 ©7UDFpVHWFRQWH[WHVGHODWUDYHUVpHGHV$OSHVDX FRXUVGHVVLqFOHVª5HYXHGH*pRJUDSKLH$OSLQH©7UDYHUVHUOHV$OSHVª SS /DVVHUUH)'HVFURL[/ (DX[HWWHUULWRLUHVWHQVLRQVFRRSpUDWLRQVHW JpRSROLWLTXHVGHO·HDX/·+DUPDWWDQS

%LEOLRJUDSKLHFODVVpH

 

/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH

0LJUHXURS $WODVGHVPLJUDQWVHQ(XURSH*pRJUDSKLHFULWLTXHGHVSROL WLTXHVPLJUDWRLUHV$UPDQG&ROLQS 127$9 UDJLRQLFRQWUROD7$9LQYDOOHGL6XVD*UXJOLDVR3ULQW (GLWRUS 5DIIHVWLQ& ©/DIURQWLqUHFRPPHUHSUpVHQWDWLRQGLVFRQWLQXLWp JpRJUDSKLTXHHWGLVFRQWLQXLWpLGpRORJLTXHª&DKLHUVGH*pRJUDSKLH©/L PLWHVHWUpJLRQpWXGHGHVSKpQRPqQHVWUDQVUpJLRQDX[ª'pSDUWHPHQW GHJpRJUDSKLHGHO·8QLYHUVLWpGH*HQqYHSS 5+&) $UPpHVHWFKHPLQVGHIHUHQ)UDQFH$FWHVGHODHMRXUQpH VFLHQWLÀTXHGHO·$+,&)9LQFHQQHVRFWREUHQƒS 5+&) /HVFKHPLQVGHIHU'HO·KLVWRLUHGLSORPDWLTXHjO·KLVWRLUHGHO·DUW QƒS 5LEHLO* ©4XDQGOHUDLOV·LPSOLTXDLWGDQVOD&(&$ª/H5DLO SS 6LURQQHDX- /·HDX1RXYHOHQMHXVWUDWpJLTXHPRQGLDO(FRQRPLFD SRFKHJpRSROLWLTXHS 6XWWRQ. ©7KHKHULWDJHVRI WKHFURVV$OSLQHWUDQVSRUWQHWVD JHRJUDSKLFDOFRQWULEXWLRQWRWKH(XURSHDQJHRSROLWLFVª&RPPXQLFD WLRQORUVGXFROORTXHLQWHUQDWLRQDOGH707UDQVSRUWDOLIHOLQHRI GHYHORS PHQW1HZ'HOKL$UWLFOHFRPPXQLTXpDX[SDUWLFLSDQWVVXUFOpXVE 7pWDUW) ©*pRSROLWLTXHGH.DOLQLQJUDGXQHvOHUXVVHDXVHLQ GHO·8QLRQHXURSpHQQHpODUJLHª+pURGRWHSS 7pWDUW) *pRSROLWLTXHGH.DOLQLQJUDGXQH©vOHUXVVHªDXF±XUGH O·8QLRQHXURSpHQQH3836S 7pWDUW )   © .DOLQLQJUDG WrWH GH SRQW GH O·DUPpH UXVVH IDFH DX ERXFOLHUDQWLPLVVLOHDPpULFDLQ"ª+pURGRWHQƒSS 9LULOLR3 9LWHVVHHWSROLWLTXH(VVDLGHGURPRORJLH*DOLOpHS 9LULOLR3 ©/HVUpYROXWLRQVGHODYLWHVVHªHW©/DYLWHVVHG·H[SRVL WLRQª,Q/DYLWHVVHFDWDORJXHG·H[SRVLWLRQ

 

%LEOLRJUDSKLHFODVVpH

%LEOLRJUDSKLH

$SSURFKHVIDFWXHOOHV 'RFXPHQWVGHFRPPXQLFDWLRQ 1H VRQW LQGLTXpV GDQV FHWWH UXEULTXH TXH OHV GRFXPHQWV GH FRPPX QLFDWLRQH[SORLWpVFRPPHUpIpUHQFHVELEOLRJUDSKLTXHVQRQO·HQVHPEOH GHVVRXUFHVFROOHFWpHVDXFRXUVGHFHWUDYDLO %/6$OS7UDQVLW 7XQQHO1HZVQRQSDJLQp %/6 ©/|WVFKEHUJ%DVLVWXQQHOGLH(U|IIQXQJGHV-DKUKXQGHUW EDXZHUNVª6WUHLI]XJpWpS %/6 1/)$/|WVFKEHUJS %/6 3URÀOS %/6 $XWRYHUODG/|WVFKEHUJS %/6 (LQIDFKWROOH$XVÁJHS +XSDF 6KXWWOH1HW1HWZRUNIRULQWHUPRGDOWUDQVSRUWS /7) 1RXYHOOHOLDLVRQIHUURYLDLUH/\RQ7XULQ2XYURQVOHV$OSHVUHOLRQV O·(XURSH3ODTXHWWHGHFRPPXQLFDWLRQ /7) 1RXYHOOHOLDLVRQIHUURYLDLUH/\RQ7XULQ2XYURQVOHV$OSHVUHOLRQV O·(XURSH3ODTXHWWHGHFRPPXQLFDWLRQ /7) &RQVFLDPRLOWHUULWRULR3ODTXHWWHGHFRPPXQLFDWLRQ g%% 6HPPHULQJEDVHWXQQHOS g%%D 0RUHWKDQMXVWDUDLOZD\VWDWLRQ+DXSWEDKQKRI :LHQS g%%E )DKUJDVW,QIRS 2)7 $OSWUDQVLW8QHYLVLRQGHYLHQWUpDOLWpS 2)7 $OSWUDQVLW'HQRXYHDX[LWLQpUDLUHVjWUDYHUVOD6XLVVHS 2)7 ©1XPpURVSpFLDORXYHUWXUHGXWXQQHOGHEDVHGX/|WV FKEHUJª6ZLVVWUDIÀFS 127$9 UDJLRQLFRQWUROD7$9LQYDOOHGL6XVD*UXJOLDVR3ULQW (GLWRUS 61&) /LDLVRQIHUURYLDLUHWUDQVDOSLQH/\RQ7XULQ3UpVHQWDWLRQJpQpUDOH GXSURMHWGRVVLHUGHFRQVXOWDWLRQ

%LEOLRJUDSKLHFODVVpH

 

/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH

$UWLFOHVGHSUHVVHIHUURYLDLUHVSpFLDOLVpH SDURUGUHFKURQRORJLTXHHWQRQDOSKDEpWLTXH (YROXWLRQVGXV\VWqPHIHUURYLDLUHHXURSpHQ /LEpUDOLVDWLRQV 0LFKHO/ ©)UHWHXURSpHQFRH[LVWHQFHGHPpWKRGHVª5DLO 3DVVLRQQRYHPEUHSS 0HLOODVVRQ6 ©&))&DUJRIRQGHXQHQRXYHOOHVRFLpWpHQ,WD OLHLª5DLO3DVVLRQMDQYLHUS0HLOODVVRQ6 ©%/6HW '%&DUJRIRQWSUHXYHG·XQHJUDQGHHIÀFDFLWpª5DLO3DVVLRQDYULO S 0HLOODVVRQ6 ©&))&DUJRGRSHVDÀOLDOHLWDOLHQQHª5DLO3DV VLRQRFWREUHS 0HLOODVVRQ6 ©&))&DUJRSODQGHVDXYHWDJHGXZDJRQª5DLO 3DVVLRQQRYHPEUHS 3IXQG& ©/DVpSDUDWLRQGXWUDÀFHWGHO·LQIUDVWUXFWXUHIHUURYLDLUH HVWXQHHUUHXUHQVRLª3XEOLF7UDQVSRUW,QWHUQDWLRQDO8,73SS 9LHOODUG5 ©%HOJLTXH,WDOLHYHUVXQ]pURUHODLV"ª5DLO3DVVLRQ MDQYLHUSS 0HLOODVVRQ6 ©&))&DUJRPHWHQORFDWLRQVHV5Hª5DLO 3DVVLRQMXLQS 0HLOODVVRQ6 ©5DLO&KHPV·LPSODQWHDX%HQHOX[ª5DLO3DVVLRQ GpFHPEUHS 0HLOODVVRQ6 ©5DLOLRQDXWRULVpVXUOH*RWKDUGª5DLO3DVVLRQ IpYULHUS 3RXUDJHDX[* ©)UHWODFRQFXUUHQFHHQWUHHQVFqQHª5DLO 3DVVLRQDYULOS 0HLOODVVRQ6 ©/HVpOqYHVPRGqOHV«ª/H5DLOSS 0HLOODVVRQ6 ©&RRSpUDWLRQRSpUDWLRQQHOOHHQWUH)UHW61&)HW 5DLOLRQª5DLO3DVVLRQDYULOS 0HLOODVVRQ6 ©)UHW(XURSHDQ%XOOVGDQVO·DUqQHª5DLO3DVVLRQ DYULOS

 

%LEOLRJUDSKLHFODVVpH

%LEOLRJUDSKLH

&KDUOLHU/ ©'LVSRORNODORFDWLRQDOHYHQWHQSRXSHª5DLO 3DVVLRQMXLQSS 0HLOODVVRQ6 ©6LEHOLWUHODQFHO·D[HIUHW$QYHUV%kOHª5DLO3DV VLRQRFWREUHS 1RUGPDQ' /DPLVHHQ±XYUHGHODVWUDWpJLHGH&))&DUJR/H 5DLO 0HLOODVVRQ6 ©/HV&))HWOD'%RIÀFLDOLVHQW5KHLQDOSª5DLO 3DVVLRQPDUVS :ROPDU& ©/DSULYDWLVDWLRQjO·DQJODLVHXQHYRLHjQHSDVVXL YUHLª/H5DLOSS 9LHOODUG5 ©/D61&)GHYLHQWRSpUDWHXUGHIUHWHQ,WDOLHª5DLO 3DVVLRQDYULOSS 7KURERLV7&KDUOLHU/ ©)UHWOHVRSpUDWHXUVSULYpVV·LQVWDO OHQWLª5DLO3DVVLRQPDUVSS 7ROLQL0 ©IUHW61&)V·pWHQGHQFRUHHQ,WDOLHª5DLO3DVVLRQ MXLQS 0HLOODVVRQ6 ©&))&DUJRHW9HROLDDX[3D\V%DVª5DLO3DVVLRQ MXLOOHWS 0HLOODVVRQ6 ©)UHW&URVVUDLOHW'/&VHPDULHQWª5DLO3DVVLRQ MDQYLHUS 0HLOODVVRQ6 ©/HQRXYHDX&URVVUDLOHVWQpª5DLO3DVVLRQ PDUVSS 0HLOODVVRQ6 ©)UHW(&5jO·DVVDXWGHOD6XLVVHª5DLO3DVVLRQ PDUVS &KDUOLHU/ ©/HVQRXYHDX[HQWUDQWVVHSRVLWLRQQHQWVXUWRXVOHV PDUFKpVª5DLO3DVVLRQPDLSS 0HLOODVVRQ6 ©%LHQW{W6%%&DUJR,QWHUQDWLRQDOª5DLO3DVVLRQ RFWREUHS &KDUOLHU/ ©3.3&DUJRODSULYDWLVDWLRQDXVHUYLFHGHVDPEL WLRQV HXURSpHQQHV GX IUHW SRORQDLV ª 5DLO 3DVVLRQ  MXLQ  SS 

%LEOLRJUDSKLHFODVVpH

 

/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH

,QWHURSpUDELOLWpV &ROODUGH\% ©8QH(%LWDOLHQQHGDQVO·KH[DJRQHª5DLO 3DVVLRQRFWREUHQRYHPEUHS &ROODUGH\% ©/HVPDOKHXUVGHODGHVg%%ª5DLO3DVVLRQ DYULOSS &KHVVXP5 ©(%HWIUDQFKLVVHQWHQÀQODIURQWLqUH IUDQFRLWDOLHQQHª5DLO3DVVLRQGpFHPEUHSS 0HLOODVVRQ6 ©8QH7DXUXVSRXUFKHYDOGH7URLHª5DLO3DVVLRQ RFWREUHS 0HLOODVVRQ6 ©&))&DUJRELHQW{WGHV5H,,HQ$OOHPD JQHL"ª5DLO3DVVLRQDYULOS 0HLOODVVRQ6 ©5HGH&))&DUJRGHVHQJLQVFKRLVLVVXU pWDJqUHª5DLO3DVVLRQRFWREUHSS /9'5 ©,QWHURSpUDELOLWpO·$JHQFHIHUURYLDLUHHXURSpHQQHHVW QpHªSS /H5DLO GRVVLHU(5706OHUrYHGHO·LQWHURSpUDELOLWp &KDUOLHU/0HLOODVVRQ6 ©/HVORFRPRWLYHVpOHFWULTXHVPXOWL V\VWqPHVHQ(XURSHUHSDUWLH OD7UD[[06GH%RPEDUGLHUª 5DLO3DVVLRQIpYULHUSS &KDUOLHU/ ©/RFRSUROOHVSHWLWHVOLJQHVjO·KHXUHGXVDWHOOLWHª 5DLO3DVVLRQPDUVSS &KDUOLHU/0HLOODVVRQ6 ©/HVORFRPRWLYHVpOHFWULTXHVPXO WLV\VWqPHVHQ(XURSHGHSDUWLH ª5DLO3DVVLRQDYULOSS  5LEHLO* ©4XDQGOHUDLOV·LPSOLTXDLWGDQVOD&(&$ª/H5DLO SS 0HLOODVVRQ6 ©/HVORFRPRWLYHVPXOWLV\VWqPHVHQ(XURSHH SDUWLH ª5DLO3DVVLRQMDQYLHUSS 3LHGQRLU) ©(TXLSHUXQHOLJQHQRXYHOOHHQ(5706XQHTXHV WLRQGHQLYHDXª/H5DLOS 5LEHLO* ©/HFKDQWLHUjSHWLWHYLWHVVHGHO·LQWpURSpUDELOLWpHXUR SpHQQHª/H5DLO *URXLOOHW$ ©/HVSUHPLqUHV(6)GH'LVSRORNYHQGXHVª 5DLO3DVVLRQPDLSS

 

%LEOLRJUDSKLHFODVVpH

%LEOLRJUDSKLH

&ROODUGH\% ©)LQGHFDUULqUHSUpPDWXUpHSRXUOHVGHV g%%ª5DLO3DVVLRQDR€WS *HQrWH ©(XURSWLUDLOV¶SUpYRLUF·HVWVDYRLU·ª/H5DLOSS  5HSRUWPRGDO &KHVVXP5 ©8QHQRXYHOOHURXWHURXODQWHVXLVVHª5DLO3DVVLRQ VHSWHPEUHS &ROODUGH\% ©)RUWHSURJUHVVLRQGHODURXWHURXODQWHHQ$X WULFKHª5DLO3DVVLRQQRYHPEUHS &ROODUGH\% ©/DURXWHURXODQWHIUDQFRLWDOLHQQHHQERQQH YRLHLª5DLO3DVVLRQDYULOSS &ROODUGH\% ©/HVURXWHVURXODQWHVVHPXOWLSOLHQWHQ$XWULFKHª 5DLO3DVVLRQGpFHPEUHS 0HLOODVVRQ6 ©'pEXWVUHWDUGpVSRXUO·$)$ª5DLO3DVVLRQ DR€WS &KHVVXP5 ©/·DXWRURXWHIHUURYLDLUHDOSLQHHQVHUYLFHª5DLO 3DVVLRQGpFHPEUHS &RXUWRLV+ ©6XLVVH&URLVVDQFHjGHX[FKLIIUHVSRXU+XSDFª /D9LHGX5DLOMXLQS %RLYLQ* ©/H¶SRLGVORXUGVH[SUHVV·«RXO·DVVRFLDWLRQGHOD URXWHURXODQWHHWGXZDJRQNDQJRXURXjHVVLHX[ª9RLHVIHUUpHV MXLOOHWDR€WSS *UDVVDUW3 ©5RXWHURXODQWHTXDQG)UDQoDLVHW$XWULFKLHQV V·LQWHUURJHQWVXUOHIHUURXWDJHª/D9LHGX5DLOVHSWHPEUH SS 0HLOODVVRQ6 ©/HV$OSHVODERUDWRLUHGXWUDÀFLQWHUPRGDOª 5DLO3DVVLRQMDQYLHUSS +RZDOG3 ©/HWUDÀFFRPELQpSDUWHQDLUHGHODORJLVWLTXHYHU WHLª/H5DLOMXLQSS *UDQGH9LWHVVH &ROODUGH\% ©OD¶SDVVDQWH·PLODQDLVHXQHLQWHUFRQQH[LRQDX F±XUGHODFDSLWDOHORPEDUGHª5DLO3DVVLRQDR€WVHSWHPEUH SS 0HLOODVVRQ6 ©1%60DWWVWHWWHQ5RWKULVWGHUQLHUDFWHGHOD SKDVH,GH5DLOª5DLO3DVVLRQMXLQS

%LEOLRJUDSKLHFODVVpH

 

/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH

0HLOODVVRQ6 ©$NPNGDQVOHWXQQHOGHEDVHGX/|WV FKEHUJª5DLO3DVVLRQGpFHPEUHS &ROODUGH\% ©5HJDUGVXUOHVOLJQHVjJUDQGHYLWHVVHLWDOLHQQHV qUHSDUWLH ª5DLO3DVVLRQMDQYLHUSS &ROODUGH\% ©7URLVGpFHQQLHVGHJUDQGHYLWHVVHHQ)UDQFHª 5DLO3DVVLRQ+RUVVpULH©DQVGH*UDQGH9LWHVVHHQ)UDQFHHWHQ (XURSHªSS &ROODUGH\% ©3DQRUDPDGHODJUDQGHYLWHVVHHXURSpHQQHª5DLO 3DVVLRQ+RUVVpULH©DQVGH*UDQGH9LWHVVHHQ)UDQFHHWHQ(X URSHLªSS %DVVLQRFFLGHQWDO &ROODUGH\% ©'pMjDQVGHFDWpQDLUHVXUODOLJQHGHOD0DX ULHQQHª5DLO3DVVLRQMDQYLHUSS &ROODUGH\% ©$OSHVODSURGLJLHXVHpSRSpHGXUDLOª5DLO3DV VLRQKRUVVpULHMXLOOHWDR€WS &KHVVXP5 ©(%HWIUDQFKLVVHQWHQÀQODIURQWLqUH IUDQFRLWDOLHQQHª5DLO3DVVLRQGpFHPEUHSS &ROODUGH\% ©/D0DXULHQQHXQHDUWqUHHXURSpHQQHYLWDOHª 5DLO3DVVLRQMXLQSS &ROODUGH\% ©9DOHQFH0RLUDQVSUHQGGXFRXUDQWHWUHWURXYHVD YRLHª5DLO3DVVLRQPDUVSS &ROODUGH\% ©/D7DUHQWDLVHYRLHG·DFFqVDXSD\VGHO·RUEODQFLª 5DLO3DVVLRQDYULOSS &ROODUGH\% ©6DLQW$QGUpOH*D]&KDPEpU\XQLWLQpUDLUHELV DXF±XUGHV$OSHVª5DLO3DVVLRQPDLSS &ROODUGH\% ©/\RQ*HQqYHXQHDUWqUHjJUDQGHFLUFXODWLRQª 5DLO3DVVLRQQRYHPEUHSS &ROODUGH\% ©/HQ±XGIHUURYLDLUHGH&XOR]HQSOHLQFKDQWLHUª 5DLO3DVVLRQMXLOOHWS &ROODUGH\% ©/DVHFRQGHSKDVHGX6LOORQDOSLQVXGG·XWLOLWp SXEOLTXHª5DLO3DVVLRQQRYHPEUHS &ROODUGH\% ©8QHGHVVHUWHUHQRXYHOpHVXUOH6LOORQDOSLQVXGª 5DLO3DVVLRQIpYULHUSS

 

%LEOLRJUDSKLHFODVVpH

%LEOLRJUDSKLH

%DVVLQ6XLVVH &ROODUGH\% ©/HSURJUDPPH5DLOUHYXHWFRUULJpª5DLO 3DVVLRQMDQYLHUSS &ROODUGH\% ©'RVVLHUVSpFLDO6XLVVHª5DLO3DVVLRQMXLOOHW SS &ROODUGH\% ©5HFRUGGHWUDÀFSRXU&))&DUJRHQª5DLO 3DVVLRQPDLS &ROODUGH\%&KHVVXP5 ©/D6XLVVHSDUDGLVGXUDLOª5DLO3DV VLRQKRUVVpULHMXLOOHWS &ROODUGH\% ©/HV&))PHWWHQWXQSLHGHQ$OOHPDJQHª5DLO 3DVVLRQDR€WS 0HLOODVVRQ6 ©5DLOÀQGHODSUHPLqUHpWDSHª5DLO3DV VLRQGpFHPEUHS 0HLOODVVRQ6 ©5DLOOHORQJFKHPLQYHUVODSHUIHFWLRQª 5DLO3DVVLRQMXLQSS /|WVFKEHUJ 0RVHU%-RVVL8 ©'LH%/6(LQHPRGHUQH$OSHQEDKQª (LVHQEDKQ-RXUQDOS 0HLOODVVRQ6 ©/HWXQQHOGHEDVHGX/|WVFKEHUJVHUDSUrWHQ ª5DLO3DVVLRQIpYULHUS 0HLOODVVRQ6 ©/DOLJQHGHIDvWHGX/|WVFKEHUJXQSDULDXGD FLHX[PDLVXQSDULWHQXª5DLO3DVVLRQDR€WSS &KHVVXP5 ©/|WVFKEHUJOHWXQQHOGHEDVHGpMjVDWXUpª5DLO 3DVVLRQQRYHPEUHSS 0HLOODVVRQ6 ©/HVDQVGX/|WVFKEHUJª5DLO3DVVLRQ MXLQS 6LPSORQ &KHVVXP5 ©8QHQRXYHOOHJDUHj9LqJHHQª5DLO3DVVLRQ GpFHPEUHS 0RVHU%3IHLIIHU3 ©6LPSORQ/DXVDQQH%ULJ'RPRGRVVR ODLª(LVHQEDKQ-RXUQDOQXPpURVSpFLDOS 0HLOODVVRQ6 ©%LHQW{WGHVFRUUHVSRQGDQFHVVXUOHPrPHTXDL HQJDUHGH9LqJH"ª5DLO3DVVLRQDYULOS

%LEOLRJUDSKLHFODVVpH

 

/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH

*RWKDUG 0RVHU%3IHLIIHU3 ©6%%*RWWKDUGEDKQª(LVHQEDKQ-RXUQDO QXPpURVSpFLDOS 0HLOODVVRQ6 ©5DLOLRQDXWRULVpVXUOH*RWKDUGª5DLO3DVVLRQ IpYULHUS *URXLOOHW$ ©6XLVVH,WDOLHXQH5(5WUDQVIURQWDOLHUQRPPp 7LOR«ª5DLO3DVVLRQGpFHPEUHSS 0RVHU%-RVVL83IHLIIHU3 ©*RWWKDUGEDKQ'HUGLUH[WH:HJ LQGHQ6GHQª(LVHQEDKQ-RXUQDOQXPpURVSHFLDOS 0HLOODVVRQ6 ©7LORXQHLQLWLDWLYHLWDORKHOYpWLTXHTXLSURV SqUHLª5DLO3DVVLRQMXLQSS 5pVHDX[jYRLHpWURLWH &KHVVXP5 ©6XLVVHQDLVVDQFHGX0*%ª5DLO3DVVLRQ PDUVS 0RVHU%%|UUHW5.VWQHU7 ©*ODFLHU([SUHVV9RQ6W0R ULW]QDFK=HUPDWWª(LVHQEDKQ-RXUQDOQXPpURVSpFLDOS %DVVLQ%UHQQHU &ROODUGH\% ©/DOLJQHGXDXVWURLWDOLHQQHGX%UHQQHUDXJPHQWH VRQVGpELWª5DLO3DVVLRQDYULOSS &ROODUGH\% ©/HVPDOKHXUVGHODGHVg%%ª5DLO3DVVLRQ DYULOSS :LHQHU0 ©g%%LP:DQGHOª(LVHQEDKQ-RXUQDOQXPpURVSp FLDOS 0HLOODVVRQ6 ©,WDOLHQRXYHOpODQSRXUOH3XVWHUWDOEDKQª5DLO 3DVVLRQQRYHPEUHS %DVVLQpWRLOHGH9LOODFK 7DXHUQ 'LHWWHULFK$ 7DXHUQEDKQ(LVHQEDKQ-RXUQDOQXPpURVSpFLDO S &ROODUGH\% ©$XWULFKHXQQRXYHDXWURQoRQHQGRXEOHYRLH VXUODOLJQHGHV7DXHUQª5DLO3DVVLRQRFWREUHSS

 

%LEOLRJUDSKLHFODVVpH

%LEOLRJUDSKLH

7DUYLV &ROODUGH\% ©/·,WDOLHUDMHXQLWVDOLJQHGX7DUYLVª5DLO3DVVLRQ PDUVSS &ROODUGH\% ©/·LWLQpUDLUHDXVWURLWDOLHQGX7DUYLVHQWLqUHPHQW PRGHUQLVpª5DLO3DVVLRQRFWREUHSS 6HPPHULQJ &ROODUGH\% ©$XWULFKHO·LWLQpUDLUHGX6HPPHULQJDXUDVRQWXQ QHOGHEDVHª5DLO3DVVLRQDR€WVHSWHPEUHSS &ROODUGH\% ©9HUVXQHQRXYHOOHJDUHFHQWUDOHj9LHQQHjODÀQ GHODGpFHQQLHª5DLO3DVVLRQDYULOS &ROODUGH\% ©8QHQRXYHOOHJDUHFHQWUDOHj9LHQQHª5DLO3DV VLRQPDLS &RQWRXUQHPHQWGHV$OSHVSDUOD6ORYpQLHHWOD+RQJULH -XYDQHF0&KHVVXP5 ©/HVFKHPLQVGHIHUVORYqQHVV·RX YUHQWjO·(XURSHª5DLO3DVVLRQVHSWHPEUHSS 0HLOODVVRQ6 ©6ORYpQLHODG\QDPLTXHHXURSpHQQHª5DLO3DV VLRQMDQYLHUSS

%LEOLRJUDSKLHFODVVpH

 

/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH

$SSURFKHVDUWLVWLTXHV /LWWpUDWXUHHWWKpRULHHQDUW %XWRU0 /DPRGLÀFDWLRQ(GLWLRQVGH0LQXLWFROO 'RXEOHVS 'LGL+XEHUPDQ* *pQLHGXQRQOLHX$LUSRXVVLqUHHPSUHLQWHKDQWLVH /HVpGLWLRQVGHPLQXLWS +HUJp OH6FHSWUHG·2WWRNDU&DVWHUPDQS .DQGLQVN\9 'XVSLULWXHOGDQVO·DUW*DOOLDUGS 3DUPLJJLDQL& 6WHOOD6DQJXH6SLULWR&UHVSLS 5REEH*ULOOHW$ /·DQQpHGHUQLqUHj0DULHQEDGOHVpGLWLRQVGH PLQXLWS 5REEH*ULOOHW$ 3RXUXQQRXYHDXURPDQOHVpGLWLRQVGHPLQXLW (VVDLVS 5REEH*ULOOHW $   /HV GHUQLHUV MRXUV GH &RULQWKH (G GH 0LQXLW S 5RPDQR& 'HODFRXOHXUOHVpGLWLRQVGHODWUDQVSDUHQFHSKLORVR SKLHS 6DUUDXWH1 /·qUHGXVRXSoRQ*DOOLPDUGS 6LPRQ& /·KHUEHpG'H0LQXLWUppG&ROO'RXEOHS 6LPRQ& /DURXWHGHV)ODQGUHVOHVpGLWLRQVGHPLQXLWFROO 'RXEOHVS 6LPRQ& /·KHUEHOHVpGLWLRQVGHPLQXLWFROO'RXEOHV S

0XVLTXH &HV UpIpUHQFHV Q·DSSDUDLVVHQW SDV GDQV OD ELEOLRJUDSKLH JpQpUDOH PDLV FRUUHVSRQGHQWDX[VRXUFHVPRELOLVpHVGDQVOHFRXUVGXWH[WH +RQQHJHU$ 3DFLÀF +D\GQ- 4XDWXRUjFRUGHVHQXWPDMHXUQƒ©O·(PSHUHXUªRS  0DQVHW*%DVKXQJ$ ©&RPPHXQOpJRª%OHX3pWUROH%DUFOD\ 5HFRUGV

 

%LEOLRJUDSKLHFODVVpH

%LEOLRJUDSKLH

5RXVVHO*%DVKXQJ$ ©-HW·DLPDQTXpª%OHX3pWUROH%DUFOD\ 5HFRUGV

3HLQWXUH 3)OHLVFKHU &KDQJHPHQWG·pTXLSHVXUOHFKDQWLHUGX*RWKDUG1DWLR QDOJDOOHULH%HUOLQ *X\-%/ /DGLOLJHQFH7XULQ/\RQj/DQVOHERXUJ0XVpH6DYRLVLHQ &KDPEpU\ .DQGLQVN\9 0XUQDYXHGXFKHPLQGHIHUHWGXFKkWHDX .ROOHU5 /D3RVWHGX*RWKDUGFROOHFWLRQ&UpGLW6XLVVH=XULFK

$IÀFKHV $QRQ\PH 2ULHQW([SUHVV3ODNDWVDPPOXQJ=XULFK $QRQ\PH $IÀFKHSRXUOHV5K%3ODNDWVDPPOXQJ=XULFK $QRQ\PH $IÀFKHSRXUO·RXYHUWXUHGHO·H[SRVLWLRQLQWHUQDWLRQDOHGH0L ODQ0XVpHPXQLFLSDOGH/DXVDQQH $QRQ\PH 7DXHUQEDKQ6LJ7DXVFKH $QRQ\PH $QGHUPDWW$IÀFKHSRXUOHV\QGLFDWG·LQLWLDWLYHGX YLOODJH3ODNDWVDPPOXQJ=XULFK $QRQ\PH   $IÀFKH KRUDLUH SRXU OH )2 HW OH %9= 3ODNDWVDPPOXQJ =XULFK %DUWK2 7UDLQGLUHFW3DULV7ULHVW6LJ.OHLQ %DXPEHUJHU2 $IÀFKHSRXUOHV6FK|OOHQHQ%DKQ3ODNDWVDPPOXQJ =XULFK %URGHUV5HQWUHHW /D5RXWHGHV$OSHVpG&ORXHW %X]]L' /D6XLVVH/LJQHpOHFWULTXHGX6W*RWKDUG6%%+LVWRULF %X]]L' /D6XLVVH/LJQHpOHFWULTXH6LPSORQ6%%+LVWRULF %X]]L' 6FKZHL]'LH*RWWKDUGOLQLHLP(OHNWULVFKHQ%HWULHE6%% +LVWRULF &DUGLQDX[( 6FORVV7DUDVS3ODNDWVDPPOXQJ=XULFK &DUGLQDX[( *RWWKDUGEDKQ:DVVHQ6%%+LVWRULF

%LEOLRJUDSKLHFODVVpH

 

/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH

&DUXJR%DQQpHV %HOOLQ]RQD3ODNDWVDPPOXQJ=XULFK &KLDWRQQH&DWHOLHU :HOWEDKQ3ODNDWVDPPOXQJ=XULFK &KLDWRQQH&DWHOLHU *ORLUHGX*RWKDUG0XVpHDOSLQ%HUQH &RORPEL3 /|WVFKEHUJ0XVpHGHVWUDQVSRUWVGH/XFHUQH 'RULYDO *   9HUV OH 0RQW%ODQF SDU 6W *HUYDLVOHV%DLQV HW OH FRO GH 9R]D0XVpHQDWLRQDOGHODPRQWDJQH7XULQ (KUHQUHLFK1 *ODFLHU([SUHVV3ODNDWVDPPOXQJ=XULFK (UQVW2 %HOOLQ]RQD3ODNDWVDPPOXQJ=XULFK *LJQRQ/ 6HPSLRQH0XVpHQDWLRQDOGHODPRQWDJQH7XULQ +DOOR& 9R\DJHVHQ(VSDJQH/9'5 +RO\$ &LQTXDQWHQDLUHGX6LPSORQ6%%+LVWRULF +XJRG·$OpVL) $IÀFKHSRXUOH-XUD6LPSORQ3ODNDWVDPPOXQJ =XULFK +XJRG·$OpVL) 9HQLVHELEOLRWKqTXH)RUQD\ 0LWVFKHN $UOEHUJ2ULHQW([SUHVV0XVpHPXQLFLSDOGH9LHQQH 3pDQ5 /H0RQW&HUYLQELEOLRWKqTXHFDQWRQDOHGXYDODLV 7ULQTXLHU7ULDQRQ/YHUV %ULDQoRQpG&ORXHW :LOTXLQ7 6LPSORQ2ULHQW([SUHVV3ODNDWVDPPOXQJ=XULFK

 

%LEOLRJUDSKLHFODVVpH

%LEOLRJUDSKLH

%LEOLRJUDSKLHFODVVpH

 

/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH

 

7DEOHVGHVLOOXVWUDWLRQV

7DEOHVGHVLOOXVWUDWLRQV 7DEOHGHV)LJXUHV ,QWURGXFWLRQ )LJXUH,0RGqOHJUDSKLTXHjO·XVDJHGHO·LQWURGXFWLRQ.6XWWRQ )LJXUH/·$OSLQXQREMHWFRPSOH[H.6XWWRQ )LJXUH/HUpVHDXGHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVSUHPLqUHDSSURFKHSDUODVWUXFWXUH D[LDOHIHUURYLDLUHSULQFLSDOHFRQYHUJHQFHVLWDOLHQQHV.6XWWRQ )LJXUH/HV$OSHVIHUURYLDLUHVXQPRUFHOOHPHQWWHFKQLTXHGHV1DWLRQV.6XWWRQ )LJXUH/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVO·H[SpULHQFHGHODVLPXOWDQpLWpG·pWDWV GHIUDQFKLVVHPHQW/·H[HPSOHGX*RWKDUG.6XWWRQ  )LJXUH+\SRWKqVHV&RUULGRUVD[HVHWLWLQpUDLUHVXQHERvWHjQRHXGV.6XWWRQ )LJXUH3UpVHQWDWLRQGXV\VWqPHG·DSSURFKHSURSRVpGDQVOHFDGUHGX05/HVWUDYHUVpHV DOSLQHVFRQWULEXWLRQjXQHOHFWXUHSDUODFRVSDWLDOLWp.6XWWRQ )LJXUH7UDYHUVHUXQHGHVWLQpHGHIUDQFKLVVHPHQW.6XWWRQ )LJXUH([SUHVVLRQVSDWLDOHHWWHPSRUHOOHGHO·pYROXWLRQGXWUDYDLOGHGRFWRUDW VHSWHPEUHGpFHPEUH.6XWWRQ )LJXUH)LJXUHGHV\QWKqVHGHUHSUpVHQWDWLRQGHVOLJQHVGHIRUFHGXV\VWqPH G·pYROXWLRQGHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV.6XWWRQ )LJXUHơ/DWRLOHGHVSDUDGR[HV.6XWWRQ )LJXUHƢ(WRLOHGHPLVHHQWHQVLRQGXV\VWqPH.6XWWRQ )LJXUHƣ/·DSSDULWLRQG·XQF{QHGHGLIIUDFWLRQ.6XWWRQ )LJXUHƤ/HVPRWHXUVG·DQLPDWLRQGXV\VWqPH.6XWWRQ )LJXUHƥ/HVQRHXGVGHQRXYHDXWpOHVSRLQWVGHIRUFHGXV\VWqPH GHUHQRXYHOOHPHQWJUDYLWDQWDXWRXUGXFRHXUOHVWHPSRUDOLWpV.6XWWRQ )LJXUHƦ/HV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVXQHDLUHG·H[SUHVVLRQPDWpULHOOHGHVFLUFXODWLRQV .6XWWRQ

3UHPLqUHSDUWLH &KDSLWUH )LJXUH5HODWLRQYLWHVVHQRPEUHGHQRHXGIRQFWLRQQHOVGLVWDQFHHQWUHOHVQRHXGV UHSUpVHQWDWLRQVFKpPDWLTXHGHODFRUUpODWLRQGH)3ODVVDUG .6XWWRQ )LJXUH0RGHOOLVDWLRQGHO·K\SRWKqVHG·DJHQFHPHQWGHVVVpTXHQFHVGHOD7UDYHUVpH .6XWWRQ )LJXUH(WDEOLVVHPHQWG·XQFRGHFRXOHXUjSDUWLUGHVWUDYDX[GH9.DQGLQVN\ .6XWWRQ )LJXUH/HSLHGGHFROSURSRVLWLRQGHUHSUpVHQWDWLRQ .6XWWRQG·DSUqV;%HUQLHU )LJXUH/HSLHGGHFROXQHLQWHUIDFHHQWUH$SSURFKHHW)UDQFKLVVHPHQW .6XWWRQ )LJXUH/DWrWHGHWXQQHOSURSRVLWLRQGHUHSUpVHQWDWLRQ.6XWWRQ )LJXUH/D7UDYHUVpHXQHSUHPLqUHGLVFUpWLVDWLRQGHVHVSDFHV$OSLQV GHODFLUFXODWLRQ.6XWWRQ

7DEOHGHVÀJXUHV



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH )LJXUH0RGDQHWUDMHFWRLUHXUEDLQHG·XQOLHXGHOD7UDYHUVpH 3KRWRVPDL HWFURTXLV .6XWWRQ )LJXUH%ULJXHXQOLHXGX6LPSORQ.6XWWRQ )LJXUH/DWHUPLQDLVRQSURSRVLWLRQGHUHSUpVHQWDWLRQ.6XWWRQ )LJXUH/HSRLQWIRFDOSURSRVLWLRQGHSUHSUpVHQWDWLRQ.6XWWRQ )LJXUH/HUHODLVSURSRVLWLRQGHUHSUpVHQWDWLRQ.6XWWRQ )LJXUH/·DYDQWSRUWHGHWXQQHOSURSRVLWLRQGHUHSUpVHQWDWLRQ.6XWWRQ )LJXUH/·D[HGX%UHQQHUXQSRQWLGHQWLWDLUHDXFRHXUGHO·(XURSH.6XWWRQ )LJXUH%UHQQHUYV7DUYLVGHX[SURÀOVGH7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVRSSRVpV.6XWWRQ )LJXUH/HFRPPXWDWHXUSURSRVLWLRQGHUHSUpVHQWDWLRQ.6XWWRQ )LJXUH/H3LHGGH7UDYHUVpHSURSRVLWLRQGHUHSUpVHQWDWLRQ.6XWWRQ )LJXUH/H*RWKDUGXQIDLVFHDXG·LWLQpUDLUHVG·$SSURFKH.6XWWRQ )LJXUH([SUHVVLRQVFKpPDWLTXHGXUDSSRUWFRPPXQpPHQWSURSRVpGDQV ODOLWWpUDWXUHVFLHQWLÀTXHSRXUH[SULPHUO·HIIHWGHO·DFFURLVVHPHQWGHODYLWHVVH VXUODGHQVLWpGXQRPEUHGHSDVVDJHV.6XWWRQ

&KDSLWUH )LJXUH0pPRLUHVGXWXQQHOHWPpPRLUHVGXSRUWDLOO·H[HPSOHGX6LPSORQ.6XWWRQ )LJXUH,VHOOHXQPRQXPHQWjO·XQLWpGHO·,WDOLHSDUHWGDQVODVRXIIUDQFH.6XWWRQ )LJXUH/HGLVRXUVSDWULPRQLDOHQMHXG·DFFHSDWELOLWpGHODPRGHUQLWp $SDUWLUGHO·H[HPSOHGX6LPSORQ.6XWWRQ )LJXUH/H3LHGGH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWSURSRVLWLRQGHUHSUpVHQWDWLRQ.6XWWRQ )LJXUHD/·$XWULFKHXQHDQWHQQHGDQVO·kJHG·RUGHV5RODGH.RPELYHUNHKU .6XWWRQ )LJXUHE'HULGHDXGHIHUHQLQWpJUDWLRQHXURSpHQQHG·gNRPELHQpFRSRLQWV .6XWWRQ )LJXUHF'·LQWpJUDWLRQHXURSpHQQHHQUpXQLÀFDWLRQO·DGDSWDWLRQGHO·RIIUHjODQRXYHOOHGRQQH HXURSpHQQH.6XWWRQ

&KDSLWUH )LJXUH/HUpVHDXGHVVHUYLFHVVKXWWOHGH+XSDFXQHpFULWXUHGHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV SRODULVpHVGHSXLVOHVWHUPLQDX[VXG.6XWWRQ )LJXUH/HVERXFOHVGH:DVVHQXQKDXWOLHXGXSD\VDJHIHUURYLDLUHHQ(XURSH 0RQWDJH.6XWWRQ )LJXUH/DUpJLRQDOLVDWLRQ©FODVVLTXHªGHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVXQVpTXHQoDJHSK\VLTXHDX VHUYLFHG·XQHGpPDUFKHGHVFULSWLYHG·DSUqV-)%HUJLHU .6XWWRQ )LJXUH/DUpJLRQDOLVDWLRQPpWURSROLWDLQHGHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVXQVpTXHQoDJHIRQFWLRQQHODX VHUYLFHG·XQHDQDO\VHGHVHIIHWVGHSRODULVDWLRQXUEDLQHSDUOHVUpVHDX[ URXWLHUVDOSLQVG·DSUqV&5DIIHVWLQ .6XWWRQ )LJXUH8QUHWRXUDXQRUGOHVFRQWH[WHVSROLWLTXHVGHPLVHHQSODFHGHVUpVHDX[ XQHVXUYDORULVDWLRQGHODIURQWLqUHSROLWLTXH"G·DSUqV3*XLFKRQQHW  .6XWWRQ )LJXUH/DUpJLRQDOLVDWLRQGHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVSDUOHVYROXPHVGHWUDÀFV XQHLQWpULRULVDWLRQGHO·pOpPHQWVWDWLVWLTXHSRXUXQH[WpULRULVDWLRQGHVHQMHX[G·DSUqV $OS,QIR GRQQpHVKRPRJqQHVGH.6XWWRQ )LJXUH/HV5ROOLQJ+LJKZD\VWUDMHFWRLUHVG·XQVHUYLFHIHUURYLDLUHDXSURÀWGHODSROLWLTXH VXLVVHGHVWUDQVSRUWV.6XWWRQ )LJXUH/H%XJH\XQHDLUHLQWHUPpGLDULVpHSDUOHVPRGHUQLVDWLRQVGHVUpVHDX[UpJLRQDX[ HWQDWLRQDX[.6XWWRQ



7DEOHGHVÀJXUHV

7DEOHVGHVLOOXVWUDWLRQV 'HX[LqPHSDUWLH &KDSLWUH )LJXUH0RGDQHXQHFRpYROXWLRQGHVIRUWLÀFDWLRQVHWGXQRHXG.6XWWRQ )LJXUH/HPRGqOHGXWHPSVGHVFRPPXQDXWpV)$”7.6XWWRQ )LJXUH/HPRGqOHGXWHPSVGHV(WDWV)$”7.6XWWRQ )LJXUH/HWHPSVGXPDUFKp .6XWWRQ )LJXUH/HPRGqOHGXWHPSVGXPDUFKp .6XWWRQ )LJXUH/HV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVXQHVLPXOWDQpLWpG·pWDWVGHIUDQFKLVVHPHQWXQHFRVSD WLDOLWpGHWHPSRUDOLWpV.6XWWRQ

&KDSLWUH )LJXUH5HSUpVHQWDWLRQVFKpPDWLTXHGXQRPEUHPR\HQGHWUDLQVFLUFXODQWGDQVO·HVSDFH GHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV.6XWWRQ )LJXUH3OXVGHJDUH%ULJXH9LqJHXQELQ{PHDXVHUYLFHGXFDGHQFHPHQWVXLVVH HQWUHpFKHOOHQDWLRQDOHHWpFKHOOHUpJLRQDOH.6XWWRQjSDUWLULQIRUPDWLRQVKRUDLUHVHQOLJQH&)) VHSWHPEUH

)LJXUH9HUVXQHSUHPLqUHPRGpOLVDWLRQGXV\VWqPHGH7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV

.6XWWRQ

)LJXUH,QYHQWHUXQH[XWRLUHDOSLQSRXUGpYHORSSHUXQUpVHDXURPDQGFRRUGRQQp JHQqVHSRXUXQSDVVDJHYDODLVDQ&RQIpUHQFHGH)ULERXUJ  .6XWWRQ

)LJXUH/H6LPSORQRSSRUWXQLWpVHWFRQVXUUHQFHVXQLÀFDWLRQLWDOLHQQH .6XWWRQ 

)LJXUH/H6LPSORQRXEOLp"RXYHUWXUHGXWXQQHOGX*RWKDUG  .6XWWRQ 

)LJXUH/DJDUHFHQWUDOHGH9LHQQHOHSURMHWGX6HPPHULQJEDVHHQMHX[PXOWLVFDODLUHV SRXUXQGHVWLQHXURSpHQ.6XWWRQ

&KDSLWUH )LJXUH/D6XLVVHOHVHQVGXFRPSURPLVWHUULWRULDODXFRHXUGHO·(XURSH .6XWWRQ

)LJXUH/HVSUpPLFHVGXSURMHWGHWXQQHOVRXVOH*RWKDUGIDFHjVRQFRQWH[WH JpRSROLWLTXHDUPLVWLFHGH9LOODIUDQFD .6XWWRQ )LJXUH/·XQLWpLWDOLHQQHXQHSRUWHTXLV·RXYUHDXVXGSRXUOH*RWKDUG .6XWWRQ

)LJXUH/HODQFHPHQWGXFKDQWLHUGX*RWKDUGO·H[SUHVVLRQDOSLQH GHODGLSORPDWLHELVPDUNLHQQH .6XWWRQ

&KDSLWUH )LJXUH/DUpRXYHUWXUHGHODOLJQH0XUVND6RERWD=DODO|Y|jWUDYHUVVRQFRQWH[WH UpWLFXODLUHHWWHUULWRULDO.6XWWRQ )LJXUH/DUpRXYHUWXUHIHUURYLDLUHG·+RGRV=DODORYRXQPLURLUGXSDUDGR[HGHOD ©UpXQLÀFDWLRQªHXURSpHQQH.6XWWRQ )LJXUH'HVWLQVFURLVpVGHWURLVSDVVDJHVIHUURYLDLUHVDOSLQV*RWKDUG6LPSORQHW)UpMXV jO·pSUHXYHGXGHUQLHUGHPLVLqFOH.6XWWRQ

7DEOHGHVÀJXUHV



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH )LJXUH&\FOHGHEDVHGHO·HXURSpDQLVDWLRQGXIHUURYLDLUH.6XWWRQ )LJXUH6HUYLFHVGHV7((LQWHUQDWLRQDX[pWp.6XWWRQ )LJXUH/HIHUURYLDLUHHWODFRQVWUXFWLRQG·XQHSHQVpHHXURSpHQQH XQSULVPHGHFRQVLGpUDWLRQGHVF\FOHVGXUrYHHXURSpHQ.6XWWRQ )LJXUH'·(VVHQDX57(7ODSURJUDPPDWLRQFRPPXQDXWDLUHHQPDWLqUHGHWUDQVSRUWV DXVHUYLFHGHODUpXQLÀFDWLRQHXURSpHQQH.6XWWRQ )LJXUH/HV$OSHVHWO·(XURSHGX1RUG2XHVWOHVGHX[WHUUHVG·H[SpULPHQWDWLRQGX QRXYHDXV\VWqPHIHUURYLDLUHHXURSpHQ.6XWWRQ )LJXUH/·LQFHQGLHGX6LPSORQGXMXLQXQHLOOXVWUDWLRQGHODUpVLOLHQFHGXV\V WqPHGHPRELOLWpVVXLVVH.6XWWRQ )LJXUH/DQpEXOHXVHFDSLWDOLVWLTXH'%6FKHQNHU5DLOVXUOHPDUFKpGXWUDQVLWDOSLQ .6XWWRQ

)LJXUH3URSRVLWLRQGHUHSUpVHQWDWLRQGX3LHGGHFRUULGRU.6XWWRQ )LJXUH/HPDUFKpGXWUDQVLWDOSLQXQ©GUDQJQDFK6GHQªFRQWHPSRUDLQ .6XWWRQ

)LJXUH6FKpPDGHUHSUpVHQWDWLRQGHO·RIIUHGHVHUYLFHG·$OSH$GULD.6XWWRQ )LJXUH&RQIURQWDWLRQGHVVFKpPDVGHVVHUYLFHVVKXWWOHGH+XSDFHWGHQDYHWWHVG·$OSH $GULD/HV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVXQHYDOHXUDMRXWpH.6XWWRQ )LJXUH'HV7((jOD*UDQGH9LWHVVHHXURSpHQQHXQHSpULSKpULVDWLRQGHV$OSHV .6XWWRQ

7URLVLqPHSDUWLH &KDSLWUH )LJXUH/HV%DVVLQVGH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWjO·pSUHXYHGHVOLJQHVGHIRUFHGHO·HVSDFHHXURSpHQ $LUHGHSRVLWLRQQHPHQWUHODWLI.6XWWRQ )LJXUH3UHPLqUHGpOLPLWDWLRQGHV%DVVLQVGH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWjSDUWLUGHVHQVHPEOHV GHIHUURXWDJH.6XWWRQ )LJXUH/HV%DVVLQVGH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWXQHFRQIpUHQFHGHVSKqUHV.6XWWRQ )LJXUH/HV%DVVLQVGH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWXQHOHFWXUHGHO·DWWUDFWLYLWpGHVDLUHVGHIUDQFKLVVHPHQW .6XWWRQ )LJXUH/HV%DVVLQVGH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWODWRXWHSXLVVDQFHVXLVVH O·LQFRKpVLRQ$OSLQH.6XWWRQ )LJXUH/H%DVVLQ6XLVVHO·DFFRPSOLVVHPHQWSDUO·DFFXPXODWLRQGHODUHGRQGDQFH .6XWWRQ )LJXUH/HV%DVVLQVGH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWjO·pSUHXYHGHVOLJQHVGHIRUFHGHO·HVSDFHHXURSpHQ$LUH GHSRVLWLRQQHPHQWUHODWLI /H%DVVLQ6XLVVH.6XWWRQ )LJXUH/H%DVVLQRFFLGHQWDOIUDQFRLWDOLHQODFRQFHQWUDWLRQ SRXUUDLVRQWHUULWRULDOH.6XWWRQ )LJXUH/HV%DVVLQVGH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWjO·pSUHXYHGHVOLJQHVGHIRUFHGHO·HVSDFH HXURSpHQ$LUHGHSRVLWLRQQHPHQWUHODWLI  /H%DVVLQRFFLGHQWDOIUDQFRLWDOLHQ.6XWWRQ )LJXUH/H%DVVLQ%UHQQHUXQFRXORLUTXLV·LQYHQWHHQFRUULGRU.6XWWRQ )LJXUH/HV%DVVLQVGH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWjO·pSUHXYHGHVOLJQHVGHIRUFHGHO·HVSDFH HXURSpHQ$LUHGHSRVLWLRQQHPHQWUHODWLI OH%DVVLQ%UHQQHU.6XWWRQ )LJXUH(YROXWLRQGXYROXPHHQWUDQVLWSDUO·D[HGHV7DXHUQUDLOHWURXWH $OSLQIR.VXWWRQ )LJXUH/H%DVVLQGHO·pWRLOHGH9LOODFKGHGLOXWLRQHQIUDJPHQWDWLRQ.6XWWRQ )LJXUH/HV%DVVLQVGH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWjO·pSUHXYHGHVOLJQHVGHIRUFHGHO·HVSDFHHXURSpHQ$LUH GHSRVLWLRQQHPHQWUHODWLI OH%DVVLQGHO·pWRLOHGH9LOODFK.6XWWRQ



7DEOHGHVÀJXUHV

7DEOHVGHVLOOXVWUDWLRQV )LJXUH/HV%DVVLQVGH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWjO·pSUHXYHGHVOLJQHVGHIRUFHGHO·HVSDFH HXURSpHQ$LUHGHSRVLWLRQQHPHQWUHODWLI 6\QWKqVH.6XWWRQ )LJXUH8QLQWHUPpGLDLUHHQURXWHYHUVOH%DVVLQ%UHQQHU7DUYLV.6XWWRQ )LJXUH/HV%DVVLQGH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWXQHPRGpOLVDWLRQQRQÀJpH.6XWWRQ )LJXUH/DIHUPHWXUHGXWXQQHOURXWLHUGX0RQW%ODQFXQHLOOXVWUDWLRQ G·XQHLQFRKpVLRQYHQXHGH6XLVVH$OSLQIRDQLPDWLRQ.6XWWRQ )LJXUH/H6\VWqPH6XLVVHXQHDFFXPXODWLRQGHVSKqUHVH[SUHVVLRQJUDSKLTXHGHVMHX[PpWURSR OLWDLQVWUDQVIURQWDOLHUV.6XWWRQ )LJXUH%DUGRQQqFKHXQHWHUPLQDLVRQWHUULWRULDOHDXSLHGGX)UDQFKLVVHPHQW WRXUQpHYHUV7XULQ.6XWWRQ )LJXUH*|VFKHQHQXQKXESRLQWIRFDOjODSRUWHGX*RWKDUG.6XWWRQ

&KDSLWUH )LJXUH/DEDVVHYDOOpHGH6XVHHQWUHUHVVHQWLVHWH[SUHVVLRQVGHUHMHWYLVLELOLWpV HWWHUULWRULDOLWpV.6XWWRQ )LJXUH7UDMHFWRLUHDXWRGpFULWHGHO·HQJDJHPHQWG·XQPLOLWDQWGDQVOHFROOHFWLI 1R7$9 6XUODEDVHG·XQHQWUHWLHQWUpDOLVpOHGpFHPEUHj9HQDXV.6XWWRQ )LJXUH/HVWHPSVGHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVXQHQFKDvQHPHQWGHVXUYDORULVDWLRQV VSDWLDOHV.6XWWRQ )LJXUH3URSRVLWLRQGHVFKpPDWLVDWLRQGHODEDVVHYDOOpHSDUVRQSRVLWLRQQHPHQW UHODWLI.6XWWRQ )LJXUH/HVEDVVHVYDOOpHVG·LQWHUPpGLDULWpVHQLQWHUPpGLDWLRQ XQHTXHVWLRQG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWp.6XWWRQ

&KDSLWUH )LJXUH©/|WVFKEHUJHUªG·XQHRSSRUWXQLWpjXQFRQFHSW.6XWWRQ

&RQFOXVLRQ )LJXUH3DUOH]YRXV)UDQFKLVVHPHQW".6XWWRQ

%LEOLRJUDSKLH )LJXUH3ULQFLSHGHFODVVHPHQWGHODELEOLRJUDSKLH.6XWWRQ

7DEOHGHVÀJXUHV



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH 7DEOHGHV'RFXPHQWV ,QWURGXFWLRQ 'RFXPHQW/HIUDQFKLVVHPHQWFRPPHHIIDFHPHQW3XEOLFLWpSRXUOHVVHUYLFHVIHUURYLDLUHV QRFWXUQHVHQWUHOD6XLVVHHWO·,WDOLH&))7UHQLWDOLD 'RFD©/D6XLVVH/LJQHpOHFWULTXHGX6W*RWKDUGª $IÀFKHSRXUOHV&))'%X]]L6%%KLVWRULF%HUQH 'RFE©/DSRVWHGX*RWKDUGª7DEOHDXGH5.ROOHUFROOHFWLRQ&UpGLW6XLVVH=XULFK

3UHPLqUHSDUWLH &KDSLWUH 'RFXPHQW$QGHUPDWWHWOH9DOG·8UVHUHQXQFDUUHIRXUG·(XURSH 6FHVGLYHUVHVFRPSRVLWLRQ.6XWWRQ 'RFXPHQW6\PEROHVJUDSKLTXHVGHVGLIIpUHQWVW\SHVG·LQWHUIDFHV *URXSH,17(5)$&( 'RFXPHQW%HOOLQ]RQDjO·DIÀFKHXQHVLOKRXHWWHGHVFKkWHDX[%&DUXJRDQQpHV  %HOOLQ]RQD3ODNDWVDPPOXQJ=XULFK2(UQVW %HOOLQ]RQD3ODNDWVDPPOXQJ=XULFK 'RFXPHQW5HSUpVHQWDWRQVFKpPDWLTXHGHVFRUULGRUV5DLO1HW(XURSH KWWSZZZUQHHXLQGH[SKS&RUULGRUB,QIRKWPOFRQVXOWDWLRQVHSWHPEUH

&KDSLWUH 'RFXPHQW$IÀFKHSRXUOHVIHVWLYLWpVGHVDQVGXGpEXWGXSHUFHPHQW GXWXQQHOGX)UpMXV5))61&) 'RFXPHQW'pSOLDQWKRUDLUHGXVHUYLFHGHQDFHWWHDXWR%ULJXH,VHOOH ©6WUDGDGHOVROHª&)) 'RFXPHQW/DFpOpEUDWLRQGXWXQQHOFRPPHpORJHGHO·DFWHXUIHUURYLDLUH &URTXLVHWDJHQFHPHQW.6XWWRQ

&KDSLWUH 'RFXPHQW©*ORLUHGX*RWKDUGªOH*RWKDUGRXO·DFFRPSOLVVHPHQWGHO·(XURSH $IÀFKHGHVDWHOLHUV&KLDWWRQH0LODQ HWFURTXLVLQWHUSUpWDWLI .6XWWRQ 'RFXPHQW/D©:HOWEDKQªDIÀFKHSRXUOH*RWWKDUG%DKQDWHOLHUV&KLDWWRQH 'RFXPHQW/·2ULHQWXQUrYHTXLSUHQGQDLVVDQFHVRXVODPRQWDJQH $IÀFKH7:LOTXLQ$QLPDWLRQ.6XWWRQ 'RFXPHQW/·DYHQWXUHHVWGDQVOHWUDLQ3XEOLFLWpVSRXUOH0*%

'HX[LqPH3DUWLH &KDSLWUH 'RFXPHQW9XH*RRJOHHDUWKGHODYDOOpHG·$OIHQ]DXQLYHDX*DYDGXUDZDOG *RRJOHLPDJHGDWpHGH 'RFXPHQW©'HVWXQQHOVIHUURYLDLUHVSOXW{WTX·XQHSROLWLTXHGHVWUDQVSRUWV" ©FRXYHUWXUHGHODUHYXH&LSUDLQIRVHSWHPEUH 'RFXPHQW©/D3RVWHGX*RWKDUGª7DEOHDXGH5.ROOHU 1DWLRQDOJDOOHULH%HUOLQ



7DEOHGHVGRFXPHQWV

7DEOHVGHVLOOXVWUDWLRQV 'RFXPHQW/·pOHFWULÀFDWLRQXQFKDQWGHODSXLVVDQFHGXPRGHUQLVPHSDUO·DIÀFKH $IÀFKHVGH'%X]]L 6%%+LVWRULF 'RFXPHQW/H6LPSORQXQHPpWDSKRUHGX3URJUqV$IÀFKH/*LJQRQ 6HPSLRQH DIÀFKHSRXUOHV)60XVpHQDWLRQDOGHODPRQWDJQH7XULQDQLPDWLRQ.6XWWRQ 'RFXPHQW/D5RXWHGHV$OSHVXQHLQYLWDWLRQjO·LQLWLDWLRQ$IÀFKHGH5%URGHUVHQWUHHW /D 5RXWHGHV$OSHVpG&ORXHWFURTXLV.6XWWRQ 'RFXPHQW'HO·LQLWLDWLRQjO·DIÀUPDWLRQGHO·+RPPH$IÀFKH*'RULYDO 9HUVOH0RQW%ODQF SDU6W*HUYDLVOHV%DLQVHWOHFROGH9R]DDIÀFKHVSRXUOH3/070% 0XVpHQDWLRQDOGHODPRQWDJQH7XULQFURTXLVLQWHUSUpWDWLI .6XWWRQ 'RFXPHQW/HWHPSVGHO·+RPPH,QFRQQX  'RFXPHQW/RUVTXHOHFKHPLQGHIHUIDLWFRQYHUJHUODQDWXUHGDQVXQHKDUPRQLH $QRQ\PH DIÀFKHSRXUOHV5K%0XVHXPIŽU3ODNDWVDPPOXQJ=XULFK

&KDSLWUH 'RFXPHQW'HODSUpYLVLRQjODUpDOLWpOHWXQQHOGHEDVHGX/|WVFKEHUJOHWULRPSKH GHVUHODWLRQVLQWpULHXUHV6RXUFHVGLYHUVHVPRQWDJH.6XWWRQ 'RFXPHQW*UDSKHGHFLUFXODWLRQGHO·D[HGX6HPPHULQJ9LHQQH6XG6SLHOIHOG6WUDVV  VXUOHTXHOVRQWWUDFpVOHVVLOORQVGHODMRXUQpH.RV'LQREO  'RFXPHQW3RUWLRQGXUpVHDXIHUURYLDLUHJpUpGHSXLVOHSRVWHGHFRPPDQGH %/6GH6SLH]%/6 'RFXPHQW/DURXWHGX6LPSORQ"/DURXWHGH/DXVDQQHjWUDYHUVOH-XUD&HWWHDIÀFKHPHWHQ VFqQHOHGpERXFKpGXSDVVDJHMXUDVVLHQRXYHUWGHSXLVDQVOHODF/pPDQ )+XJRG·$OpVL $IÀFKHSRXUOH-XUD6LPSORQ3ODNDWVDPPOXQJ=XULFK

&KDSLWUH 'RFXPHQW3RUWD$OSLQDHQWUHXWRSLHHWIRQFWLRQQDOLWpODYHUWLFDOLWpDYRUWpHOHV*ULVRQVGHQRX YHDXFRQWRXUQpV6FHVGLYHUVHVPRQWDJH.6XWWRQ 'RFXPHQW$IÀFKHSRXUOHV5K%GHSURPRWLRQGHODGHVVHUWHGH7DUDVSHQ(QJDGLQHUHSUpVHQWp LFLSDUVRQFKkWHDX(&DUGLQDX[ $IÀFKHSRXUOHV5K%3ODNDWVDPPOXQJ=XULFK 'RFXPHQW/HUpVHDXjYRLHPpWULTXHSDUGHOjODGLYLVLRQGHVDFWHXUVXQHpFULWXUHGHVFRQWLQXL WpVWHUULWRULDOHWRXULVWLTXHHWUpWLFXODLUH 'RFXPHQW&RXYHUWXUHGXQXPpURGHODUHYXH&))SRXUOHVDQQLYHUVDLUHVGX*RWKDUGDQV HW GX6LPSORQDQV &))5HYXH 6%%+LVWRULF 'RFXPHQW/DOLJQHGHV7DXHUQXQUpJLPHGHYLVLELOLWpSDUGHOjO·DEvPH 'RFXPHQW([HPSOHGHFDUWHLPSULPpHSRUWHXVHGXWH[WHGHO·K\PQHLPSpULDOGDQVOHVGLIIpUHQWHV ODQJXHVGHO·(PSLUHLFLVORYqQH *XLFKRQQHW S 'RFXPHQW'pWDLOGXWDEOHDX©&KDQJHPHQWG·pTXLSHVXUOHFKDQWLHUGX*RWKDUGª 3)OHLVFKHU1DWLRQDOJDOOHULH%HUOLQ 'RFXPHQW/H6LPSORQXQHYRLHSRXUO·DIÀUPDWLRQGHO·(WDWLWDOLHQHQ(XURSH 'RFXPHQW([WUDLWVGXOLYUHWjO·DWWHQWLRQGHO·pPLJUpLWDOLHQ©6XLVVHªpGLWpSDUOH&RPPLVVDULDW GHO·pPLJUDWLRQpGLWLRQ%LEOLRWKqTXHGXPXVpHQDWLRQDOGHO·pPLJUDWLRQ5RPH 'RFXPHQW3pWLWLRQFRQWUHODVXSSUHVVLRQGHVWUDLQVGHQXLW6XLVVH,WDOLHGpFHPEUH 'RFXPHQW$IÀFKHGHOD&RPSDJQLHGHO·(VW)UDQFH GHSURPRWLRQGH9HQLVHSDUOH*RWKDUG )+XJRG·$OpVL 9HQLVHDIÀFKHSRXUOHFKHPLQGHIHUGHO·(VWELEOLRWKqTXH)RUQD\ 'RFXPHQW/RUVTXHOH3/0LQYHVWLWOH9DODLV$IÀFKHGHSURPRWLRQGHODGHVVHUWHGH=HUPDWW 53pDQ /H0RQW&HUYLQDIÀFKHSRXUOH3/0ELEOLRWKqTXHFDQWRQDOHGXYDODLV 'RFXPHQW%ULDQoRQXQHVLOKRXHWWHGHWHUPLQDLVRQWHUULWRULDOHGHVVLQpHSDUOHVIRUWLÀFDWLRQV GpIHQVLYHV/7ULQTXLHU7ULDQRQYHUV %ULDQoRQDIÀFKHSRXUOH3/0pG&ORXHW $QLPDWLRQ%HUQLHU6XWWRQjSDUDvWUH  'RFXPHQW&DUWHSXEOLFLWDLUHSRXUOHVHUYLFHWUDQVIURQWDOLHU%ULDQoRQ2XO[ &*+DXWHV$OSHV 'RFXPHQW&DUWHSRVWDOHUHSUpVHQWDQWODPDQLIHVWDWLRQWHQXHGDQVOHVUXHVGH%ULDQoRQ jO·RFFDVLRQGHVIrWHVSRXUOHUDWWDFKHPHQWSDUFKHPLQGHIHUGH%ULDQoRQ HWG·2XO[OHDR€W$UFKLYHVGpSDUWHPHQWDOHVGH*DS

7DEOHGHVGRFXPHQWV



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH

&KDSLWUH 'RFXPHQW/H/{WVFKEHUJODIpHOHIHUHWOHV$OSHV3&RORPEL /|WVFKEHUJ DIÀFKHGHSURPRWLRQSRXUOH%/60XVpHGHVWUDQVSRUWVGH/XFHUQH 'RFXPHQW/HIRQFWLRQQHPHQWGXFDQWRQQHPHQWEDVHGHODVLJQDOLVDWLRQIHUURYLDLUHFODVVLTXH /9'5 'RFXPHQW/HVWURLVQLYHDX[GHO·(5706/9'5 'RFXPHQW/RNRPRWLRQHW57&GHX[HQWUHSULVHV©VRHXUVª([WUDLWVGHVVLWHVLQWHUQHW KWWSZZZORNRPRWLRQUDLOGHZHELQGH[SKSKWWSZZZUDLOWUDFWLRQLWQHZ FRQVXOWpVOH 'RFXPHQW%/6&DUJROHVDOSLQLVWHV([WUDLWGXVLWHLQWHUQHWGHO·HQWUHSULVH KWWSZZZEOVFDUJRFKIXQWHUQHKPHQNXU]SURÀOSKSFRQVXOWpOH 'RFXPHQW©/DOLJQHTXLXQLWOHSD\Vª7UHQLWDOLD

7URLVLqPHSDUWLH &KDSLWUH 'RFXPHQW/HWUHLOODJHGHO·(XURSH5%UXQHW 'RFXPHQW&DUWHFRPSDUDWLYHGHSUpVHQWDWLRQGHV©]RQHVLQWpUHVVpHVSDUOHSHUFHPHQW GX6LPSORQª%LEOLRWKqTXHPXQLFLSDOHGH/DXVDQQH 'RFXPHQW7DEOHDXKRUDLUHGHVUHODWLRQVIHUURYLDLUHVVXUODSDUWLHWHVVLQRLVHGX*RWKDUG SUHPLqUHSDJH 7UDLQVUpJLRQDX[7,/2KRUDLUH

&KDSLWUH 'RFXPHQWFRXYHUWXUHGX©SHWLWJORVVDLUH1R7$9ª1R7$9 pG/LEHUD5HSXEOLFD GL9HQDXVLQHVLOLR 'RFXPHQW&RXYHUWXUHGHODSODTXHWWHGHFRPPXQLFDWLRQSURGXLWHjO·RFFDVLRQGHODFDPSDJQH GHVRQGDJHVGHMDQYLHUSDUO·2EVHUYDWRLUH/7) 'RFXPHQW7UDFpGXFRUULGRUG·LQYHVWLJDWLRQGHVVRQGDJHVGDQVODEDVVHYDOOpHSUpVHQWpSDUO·2E VHUYDWRLUHWHFKQLTXHGX/\RQ7XULQ/7) 'RFXPHQW&DSWXUHG·pFUDQGHODSDJH)DFHERRNGH1R7$9TXLSURSRVHXQSRVWSURYRFDWHXU 6L7$9&DSWXUHGXQRYHPEUH 'RFXPHQW1R7$91R7,5DXWRFRODQWVGXFROOHFWLI 1R7$91R7$9 'RFXPHQW'X7*9DXFRPELQpXQHFRQÁLFWXDOLWp(YROXWLRQGHODFRXYHUWXUHGHODSODTXHWWH GHSUpVHQWDWLRQGXSURMHWGX/\RQ7XULQHQWUHHW/7) 'RFXPHQW$UWLFOHGHSUHVVHUpJLRQDOHUHODWDQWODPDQLIHVWDWLRQGXFROOHFWLI 1R7$9 j&KDPEpU\OHMDQYLHU/DPDUROH6 ©/HGpEDWVXUOH/\RQ7XULQV·H[SRUWH j&KDPEpU\ª/D9LH1RXYHOOHQƒS 'RFXPHQW3ODTXHWWHG·LQIRUPDWLRQpGLWpHSDUO·2EVHUYDWRLUH%%76GWLURO %%7 'RFXPHQW3ODTXHWWHGHSUpVHQWDWLRQGHO·LQIRFHQWHUGH%RGLR$OS7DQVLW*RWKDUG 'RFXPHQW3URVSHFWXVG·LQIRUPDWLRQVXUO·HVSDFHFRPPXQLFDWLRQ/7)GH0RGDQH /7) 'RFXPHQW$IÀFKHG·RSSRVLWLRQjOD7$9GDQVOD3URYLQFHGH7UHQWR 1R7$97UHQWR



7DEOHGHVGRFXPHQWV

7DEOHVGHVLOOXVWUDWLRQV &KDSLWUH 'RFXPHQW/DYRLHF\FODEOHSLVWHGHUHFRQYHUVLRQSRXUXQOLQpDLUHIHUURYLDLUHDOSLQGpIRQFWLRQQD OLVp/·H[HPSOHGHODOLJQHGX%UHQQHUGDQVOH6GWLURO0RQWDJH.6XWWRQ 'RFXPHQW3ODQGHVLWLQpUDLUVHF\FOLVWHVFRPSRVDQWODSLVWHF\FODEOH$OSH$GULD&LUFXLWF\FOLVWH VDQVIURQWLqUHV*$/$OSL*LXOLH 'RFXPHQW&RPSLODWLRQGHFRXYHUWXUHGHJXLGHVGHSDUFRXUVjO·XVDJHGHVYRLHVIHUUpHV GH7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVSDUIHUHWSDUVHQWLHUV6FHVGLYHUVHVPRQWDJH.6XWWRQ 'RFXPHQW/HV5K%XQHHQWUHSULVHVRXVOHVLJQHGXERXTXHWLQ3ODTXHWWHG·LQIRUPDWLRQVXUOHV VHUYLFHV5K%5K% 'RFXPHQW%HUQLQDRX*ODFLHU([SUHVV"/HFKRL[G·XQODEHORXG·XQHPDUTXH 5K%0*%5K% 'RFXPHQW3DQRUDPDGHO·XQLYHUVGH/|WVFKEHUJHU%/6 'RFXPHQW/H/|WVFKEHUJHUDORUVTX·LOQ·pWDLWTXH1,1$%/6 'RFXPHQW,QDXJXUDWLRQGX/|WVFKEHUJHUOHSRUWDLOGX/|WVFKEHUJjO·KRQQHXU %/6  'RFXPHQW/H/|WVFKEHUJHUXQFRQFHSWFRPPHUFLDOXQUpJLPHGHYLVLELOLWpSRXUODOLJQH GHPRQWDJQH%/6GDWHVGLYHUVHV

&RQFOXVLRQ 'RFXPHQW=RQHG·DLJXLOODJHjO·LQWpULHXUGXWXQQHOGHEDVHGX/|WVFKEHUJ %/6

7DEOHGHVGRFXPHQWV



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH 7DEOHGHV3KRWRJUDSKLHV ,QWURGXFWLRQ 3KRWR$FKqYHPHQWGXSHUFHPHQWGXWXQQHOGHEDVHGX*RWKDUGOHWXQQHOLHUSHUFHOHVGHUQLqUHV URFKHV$OS7UDQVLW*RWKDUG/H0RQGHRFWREUH 3KRWR©0RQWH]jERUGHWURXOH]ª3XEOLFLWpSRXUOHVHUYLFHHQRSHQDFFHVVSURSRVpSDUOD'% HWOHVg%%HQSDUWHQDULDWDYHF/H1RUGSUpVHQWpHGDQVOHKDOOGHODJDUHGH9pURQH 3KRWR.6XWWRQDR€W 3KRWR3RUWDLOQRUGGXWXQQHOGHEDVHGX/|WVFKEHUJ)UXWLJHQPDUVFOLFKp.6XWWRQ 3KRWR$IÀFKHVDQVWLWUHGpURXOpHVXUODIDoDGHGHODJDUHGH%ULJXHORUVGHVDUpQRYDWLRQ HQWUHHW3KRWR.6XWWRQMXLQ

3UHPLqUH3DUWLH &KDSLWUH 3KRWR(QWUpHG·XQHUDPH,&(GDQVOHWXQQHOGHEDVHGX/|WVFKEHUJSDUOHSRUWDLOQRUG GH)UXWLJHQORUVGHVWHVWVSUpFpGDQWODPLVHHQVHUYLFHGHODQRXYHOOHLQIUDVWUXFWXUH %/6$OS7UDQVLW 3KRWR*RSSHQVWHLQXQHYDQWSRUWHGXWXQQHOXQOLHXGX)UDQFKLVVHPHQW.6XWWRQ 3KRWR%UHQQHURXQHIURQWLqUHXQFRPPXWDWHXU0RQWDJH.6XWWRQ

&KDSLWUH 3KRWR0RGDQHO·HQMHXGXOLHXGHO·pFULWXUHGHODPpPRLUHGHO·HQWUHSULVH.6XWWRQ 3KRWR/HV&))ODPLVHHQVFqQHG·XQHFHUWDLQHLGpHGHOD6XLVVH 3KRWR.6XWWRQWH[WH.6XWWRQ 3KRWR/HSRUWDLOQRUGGX6LPSORQXQOLHXGHPpPRLUH 3KRWR/HPRQXPHQWDX[RXYULHUVPRUWVORUVGXSHUFHPHQWGX*RWKDUGj$LURORXQHSUHPLqUH LQVWLWXWLRQQDOLVDWLRQGHODPpPRLUHRXYULqUHOHORQJGHO·D[HGX*RWKDUG .6XWWRQ 3KRWR0RQXPHQWDX[RXYULHUVPRUWVjO·RFFDVLRQG·XQHDYDODQFKHSHQGDQWOHSHUFHPHQW GXWXQQHOGHV7DXHUQj%|FNVWHLQ.6XWWRQIpYULHU 3KRWR/HSRUWDLOQRUGGXWXQQHOGHEDVHGX/|WVFKEHUJ)UXWLJHQXQHGRVVROXWLRQGX )UDQFKLVVHPHQWGDQVODWUDMHFWRLUHHXURSpHQQH".6XWWRQPRQWDJH 3KRWR/DGpPRQXPHQWDOLVDWLRQGXSRUWDLOXQUHWRXUDXWURXGLDEROLTXH".6XWWRQ

&KDSLWUH 3KRWR%DVUHOLHI VXUOHPXUGHO·(LVHQEDKQHUKHLPGH9LHQQH.6XWWRQDR€W 3KRWR/HWXQQHOGHEDVHGX/|WVFKEHUJXQURPDQSKRWROHVOLYUpHVGHORFRPRWLYHVXQHQMHX G·DSSURSULDWLRQGHO·RXYUDJH0RQWDJH.6XWWRQ 3KRWR3ODTXHFRPPpPRUDQWO·LQDXJXUDWLRQGHODPLVHjGRXEOHYRLHGHODOLJQHGHIDvWH GX/|WVFKEHUJHQJDUHG·+RKWHQQ.6XWWRQMXLQ 3KRWR&XOR]G·XQQRHXGjXQSDOpRQRHXGXQHH[SUHVVLRQYLVXHOOH&RPSDUDLVRQG·XQHYXHGH HWG·XQHYXHGH3 KRWRKDXW;%HUQLHUDYULOSKRWREDV.6XWWRQVHSWHPEUH 3KRWR6pTXHQFHGHFKDUJHPHQWGHO·$)$VXUOHPDWpULHO0RGDOKRUDXWHUPLQDOG·$LWRQ 3KRWRV;%HUQLHUPDUV,PDJHV*RRJOHHDUWK 3KRWR3DQQHDXG·LQGLFDWLRQVXUO·$GHODVRUWLHSHUPHWWDQWG·DFFpGHUDXWHUPLQDOG·$LWRQ /HSDQQHDXHQLWDOLHQVXFFqGHjFHX[HQIUDQoDLVHWHQDQJODLV3 KRWR.6XWWRQMXLQ



7DEOHGHVSKRWRV

7DEOHVGHVLOOXVWUDWLRQV 'HX[LqPH3DUWLH &KDSLWUH 3KRWR5HQFRQWUHHQJDUHGH)RUWH]]DVXUODUDPSHVXGGX%UHQQHUGHGHX[WUDLQVUpJLRQDX[ 7UHQLWDOLDGHO·(&0XQLFK%RORJQHSURGXLWHQRSHQDFFHVVSDUOHVg%%HWOD'%HW G·XQWUDLQGHFDLVVHVPRELOHV.6XWWRQMDQYLHU 3KRWR7URLVSRUWDLOVWURLVUDSSRUWjODIHUPHWXUH.6XWWRQPRQWDJH 3KRWR)UHVTXHUHSUpVHQWDQWOHSDFWHGX*UWOLGH.6XWWRQPDUV 3KRWR/·LQIRSRLQWGH6HGUXQXQOLHXGHSpGDJRJLHVXUOHVHQMHX[GHV1/)$HWGHVPRELOLWpV .6XWWRQPRQWDJH

&KDSLWUH 3KRWR(UVWIHOGXQHXUEDQLWpIHUURYLDLUH"3KRWR.6XWWRQMXLOOHW 3KRWR&RQYHUJHQFHGHODOLJQHKLVWRULTXHGHODYDOOpHGHO·,QQHWGHODQRXYHOOH8QWHULQQWDOEDKQj ODVRUWLHGHODJDUHGH)ULW]HQV:DWWHQV9XHHQGLUHFWLRQG·,QQVEUXFN 3KRWR.6XWWRQDR€W 3KRWR3RUWHSRVpHDÀQGHSUpVHUYHUODJDOHULHGX6LPSORQH[FDYpHHQGHO·LQRQGDWLRQ VXLWHDXGpJDJHPHQWG·XQHLPSRUWDQWHSRFKHG·HDX&HWWHSRUWHHVWDXMRXUG·KXL H[SRVpHDXPXVpHGH5XPLQH3KRWR.6XWWRQMDQYLHU 3KRWR6FXOSWXUHUpDOLVpHSDUXQFKHPLQRWLWDOLHQHWH[SRVpHSDUVHVFROOqJXHVDXWULFKLHQVGDQVOH KDOOGHO·DQFLHQQHJDUHGXVXGHQ3KRWR.6XWWRQMXLQ

&KDSLWUH 3KRWR/HWXQQHOGHEDVHGHOD9HUHLQDXQSRQWPXOWLVFDODLUHjODSpULSKpULHGHO·HVSDFHQDWLRQDO 3KRWRV.6XWWRQPDL 3KRWR/HIUDQFKLVVHPHQWGHVJRUJHVGHV6FK|OOHQHQXQHKLVWRLUHGHSRQWV 0RQWDJH.6XWWRQ 3KRWR/HSRUWDLOXQHSDWULPRQLDOLVDWLRQG·XQFXOWHLPSpULDOSDVVpSRUWDLOQRUGGXWXQQHOGHV 7DXHUQ%|FNVWHLQ.6XWWRQQRYHPEUH 3KRWR6W$QWRQDP$UOEHUJG·XQHJDUHjO·DXWUHOHUpDPpQDJHPHQWGHVDERUGVGXWXQQHO FRPPHRSSRUWXQLWpXUEDLQH)RQG*RRJOH(DUWKSKRWRV.6XWWRQQRYHPEUH 3KRWR/·DQWLSDWULPRQLDOLVDWLRQG·XQSRUWDLOGHWXQQHOO·HQWUpHQRUGGXWXQQHOGHV.DUDZDQNHQ 5RVHQEDFK.6XWWRQIpYULHU 3KRWR0RQXPHQWDX[VROGDWVUXVVHVPRUWVHQORUVGHVDIIURQWHPHQWVGDQVOHVJRUJHVGHV 6FK|OOHQHQFRQWUHOHVWURXSHVIUDQoDLVHV.6XWWRQMXLOOHW 3KRWR*RSSHQVWHLQpOpPHQWVGHSDWULPRQLDOLVDWLRQG·XQHH[FODYHLWDOLHQQHjO·DYDQWSRUWHG·XQ WXQQHODOSLQ0RQWDJH.6XWWRQ

&KDSLWUH 3KRWR©+RGRVXQFRUULGRULQWHUQDWLRQDOoDª6RXUFHVGLYHUVHVPRQWDJH.6XWWRQ 3KRWR/·HQWUHSULVHIHUURYLDLUHXQSURGXFWHXUG·pQHUJLH9XHGHODFHQWUDOHK\GURpOHFWULTXHG·$PV WHJRXYHUWHSRXUSHUPHWWUHO·pOHFWULÀFDWLRQGHODOLJQHGX*RWKDUGHWDSSDUWHQDQWDX[&)) 3KRWR.6XWWRQMXLOOHW 3KRWR/HVYLVDJHVGHO·LQWHURSpUDELOLWpHWGHVOLEpUDOLVDWLRQVYR\DJHjWUDYHUVOHSDUFPRWHXU SDVVHIURQWLqUHFLUFXODQWGDQVOHV$OSHV0RQWDJH.6XWWRQ 3KRWR/HSUHPLHUVHUYLFHYR\DJHXUVHQRSHQDFFHVVjWUDYHUVOHV$OSHVO·(&0XQLFK9pURQH %RORJQH0LODQ3RUWD*DULEDOGL/HVFRXOLVVHVGHODSURGXFWLRQDXUHEURXVVHPHQWHQJDUH GH9pURQH3KRWR.6XWWRQDR€W

7DEOHGHVSKRWRV



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH 7URLVLqPH3DUWLH &KDSLWUH 3KRWR9XHGHODUDPSHG·DFFqVDXSRUWDLOVXGGXWXQQHOGHEDVHGX/|WVFKEHUJ5DURJQH GHSXLV OHVHQWLHUGpFRXYHUWHGHODUDPSHVXGGHODOLJQHGHIDvWH.6XWWRQMXLOOHW 3KRWR$LURORWUDMHFWRLUHG·XQQRHXGDXSLHGGX*RWKDUG.6XWWRQ 3KRWR1R7$9.HLQ%%7XQHSUHPLqUHDSSURFKHGHODVpPLRJUDSKLHFRQWHVWDWDLUHDXUHJDUGGHV WXQQHOVGHEDVH3KRWR.6XWWRQDR€W

&KDSLWUH 3KRWR([SUHVVLRQVYLVXHOOHVGHODFRQWHVWLRQGXSURMHWGX/\RQ7XULQGDQVOH9DOGH6XVH 'RFFHQWUDO)DFHERRN1R7$9SKRWRVHWPRQWDJH.6XWWRQ 3KRWR5DVVHPEOHPHQWDX3UHVLGLRGH9HQDXVOHGpFHPEUHSRXUFRPPpPRUHU OHFLQTXLqPHDQQLYHUVDLUHGHOD©YLFWRLUHª.6XWWRQ 3KRWR0DQLIHVWDWLRQGXFROOHFWLI 1R7$9FRQWUHOHSODQ)$5(V\QRQ\PHGHFRPSHQVDWLRQV 1R7$9 3KRWR/DJXHUUHGXYHUVDQWGH1R7$9120DÀDj7$9 0DÀD .6XWWRQDR€WHWMDQYLHU 3KRWR8QYHUVDQWGHVGUDSVXQHIDoRQV€UHGHUHYHQGLTXHUHQWRXWHYLVLELOLWp *HRPRQWKRQWHjWRL.6XWWRQMDQYLHU 3KRWR/HVHVSDFHVFRPPXQLFDWLRQGHVPpGLDWLRQVVSDWLDOHVGDQVOHV$OSHV .6XWWRQ

&KDSLWUH 3KRWR9XHGHODKDOWHGH.DVWHOXWKVXUODOLJQHGX%UHQQHUYHUVDQWVXG .6XWWRQDR€W  3KRWR3DQQHDXGHSUpVHQWDWLRQGXPRQWDJHDFWRULHOjO·RULJLQHGHODUpDOLVDWLRQGHODSLVWHF\ FODEOHj&DPSRURVVR.6XWWRQDR€W 3KRWR7DUYLVLRXQHSLVWHF\FODEOHSRXUFRQWLQXLWpXUEDLQHHWUHFRQYHUVLRQGHIULFKHIHUURYLDLUH 0RQWDJH.6XWWRQ 3KRWR9XHG·XQHVWDWLRQVHUYLFHVXUODSLVWHF\FODEOHGX7DUYLV.6XWWRQDR€W 3KRWR'HERQPDWLQYHUV2EHUZDOGRXYHUV%ULJXH"9HUVOHVUDLOV.6XWWRQMDQYLHU 3KRWR6\VWqPHG·DUUrWjODGHPDQGHGHSXLVOHTXDLHQJDUHGH+RKWHQQOLJQHGHIDvWHGX /|WVFKEHUJUDPSHVXG .6XWWRQMXLOOHW 3KRWR([PSOHGHSDQQHDXWDJHVSpFLÀTXHOHVHQWLHUGHODUDPSHVXGGX/|WVFKEHUJ .6XWWRQMXLOOHW 3KRWR/HVSRQWVXQHYDOHXUSDWULPRQLDOH©V€UHª.6XWWRQMXLOOHW 3KRWR/HVHQWLHUGHODUDPSHVXGGX/|WVFKEHUJXQSDUFRXUVDPpQDJpDXVHUYLFHGH ODGpFRXYHUWHGHO·KLVWRLUHGHODOLJQHG·XQWHUULWRLUHHWG·XQDFWHXU )RQGWRSR%/6FDUWHWRXULVWLTXH3KRWRV.6XWWRQMXLQ 3KRWR6HPPHULQJORUVTXHODPpPRLUHIHUURYLDLUHODEpOLVpHGHYLHQWUHVVRXUFHWHUULWRULDOH 0RQWDJH.6XWWRQ 3KRWR/DSURPHQDGHIHUURYLDLUHGH)UXWLJHQO·DIÀUPDWLRQGXFRXSOHSRUWDLOJDUHDXVHUYLFH G·XQSDFWHWHUULWRULDO3KRWR.6XWWRQMXLQPRQWDJH 3KRWR(QWUpHGHODJDUHGH&RLUHGDQVOHV*ULVRQV/HFDQWRQGHV*ULVRQVXQHvOHGDQVO·vOH 6XLVVH.6XWWRQPDUV



7DEOHGHVSKRWRV

7DEOHVGHVLOOXVWUDWLRQV 7DEOHGHV7DEOHDX[ 3UHPLqUH3DUWLH &KDSLWUH 7DEOHDX7DEOHDXGHV\QWKqVHGHVIRUPHVQRGDOHVHWFHQWUDOHVG·HQFDGUHPHQWGXSKpQRPqQH GH7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV.6XWWRQ

'HX[LqPH3DUWLH &KDSLWUH 7DEOHDX6\QWKqVHGHVSpULRGLVDWLRQVGHVWUDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV G·XQHFKURQRORJLHjXQVpTXHQoDJHFXPXODWLI .6XWWRQ

&KDSLWUH 7DEOHDX&RPSDUDLVRQGHGHX[PHQpHVGHFKDQWLHUGHWXQQHOGHEDVH/|WVFKEHUJ/\RQ7XULQ  .6XWWRQ

&KDSLWUH 7DEOHDX/HIHUURYLDLUHREMHWGHGLYHUJHQFHHQWUHOD6XLVVHHWO·8(GDQVO·DSSURFKHSROLWLTXH GHVUpVHDX[.6XWWRQ

&KDSLWUH 7DEOHDX0DWULFHG·LGHQWLÀFDWLRQGHO·RUGUHGHUpIpUHQFHGHV%DVVLQVGH)UDQFKLVVHPHQW .6XWWRQ 7DEOHDX7DEOHDXGHGHV\QWKqVHGHVIRQGHPHQWVGHODFRQVWUXFWLRQGHV%DVVLQV GH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWV.6XWWRQ

7DEOHGHVWDEOHDX[



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH 7DEOHGHV(QFDGUpV ,QWURGXFWLRQ (QFDGUp$OSHVDOSLQ$OSLQ  (QFDGUp/LJQHGHFUrWHRX/LJQHGHSHQGDJHGHVHDX[" (QFDGUp9HUVXQHSUHPLqUHGpÀQLWLRQGHV©1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVª (QFDGUp9HUVOHGRFWRUDWXQSDUFRXUVGHVUHQFRQWUHV

(QFDGUp/HVREMHWVVRXPLVjXQHGpPDUFKHFRPSDUDWLYH (QFDGUp/HVFLQTIRUPHVSULQFLSDOHVGXWUDYDLOGHWHUUDLQ (QFDGUp/HVW\SHVG·DFWHXUVPRELOLVpV

3UHPLqUH3DUWLH &KDSLWUH (QFDGUp*HQqVHSRXUXQHVpPLRORJLHHQWUHOLJQHGHV.DUZHQGHOHWUpÁH[LRQ VXUO·HVWKpWLVPHODWKpRULHGHVFRXOHXUVGH9.DQGLQVN\



7DEOHGHVHQFDGUpV

7DEOHGHVPDWLqUHV

7DEOHGHVPDWLqUHV

5HPHUFLHPHQWV  6RPPDLUH 

,QWURGXFWLRQ /HVWUDYHUVpHVDOSLQHV XQODE\ULQWKHIUDQFKLVVDQW  3UpVDJHV  (IIDFHPHQW  /DERUDWRLUH  $FFpOpUDWLRQ  6LPXOWDQpLWp  8QHPLVHHQWHQVLRQGXV\VWqPH 

9LEUDWLRQV  5HWRXUDX7HUULWRLUH  /D7UDYHUVpHSDUOH)UDQFKLVVHPHQW  )URQWLqUHV  3KpQRPqQH 

5pVRQQDQFHV  7UDMHFWRLUH  6\QWD[H  %RXVVROH  7UDQVPLVVLRQV  &KHPLQHPHQW 

,QWURGXFWLRQ



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH

3UHPLqUHSDUWLH /D7UDYHUVpHQRXYHOOHXQIUDQFKLVVHPHQW JpQpUDOLVp" /DEDQDOLVDWLRQGHV$OSHVFRPPHVRXUFHG·XQSRVWXODW pSLVWpPRORJLTXHHWK\SRWKpWLTXHjLQWHUURJHU &KDSLWUH /DQRGDOLWpXQHHQWUpHGDQVODFRPSOH[LWp WUDYHUVDQWH  ,'HSLHGVHQWrWHODQRGDOLWp GDQVO·DFWHGHIUDQFKLU 8QKpULWDJHIRQGDWHXUODQRWLRQGHSLHGGHFRO 

5HWRXUVXUOHVIRQGHPHQWVG·XQKDXWOLHXGHODJpRJUDSKLHDOSLQH /HSLHGGHFROXQOLHXFRPSOH[H 'HSLHGGHFROHQSRLQWIRFDO

'HSLHGVHQWrWHODWUDMHFWRLUHQRGDOHGHO·DFWHGHIUDQFKLUHQTXHVWLRQ  QH 1DvWSDVGHSLHGGHFROTXLYHXW/DWrWHGHWXQQHOHQTXHVWLRQ /H6LPSORQO·H[SpULHQFHGHODQRGRVLWp /DWrWHGHWXQQHOFRPPHSDUDVLWHQRGDO /DWrWHGHWXQQHOWHUPLQDLVRQ0RGDQH /DWrWHGHWXQQHOSRLQWIRFDO%ULJXH /DWrWHGHWXQQHOUHODLV"

/DIURQWLqUHXQVHQVQRGDO$OSLQ"  'X6LPSORQDX/|WVFKEHUJYHUVO·DYDQWSRUWHGHWXQQHO" /H*RWKDUGRXOHVpFKRVG·XQHGLVV\PpWULHSROLWLTXHQRUGVXGjO·$OSLQH

,,/D7UDYHUVpHXQHEDQDOLVDWLRQGHV7UDYHUVpHV $OSLQHV" 1RGDOLWpHWJHVWLRQGXIDLWIURQWLqUH  /H%UHQQHUO·REVHVVLRQGHODFRQWLQXLWpIURQWDOLqUH /H7DUYLVFRQWLQXLWpVHXURSpHQQHVSRODULVpHVHWGLVFRQWLQXLWpVORFDOHV

9HUVXQHPHVXUHGHOD7UDYHUVpHOH3LHGGH7UDYHUVpH Q±XGGHFRQFHQWUDWLRQ 

9HUVXQHGpÀQLWLRQU\WKPLTXHGHOD7UDYHUVpHOH3LHGGH7UDYHUVpH 9HUVXQHFDUDFWpULVDWLRQGX3LHGGH7UDYHUVpHSDUO·H[HPSOHGX*RWKDUG /H3LHGGH7UDYHUVpHjO·pSUHXYHGHODWUDQVIURQWDOLDULWp )UpMXVHW6LPSORQ /DFRQFHQWUDWLRQSRXUTXDOLWpQRGDOHO·D[HSRXUPpWULTXHpOpPHQWDLUH 

3UHPLqUHSDUWLH

7DEOHGHVPDWLqUHV

&KDSLWUH 'XSLHGGHFRODX3LHGGH)UDQFKLVVHPHQW /RUVTXHOH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWGHYLHQW XQIDLWJpRSROLWLTXH ,/HSRUWDLOGHWXQQHOXQGpÀSDWULPRQLDOUpYpODWHXUGHV SUREOpPDWLTXHVGHO·HQWUHSULVHIHUURYLDLUH /HPRQXPHQWSRUWDLOXQHJpRSROLWLTXHPpPRULHOOHGX)UDQFKLVVHPHQW  /·pFULWXUHGHO·H[SORLW /HGpÀGHO·DUWLFXODWLRQGHVPpPRLUHV /·HQWUHSULVHIHUURYLDLUHHWO·LQYHQWLRQGXSRUWDLOFRPPHRXWLO GHFRPPXQLFDWLRQ

/HSDWULPRLQHSRUWDLOXQGLVFRXUVjSRUWpHSROLWLTXH 

3RUWDLOVHWFRPPpPRUDWLRQV /·HQWUHSULVHIHUURYLDLUHOHSRUWDLOODJDUHPpPRLUHVHWSURSULpWp

,,&RPPXQLFDWLRQSROLWLTXHHWSDWULPRLQHXQHUppFUL WXUHGHOD7UDYHUVpHSDUO·HQWUHSULVH" 9HUVXQ)UDQFKLVVHPHQWKRUV7UDYHUVpH"  '·XQHFRQVWUXFWLRQjXQHLQWpJUDWLRQSD\VDJqUH XQHIIDFHPHQWGHOD7UDYHUVpH" /H3LHGGH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWXQHGpFOLQDLVRQ$OSLQHGXFRQFHSWGH IURQWLqUHYLUWXHOOH

/HUHSRUWPRGDOSLHUUHGHWRXFKHGHO·H[WpULRULVDWLRQJpRSROLWLTXHGX)UDQFKLVVH PHQWL"/·H[HPSOHDXWULFKLHQ  (FRSRLQWVHW5RODHQWUH$XWULFKHHWLQWpJUDWLRQHXURSpHQQH /·RIIUHGHVHUYLFHjO·pSUHXYHGHVpODUJLVVHPHQWVGHO·8(

&KDSLWUH /·H[WpULRULVDWLRQOH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWHQWUHIURQ WLqUHVQDWLRQDOHVHWIDLWPpWURSROLWDLQ HXURSpHQ  ,/H)UDQFKLVVHPHQW$OSLQXQKRUL]RQHXURSpHQ /H)UDQFKLVVHPHQW$OSLQXQUrYHGXPRQGH« 

8QPRQGHGHVVLQpDXWRXUGHO·DFWHGHIUDQFKLU $XF±XUGHO·LVWKPHHXURSpHQOH*RWKDUG (WUHDXFHQWUHGHO·(XURSHrWUHDXFHQWUHGXPRQGH «XQUrYHG·+RPPH 3UHPLqUHSDUWLH



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH 8QUrYHGHJpRJUDSKHODUpJLRQDOLVDWLRQGHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVHQJpRJUDSKLHXQH pSLVWpPRORJLHGHOD7UDYHUVpH 

/HSULPDWGXEDVVLQYHUVDQWQRUGWUDQVSRUWVHWUpPDQHQFHVGHODUpJLRQDOLVDWLRQ SK\VLTXHGHV$OSHV /HV$OSHV2FFLGHQWDOHV /HV$OSHVFHQWUDOHV /HV$OSHVRULHQWDOHV 8QHJpRJUDSKLHGHVEDVVLQVPpWURSROLWDLQVGHO·,WDOLHGXQRUGOHVPDUTXHVGX IDLWGHVWXQQHOVURXWLHUV 8QUHWRXUDXQRUGOHVFRQWH[WHVSROLWLTXHVGHPLVHHQSODFHGHVUpVHDX[ XQHVXUYDORULVDWLRQGHODIURQWLqUHSROLWLTXH" /HWRXUQDQWTXDQWLWDWLI XQHUHIRQWHGHVHQVHPEOHVDOSLQV

8QUrYHERUQpG·KRUL]RQVIURQWDOLHUVOH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWXQHSROLWLVDWLRQGHOD 7UDYHUVpH 

,,'·H[WpULRULVDWLRQHQLQWpULRULVDWLRQODSURMHFWLRQPp WURSROLWDLQHSRXUPXOWLIDFWRULDOLWp$OSLQH &XOR]GHWHUPLQDLVRQHQLQWHUPpGLDULWpV  ([WpULRULVDWLRQRXH[WHUQDOLVDWLRQ" /HVYLHVG·XQOLHXGXIHUURYLDLUH

/·LQWpULRULVDWLRQORUVTXHOHVG\QDPLTXHVLQWHUPpWURSROLWDLQHVMRXHQW GHV$OSHV 

&XOR]XQSDOpRQ±XG $LWRQXQHDQRPDOLH$OSLQH" /·$)$XQHPDWULFHPpWURSROLWDLQH



3UHPLqUHSDUWLH

7DEOHGHVPDWLqUHV

'HX[LqPHSDUWLH /HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVRXO·XWRSLHGH O·DFFpOpUDWLRQ 8QHTXrWHGHGpSDVVHPHQW

&KDSLWUH 'HODYLWHVVHjO·DFFpOpUDWLRQ OHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVFRPPHpFULWXUHDXWRDOL PHQWpHGXSURJUqV  ,3pULRGLVHUOHVWUDYHUVpHVDOSLQHV/HV7UDYHUVpHV $OSLQHVXQHJpRJUDSKLHWHPSRUHOOH 'XSRLGVGHVDQQpHV«XQHPLVHHQTXHVWLRQGHO·DSSURFKHGXWHPSV SDUO·RUGUHGHODVXFFHVVLRQ  8QHSpULRGLVDWLRQGHUpIpUHQFH+&KDPXVV\ 'HSUHPLHUVpFKRV3*XLFKRQQHWHW*37RUULFHOOL

&RQYHUJHQFHVHWGLVFRUGHVOHSROLWLTXHFRPPHLQGLFHWHPSRUHO 

/·DSSURFKHWHPSRUHOOHXQPLURLUGXUpVHDX &5DIIHVWLQXQHFKURQRORJLHGXIDLWSROLWLTXHWUDYHUVDQW 6XFFHVVLRQRXVLPXOWDQpLWp")UDQFKLVVHPHQWHWIRUWLÀFDWLRQV

9HUVXQHPRGpOLVDWLRQGHVG\QDPLTXHVGXUDSSRUW)7 OHVpWDWVGHIUDQFKLVVHPHQW 

3UpVHQWDWLRQGHVK\SRWKqVHV /HWHPSVGHVFRPPXQDXWpV)$”7 /HWHPSVGHV(WDWV)²$”7 'HOD7UDYHUVpHDX)UDQFKLVVHPHQWJpQpUDOLVp" /HWHPSVGXPDUFKpHQWUH)•7²$HW)•$7

,,/·DFFpOpUDWLRQRXOHGLDORJXHGXPRWLOHHWGXPRELOH 8QHLQYHQWLRQGHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV /HV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVXQHVSDFHGHO·DFFpOpUDWLRQ  /·DFFpOpUDWLRQYDULDWLRQVXUODYLWHVVH /·DFFpOpUDWLRQSRXU9DOHXU$MRXWpHO·DFFpOpUDWLRQXQH SpGDJRJLHGHO·HVSDFH

/HV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVOHSURJUqVHQDFFpOpUDWLRQ 

'HX[LqPHSDUWLH



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH

,,,0RGHUQLWpRXPRGHUQLVPH"/·pFULWXUHGHV7UDYHU VpHV$OSLQHVjO·pSUHXYHGHVRQDXWRDOLPHQWDWLRQ 8QHpFULWXUHGHO·+RPPHHWGHVDTXrWHG·$OSHV« 

/DPRGHUQLWpXQHSRUWHVXUOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV /HV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVXQULWHLQLWLDWLTXH

«XQHpFULWXUHGXSURJUqV/·LQYHQWLRQGX3LRQQLHU  /HFKHPLQGHIHUPDWULFHG·KDUPRQLHXQLYHUVHOOH /HV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVXQHDIÀUPDWLRQGHO·+RPPH

&KDSLWUH /HVWXQQHOVGHEDVHDXGHOjGHO·pYpQHPHQWWHFK QLTXHXQGpÀJpRJUDSKLTXH  ,9HUVXQHFRQVLGpUDWLRQGHVHIIHWVVSDWLDX[GHODSHQVpH GHO·H[SORLWDWLRQGHVQRXYHDX[WXQQHOVGHEDVH /H/|WVFKEHUJXQD[HSLORWHXQHPDWULFHSRXUXQFDGUHG·DQDO\VH 

/H/|WVFKEHUJO·DIÀUPDWLRQGHODFRPSOpPHQWDULWpYHUWLFDOH /HUHSRVLWLRQHPHQWGXWXQQHOGHIDvWH

8QHUpDIÀUPDWLRQGXSKpQRPqQHGHQRGRVLWpVLOORQVHWQRGDOLWpOLQpDLUH  5HWRXUjO·XQLWpFLUFXODQWH /HVLOORQXQGpÀG·LQWHURSpUDELOLWp

,,/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVXQHUHIRQWH pSLVWpPRORJLTXH /HGpSDVVHPHQWGHODFRUUpODWLRQGH)3ODVVDUG  8QHFRQVLGpUDWLRQGHVHIIHWVQRGDX[ 8QGpSDVVHPHQWGXV\VWqPHPRGHUQH

9HUVXQHFRQÀUPDWLRQGXSDUDGR[HpWDEOL 

/H*RWKDUGHQWUHH[WpULRULVDWLRQHWLQWpULRULVDWLRQ 7RXVOHVWXQQHOVGHEDVHQHUpSRQGHQWSDVGHV©1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVª OH/\RQ7XULQ 'HVDERUGVDX[DFFqV

,,,3UHPLHUVUHWRXUVFRPSDUDWLIVVXUODPHQpHGHVSUR MHWVHWGHVFKDQWLHUVGHVWXQQHOVGHEDVHO·$OSLQXQH pFULWXUHGHVGLYHUJHQFHVSROLWLTXHVHXURSpHQQHV 5HQRXYHOHUOHVLPSUpJQDWLRQVUpFLSURTXHV  /H/|WVFKEHUJXQPRGqOHGHUpXVVLWH" /H/\RQ7XULQIDFHDX[pFXHLOVG·XQSURMHWPpWURSROLWDLQ"



'HX[LqPHSDUWLH

7DEOHGHVPDWLqUHV &RQFLOLHUDQFUDJHPpWURSROLWDLQHWLPSUpJQDWLRQV$OSLQHV 

'H/DXVDQQHDX9DODLVOH6LPSORQHQSDUWDJH /HWXQQHOGHEDVHGX6HPPHULQJ9LHQQHFRQWUHO·(XURSH"

&KDSLWUH /DFRQYHUJHQFHPXOWLVFDODLUHFRPPHVRXUFHGHV 7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV  ,/DFRQWLQXLWpWHUULWRULDOHXQVHQVFLYLTXHSRXUOHIUDQ FKLVVHPHQW$OSLQ" /DFRQWLQXLWpWHUULWRULDOHKDELWVHXURSpHQVSRXUXQHSROLWLTXHXUEDLQHG·pFKHOOH QDWLRQDOH 

/HWXQQHOGHEDVHGX6HPPHULQJODFRQWLQXLWpGXUpVHDXXUEDLQ VXGDXWULFKLHQ /HVWXQQHOVGHEDVHVXLVVHVXQHSUpÀJXUDWLRQGXUrYHGX6ZLVV0pWUR"

/DFRQWLQXLWpWHUULWRULDOHOHVWUDQVSRUWVFRPPHSHQVpHGHODFRKpVLRQ GXWHUULWRLUH  /H)UDQFKLVVHPHQWXQHUHOLJLRQFLYLTXH" 

(QWUH3DSHHW'LDEOHOD7UDYHUVpHXQIHUPHQWFLYLTXHGHOD6XLVVH )UDQFKLVVHPHQWHWIRUPDWLRQFLYLTXHVXLVVH &XOWHLPSpULDOYV5HOLJLRQFLYLTXH"

,,&HQWUHVHWSpULSKpULHVOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVXQ FUHXVHWJpRSROLWLTXHHXURSpHQ /·,WDOLHPDWULFHVSDWLDOHG·LQWHUDFWLRQVVFDODLUHV 

/HV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVXQHYRLHGHVRXPLVVLRQ /DYRLHGHO·DIÀUPDWLRQG·XQ(WDWHQ(XURSH /DYRL[GHO·DIÀUPDWLRQG·XQH1DWLRQ

'HVXFFqVHQpFKHFVOHVWXQQHOVGHVWUDMHFWRLUHV GHFRQYHUJHQFHVPXOWLVFDODLUHV  3URÀOSRXUXQHUpXVVLWHOH*RWKDUGFRPPHDUFKpW\SH /H6LPSORQXQTXLSURTXRLQWHUQDWLRQDO" 3URÀOSRXUXQpFKHFOH0RQWJHQqYUH

&KDSLWUH /HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV OH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWLQDGpTXDWjOD7UDYHUVpH"  ,/HV17$O·REVHVVLRQGHVFRQWLQXLWpVUpWLFXODLUHV 'HX[LqPHSDUWLH



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH /HV17$HQWUHSODQLÀFDWLRQVQDWLRQDOHVHWSURJUDPPDWLRQ FRPPXQDXWDLUH 

/HV$OSHVHWOHXUFRQWRXUQHPHQWOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVFRQWUHODSROLWLTXHFRP PXQDXWDLUH"0LODQYV*RWKDUG /H6HPPHULQJEDVH8(YV$XWULFKH"

/HV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVOHV$OSHVHWODFRQVWUXFWLRQHXURSpHQQH 

'H&(&$HQ&(( /HV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVHWODJHQqVHGXUrYHHXURSpHQ 'HVFRPPXQDXWpVDXPDUFKpHXURSpHQODSROLWLTXHFRPPXQH GHVWUDQVSRUWV 9HUVOH57(7

,,/HV17$ODERUDWRLUHGXQRXYHDXV\VWqPHIHUURYLDLUH HXURSpHQ /HVOLEpUDOLVDWLRQVIHUURYLDLUHVjWUDYHUVOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV  /DPDUFKHGHVWH[WHVHXURSpHQVODGLUHFWLYHFRPPHSUHPLHUSDV 8QHSURJUHVVLRQSDUSDTXHWVIHUURYLDLUHV

/HV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVDXSULVPHGHO·REVHVVLRQGHVFRQWLQXLWpVUpWLFXODLUHV O·LQWHURSpUDELOLWp 

9HUVXQHEDQDOLVDWLRQGHV$OSHV" /HUHSRUWPRGDOFKHYDOGH7URLHGHO·RSHQDFFHVV /HV$OSHVHVSDFHG·DIÀUPDWLRQG·XQHFRPSOH[LÀFDWLRQGXMHXG·DFWHXUVGXV\V WqPHIHUURYLDLUH /D&RPPLVVLRQ(XURSpHQQHXQDFWHXUFHQWUDO" /HVVLOORQVQ±XGGHO·LQWHURSpUDELOLWpYHUVXQHVROLGDULWp$OSLQH"

,,,'HVWH[WHVjODSUDWLTXHODÀQGHVVRXYHUDLQHWpV IHUURYLDLUHV" /D'%O·LVWKPHSRXUFDS 

/HVSUpPLFHVG·XQUpVHDXjO·pFKHOOHGXPDUFKpHXURSpHQ /HV7UDYHUVpH$OSLQHVXQVSRNHVGHFURLVVDQFH /HPDUFKpGHWUDQVLWVXLVVHHQWUHFRQFXUUHQFHVHWFRRSpUDWLRQV /HPDUFKpDXWULFKLHQXQDUULqUHSD\VSRXU+DPERXUJ /HPDUFKpIUDQoDLV"8QHDSSURFKHjSDVIHXWUpV /DVWUDWpJLHFDSLWDOLVWLTXHXQHPDWULFHGHFRUULGRUV

8QHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHORJLTXHVDFWRULHOOHV 

/HV&))OH*RWKDUGSRXUKXE /HV$OSLQLVWHVGH%/6&DUJRO·DFWHGHIUDQFKLUFRPPHFRHXUGHPpWLHU )UHW61&)QRXULUOHÁX[QDWLRQDO O·,WDOLHXQHWHUUHGHSUpGDWLRQSRXUOHVHQWUHSULVHVIHUURYLDLUHV HXURSpHQQHV /D*UDQGH9LWHVVHXQHSpULSKpULVDWLRQGHV$OSHV"



'HX[LqPHSDUWLH

7DEOHGHVPDWLqUHV

7URLVLqPHSDUWLH /·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpO·HQMHXG·XQHQRXYHDXWp UpWLFXODLUH 'pSDVVHUO·LQFRKpVLRQ$OSLQH SDUXQHPERvWHPHQWG·LQWHUPpGLDWLRQV" &KDSLWUH /HV%DVVLQVGH)UDQFKLVVHPHQW H[SUHVVLRQVSDWLDOHG·XQHUHIRQWHpSLVWpPRORJLTXH HQWUH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWHW$SSURFKH  ,/HV%DVVLQVGH)UDQFKLVVHPHQWHVVDLGHPRGpOLVDWLRQ GHODVSDWLDOLWpGHV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV 8QHFRQYHUJHQFHGHTXDWUHIDFWHXUVGHVSDWLDOLWp 

/HFDGUHVSDWLDOGHO·DFWHGHIUDQFKLUYHUVODWUDPHGHEDVHGHV%DVVLQV /HVHVSDFHVWHFKQLTXHVGHJHVWLRQYHUVO·LGHQWLÀFDWLRQGHODIRUPH GHV%DVVLQV /DPDQLIHVWDWLRQGXSKpQRPqQHFLUFXODWRLUH9HUVODUHSUpVHQWDWLRQGXSRLGV UHODWLI GHV%DVVLQVGDQVOHSKpQRPqQHJpQpUDO /·LQWHQVLWpGXIDLWWUDYHUVDQWYHUVXQHUHSUpVHQWDWLRQGHO·RUGUHGLUHFWHXU GX%DVVLQ

8QHSUHPLqUHOHFWXUHGHVGHJUpVG·LQWpJUDWLRQSDUOHVOLJQHVGHIRUFHGH O·HVSDFHHXURSpHQ  /H%DVVLQ6XLVVHO·HVVHQFHGHO·DFFXPXODWLRQ /H%DVVLQIUDQFRLWDOLHQO·HVVHQFHGHODFRQFHQWUDWLRQ /H%UHQQHUXQHSUHPLqUHDUWLFXODWLRQGHVHVVHQFHVHXURSpHQQHV /·pWRLOHGH9LOODFKXQJUDGLHQWGHGLOXWLRQGHO·$OSLQ

,,/HGpÀGHVLQWHUVWLFHVXQHG\QDPLTXHG·DXWRQRPLVD WLRQG·XQLQWHUPpGLDLUH$OSLQ" 'HVHVSDFHVUpWLFXODLUHVHQUHFRPSRVLWLRQVG·LQWHUPpGLDULWpV HQLQWHUPpGLDWLRQV  8QLQWHUPpGLDUHHQURXWHYHUVOH%DVVLQO·HQVHPEOH7DXHUQ7DUYLV 8QLQWHUPpGLDLUHGHYHQXSDUWLHG·XQFHQWUHOH6LPSORQRXO·H[SUHVVLRQG·XQH LQWHUPpGLDULWpFRQFXUUHQWLHOOH /·LQWpJUDWLRQ6XLVVHXQIDFWHXUGHGLVFRQWLQXLWpV$OSLQHV"

7URLVLqPHSDUWLH



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH /HVVLJQHVG·XQHDXWRQRPLVDWLRQGHODVpTXHQFHLQWHUPpGLDLUH GHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV  /RUVTXHODWHUPLQDLVRQV·LPSRVHjODWrWHGHWXQQHO%DUGRQQqFKH /RUVTXHODFRQQHFWLYLWpIDLWQDvWUHXQOLHXGXUpVHDXDXWHUULWRLUH *|VFKHQHQ /RUVTXHODSRODULVDWLRQPpWURSROLWDLQHGpWRXUQHGX)UDQFKLVVHPHQW OH7HVVLQFRQWUHOH*RWKDUG"

/·DXWRQRPLVDWLRQGHO·$SSURFKHXQMHXjTXLWWHRXGRXEOH SRXUOH)UDQFKLVVHPHQW" 

'H7UDYHUVLWpHQ7UDYHUVLVPHOH6GWLUROHWOH%UHQQHU /RUVTXHO·$SSURFKHVH GpWRXUQHGHOD7UDYHUVpH8QHSUHPLqUHFRQVLGpUDWLRQGH FRQÁLFWXDOLWpVDXWRXUGHVWXQQHOVGHEDVHODYDOOpHGHO·$GLJH

&KDSLWUH /·$SSURFKHOHFUHXVHWGHV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV $OSLQHV8QHPLVHHQTXHVWLRQ GHV©EDVVHVYDOOpHVª  ,/HVEDVVHVYDOOpHVGHVWHUUHVGHFRQÁLFWXDOLWp" /H/\RQ7XULQXQDPpQDJHPHQWQRPPpPDODLVH  8QFRQÁLWGHWHUULWRULDOLWpVXQHJpRJUDSKLHGHODFRPPXQLFDWLRQ 

©8QHVHPSLRGLFRPHOHLQVWLWX]LRQLQRQGHYRQRFRPPXQLFDUHFROWHUULWRULRª O·H[SpULHQFHGHODQpJDWLRQ ©(QJOREHUQ·HVWSDVFRQWHQLUª/pY\ YLVLELOLWpVHWWHUULWRULDOLWpV (QWUHUpDOLWpVHWYLUWXDOLWpVFRPPXQLTXHUSRXUFRPPXQLHU

8QHWHUULWRULDOLWpGHFULVH 

/HUHMHWFRPPHUHFRQ TXrWHWHUULWRULDOH /H©3ULQFLSH5HVSRQVDELOLWpªFRPPHTXrWHGHOpJLWLPLWp 8QHWHUULWRULDOLWpGHODIUDJLOLWp

,,'·LQWHUPpGLDULWpHQLQWHUPpGLDWLRQ ODEDVVHYDOOpHFRPPHGpÀGHJRXYHUQDQFH '·HQFODYHHQH[FODYHOHFRPSOH[HGHODWHUUHYLHUJH  8QHVSDWLDOLWpGHSURMHFWLRQ /DEDVVHYDOOpHXQWHUULWRLUHG·LQWHUPpGLDULWpV

8QWHUULWRLUHHQPDOGHPpGLDWLRQV 

8QHYRORQWpGHPpGLDWLRQLQVWLWXWLRQQHOOH OHV2EVHUYDWRLUHVFRPPHUHÁHWVGHVLQFRKpVLRQVDGPLQLVWUDWLYHV 8QRXWLOGHPpGLDWLRQVSDWLDOHO·HVSDFHFRPPXQLFDWLRQLQIRSRLQWFRPPHPDWULFH G·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWp"



7URLVLqPHSDUWLH

7DEOHGHVPDWLqUHV

&KDSLWUH /HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV jO·pSUHXYHGHYDOHXUDMRXWpHWHUULWRULDOH  ,/HV17$XQHRSSRUWXQLWpSDWULPRQLDOH /HGpÀGHODUHFRQYHUVLRQ([HPSOHVLWDOLHQV 

5HWRXUDX%UHQQHUXQHRSWLPLVDWLRQIRQFLqUHDXSURÀWGXYpOR /H7DUYLVOHYpORSRXUGpSDVVHUOHVIURQWLqUHV

/DPpPRLUHGX)UDQFKLVVHPHQWXQSRWHQWLHOGHYDORULVDWLRQGHO·$SSURFKH  /RUVTXHOHWUDLQH[SRVH OHWUDLQV·H[SRVH

,,8QHRSSRUWXQLWpGHUHQRXYHOOHPHQWGHO·LPSUpJQD WLRQUpFLSURTXHGHV7HUULWRLUHVHWGHVRSpUDWHXUVIHUUR YLDLUHVXQQRXYHDXFRQWUDWVSDWLDO /DSDWULPRQLDOLVDWLRQSRXURSSRUWXQLWpHQWUHSUHQHXULDOH  /HODEHOWpPRLJQDJHG·XQHHVVHQFHWHUULWRULDOH /DPDUTXHWpPRLJQDJHG·XQDQFUDJHUpWLFXODLUH

/·RXYHUWXUHGHVWXQQHOVGHEDVHUHQGH]YRXVDYHFO·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWp  /H*RWKDUGDQWLFLSHUODUHFRQYHUVLRQSHQVHUOHUHSRVLWLRQQHPHQW /H%/6FKURQLTXHG·XQHLQWHUVSDWLDOLWpSDUOHKDXW OH/|WVFKEHUJFRPPHLQWHUPpGLDWLRQ

&RQFOXVLRQ 3DUGHOjODQRXYHDXWp O·(XURSHO·$OSLQHWOH)UDQFKLVVHPHQW 

&RQFOXVLRQ



/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVXQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH

%LEOLRJUDSKLHHW7DEOHV  %LEOLRJUDSKLHJpQpUDOH  %LEOLRJUDSKLHFODVVpH  $LUHGHV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (XURSH  5pÁH[LRQVJpQpUDOHVVXUOHV$OSHV  7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV 

*pQpUDOLWpVHWHQWUpHVjO·pFKHOOHGHV$OSHV %DVVLQRFFLGHQWDO %DVVLQ6XLVVH /|WVFKEHUJ 6LPSORQ *RWKDUG 5pVHDX[jYRLHPpWULTXH %DVVLQ%UHQQHU %DVVLQpWRLOHGH9LOODFK 7DXHUQ 7DUYLV 6HPPHULQJ 5pVHDXGHFRQWRXUQHPHQWGHV$OSHVSDUOD+RQJULHHWOD6ORYpQLH *DUHFHQWUDOHGH9LHQQH

(FKRVJpRJUDSKLTXHVHWDXWUHVG·DLOOHXUV  %RvWHjQRWLRQVHWjFRQFHSWV  7HUULWRLUHV  0RELOLWpV  5HJDUGV*pRSROLWLTXHV 

$SSURFKHVIDFWXHOOHV 'RFXPHQWVGHFRPPXQLFDWLRQ  $UWLFOHVGHSUHVVHIHUURYLDLUHVSpFLDOLVpH  (YROXWLRQVGXV\VWqPHIHUURYLDLUHHXURSpHQ /LEpUDOLVDWLRQV ,QWHURSpUDELOLWpV 5HSRUWPRGDO *UDQGH9LWHVVH



%LEOLRJUDSKLHHWWDEOHV

7DEOHGHVPDWLqUHV %DVVLQRFFLGHQWDO %DVVLQ6XLVVH /|WVFKEHUJ 6LPSORQ *RWKDUG 5pVHDX[jYRLHpWURLWH %DVVLQ%UHQQHU %DVVLQpWRLOHGH9LOODFK 7DXHUQ 7DUYLV 6HPPHULQJ &RQWRXUQHPHQWGHV$OSHVSDUOD6ORYpQLHHWOD+RQJULH

$SSURFKHVDUWLVWLTXHV /LWWpUDWXUHHWWKpRULHHQDUW  0XVLTXH  3HLQWXUH  $IÀFKHV 

7DEOHGHVLOOXVWUDWLRQV  7DEOHGHVÀJXUHV  7DEOHGHVGRFXPHQWV  7DEOHGHVSKRWRV  7DEOHGHVWDEOHDX[  7DEOHGHVHQFDGUpV 

7DEOHGHVPDWLqUHV 

%LEOLRJUDSKLHHWWDEOHV



©&DUVLOD7HUUHHVWURQGH HWTX·LOVV·DJULSSHQW DXGHOjF·HVWOHYLGHª *0DQVHWSRXU$%DVKXQJ ©&RPPHXQOpJRª%OHXSpWUROH

'RFS

'RF S

3KRWR S

6HUYLFH GH QDYHWWH DXWR 6HGUXQ$QGHU PDWWYLDO·2EHUDOS YXDXFRO .6XWWRQPDUV

3KRWR S

'RF S

'RF S

/HV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV (QWUHFRVSDWLDOLWpGHV\VWqPHVQDWLRQDX[HWUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpV XQHJpRSROLWLTXHFLUFXODWRLUH

 5pVXPp  /·DSSURFKHPRGHUQHGHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVV·HVWIRQGpHVXUXQSRVWXODWGHFRUUpODWLRQGHWURLVG\QDPLTXHVO·DFFpOpUDWLRQ ODFRQFHQWUDWLRQHWO·H[WpULRULVDWLRQ,OFRQYLHQWDXMRXUG·KXLGHOHUpLQWHUURJHU/HVFDGUHVG·pWXGHUpFHQWVGHVSKpQRPqQHVGH7UDYHUVpHV $OSLQHVRQWHQIHUPpFHFKDPSVGDQVGHVDSSURFKHVVSDWLDOHVVHJPHQWpHVFRUULGRUD[HGpFRXSDJHFRXUDQW$OSHVRFFLGHQWDOHVFHQ WUDOHVRULHQWDOHV &HFRQWH[WHpSLVWpPRORJLTXHUpYqOHODSUpGRPLQDQFHGXYHUVDQWQRUGFRPPHSULVPHGHFRQVLGpUDWLRQGXSKpQRPqQH ,OUHQIRUFHOHSDUDGR[HDQLPDQWOHIRQGGHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVDORUVTXHO·,WDOLHHVWOHGpQRPLQDWHXUFRPPXQjWRXVOHVD[HVGHIUDQ FKLVVHPHQWFHSD\VHVWOHSOXVDEVHQWWDQWGDQVODOLWWpUDWXUHTXHGDQVODPHQpHSROLWLTXHGHVFRQGLWLRQVG·H[HUFLFHGHVÁX[/HFRQWH[WH JpRSROLWLTXHH[SOLTXHSRXUSDUWLHFHWWHVLWXDWLRQ/HMHXSROLWLTXHGHV7UDYHUVpHVWpPRLJQHG·XQHIRUPHGH©FRPSOH[HGHFHQWUDOLWpª DQLPDQWO·$XWULFKHHWSOXVHQFRUHOD6XLVVH&HSDUDGR[HUHPHWHQFDXVHXQSUHPLHUSRVWXODWPRGHUQHODFRXUVHjO·H[WpULRULVDWLRQ6LOHV Q±XGVDVVRFLpVDXIUDQFKLVVHPHQWVHUHWURXYHQWDXMRXUG·KXLMXVTX·j0DQQKHLPYRLUH5RWWHUGDPOHFDGUHSROLWLTXHQ·HVWOXLSDVGpSDVVp /HFDGUHWHFKQLTXHFDUDFWpULVpSDUXQHUHFKHUFKHGHFRQWLQXLWpVUpWLFXODLUHVOLEpUDOLVDWLRQVLQWHURSpUDELOLWpVWXQQHOVGHEDVH VHFRQFUp WLVHDXFRQWDFWGXFDGUHSROLWLTXHSDUO·pPHUJHQFHG·XQPRXYHPHQWQRGDOFRQWUDLUH/·RXYHUWXUHGHVWXQQHOVGHEDVHFRPPHODPLVHHQ SODFHGHVUpVHDX[GHSURGXFWLRQGHVQRXYHDX[DFWHXUVVXUOHPDUFKpIHUURYLDLUHLQYHQWHQWHWUpDFWLYHQWGHVQ±XGVjO·LQWpULHXUGXPDVVLI &HWWHQRGRJHQqVHLQWHUURJHDLQVLOHSUpVXSSRVpUpSDQGXG·HIIDFHPHQWFRUROODLUHGHFHWWHqUHDIÀUPpHGHV1RXYHOOHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV /·DFFpOpUDWLRQSRUWpHSDUOHVWXQQHOVGHEDVHQHSURGXLWDORUVSDVXQLTXHPHQWjO·pFKHOOHGHVWHUULWRLUHVDOSLQVXQHG\QDPLTXHG·H[WpULR ULVDWLRQLOHQYDGHPrPHHQFHTXLFRQFHUQHODFRQFHQWUDWLRQ/·LWLQpUDLUHQRXYHOOHPHQWRXYHUWQ·HIIDFHSDVOHVLWLQpUDLUHVSUpFpGHQWV /HWXQQHOGHEDVHGX/|WVFKEHUJHVWH[SORLWpGHFRQFHUWDYHFODOLJQHGHIDvWH,OHQVHUDGHPrPHDYHFOH*RWKDUGRXOH%UHQQHU6LELHQ TXHODTXHVWLRQGHO·DJHQFHPHQWYHUWLFDOGHVORJLTXHVGHIUDQFKLVVHPHQWVHSRVHGDQVFHFRQWH[WHG·pFODWHPHQWGHVOLQpDLUHV  5pLQWpULRULVDWLRQpFODWHPHQWDFFpOpUDWLRQDSSDUDvWFRPPHOHQRXYHDXWU\SWLTXHjO·±XYUHDXWRXUGHV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHV/·HQMHXGH ODQRXYHDXWpHVWGHUHPHWWUHHQFDXVHOHVDFTXLVG·XQHOHFWXUHPRGHUQLVWHHWGHTXHVWLRQQHUODSURIRQGHXUGXWRXUQDQWDFWXHO7RXWQH FKDQJHSDVODGLPHQVLRQQDWLRQDOHUHVWHSUpGRPLQDQWHO·,WDOLHUHVWHHQUHWUDLW/HV7UDYHUVpHV$OSLQHVUHVWHQWXQHQVHPEOHGHV\VWqPHV QDWLRQDX[FRVSDWLDX[HQUHFKHUFKHG·LQWHUVSDWLDOLWpVHQWUHHX[HWDYHFOHVWHUULWRLUHVWUDYHUVpV8QHFRQÀJXUDWLRQWHUULWRULDOHpPHUJHOD EDVVHYDOOpHFRPPHHVSDFHGHFRQÁLFWXDOLWpVHQPDOGHPpGLDWLRQV/DEDVVHYDOOpHDFFXHLOOHODQRGRJHQqVHHVWOHWKpkWUHGHVRSSRVLWLRQV DX[SURMHWVDFWXHOVFRPPHGDQVOH9DOGH6XVHSRUWHODPDMHXUHSDUWLHGHVFKDQWLHUVGHVWXQQHOVGHEDVH«&HWHVSDFHKLHUFRQVLGpUp FRPPHLQWHUPpGLDLUHUpLQYHQWHODQRWLRQGHSLHGPRQWHQVHSRVDQWHQSRWHQWLHOOHLQWHUPpGLDWLRQHQWUHGHVGLPHQVLRQVYHUWLFDOHVWRX MRXUVSOXVFHQWULIXJHV/D©QRXYHDXWpªHVWDLQVLjFKHUFKHUGDQVFHWWHQRXYHOOHGRQQHVSDWLDOH