Index
325
Index
3M adhesive, 104 absorption of water into adhesives and adherends, 161 adherends, 170 surface preparations for, 72–6 adhesives, 12, 57, 61, 62 adhesive application, 76–7, 261 behaviour (under load) of, 164 bond strength, 15 bonding characteristics, 47 bonding to CFRP plates – site requirements, 272–6 concrete interfaces, 174 curing, 77, 264 durability, 80 effects of environment on joints and interfaces, 173 heat distortion temperature, 264 joints, effects of surface treatment on, 173 mechanical properties, 264 mixing, 76–7, 264 moisture resistance, 264 placing, 264 properties, 61–7 quality control, 261 selection, 160, 259 storage time, 264 structural, 12 tests, 67, 263–6 thickness effects of, 106 usable life of, 61, 264 adhesion, 68 promoters, 61 primers, 61 aliphatic polyamines, 60 aramid fibre, 48, 50, 55 composite (bi-directional), 55 composite (unidirectional fibres), 55 reinforced plastics, 55, 74 anchorage of composite plate, 101–6 applications of FRP strengthening, 36 ASTM (1983) and (1984), 68 Auckland New Zealand floor strengthening,
316–17 autoclave moulding technique, 50 bi-linear kinematic hardening (BKIN) – FEA option, 225–6 Boeing wedge cleavage test, 25 bonded joints (experimental considerations), 164 bonding of anchored plates, 280–2 multi-plates, 281 prestressing CFRP plates, 282 unanchored plates, 276–80 undrilled plates, 281 bonding operation, 75 bond line thickness control, 77 Brno hospital Czech Republic floor slab strengthening, 315–16 BS EN 29142 (1993), 163 Budapest strengthening of floor, 313–14 CarboDur strengthening system, application of, 297 carbon fibre, 1, 9, 48, 49, 54, 80 CFRP, 24, 54–5 Unidirectional, 53, 171 Toray T700, 54 composite behaviour under load, 64 composite material, 47, 52, 258–9 behaviour under load, 164 deterioration of, 171 environmental effect on, 166 plate end geometry, 25 unidirectional, 54 cost comparison of steel and composite plate bonding, 22 coupling agent, 61 creep of FRP composites, 9, 56, 194–6 of structural adhesives, 184–7 of steel plated beams, 192–4 testing of CFRP material, 197 testing of CFRP plated beam, 197–200 de-icing salts, 3
325
326
Index
degradation, processes involved in joint, 162 Department of Transport, 17 diffusion of water into adhesive and adherends, 161 Dresden concrete bridge beam strengthening, 320–1 Drucker–Prager FEA option, 225–6 durability, 8, 9, 256 of concrete, 156 main factors affecting, 159 dynamic fatigue, 200 economics of CFRP plated beams, 286 environmental conditions, effects on adhesive joints, 157, 163 assessing degradation on joints, 163 durability of adhesive joints, 156, 160 moisture on adhesive joints, 161 end anchorage, 255 end anchorage peel stresses, 246–50 environmental effects on fatigue behaviour, 202 small scale specimens, 178 EMPA, 18, 24, 31 epoxy resins, 1, 12, 46, 48, 54, 58, 59 epoxy resin additives, 60 epoxy resin rubber toughened, 29 EUROCOMP, 74 failure mode of plated RC beam, 243–6 fatigue, discussion of plated beam tests under, 216–17 fatigue of adhesives, 203–6 of aramid composites, 55 of FRP material, 206–8 of FRP plated short span beams, 211–13 of FRP plated long span, 213–15, 255 of post tensioned prestressed beams, 200 of R.C. concrete bridge decks, 201 of steel plated beams, 208–10, 255 fatigue, Dynamic, 200 fatigue of E-glass composites, 55 finite element analysis of 18 metre beams, 231–3 effect of adhesive material on beams, 231 effect of mesh density on beams, 229–31 plated beam, 2D, 225–6 plated beam, 3D, 227–9 prestressed concrete, 223 RC, 223 results of prestressed plated beams, 237–9 results of unstressed plated beam, 234–7 finite element analysis, crack approach for concrete discrete, 224 smeared, 224 fire comparison, steel and CFRP plated beams, 23 fire resistance, 6, 80, 256 of vinylester, 179–81 freeze thaw resistance, 6
FRP, fatigue of, 206–8 adherends, 170 deterioration of mechanical property, 170 surface environment on properties – chemical, 170; mechanical, 170; physical, 170 FRP plate anchorage, 18 separation, 18 Fujimi bridge culvert, Japan, 38 galvanic corrosion, 80 glass fibre, 1, 48, 55 A, 48, 49, 54 E, 48, 49, 54, 55 environmental attack on, 172 R, 48, 49, 54 reinforcement, 9 S, 49, 54 glass transition temperature, 58, 63, 163, 164, 168, 171 Great Missenden underpass strengthening, 310–11 grit blasting, 6 heat distortion temperature (HDT), 67, 265 heat distortion tests, 265 Hata bridge Japan, 38 Horgen ferry bridge strengthening, 322–3 Ibach bridge, 36 inspection and maintenance of strengthened structures, 266 interface – FRP/adhesive joint, 176 isophthalic polyesters, 158, 172 joints, adhesive degradation of, 162 effect of environment on, 173 environmental and service conditions, 157 factors affecting joint durability, 158 surface treatment of, 173 joints, adhesive/concrete interfaces, 174 joint performance fire, 179 freeze/thaw, 179 Kevlar 29, 50 Kevlar 49, 50, 55 Kings College Hospital roof strengthening, 37, 290–3 lap joint test, 262 limit state for strengthening beams, 254 limit state partial safety factors, 254 Loano Genova apartment balconies strengthening, 318 Magdeburg Olvenstedt strengthening of balconies, 312–13 maintenance of CFRP plated beams, 286
Index of strengthened structure, 266 masonry walls, strengthening of, 301–4 methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), 73 mixing requirements for adhesives, 264 moisture resistance of adhesives, 264 Oberriet Meiningen bridge, Switzerland, 293–301 structural analysis and design of, 295 orthophthalic polyester, 158, 172 partial safety factors, limit state, 254 peel at end anchorage, 246–50 at wide shear/yield crack, 250–2 ply, 9, 52, 73, 260 stress, 47 test, modified, 16 plate end geometry, 100 plate stiffness, effect of increasing, 106 polyacrylonitrile PAN fibre, 49 polyester resin, 12, 48 polyester, unsaturated, 13 prepreg, 50 prepreg tapes, 99 prestressing of CFRP plates, 31, 282–6 externally bonded plates, 136 laboratory techniques for, 138–40 prestressed concrete beams, testing of, 113 prestressed plates, 135 segmental construction using, 135 strengthening of prestressed concrete beams by, 135 properties of Sika CarboDur material, 289 of Sikadur 30, 289 pultrusion, 51–2 CFRP plates, 54 pull-off tests PrEN 1542 (1996), 174 quality control of adhesives, 261 Quinton bridge, 17 reinforced concrete beams plated, 85–91 unplated, 84 RILEM 15 shear connection in steel/concrete construction, 16 effects in R.C. theory, 252 lap joints, 105 span/beam depth ratio, 88, 91, 93, 94, 97, 98, 100, 105, 108, 252 strengthening, 34 stress between plate and concrete, longitudinal, 252 test slant, 15, 16, 165 Sikadur 31 PBA, properties creep, 187 environmental, 166, 168 interfacial failure, 169
327
material characteristics, 169 mechanical, 63 moisture absorption, 168 thermal cycling, 168 toughness of joints, 169 Silane surface primer, 16 Sin wooden bridge, 37 strengthening of, 305–9 Skipton bridge strengthening, 323 steel plates external strengthening, 17 steel plate bonding, site technique for, 270–1 strengthening of structures advantages, 4 marketing, 2 techniques, 3 stress rupture, 56 structural adhesives bond tests, 15 requirements for, 14 type of, 12 Stuttgart waffle slab strengthening, 319–20 surface preparation of adherends, 68, 70, 76, 260 thermal expansion coefficient, 56, 171 thermomechanical performance, 48 thermosetting resin, 48 thick adherend shear test (TAST), 67 time dependent characteristics of adhesive polymer, 184–7 composite plated beams, 196 concrete, 184 FRP composites, 194–6 steel, 184 steel plated beams, 192–4 Tokando Highway bridge Japan, 38 Tougheners, 61 Transport Research Laboratory, 17, 18, 193, 201 transverse tensile stress, 48 Tutbury UK, beam strengthening, 324 Tyne and Wear UK, subway strengthening, 309–10 urethane adhesive, 16 urethane methacrylate, 48 vacuum bag moulding, 50, 53 vandalism, 256 vinylester, 1, 46, 48 in fire, 179–81 wedge cleavage test, 262–3 Yoshino Route Tunnel, Japan, 38 zirconia glass, 9 Zurich, ground floor strengthening of rail terminal, 37 strengthening of masonry wall, Switzerland, 301
