General osteology and arthrology

Art. surfaces covered by hyalin cartilage. 3. Capsule – synovial and ... A./ Hinge (Ginglymus). B./ Pivot (Trochoid) ... HINGE joint- Ginglymus. Flexion- extension.
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General osteology and arthrology

Dr. Magdolna Kovács Dept. of Anatomy February, 2007.

Osteology (study of bones) osteon - bone logos - science

Skeleton – mostly bones but cartilage also contributes

Parts:

Head Trunc

Limbs

skull vertebral column, sternum, ribs (thorax) shoulder girdle (scapula, clavicle) hip bone (pelvis) upper, lower

Functions: Frame of the body Protect organs Passive organ of movement Produce blood cells (marrow) Storage and exchange of Ca and P ions Composition:– organic and inorganic components 35% 65% rigid elastic Calcination - decalcification

Classification of Bones 1. 2. 3. 4.

Long (tubular) Cubic (short) Flat Pneumatic (irregular)

cubic flat

pneumatic

long cubic cubic

Structure of the Long Bone Cartilago articularis

EPIPHYSIS Proximalis

Substantia spongiosa

Linea epiphysialis

(red bone marrow) METHAPHYSIS

Substantia compacta

Nutrient a.

DIAPHYSIS Cavitas medullaris (fatty bone marrow)

Periosteum (outer fibrous inner osteogenic layer) Endosteum

EPIPHYSIS Distalis

Structure: Spongy and Compact substance Irregular, anastomosing bars and lamellae Regular, concentric tubules - osteons

vertebra

radiograph

Force transmission in spongy bone by trabeculae Body weight: Pressure Tensile force

Economic structure: Resistent to mechanical stresses Lightness without loss of strenght !!

Femur

Stress trajectories

Structure of Trabecular Bone in Calcaneus

Trajectorial system – Trabecular architecture

Development of Skeleton neonatal infant

Epiphyses of long bones and carpal bones are cartilaginous

Epiphyseal disc between epiphysis and metaphysis

Replacement of ossified cartilage – longitudinal growth!!!! Becomes ossified about 20 y – no further growth!

1y

2y

12 y

Scelatal

Skeletal maturity of the hand radiograph

Changes of catrilaginous and membranous skeleton to fully ossified bones

26 y

Arthrology Classification of Joints 1. Interrupted Joints / Synovial Joints (Diarthroses)

Arthron- joint

2. Continuous Joints (Synarthroses)

Continuous Joints Synarthroses

1.

2.

Syndesmosis (Fibrous joint) A. Sutura (plana, serrata squamosa)

B. s. ligamentosa C. gomphosis

3.

Synchondrosis

Synostosis

(Cartilaginous joint)

(Osseus joint)

symphysis pubica intervertebral discs

sacrum

Synovial joint – Articulatio – Diarthrosis General characteristics CAVITAS articularis socket (female) Vagina synovialis (Tendon sheath)

Cartilago articularis

CAPUT head (male) CAVUM ARTICULARE

CAPSULA ARTICULARIS

Capsula synovialis Capsula fibrosa

General components: 1. 2. 3. 4.

Joint cavity Art. surfaces covered by hyalin cartilage Capsule – synovial and fibrous layer Ligaments

Additional structures: 1. 2. 3. 4.

Discus, meniscus Articular lips (labrum - fibrocartilage) Bursae Synovial tendon sheaths (vagina synovialis)

Classification of Joints

Shape

No. axis

Function

Movements

of movement

Cylindrical (trochlea) Uniaxial

A./ Hinge (Ginglymus) B./ Pivot (Trochoid)

Ellipsoidal Saddle

Biaxial

A./ Ellipsoid B./ Saddle

Spheroidal

Triaxial (multiaxial)

Freely movable

Irregular

(ball and socket)

Fix joint

1. Flexion-extension 1. Rotation

1.Flexion-extension and 2. Adduction-abduction

1.Flexion-extension and 2. Adduction-abduction and 3. Rotation

Uniaxial joints 1. Ginglymus

2. Trochoid

Humero-ulnar joint transverse axis

Radio-ulnar prox. joint longitudinal axis

MOVEMENTS at UNIAXIAL JOINTS MOVEMENTS around

MOVEMENTS around

LONGITUDINAL axis

TRANSVERSE axis

Flexion- extension Supination

Palmar flexion-dorsal flexion

Pronation

Flexion- extension

PIVOT - Trochoid joint

Plantar flexion-dorsal flexion

HINGE joint- Ginglymus

MOVEMENTS at BIAXIAL JOINTS MOVEMENTS around

MOVEMENTS around

TRANSVERSE axis

SAGITTAL axis

Flexion-extension Palmar flexion-dorsal flexion

Flexion-extension

Plantar flexion-dorsal flexion

Abduction

Ellipsoid and Saddle Joints

Adduction

MOVEMENTS around the 3 main axis and COMBINATION of BASIC MOVEMENTS

Circumduction Components: flexion-extension adduction-abduction rotation

Spheroidal – Ball and socket joint