T E C H N I C A L A N D I N F O R M AT I O N

T R A D E

TECHNICAL FACTS & FIGURES

Frustum of a Right Cone Apex Height = H, H = D x h D-d Side Height = SH, SH = √R2 + h2

Pythagoras Theorem a = √c2 - b2 b = √c2 - a2 c = √a2 + b2

Frustum of an Oblique Cone Apex Height = H, H=Dxh D-d Horizontal Distance = Y, Y=DxS D-d

Square Plate from Circular Plate For the area of the largest square plate that can be cut from a circular plate A = D2 2 Length of side of largest square plate.

S = 0.7071 x D, D = 1.4142 x S

© 2000 Comweld Group Pty Ltd. A.B.N. 56 007 226 815

Mathematical Symbols

367

T E C H N I C A L A N D I N F O R M AT I O N

T R A D E

TECHNICAL FACTS & FIGURES Geometric Shapes - Perimeters and Areas Perimeter = P

Area = A A=SxS

Square

P=4xS

or A = S2

Rectangle

P = 2 (B + H)

A=BxH

Triangle

P = Sum of 3 sides

A=BxH 2

Scalene Triangle

P=a+b+c

Equilateral Triangle

P=3xS

A = 0.433 x S2 2

P=πxD D=P π

A = π x D2 4 or A = π R2

Trapezium

P = Sum of 4 Sides

A = H x (L + B) 2

Hexagon

P=6xS

A = 0.866 x B2

Octagon

P=8xS

A = 0.828 x L2

© 2000 Comweld Group Pty Ltd. A.B.N. 56 007 226 815

Circle

368

D

A = √S (S - a) (S - b) (S - c) S=a+b+c

T E C H N I C A L A N D I N F O R M AT I O N

T R A D E

TECHNICAL FACTS & FIGURES Geometric Shapes - Surface Area, Length of Welding and Volumes Surface Area = SA Length of Welding = LW Rectangular & Square Tanks

SA = 2 (L x B) + 2 (L x H) + 2 (B x H)

Volume = V

V=LxBxH

LW = 4L + 4B + 4H

Cylinder SA = π x D x H + 2 x π x D2 4 LW = 2 x π x D + H

Cone

V = π x R2 x H or V = 0.7854 x D2 x H

SA = π x D x SH + π x D2 2 4 SH = √H2 + R2

V = π x R2 x H 3 or

LW = π x D = SH

V = 0.2618 x D2 x H

SA = π x D2

V = π x D3 6 or

Sphere

V = 0.5236 x D3

Hollow Cylinder

SA = π x MD x W or SA = π (D2 - d2) or 4 SA = 0.7854 (D2 - d2) V = π x H (D2 - d2) or V = 0.7854 x H (D2 - d2)

Triangular Prism V=HxBxL 2

1 m3 contains 1000 litres. 1 litre of water has a mass of 1kg. 1 m3 of water has a mass of 1000 kg

N.B. π = 3.1416

© 2000 Comweld Group Pty Ltd. A.B.N. 56 007 226 815

Annulus

369

T E C H N I C A L A N D I N F O R M AT I O N

T R A D E

TECHNICAL FACTS & FIGURES Common Welding Conversion Data Electrode Sizes Imperial Metric Unit Unit .025” 0.6mm .030” 0.8mm .035” 0.9mm .040” 1.0mm .045” 1.2mm .052” 1.3mm 1/16” 1.6mm 5/64” 2.0mm 3/32” 2.4mm 7/64” 2.8mm .120” 3.0mm 1/8” 3.2mm 5/32” 4.0mm 3/16” 4.8mm 7/32” 5.6mm 1/4” 6.4mm 5/16” 8.0mm 3/8” 9.5mm

Pack Weights Imperial Metric Unit Unit 1lb .45kg 2lb .91kg 5lb 2.27kg 10lb 4.54kg 16lb 7.26kg 20lb 9.07kg 25lb 11.34kg 30lb 13.61kg 33lb 14.97kg 40lb 18.14kg 45lb 21.77kg 50lb 22.68kg 250lb 113.40kg 400lb 181.44kg 500lb 226.80kg 600lb 272.16kg 700lb 317.52kg 1000lb 453.60kg

Pack Weights Metric Imperial Unit Unit 1kg 2.20lb 2.5kg 5.50lb 5kg 11.02lb 10kg 22.05lb 15kg 33.07lb 17kg 37.48lb 25kg 55.11lb 30kg 66.14lb 50kg 110.23lb 60kg 132.27lb 70kg 154.32lb 100kg 220.46lb 250kg 551.15lb 300kg 661.37lb 500kg 1102.29lb 810kg 1785.71lb 918kg 2023.81lb 1000kg 2204.58lb

Metric to Imperial

Imperial to Metric

Lengths Imperial Unit 2” 4” 6” 8” 10” 12” 14” 15” 16” 17” 18” 20” 22” 26” 30” 36” 39” 40”

Metric Unit 50.8mm 101.6mm 152.4mm 203.4mm 254mm 304.8mm 355.6mm 381mm 406.4mm 431.8mm 457.2mm 508mm 558.8mm 660.4mm 762mm 914.4mm 990.6mm 1016mm

Conversion Data

© 2000 Comweld Group Pty Ltd. A.B.N. 56 007 226 815

Imperial to Metric

370

Metric to Imperial

Length inch x 25.4 = mm mm x 0.0394 = inch inch x 2.54 = cm cm x 0.394 = inch feet x 0.3048 = metre metre x 3.281 = feet mile x 1.609 = km km x 0.621 = miles

Weight & Gas Flow oz x 28.349 = grams grams x 0.035 = oz stones x 6.350 = kg kg x 0.157 = stones lb x 0.4536 = kg kg x 2.2045 = lb cft/hr x 0.4719 = L/min L/min x 2.119 = cft/hr

Energy & Speed ft.lb x 1.35582 = joules joules x 0.73756 = ft.lb ft/min x 0.305 = m/min m/min x 3.281 = ft/min in/sec x 2.54 = cm/sec cm/sec x 0.394 = in/sec in/min x 0.423 = mm/sec mm/sec x 0.394 = in/min in/min x 0.0254 = m/min m/min x 393.78 = in/min

Pressure & Stress psi x 6.895 = kPa kPa x 0.14504 = psi psi x 0.006895 = MPa MPa x 145.04 = psi psi x 0.006895 = N/mm2 N/mm2 x 145.04 = psi psi x 0.0703 = kg/cm2 kg/cm2 x 14.223 = psi ksi x 6.895 = MPa MPa x 0.14504 = ksi

Deposition Rate lb/hr x 0.4536 = kg/hr kg/hr x 2.2045 = lb/hr

Heat Input = Joules (Volts x Amps x 60 ÷ WFS) J/inch x 39.37 = J/metre J/metre x .0254 = J/inch

T E C H N I C A L A N D I N F O R M AT I O N

T R A D E

TECHNICAL FACTS & FIGURES Inch to Millimetre Conversion mm

29/64 15/32

.0156 .0197 .0313 .0394 .0469 .0591 .0625 .0781 .0787 .0938 .0984 .1094 .1181 .1250 .1378 .1406 .1563 .1575 .1719 .1772 .1875 .1969 .1969 .2031 .2188 .2344 .2362 .2500 .2559 .2656 .2756 .2813 .2953 .2969 .3125 .3150 .3281 .3346 .3438 .3543 .3594 .3740 .3750 .3906 .3937 .4063 .4134 .4219 .4331 .4375 .4528 .4531 .4688

.40 .5 .79 1 1.19 1.5 1.59 1.98 2 2.38 2.5 2.78 3 3.18 3.5 3.57 3.97 4 4.37 4.5 4.76 5 5.16 5.5 5.56 5.95 6 6.35 6.5 6.75 7 7.14 7.5 7.54 7.94 8 8.33 8.5 8.73 9 9.13 9.5 9.53 9.92 10 10.32 10.5 10.72 11 11.11 11.5 11.51 11.91

31/64

.4724 .4844

12 12.30

1/32 3/64 1/16 5/64 3/32 7/64 1/8 9/64 5/32 11/64 3/16 13/64 7/32 15/64 1/4 17/64 9/32 19/64 5/16 21/64 11/32 23/64 3/8 25/64 13/32 27/64 7/16

1/2

.4921 .5000

12.5 12.7

INCHES 33/64 17/32 35/64 9/16 37/64 19/32 39/64 5/8 41/64 21/32 43/64 11/16 45/64 23/32 47/64 3/4 49/64 25/32 51/64 13/16 53/64 27/32 55/64 7/8 57/64 29/32 59/64 15/16 61/64

31/32 63/64

mm

.5118 .5156 .5313 .5315 .5469 .5512 .5625 .5709 .5781 .5906 .5938 .6094 .6102 .6250 .6299 .6406 .6496 .6563 .6693 .6719 .6875 .6890 .7031 .7087 .7188 .7283 .7344 .7480 .7500 .7656 .7677 .7813 .7874 .7969 .8071 .8125 .8268 .8281 .8438 .8465 .8594 .8661 .8750 .8858 .8906 .9055 .9063 .9219 .9252 .9375 .9449 .9531 .9646

13 13.10 13.49 13.5 13.89 14 14.29 14.5 14.68 15 15.08 15.48 15.5 15.88 16 16.27 16.5 16.67 17 17.07 17.46 17.5 17.86 18 18.26 18.5 18.65 19 19.05 19.45 19.5 19.84 20 20.24 20.5 20.64 21 21.03 21. 43 21.5 21.83 22 22.23 22.5 22.62 23 23.02 23.42 23.5 23.81 24 24.21 24.5

.9688 .9843

24.61 25

.9844 1.0000

25 25.4

© 2000 Comweld Group Pty Ltd. A.B.N. 56 007 226 815

INCHES 1/64

371

T E C H N I C A L A N D I N F O R M AT I O N

T R A D E

TECHNICAL FACTS & FIGURES

© 2000 Comweld Group Pty Ltd. A.B.N. 56 007 226 815

Conversion Tables - Travel and Wire Feed Speeds

372

Inches per min 3 4 5 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100

Feet per hour 15 20 25 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 225 250 276 300 325 350 375 400 425 450 475 500

mm per min 75 100 125 150 205 255 305 355 405 455 510 560 610 660 710 760 810 865 915 965 1015 1150 1275 1400 1525 1650 1775 1900 2030 2160 2285 2410 2540

cm per min 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 20.5 25.5 30.5 35.5 40.5 45.5 51.0 56.0 61.0 66.0 71.0 76.0 81.0 86.5 91.5 96.5 101.5 115.0 127.5 140.0 152.5 165.0 177.5 190.0 203.0 216.0 228.5 241.0 254.0

Metres per min .075 .100 .125 .150 .205 .255 .305 .355 .405 .455 .510 .560 .610 .660 .710 .760 .810 .865 .915 .965 1.015 1.150 1.275 1.400 1.525 1.650 1.775 1.900 2.03 2.16 2.29 2.41 2.54

Metres per hour 4.5 6.0 7.5 9.0 12.3 15.3 18.3 21.3 24.3 27.3 30.6 33.6 36.6 39.6 42.6 45.6 48.6 51.9 54.9 57.9 60.9 69.0 76.5 84.0 91.5 99.0 107.0 114.0 122.0 129.5 137.5 144.5 152.5

Inches/ min. 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190

Metres/ min. 2.80 3.05 3.30 3.55 3.80 4.05 4.30 4.55 4.90

Inches/ min. 200 225 250 275 300 325 350 375 400

Metres/ min. 5.10 5.70 6.35 7.00 7.60 8.25 8.90 9.50 10.15

Inches/ min. 425 450 475 500 525 550 575 600 625

Metres/ min. 10.80 11.45 12.10 12.70 13.30 13.95 14.60 15.25 15.90

Some of the above figures are “rounded”. Conversion: Inches/min. x 5 = Feet/Hour mm/min. x .6 = Metres/Hour Inches/min. x 25.4 = mm/min.

T E C H N I C A L A N D I N F O R M AT I O N

T R A D E

TECHNICAL FACTS & FIGURES Metric Multiplying Factors Name Prefix Mega Kilo Hecto Deca deci centi milli micro

Symbol M k h da d c m µ

Value x106 x103 x102 x10 x10-1 x10-2 x10-3 x10-6

Ac Ag Al Am Ar As At Au B Ba Be Bi Bk Br C Ca Cd Ce Cf Cl Cm Co Cr Cs Cu Dy Er Es Eu F Fe Fm Fr Ga Gd

Actinium Silver Aluminium Americium Argon Arsenic Astatine Gold Boron Barium Beryllium Bismuth Berkelium Bromine Carbon Calcium Cadmium Cerium Californium Chlorine Curium Cobalt Chromium Caesium Copper Dysprosium Erbium Einsteinium Europium Fluorine Iron Fermium Francium Gallium Gadolinium

Ge H He Hf Hg Ho I In Ir K Kr La Li Lr Lu Md Mg Mn Mo N Na Nb Nd Ne Ni No Np O Os Ph Pa Pb Pd Pm Po

Germanium Hydrogen Helium Hafnium Mercury Holmium Iodine Indium Iridium Potassium Krypton Lanthanum Lithium Lawrencium Lutetium Mendelevium Magnesium Manganese Molybdenum Nitrogen Sodium Niobium Neodymium Neon Nickel Nobelium Neptunium Oxygen Osmium Phosphorus Protactinium Lead Palladium Promethium Polonium

Pr Pt Pu Ra Rb Re Rh Rn Ru S Sb Sc Se Si Sm Sn Sr Ta Tb Tc Te Th Ti Tl Tm U V W Xe Y Yb Zn Zr

Praseodymium Platinum Plutonium Radium Rubidium Rhenium Rhodium Radon Ruthenium Sulphur Antimony Scandium Selenium Silicon Samarium Tin Strontium Tantalum Terbium Technetium Tellurium Thorium Titanium Thallium Thulium Uranium Vanadium Tungsten Xenon Yttrium Ytterbium Zinc Zirconium

© 2000 Comweld Group Pty Ltd. A.B.N. 56 007 226 815

Symbols for Elements

373

T E C H N I C A L A N D I N F O R M AT I O N

T R A D E

TECHNICAL FACTS & FIGURES Comweld Rods per kg. Diameter mm

Steel (750 mm)

Copper and Bronze (750 mm)

Aluminium (1 metre)

Cast Iron (700 mm)

1.6 2.4 3.2 5.0 6.3

84 37 21 9 5.5

68 34 19 8 5

185 82 46 19 12

8 4.3

Chart shows approximate number of COMWELD welding rods per kg.

© 2000 Comweld Group Pty Ltd. A.B.N. 56 007 226 815

Physical Properties of Metals

374

Element and Symbol

Atomic Weight

Melting Point C

*Specific Heat

Density gms/cm3

Aluminium (Al) Antimony (Sb) Barium (Ba) Bismuth (Bi) Cadmium (Cd) Caesium (Cs) Calcium (Ca) Cerium (Ce) Chromium (Cr) Cobalt (Cp) Copper (Cu) Gold (Au) Iridium (Ir) Iron, Wrought (Fe) Lead (Pb) Magnesium (Mg) Manganese (Mn) Mercury (Hg) Molybdenum (Mo) Nickel (Ni) Platinium (Pt) Potassium (K) Rhodium (Rh) Silver (Ag) Sodium (Na) Strontium (Sr) Tellerium (Te) Tin (Sn) Titanium (Ti) Tungsten (W) Uranium (U) Vanadium (V) Zinc (Zn)

26.97 121.76 137.36 209.00 112.41 132.91 40.08 140.13 52.01 58.94 63.54 197.0 192.2 55.85 207.21 24.32 54.94 200.61 95.95 58.69 195.09 39.1 102.91 107.88 22.991 87.63 127.61 118.70 47.90 183.92 238.07 50.95 65.38

660 630 704 271 321 30 850 804 1800 1492 1083 1063 2443 1535 327 650 1240 -39 2625 1453 1769 63 1960 961 98 770 452 232 1660 3380 1132 1730 419

0.211 0.050 0.068 0.030 0.056 0.054 0.158 0.045 0.111 0.103 0.093 0.031 0.031 0.109 0.031 0.245 0.107 0.033 0.065 0.109 0.032 0.177 0.058 0.056 0.296 0.048 0.056 0.126 0.034 0.028 0.115 0.094

2.78 6.68 3.75 9.80 8.64 1.87 1.55 6.92 7.1 8.6 8.93 19.32 22.65 7.87 11.37 1.74 7.44 13.56 10.0 8.9 21.45 0.862 12.41 10.5 0.971 2.6 6.24 7.29 4.5 19.3 18.7 6.0 7.1

*In cal / gm / ˚C

˚

T E C H N I C A L A N D I N F O R M AT I O N

T R A D E

TECHNICAL FACTS & FIGURES Vickers hardness (diamond pyramid) H.V. 30 kg load

Brinell (steel ball HB) 3000 kg load

Rockwell hardness (direct reading test) HRc

Approx. Tensile Strength MPa

100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600 620 640 660 680 700 725 750 800 850 900 950 1000 1100 1200

95 115 135 150 170 190 210 230 250 265 285 305 320 340 360 380 395 415 435 450 470 485 505 520 535 520 535 550 565 580 590 605 615 625 640 -

20 24 27 30 32 34 37 39 41 43 45 46 48 49 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 64 66 67 68 69 71 72

327 393 455 527 598 658 723 780 850 923 972 1041 1102 1166 1231 1290 1355 1417 1481 1546 1610 1674 1739 1802 1868 1922 1984 2015 2069 2108 2150 -

NOTE: Figures quoted are only approximate.

© 2000 Comweld Group Pty Ltd. A.B.N. 56 007 226 815

Comparison of Hardness Scales

375

T E C H N I C A L A N D I N F O R M AT I O N

T R A D E

TECHNICAL FACTS & FIGURES MASSES OF COMMON METALS

© 2000 Comweld Group Pty Ltd. A.B.N. 56 007 226 815

Cast Iron Steel Copper Tin Bronze Brass Zinc Aluminium Lead Magnesium Titanium Tin Stainless Steel (18/8) Stainless Steel (16%Cr) Stainless Steel (27%Cr) Aluminium bronze Phosphor bronze Manganese bronze Cupro-nickel Nickel Silver Everdur Cusilman Nickel Monel Inconel

376

Specific Gravity

kg / m3

gms / cm3

7.68 7.85 8.94 8.89 8.41 7.14 2.69 11.34 1.74 4.51 7.30 7.93 7.75 7.61 8.15 8.85 8.35 8.95 8.75 8.55 8.55 8.91 8.85 8.55

7688 7849 8938 8899 8441 6887 2691 11373 1746 4517 7304 7929 7720 7576 8089 8842 8329 8970 8730 8521 8521 8858 8810 8521

7.67 7.85 8.91 8.9 8.44 6.86 2.7 11.37 1.74 4.51 7.30 7.93 7.72 7.58 8.11 8.82 8.30 8.94 8.71 8.52 8.52 8.85 8.80 8.52

T E C H N I C A L A N D I N F O R M AT I O N

T R A D E

TECHNICAL FACTS & FIGURES TEMPERATURE CONVERSIONS To find a temperature conversion, read the centre column (the bold numbers) and read to the left side for degrees Celsius ( C) or the right side for degrees Fahrenheit ( F). eg. 10 F, reading the bold number, equals -12.2 C in the left column, or 10 C reading the bold number, equals 50 F in the right column.

˚

C

-101 -95.6 -90.0 -84.4 -78.9 -73.3 -67.8 -62.2 -56.7 -51.1 -45.6 -40.0 -34.4 -28.9 -23.3 -17.8 -17.2 -16.7 -16.1 -15.6 -15.0 -14.4 -13.9 -13.3 -12.8 -12.2 -11.7 -11.1 -10.6 -10.0 -9.44 -8.89 -8.33 -7.78 -7.22 -6.67 -6.11 -5.56 -5.00 -4.44 -3.89 -3.33 -2.78 -2.22 -1.67 -1.11 -0.56 0 0.56 1.11 1.67 2.22 2.78 3.33 3.89 4.44

˚

˚˚

˚

F C

-150 -140 -130 -120 -110 -100 -90 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

˚

F

-238 -220 -202 -184 -166 -148 -130 -112 -94 -76 -58 -40 -22 -4 14 32 33.8 35.6 37.4 39.2 41.0 42.8 44.6 46.4 48.2 50 51.8 53.6 55.4 57.2 59.0 60.8 62.6 64.4 66.2 68.0 69.8 71.6 73.4 75.2 77.0 78.8 80.6 82.4 84.2 86.0 87.8 89.6 91.4 93.2 95.0 96.8 98.6 100.4 102.2 104.0

˚

˚

˚

C

5.00 5.56 6.11 6.67 7.22 7.78 8.33 8.89 9.44 10.0 10.6 11.1 11.7 12.2 12.8 13.3 13.9 14.4 15.0 15.6 16.1 16.7 17.2 17.8 18.3 18.9 19.4 20.0 20.6 21.1 21.7 22.2 22.8 23.3 23.9 24.4 25.0 25.6 26.1 26.7 27.2 27.8 28.3 28.9 29.4 30.0 30.6 31.1 31.7 32.2 32.8 33.3 33.9 34.4 35.0 35.6

TEMPERATURE CONVERSION FORMULA: ˚C = 5 x ( ˚F - 32 ) ˚F = ( 9 x ˚C ) + 32 9 5

˚

˚˚

F C

41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96

˚

F

105.8 107.6 109.4 111.2 113.0 114.8 116.6 118.4 120.2 122.0 123.8 125.6 127.4 129.2 131.0 132.8 134.6 136.4 138.2 140.0 141.8 143.6 145.4 147.2 149.0 150.8 152.6 154.4 156.2 158.0 159.8 161.6 163.4 165.2 167.0 168.8 170.6 172.4 174.2 176.0 177.8 179.6 181.4 183.2 185.0 186.8 188.6 190.4 192.2 194.0 195.8 197.6 199.4 201.2 203.0 204.8

© 2000 Comweld Group Pty Ltd. A.B.N. 56 007 226 815

˚

377

T E C H N I C A L A N D I N F O R M AT I O N

T R A D E

TECHNICAL FACTS & FIGURES TEMPERATURE CONVERSIONS To find a temperature conversion, read the centre column (the bold numbers) and read to the left side for degrees Celsius ( C) or the right side for degrees Fahrenheit ( F). eg. 250 F, reading the bold number, equals 121 C in the left column, or 10 C reading the bold number, equals 482 F in the right column.

˚

© 2000 Comweld Group Pty Ltd. A.B.N. 56 007 226 815

˚

378

C

36.1 36.7 37.2 38 43 49 54 60 66 71 77 82 88 93 99 100 104 110 116 121 127 132 138 143 149 154 160 166 171 177 182 188 193 199 204 210 216 221 227 232 238 243 249 254 260 266 271

˚

˚˚

F C 97 98 99 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 212 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410 420 430 440 450 460 470 480 490 500 510 520

˚

˚

F 206.6 208.4 210.2 212 230 248 266 284 302 320 338 356 374 392 410 413 428 446 464 482 500 518 536 554 572 590 608 626 644 662 680 698 716 734 752 770 788 806 824 842 860 878 896 914 932 950 968

˚

˚

C

277 282 288 293 299 304 310 316 321 327 332 338 343 349 354 360 366 371 377 382 388 393 399 404 410 416 421 427 432 438 443 449 454 460 466 471 477 482 488 493 499 504 510 516 521 527 532 538

TEMPERATURE CONVERSION FORMULA: ˚C = 5 x ( ˚F - 32 ) ˚F = ( 9 x ˚C ) + 32 9 5

˚

˚

˚˚

F C 530 540 550 560 570 580 590 600 610 620 630 640 650 660 670 680 690 700 710 720 730 740 750 760 770 780 790 800 810 820 830 840 850 860 870 880 890 900 910 920 930 940 950 960 970 980 990 1000

˚

F 986 1004 1022 1040 1058 1076 1094 1112 1130 1148 1166 1184 1202 1220 1238 1256 1274 1292 1310 1328 1346 1364 1382 1400 1418 1436 1454 1472 1490 1508 1526 1544 1562 1580 1598 1616 1634 1652 1670 1688 1706 1724 1742 1760 1778 1796 1814 1832

T E C H N I C A L A N D I N F O R M AT I O N

T R A D E

TECHNICAL FACTS & FIGURES STRENGTH AND IMPACT ENERGY DATA - CONVERSIONS IMPACT ENERGY CONVERSIONS

lbf/in2 MPa

tonf/in2

1400

90

(x 1000) 200

1350 1300 1250

85

1100

80 75 70

1050 1000 950

800 750 700 650 600 550 500 450 400

250

100

55

120

160

115 110 100 95 90

120

85

110

45

100

160

40

90

35

80

55

70

50

30 25

60

60 50

20 40 15 10 5 0

30 20

150 15 14 13 12 11 10 9

70 65

8 7 6

35 30 25

5 4

0

100 130 120 110

5 0

90

80

100 70 90 80 70

60

50

60 50 40

3

30

2

20

1

10

0

0

10 10

110

140

20 15

120

40

45 40

ft lbf

16

80 75

joules

17

105

130

50

50 0

170

140 60

200 150

125

65

350 300

135

180

150

900 850

140

kgfm

130

1200 1150

190

kgf/mm2

30

20

10

© 2000 Comweld Group Pty Ltd. A.B.N. 56 007 226 815

STRENGTH CONVERSIONS

0

379

T E C H N I C A L A N D I N F O R M AT I O N

T R A D E

TECHNICAL FACTS & FIGURES Gas Pressures - Gas Welding and Cutting Gas Welding: Acetylene Pressure Oxygen Pressure

100 kPa 100 kPa

(15 psi) (15 psi)

Acetylene Pressure Oxygen Pressure

100 kPa 200 kPa

(15 psi) (30 psi)

Oxygen Cylinder: Pressure when full

13700 kPa

(Approx. 2000 psi)

Acetylene cylinder: Pressure when full

1550 kPa

(Approx. 200 psi)

Gas Cutting: (Manual)

Note: 15 psi = 100 kPa

TEMPERATURE INDICATION Where preheating is required, the use of temperature-indicating crayons is strongly recommended as combining reasonable accuracy with convenience. Where these are not available, however, an approximate idea of temperature may be obtained by the use of temper colours. These are colours produced on a clean surface of the material due to extremely thin oxide films, and vary in colour with temperature. It should be noted that various alloying additions can have a marked effect on oxidation, and the colours and temperatures indicated below apply only to plain carbon or low alloy steels. In order to obtain a reasonable result the surface should be freshly ground, and care should be taken to avoid applying heat directly to the ground surface.

© 2000 Comweld Group Pty Ltd. A.B.N. 56 007 226 815

TEMPER COLOURS

380

Pale Straw Straw Dark Straw Brownish Red Violet Dark Blue Cornflour Blue Pale Blue Greyish Blue

˚C ˚CC ˚C ˚C ˚C ˚C ˚ ˚CC ˚

200 220 230 250 280 290 300 320 340

These colours are as seen by daylight and apply to plain carbon steels. They also apply only when the steel has been at temperature for a limited period, prolonged periods producing a colour indicative of a higher temperature.

T E C H N I C A L A N D I N F O R M AT I O N

T R A D E

TECHNICAL FACTS & FIGURES CHEMICAL NAMES AND FORMULA OF COMMON NAMES

Baking soda Black lead Bleaching powder Bluestone (Blue Vitriol) Caustic Potash

CHEMICAL NAME Hydrochloric Acid Sulphuric Acid Sodium Bicarbonate Carbon or Graphite Calcium chloro-hypo chlorite Copper Sulphate Potassium Hydroxide

Caustic Soda

Sodium Hydroxide

Chalk, Limestone, Marble Epsom Salts Coke, Charcoal Chile Saltpeter Condies Crystals Glauber Salts Green Vitriol Laughing Gas Lime (quicklime) Limewater

Calcium Carbonate (more or less) Magnesium Sulphate Carbon (impure) Sodium Nitrate Potassium Permanganate Sodium Sulphate Iron sulphate Nitrous Oxide Calcium Oxide Solution of Calcium Hydroxide Ammonium Hydroxide Lead Monoxide Triplumbic Tetroxide Ammonium Chloride Potassium Nitrate Calcium Hydroxide Sodium Carbonate Acetic Acid (weak)

Liquid Ammonia Litharge Red lead Sal Ammoniac Saltpeter (Nitre) Slaked Lime Washing Soda Vinegar

FORMULA HCl

DESCRIPTION Strongly fuming colourless liquid Heavy, colourless, H2SO4 viscous liquid White powder NaHCO3 C Black powder CaOCI2 White powder smelling of chlorine CuSO45H2O Large blue crystals KOH White Deliquescent powder NaOH White Deliquescent powder CaCO3 White powder; Marblecrystalline form MgSO47H2O Small colourless crystals C Brittle black solid NaNO3 White crystalline subst. KMnO4 Small purple crystals Na2SO41OH2O Large, colourless crystals FeSO47H2O Green crystals N2O Colourless gas CaO White powder Ca(OH)2 Clear, bitter liquid NH4OH PbO Pb3O4 NH4Cl KNO3 Ca(OH)2 Na2CO31OH2O CH3COOH

Strongly fuming liquid Orange powder Fine, heavy red powder White crystalline solid Colourless crystals White powder Large white crystals Brown liquid

© 2000 Comweld Group Pty Ltd. A.B.N. 56 007 226 815

COMMON NAME Muriatic Acid or, Spirits of Salts Oil of Vitriol

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