Thematic Semester
Symposium on Biomaterial and Smart Systems - 27/28th October
Biomaterial and Medical Device Innovations: Toward Repair of the Human Body Supported by the Institute of Advanced Studies of the University of Cergy-‐Pontoise
In t e r n a t io n a l S y m p o s iu m o n B io m a t e r ia l & S m a r t S y ste m s O c t o b e r 2 7 -2 8 , 2 0 1 4 C e r g y, F r a n c e
A b stra c t B ook https://iascolloque.u-‐cergy.fr Cergy-‐Pontoise University, Cergy France 1
Symposium on Biomaterial and Smart Systems - 27/28th October
International Symposium on Biomaterial & Smart Systems Thematic Semester
Biomaterial & Medical Device Innovations: Toward Repair of the Human Body
Supported by the Institute of Advanced Studies of the University of Cergy-‐Pontoise
October 27-28, 2014 Cergy, France https://iascolloque.u-‐cergy.fr Cergy-‐Pontoise University,
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Symposium on Biomaterial and Smart Systems - 27/28th October
International Symposium on Biomaterial & Smart Systems Site de Bernard Hirsh, Cergy France
Thematic Semester
Biomaterial & Medical Device Innovations: Toward Repair of the Human Body
SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE Chair: Emmanuel Pauthe Prof. in Biochemistry and Biomaterial Science, Dpt of Biology, University of Cergy-Pontoise (UCP) Co-chairs: Olivier Romain, Prof. in Electronic and Computer Science, UCP Fréderic Vidal, Prof. in Chemistry and Physicochemistry of Polymers, UCP Local Scientific Committee: Adeline Gand, Véronique Larreta Garde, Michel Boissiere: Dpt of Biology Jean-Yves Le Huerou: Dpt of Electrical Engineering Aymeric Histache, Mehdi Terosiet: Dpt of Computer Science Local Organizing Committee: Isabelle Pereira, Hadjer Ouldali, Chloe Pezzana, Maxime Gobin, Julie Boisselier Scientific & Organizing committee of the Institute of Advanced Studies: Hung The Diep, Florence Brouillaud & Ratana Pok
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Symposium on Biomaterial and Smart Systems - 27/28th October
Welcome at Biomaterial and Smart Systems Dear participant,
On behalf of my co-chairs, Professors Olivier Romain and Frédéric Vidal, and with the support of the Institute of Advanced Studies at the University of Cergy-Pontoise, represented by the Vice-President Professor Hung The Diep, I am very pleased to welcome you to the International workshop on Biomaterial Innovations: Toward Repair of the Human Body. Over the last decades "Biomaterial Science" has exploded as a major scientific endeavor. The engineering of innovative medical devices is at a significant crossroads in its history, and new transformative and emerging tools are being proposed for modern biomedicine. Facing new challenging questions from clinicians; the community of scientists and engineers are proposing systems that are able to address the challenges required for the reparative, reconstructive and regenerative medical needs of tomorrow. Innovative systems, including numerous complementary elements and mechanisms from biological, chemical, mechanical, biotherapeutic, electronic, nanotechnologic, and cognitive sciences are now being proposed. One of the aims of this symposium is to provide “at a glance” a survey of the diversity within pioneering, pertinent and very challenging multi and transdisciplinary areas of biomaterials and implantable medical devices that are now emerging. Numerous advances made in understanding the challenge of future medical implantable devices depend on the collaborative efforts of biologist, biochemists, chemists, physicists, clinicians, electrical engineer, and many other important groups. Multi and transdisciplinary approaches are a key essential strategy in that field of research. However, such collaborations are sometimes complex, because of the cultural differences and approaches towards problem solving that exist between these disciplines; with respect to - methodology, objectives and scientific ‘language’. This international symposium will offer two full days of engaging lectures and presentations on intense topics in the field of Innovative Biomaterial and Smart Systems, including: Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, Multifunctional, hybrid polymers & biomaterials and Smart systems & eimplantable medical devices engineering. We are delighted to propose a list of distinguished speakers, mixing internationally recognised experts and young bright and innovative scientists on their way to become leaders in the fields of research pertaining to: (nano)(bio) materials engineering, surface processing, laser bioprinting and bio inspired systems image processing and robotics / health applications, bioartificial and biotherapeutics materials / regenerative medicine, bioprosthesis and specific polymer properties, materials surface coatings, degradable systems, sensing, actuation, (bio)control.... Another objective of this inaugural conference is to unveil strategies for building productive teams and collaborations to avoid knowledge gaps and to gain the confidence of researchers from different scientific backgrounds who have been willing to participate within the area of biomaterials research and in this interdisciplinary environment. This conference will emphasize the integration of students in the proceedings and discussions, young scientists, researchers, clinicians, industrial partners, who are all interested in the interplay of mechanics, electronics, chemistry, biology, disruptive technologies, and materials for regenerative medicine Driven by the mantra "innovation, translation, transdisciplinary, pedagogy", this 2-day cross-disciplinary effort will engage the imagination of attendees through the presentations of leading members within the field and who will synergize the interplay of mechanics, electronics, chemistry, biology , disruptive technologies, and materials for regenerative medicine. We are pleased and proud that Cergy, an easily accessible modern city situated only 30 min from the core of France’s capital city, Paris, is hosting this international meeting in 2014. We wish you all an enjoyable, productive and interesting meeting featuring inspiring lectures, fruitful conversations and creative ideas. Sincerely, Emmanuel Pauthe. 4
Symposium on Biomaterial and Smart Systems - 27/28th October
Contents Symposium Program Plenary lectures Keynote Oral Posters Participant list
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Symposium on Biomaterial and Smart Systems - 27/28th October
Monday 27 october 8h00-‐9h00 : Registration 9h00-‐9h10 : Introduction Emmanuel Pauthe, UCP 9h10-‐10h50 : Session 1 Chairwoman: Adeline Gand Keynote 9h10 : John Madden, University of British Columbia, Canada Smart Catheter: Application of contractile polymer artificial muscle to navigation and treatment in the brain 9h40 : Andres Garcia, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA Biofunctional Hydrogels for Cell Delivery and Tissue Repair Oral 10h10 : Luc Hebrard, ICube laboratory, University of Strasbourg, France Real-‐time magnetic tracking device for MRI-‐guided interventions using a CMOS 3D Hall probe 10h30 : Thomas Boudou, Grenoble Institute of Technology, France Engineering 3D microtissues 10h50-‐11H10 : Coffee break 11H10-‐13h10 : Session 2 Chairman: Aymeric Histace Keynote 11h10 : Bogdan Matuszewski, University of Central Lancashire, UK Visual Information Processing for Healthcare Applications 11h40 : Thibaud Coradin, CNRS, UPMC, Collège de France Collagen-‐silica bionanocomposites as medicated wound dressings for the controlled delivery of antibiotics and plasmids 6
Symposium on Biomaterial and Smart Systems - 27/28th October
Monday 27 october Oral 12h10 : Dimitri Galayko, Université Paris Sud, France Electricity generation from human body motion : toward self-supplied implantable electronics 12h30 : Hayriye Ozcelik, Université de Strasbourg, France Multilayered Inflammation/Infection Control System with Self-‐Antimicrobial and Antinflammatory Properties 12h50: Stephane Germain, College de France, INSERM, France Angiogenesis and tissue engineering? 13h10-‐14h30 : Lunch 14h30-‐16h30 : Session 3 Chairman: Olivier Romain Keynote 14h30 : Serge Picaud, Vision institute, France Restoring vision in blind patients: from visual prostheses to the optogenetic therapy 15h00 : Chris Bettinger, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Edible electronics : materials and structures for next-‐generation medical "implants" Oral 15h30 : Adeline Gand, University of Cergy-‐Pontoise, France Thin films based-‐biomaterials : different ways for bioactivation 15h50 : Marlène Durand, CICIT Bordeaux, France Preparation and characterization of a biologic scaffold for esophageal tissue engineering 16h10 : Cyril Raugh, University of Nottingham, UK The physics of Hoof and Nails and their biomaterial properties 16h30-‐17h00 : Coffee break 7
Symposium on Biomaterial and Smart Systems - 27/28th October
Monday 27 october 17h00-‐18h00 : Special guest lecture Chairman: Emmanuel Pauthe
Paul Santerre Institute of Biomat & Biomedical Eng., Univ. of Toronto, Canada New degradable polymers for a highly perfused soft tissue substitute 18h00 -‐ 18h15 : Intervention of the president of the UCP/IAS 18h15-‐22h00 : Session Poster, Networking and Social Event Chairman: Emmanuel Pauthe 18h15-‐19h05: Flash poster presentations from selected abstract • • • • • • • • • •
Quentin Angermann (P1) Cyclope : A Smart Videocapsule For Early Diagnosis of Colorectal Cancer Julie Boisselier (P3) Biomaterials as functionalized delivery systems : from nanoparticles synthesis to physicochemical-‐induced properties. Guoyan Chen (P4) Microwave hyperthermia of biological tissues, multi-‐physics simulations and ex-‐vivo experimental results Alexandre Goguin (P9) Neurocom : Toward a smart wireless neurologic implant Sana Hamdaoui (P10) Design of a biochip for allergens detection Takfarinas Medani (P15) Improving the FEM resolution of the EEG forward problem using the dipole model based on Saint Venant’s approach Adelyne Fannir (P16) Conducting interpenetrating polymer network fibers for liear actuation in open air Violeta Rodriguez (P17) Antioxidant carrier for cardiovascular therapy Amine Rabehi (P19) Frequency mixing detection of magnetic nanoparticles for immunoquantification Vincent Woehling (P21) Electroactive electrospun fiber mats with controllable pore sizes
19h05 : poster session and networking Starting 19h45 : "Wine & Cheese Party"
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Symposium on Biomaterial and Smart Systems - 27/28th October
Tuesday 28 october 9h00-‐11h10 : Session 4 Chairman: Fréderic Vidal Keynote 9h00 : Robert Sobot, Western University, Canada Human Evolution and Technology -‐ The Rise of Intelligent Machines ? 9h30 : Edwin Jager, Linköping University, Sweden Electroactive polymers for mechano-‐biology, tissue engineering and medical devices Oral 10h00 : Vanessa Montano, University Laval, Canada Fibronectin/phosphorylcholine coatings on fluorocarbon surfaces for cardiovascular applications 10h20 : Philippe Banet, Université de Cergy-‐Pontoise, France Zwitterionic polymer-‐grafed silver nanoparticles as label to enhance signal of electrochemical biosensors 10h50 : Jing Jing, SFR CAP-‐Santé, Université de Reims, France Fabrication and characterization of chitosan/hyaluronic acid porous scaffold with cell colonization 11h10-‐11H30 : Coffee break 11H30-‐13h10 : Session 5 Chairwoman: Véronique Larreta Garde Keynote 11h30 : Diego Mantovani, University Laval, Canada Innovation for the next generation of cardiac and vascular devices 12h00 : Andrea Pinna, UPMC, France Study of fibrosis induced by an implanted medical device 12h30 : Pierre Weiss, School of Dental Surgery, Nantes, INSERM, France Self setting Hydrogel composites for musculoskeletal applications 9
Symposium on Biomaterial and Smart Systems - 27/28th October
Tuesday 28 october Oral 13h00 : Sylvain Catros, University of Bordeaux, France Layer-by-layer microfabrication for bone tissue engineering 13h20-‐14h20 : Lunch 14h20-‐16h25 : Session 6 Chairman: Michel Boissiere Keynote 14h20 : Fabien Guillemot, Inserm, Bordeaux, France 4D Bioprinting: a new paradigm for engineering complex tissues Oral 14h50 : Luismar Marques Porto, Fed. Univ. of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil Artificial Tissue-‐based Organ Engineering. 15h10 : Francois Aubert-‐Viard, Lille, France Antibacterial activity of a nonwoven polyethylene terephtalate textile finishing with silver ion and multilayer coating 15h30 : Marie DeNeufchatel, University of Cergy-‐Pontoise, France Innovative biomaterials for wound repair 15h50 : Hamid Kokabi, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, France Magnetic frequency mixing detection of magnetic nanoparticles for immunoquantification in a microfluidic structure 16h10-‐16h50 : Closing lecture Chairman: Olivier Romain Pascal Leprince, MD Cardiologist, Hospital Pitie Salpetriere, France Cardiac prosthesis: issues and challenges (to be confirmed) 16h50 : Closing ceremony Awards for the best young scientist contributions 10
Symposium on Biomaterial and Smart Systems - 27/28th October
Plenary lectures ! Paul Santerre (PL1), Institute of Biomat & Biomedical Eng., Univ. of Toronto, Canada New degradable polymers for a highly perfused soft tissue substitute
! Pascal Leprince (PL2), MD,PhD, Cardiac surgeon, University Pierre et Marie Curie, Hospital Pitie Salpetriere, France Cardiac prosthesis: issues and challenges (to be confirmed)
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Paul Santerre (PL1), Institute of Biomat & Biomedical Eng., Univ. of Toronto, Canada New degradable polymers for a highly perfused soft tissue substitute. Paul SANTERRE
Abstract: Periodontal diseases affect nearly 50% of the U.S. population and are caused by bacterial biofilm infections that can result in loss of tooth-supporting connective tissues and, if untreated, tooth loss. Tissue engineering approaches that employ novel synthetic polymeric scaffolds are being considered for rebuilding the gingival connective tissue (lamina propria) that is destroyed by periodontitis. Specifically, polyurethane (PU) hydrogels (degradable/polar/hydrophobic/ionic polyurethane (D-PHI)) can enhance the proliferation of human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) and collagen production in a perfusion system. However, few studies have assessed the potential of synthetic block co-polyurethanes to initiate blood vessel formation in an in vitro bioreactor system. As the gingival lamina propria is highly vascular, a co-culture system of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) with HGFs was used in perfused D-PHI scaffolds to determine the feasibility of initiating vascularization. Work in this presentation will report on the synthesis of the 3-D PU scaffolds that are being used in a perfusion bioreactor with co-cultures of endothelial and fibroblast cells, and report on tissue growth, contractile character and angiogenic biomarkers. Research in the Santerre Laboratory (Biomedical Polymers Laboratory of the Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering at the University of Toronto) is focused on investigating the relationship between polymers and bio-degradation processes in the body in order to advance the design of new materials for tissue engineering, implants and medical devices. This lab is located in the Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering (IBBME), where >100 research engineers and scientists throughout the Toronto area are engaged in discovery and product development in the areas of neuroscience and sensory stimulation, biomaterials and tissue engineering, molecular systems biology and nanotechnology, as well as medical device and drug delivery system design. The group’s research program (>150 peer review publications and >325 conference presentations and abstracts) has advanced the design of new materials for tissue engineering, implants and medical devices, and has generated over 60 patents. In 2001, this work led to the founding of Interface Biologics Inc, a University of Toronto biotech start-up with 20 employees developing catheters and drugpolymer coatings for medical devices. Biography: Professor Santerre is currently the Director of Physical Science Faculty in Techna at UHN/UofT, an Institute focused on promoting technology and knowledge transfer into clinical practice. Dr. Santerre is an engineer who obtained his PhD in 1990 from McMaster University in the area biomaterials design for blood contacting systems. He was the lead material’s engineer on the artificial heart program at the University of Ottawa Heart Institute prior to coming to the University of Toronto in 1993. He is an International Fellow of Biomaterials Science and Engineering (FBSE) and in 2009 he became a Fellow of the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering. In March 2010 he received the Julia Levy Award from the Canadian Society for Chemical Industry for translation of knowledge to product, and most recently was appointed in 2011 as a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. In 2012 he was the recipient on the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada’s Synergy Award and was appointed to the Canadian Academy of Health Sciences in 2013, and more recently he received the 2014 Manning award for Innovation and Entrepreneurship.
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Symposium on Biomaterial and Smart Systems - 27/28th October
Keynotes
! John Madden (K1), University of British Columbia, Canada Smart Catheter: Application of contractile polymer artificial muscle to navigation and treatment in the brain ! Andres Garcia (K2), Georgia Institute of Technology, USA Biofunctional Hydrogels for Cell Delivery and Tissue Repair ! Bogdan Matuszewski (K3), University of Central Lancashire, UK Visual Information Processing for Healthcare Applications ! Thibaud Coradin (K4), CNRS, UPMC, Collège de France Collagen-‐silica bionanocomposites as medicated wound dressings for the controlled delivery of antibiotics and plasmids ! Serge Picaud (K5), Vision institute, France Restoring vision in blind patients: from visual prostheses to the optogenetic therapy ! Chris Bettinger (K6), Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Edible electronics : materials and structures for next-‐generation medical "implants" ! Robert Sobot (K7), Western University, Canada Human Evolution and Technology -‐ The Rise of Intelligent Machines ? ! Edwin Jager (K8), Linköping University, Sweden Electroactive polymers for mechano-‐biology, tissue engineering and medical devices ! Diego Mantovani (K9), University Laval, Canada Innovation for the next generation of cardiac and vascular devices ! Andrea Pinna (K10), UPMC, France Study of fibrosis induced by an implanted medical device ! Pierre Weiss (K11), School of Dental Surgery, Nantes, INSERM, France Self setting Hydrogel composites for musculoskeletal applications ! Fabien Guillemot (K12), Inserm, Bordeaux, France 4D Bioprinting: a new paradigm for engineering complex tissues 13
Symposium on Biomaterial and Smart Systems - 27/28th October
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John Madden (K1), University of British Columbia, Canada
Smart Catheter: Application of contractile polymer artificial muscle to navigation and treatment in the brain J.D.W. Madden, M. Farajollahi, A. Fannir, V. Woehling, K. Lee, T. Shoa, Sina Nafici, G. Spinks, C. Plesse, G NGuyen, F. Vidal and V. Yang.
We are working to create and demonstrate a controllable miniaturized catheter which is able to pass through torturous and narrow arteries in the brain with high precision in order to assist in the identification and treatment of acute ischemic stroke and aneurisms. We employ conducting polymer actuators to provide the active deformation of the catheter, and introduce interpenetrating polymer networks to form the body of the catheter tip. This network also acts as an electrolyte enabling transfer of ions during the actuation of conducting polymers. Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is one of the leading causes of mortality and chronic disability in North America. Despite this fact, therapies to combat AIS are not widely available. Preliminary studies have proven that percutaneous brain intervention may be very effective in treating acute stroke [Ronen, IMAJ 2006]. In this type of intervention a catheter is inserted into an occluded blood vessel in the brain providing a passage for a surgical tool for mechanical removal of the clot or injection a clot-melting substance. Navigation of the catheters in blood vessels depends on translational force and torque manually applied at the distal end by the surgeon or interventional radiologist, and relies on the intrinsic mechanical properties of long flexible catheters to transmit the motion to the tip some 120 to 150 cm away. The neurovascular microcatheters (such as the eV3, Inc UltraflowTM) do not have pull wires help deflect them, but instead are strategically pre-curved by the surgeon, and then pushed and twisted through tortuous and delicate arteries, featuring bends of up to 120o. Particularly in stiuations where bends are 90 degrees or more, substantial pressure is applied to vessel walls in order to deflect the catheter. Hysteresis and recoil decrease the controllability of these catheters and hence limit the accuracy and efficiency in reaching their desired destinations, limiting application to situations of extreme urgency. In our approach the catheter tip is coated with conducting polymer acutators, that are driven to deflect by the application of a low voltage. The mechanics of this process have been demonstrated in vitro by applying and patterning conducting polymer on a commercial 0.7 mm diameter neurovascular catheter. The next stage is to create a fully encapsulated device that enables navigation and operation in the confined spaces of the neuro-vasculature.
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Andres Garcia (K2), Georgia Institute of Technology, USA
Biofunctional Hydrogels for Cell Delivery and Tissue Repair Andrés J. García, Ph.D. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA
Hydrogels, highly hydrated cross-linked polymer networks, have emerged as powerful synthetic analogs of extracellular matrices for basic cell studies as well as promising biomaterials for regenerative medicine applications. A critical advantage of these artificial matrices over natural networks is that bioactive functionalities, such as cell adhesive sequences and growth factors, can be incorporated in precise densities while the substrate mechanical properties are independently controlled. We have engineered poly(ethylene glycol) [PEG]-maleimide hydrogels to incorporate VEGF as supportive matrices to improve pancreatic islet vascularization and engraftment. PEG-maleimide were functionalized with RGD peptide and VEGF and cross-linked into a hydrogel by addition of collagenasedegradable peptides. These hydrogels supported in vitro islet survival, insulin production, and intra-islet endothelial cell sprouting. Importantly, islets delivered within these functionalized hydrogels exhibited improved engraftment, vascularization and insulin production compared to islets delivered within other hydrogels and without a hydrogel carrier. In another application, we functionalized hydrogels with the integrin-specific, collagen-mimetic triple helical peptide GFOGER to promote osteogenic differentiation and bone repair. Human mesenchymal stem cells adhered well and maintained viability on both RGD and GFOGER hydrogels. However, alkaline phosphatase activity and mineralization was higher on GFOGER-hydrogels than on RGD-hydrogels. GFOGER-functionalized hydrogels significantly enhanced bone volume and mass in critically-sized, segmental bone defects in murine radii compared to other hydrogels and empty defects. These studies establish these maleimide-cross-linked hydrogels as promising biomaterial carriers for cell delivery, engraftment and enhanced tissue repair.
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Bogdan Matuszewski (K3), University of Central Lancashire, UK Visual Information Processing for Healthcare Applications Professor Bogdan J. Matuszewski
Abstract: The talk will provide a platform for dissemination of recent trends and applications of visual information processing in healthcare. These would include use of 2D/3D and 4D visual data to support diverse applications in condition diagnosis, monitoring, treatment delivery and rehabilitation as well as assistive living. The talk has been inspired by the SEMEIOTICONS project (www.semeoticons.eu), recently funded by the FP7, and challenged with development of techniques leading to a machine-based recognition of health conditions based on facial-sign analysis. If successful, it would enable fast, inexpensive, and nonintrusive means of monitoring person’s well-being status. It is expected that the talk would be of interest to researchers/students working in the emerging interface of imaging, image processing, and medicine. Professor Bogdan J. Matuszewski heads the Robotics and Computer Vision Research Laboratory in the Applied Digital Signal and Image Processing Research Centre (ADSIP) at the University of Central Lancashire. He received his MSc in Electronics from the Wroclaw University of Technology (WRUT) Poland in 1990 and his PhD in the area of inverse problems from the same University in 1996. He worked as a Lecturer at WRUT till 1997. He moved to University of Central Lancashire (UK) initially working as Post-Doctoral researcher on the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) funded “Data Integration and Processing System for Non-Destructive Testing of Aircraft Components (DIAPS)” project in collaboration with the British Aerospace. Subsequently he has been holding positions of Lecturer (since 2000), Senior Lecturer (since 2002), Reader (since 2007) and Professor (since 2013). He has published over 110 research papers in different areas of computer vision and image processing and successfully supervised 12 PhDs. He has been principal investigator for three EPSRC funded project. He participated/led research in 19 projects funded by EU, Research Council, and industry. He organized/chaired 11 conference sessions including 5 at IEEE conferences (ICIP’2014, SMC’2013, CYBCONF’2013, SMC’2012, ICIP’2011). He is a member of IEEE, the British Machine Vision Association (BMVA) and the Medical Image Computing and Computer Assisted Intervention Society (MICCAI). He has active collaborative links with industry and number of universities across Europe. His research interests include: industrial and medical computer vision; use of Bayesian methodology for modeling, tracking and pattern recognition; deformable models and their applications to data registration and segmentation. His most recent research projects include: diffeomorphic image registration, level set segmentation incorporating prior shape and topology information, non-rigid structure from motion and 3D dimensional data acquisition and analysis with emphasis on face analysis
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Thibaud Coradin (K4), CNRS, UPMC, Collège de France
Collagen-‐silica bionanocomposites as medicated wound dressings for the controlled delivery of antibiotics and plasmids T. Coradin Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Collège de France, Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, F-75005 Paris, France
Cutaneous chronic wounds are characterized by the absence of healing six weeks after the injury. More than 6 million persons in the United States are affected by these pathologies. Current treatments rely on negative pressure therapy or wound dressings. The main specifications of wound dressings are to absorb exudates, hydrate the wound, prevent infection and promote tissue repair. However, no ideal treatment is available at this time. Over the last few years, research orientation has turn to medicated dressings for drug delivery. Type I collagen-based biomaterials are broadly in this area as collagen is biocompatible, biodegradable, hemostatic and favors wound healing. However, due to their large porosity and high hydrophilicity, collagen hydrogels are poor drug delivery systems. To address these issues, we recently proposed to associate collagen hydrogels with silica nanoparticles that would incorporate the active molecules to be delivered.1 As preliminary steps, we defined the optimal conditions for the preparation of such bionanocomposites,2 checked the cytocompatibility of the silica nanoparticles3 and performed an in vivo study to assess the biocompatibility of these materials.4 Following the positive outcomes of these studies, we evaluated the properties of silicacollagen bionanocomposites for the controlled delivery of antibiotics.5 We could show that gentamycin could be released over more than one week from these materials and that the particles increased the proteolytic stability of the collagen network. More recently, we extended this approach to gene delivery for the design of cell factories.6 Finally, we will describe an alternative approach to build-up silica-collagen bionanocomposites using a bottom-up approach.7,8 Funding from the ECOS-Sud and CNRS-CONICET programs (coll. M.F. Desimone, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina), China Scolarship Council (X. Wang) and Retour Post-doctorant ANR program (C. Aimé) is acknowledged 1 S. Heinemann, T. Coradin, M. F. Desimone, Biomater. Sci. 1, 688-702 (2013) 2 M. F. Desimone, C. Hélary, I. B. Rietveld, I. Bataille, G. Mosser, M.-M. Giraud-Guille, J. Livage, T. Coradin, Acta Biomater., 6, 3998-4004 (2010) 3 S. Quignard, G. Mosser, M. Boissière, T. Coradin, Biomaterials, 33, 4431-4442 (2012) 4 M.F. Desimone, C. Hélary, S. Quignard, I.B. Rietveld, I. Bataille, G.J. Copello, G. Mosser, M.M. GiraudGuille, J. Livage, A. Meddahi-Pellé, T. Coradin, Appl. Mater Interfaces, 3, 3831-3838 (2011) 5 G.S. Alvarez, C. Hélary, A. Mebert, X. Wang, T. Coradin, M.F. Desimone, J. Mater. Chem. B, 2, 4660-4670 (2014) 6 X. Wang, C. Hélary, T. Coradin (submitted) 7 C. Aimé, G. Mosser, G. Pembouong, L. Bouteiller, T. Coradin, Nanoscale, 4, 7127-7134 (2012) 8 S. Bancelin, E. Derencière, V. Machairas, C. Albert, T. Coradin, M.C. Schanne-Klein, C. Aimé, Soft Matter, 10, 6651-6657(2014)
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• Serge Picaud (K5), Vision institute, France
Restoring vision in blind patients: from visual prostheses to the optogenetic therapy Serge Picaud Institut de la Vision, Paris
Photoreceptors degenerate in different retinal diseases including retinal dystrophies like retinitis pigmentosa or more complex diseases such as age macular degeneration. Unfortunately, it remains very difficult or impossible to stop these degenerative processes. After the photoreceptor loss, the residual retina is still composed by two neuronal layers. Clinical trials with visual prostheses have demonstrated the possibility to restore some visual perception in patients. At the clinical trial unit headed by Pr Sahel in the National centre for Ophthalmology (Paris), one blind patient is able to read 10 words per minute. These performances were obtained with a retinal implant containing only 60 electrodes generating thereby at best 60 pixel images. The challenge is now to increase the pixel number and the pixel density. InfraRed (IR) photodiodes and new materials like diamond are currently tested to generate a wireless implant. To achieve a cellular resolution, an alternative strategy was recently proposed based on the expression of light-sensitive channels or pumps, the optogenetic strategy. In this case, gene therapy is used to target expression of the microbial proteins into specific neurones. Sight was recovered in blind mice and expression was obtained in postmortem human retinal tissue. In both cases, a stimulation device is required to activate the repaired retina because the IR chip or the optogenetic tools are sensitive to high IR or visible intensities, respectively. We have therefore generated some stimulation goggles using asynchronous visual sensors with low energy consumption and very high dynamic ranges. The presentation will therefore illustrate these new strategies to restore vision in blind patients.
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Chris Bettinger (K6), Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Edible Electronics: Materials and devices for next-generation medical “implants” Christopher J Bettinger, PhD
Abstract: Electronic medical implants serve as a key pillar in many diagnostic and therapeutic strategies including biosensors, controlled release systems, and tissue stimulation devices. While the sophistication of these implants has increased over recent years, persistent challenges limit the prospective impact of permanent implantable device-based therapies. Infection, chronic inflammation, and costly surgical procedures can reduce the clinical benefit. This talk will introduce the idea of edible electronic devices as a strategy to overcome challenges associated with implantable devices. Two specific innovations will be discussed in this talk. The design and characterization of edible batteries fabricated from biologicallyderived melanin pigments will be described with a focus on device performance and insight into melanin structures. The design and synthesis of ultra-compliant electronically active hydrogels will be discussed. Prospective medical applications for edible electronic will be highlighted. Bio: Christopher Bettinger is currently an Assistant Professor at Carnegie Mellon University in the Departments of Materials Science and Engineering and Biomedical Engineering. He directs the laboratory for Biomaterialsbased Microsystems and Electronics at CMU, which is broadly interested in the design of novel materials and interfaces that promote the integration of medical devices with the human body. Recent efforts focus on addressing materials challenges in the design and deployment of edible electronics for diagnostics and therapeutics. Chris has received honors including the National Academy of Sciences Award for Initiatives in Research, the ACS AkzoNobel Award for Polymer Chemistry, the MIT Tech Review TR35 Top Young Innovator, and the DARPA Young Faculty Award. Prof. Bettinger is also a co-inventor on several patents and was a finalist in the MIT $100K Entrepreneurship Competition. Prof. Bettinger received an S.B. in Chemical Engineering, an M.Eng. in Biomedical Engineering, and a Ph.D. in Materials Science and Engineering as a Charles Stark Draper Fellow, all from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He completed his postdoctoral fellowship at Stanford University in the Department of Chemical Engineering as an NIH Ruth Kirschstein Fellow.
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Robert Sobot (K7), Western University, Canada Human Evolution and Technology -‐ The Rise of Intelligent Machines ? Robert Sobot
Abstract: Since the dawn of humanity, marked by the first technological invention - the fire, we keep developing more and more sophisticated technologies presumably with the intent to enhance our overall well being. Gradually, whether used for constructive or destructive purposes, the technology has become inseparable part of our daily lives. At this point of our evolutionary path, however, the technology is poised to take even more important role by moving even closer to our bodies. In this talk, first I review some of the key historical aspects of the relationship between technology and humans, then I present some of the fascinating modern technological marvels. To close the session, I pose some of the dilemmas and possible scenarios that we are facing within this relationship, which should give us an opportunity to reflect on this important issue.
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Edwin Jager (K8), Linköping University, Sweden Conducting polymers for cell biology and medical devices Dr Edwin Jager, Dept. Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Sweden
Conducting, or conjugated, polymers are interesting materials not only for printed, low cost electronics, photovoltaics and light emitting devices but also for bioelectronics applications. The materials operate at low voltages, can use aqueous electrolytes and have been shown to be biocompatible. In addition since the materials are both ion and electronic conductive they can be an interface between traditional hard electronics that communicate by electronics and soft, wet biological materials such as tissue and cells that predominantly communicate by ionic signals. In this seminar I will give an overview of our work done employing these conducting polymers for cell biology and medical devices. I will present our previous work on conducting polymer microactuators for cell biology as well as for medical devices such as catheters and guide wires for coronary intervention as developed in our spin-off company Micromuscle AB. I will discuss our research on the adhesion and viability of cells on conducting polymers and the effect of the material properties such as dopants or surface roughness and the redox state and how we employ these materials as biosensors for bacterial detection. Finally, I will address our on-going work on mechanostimulation for cells and smart electroactive scaffolds for cardiac repair.
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Symposium on Biomaterial and Smart Systems - 27/28th October
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Diego Mantovani (K9), University Laval, Canada INNOVATION FOR THE NEXT GENERATION OF CARDIAC AND VASCULAR DEVICES
Diego Mantovani, PhD, FBSE Lab for Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Canada Research Chair Tier I for the Innovation in Surgery Dept of Min-Met-Materials Engineering & CHU de Québec Research Center Laval University, Québec City, Canada
[email protected]; www.lbb.ulaval.ca
Over the last 50 years, biomaterials, prostheses and implants saved and prolonged the life of millions of humans around the globe. The main clinical complications for current biomaterials and artificial organs still reside in an interfacial mismatch between the synthetic surface and the natural living tissue surrounding it. Today, nanotechnology, nanomaterials and surface modifications provides a new insight to the current problem of biomaterial complications, and even allows us to envisage strategies for the organ shortage. Advanced tools and new paths towards the development of functional solutions for cardiovascular clinical applications are now available. In this talk, three distinct but complementary applications will be targeted with the overall aim to envisage today how far innovation can bring tomorrow medical devices. They provide short, medium and long-term solutions for cardiovascular clinical problems, respectively. First, how to improve the adhesion and stability of functional nano-coatings for medical devices will be addressed. The adhesion and the stability of nano-coatings (thickness less than 100 nm) are a major concern, and a recognised main short term challenge in bloodcontact applications. In one hand, nano-coatings bring functionalities and provide unconventional properties to devices, tools and medical technologies. In the other hand, the assessment of the adhesion of nano-coatings onto metallic or polymeric substrates is not trivial, especially in reason of their low thickness. Second, the potential of nanostructured metallic degradable metals to provide innovative solutions at medium term for the cardiovascular field will be rapidly depicted. Finally, a new approach for processing materials and cells directly into scaffolds rather the incorporating cells into porous scaffolds will be described. The potential of dynamic cell culture in 2D and 3D will be discussed. The intrinsic goal of this talk is to present an extremely personal look at how nanotechnology can impact the innovation in materials, surfaces and interfaces, and how the resulting extreme properties allowed biomedical functional applications to progress, from the glory days of their introduction, to the promising future that nanotechnology may or may not hold for continuing improve the quality of the life of millions worldwide.
Holder of the Canada Research Chair in Biomaterials and Bioengineering for the Innovation in Surgery, professor at the Department of Materials Engineering at Laval University, adjunct director at the Research Center of the CHU de Québec, Diego Mantovani is a recognised specialist in biomaterials. At the frontier between engineering, medicine and biology, within his team, his works aim to improve the clinical performances of medical devices for functional replacement, and to envisage the next generations of biomaterials to develop artificial organs enhancing the quality of the life of patients. He has authored more than 175 original articles, holds 4 patents, and presented more than 100 keynotes, invited and seminar lectures worldwide in the field of advanced materials for biomedical applications. In 2012, he was nominated Fellow of the International Union of Societies for Biomaterials Science & Engineering (FBSE) for his leadership and contribution to biomaterials for medical devices. He is advisor of three medical devices consortium in the Americas, Asia and Europe.
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Symposium on Biomaterial and Smart Systems - 27/28th October
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Andrea Pinna (K10), UPMC, France Study of fibrosis induced by an implanted medical device Andrea Pinna
This talk will show the e- Fibrosis project. This one focuses on the study of fibrosis induced by an implanted medical device and explores the possibility of characterizing this process by in situ measurement of electrical impedance. The approach combines electrical and biological characterizations of fibrotic tissue, applied to electrodes implanted in animal models and to a planar electrodes array (MEA) hosting an in vitro model of fibrosis. A comparative study of electrical and biological parameters collected along the time will allow identifying an electrical marker of fibrosis development, used for establishing a monitoring method. Adopting an interdisciplinary approach, intermediate embedded prototypes, autonomous and portable by animal, will be developed to confirm the feasibility of the continuous monitoring method and finally propose architectural solutions (embedded computing and specific electrode) applicable to a wide variety of prosthetic implants. The talk will present some first results on the electrical model of the fibrosis and the methodology used to obtain it.
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Symposium on Biomaterial and Smart Systems - 27/28th October
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Pierre Weiss (K11), School of Dental Surgery, Nantes, INSERM, France Self setting Hydrogel composites for musculoskeletal applications
Pierre WEISS INSERM (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale), Nantes University , UMRS 791, center for osteoarticular and dental tissue engineering, 1 Place Alexis Ricordeau, 44042 Nantes Cedex 1, France
Biomimetic extracellular matrices show bioactive properties, enable exchange of stimuli with its environment and induce specific cellular responses. We (INSERM U791) worked for 10 years on injectable self crosslinking hydrogel for cartilage and bone tissue engineering. We have developed a hydrogel with great potential in bone and articular tissue engineering. It is a pH-related auto- reticulating hydrogel that is made up of a hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC) aqueous solution onto which silane groups are graft to enable the formation of covalent links between HPMC chains. This polymer is stable in aqueous solution at pH superior or equal to 12.5. Acidification of the solution results in progressive increase of the viscosity and the formation of a hydrogel. Hydrogels can be blended with calcium phosphate ceramics to do biomaterial composite for bone substitution or on the opposite can be used in calcium phosphate cements to make macropores pores inside the cement. Extracellular matrix is a non-uniform material combining proteins, glycosaminoglycans and fibers.Values of soft tissue elasticity (Young modulus E) could be in the range of 10 kPa for muscle, 20 kPa for cartilage and 30-40 kPa for precalcified bone. Hydrogel alone is too soft if we want to use it for musculoskeletal tissue engineering with alive cells in it. We engineer matrices from hydrogels made of polysaccharides, blends with polylactic fibers, calcium carbonate and phosphates or silicates nano or micro particles in a non-homogenous manner. One pot assembly of hydrogels with nano and/or microparticles of organic or mineral composition is being studied and will provide modulation of mechanical strength and controlled release of bioactive molecules (for i.e. pO2 and cell adhesion) within the matrices. With this strategy we try to tune some of the physical parameters of the synthetic matrices to adapt them for specific applications.
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Symposium on Biomaterial and Smart Systems - 27/28th October
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Fabien Guillemot (K12), Inserm, Bordeaux, France 4D Bioprinting: a new paradigm for engineering complex tissues Fabien Guillemot Poietis, Bat C5, Domaine du Haut-Carré, 351 Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence, France.
Dealing with tissue complexity and reproducing the functional anisotropy of human tissues remain a puzzling challenge for tissue engineers. Emergence of the biological functions results from dynamic interactions between cells, and with extracellular matrix. The important literature showing that cell fate (migration, polarization, proliferation…) is triggered by biochemical and mechanical signals arising from cell microenvironment suggests that tissue formation obeys to short range orders without reference to a global pattern. In that context, the winning tissue engineering strategy might rely on controlling tissue organization at the cell level. Emerging during the last decade, Bioprinting has been defined as “the use of computer-aided transfer processes for patterning and assembling living and non-living materials with a prescribed 2D or 3D organization in order to produce bio-engineered structures serving in regenerative medicine, pharmacokinetic and basic cell biology studies”. From a technological point of view, the Laser-Assisted Bioprinting (LAB) technology has been developped as an alternative method to inkjet and bioextrusion methods, thereby overcoming some of their limitations (namely clogging of print heads or capillaries) to pattern living cells and biomaterials with a micron-scale resolution. By harnessing this high printing resolution, we observe that tissue self-organization over time depends on the cell patterns initially printed by LAB, as well as cell types. To engineer complex tissues, we then emphasize the need to consider the spatio-temporal dynamics of tissue self-organization when designing blueprints.
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Symposium on Biomaterial and Smart Systems - 27/28th October
Oral
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Luc Hebrard (O1), ICube laboratory, University of Strasbourg, France Real-‐time magnetic tracking device for MRI-‐guided interventions using a CMOS 3D Hall probe
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Thomas Boudou (O2), Grenoble Institute of Technology, France Engineering 3D microtissues
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Dimitri Galayko (O3), Université Paris Sud, France Electricity generation from human body motion : toward self-‐supplied implantable electronics
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Hayriye Ozcelik (O4), Université de Strasbourg, France Multilayered Inflammation/Infection Control System with Self-‐Antimicrobial and Antinflammatory Properties
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Stephane Germain (O5), College de France, INSERM, France Angiogenesis and tissue engineering ?
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Adeline Gand (O6), University of Cergy-‐Pontoise, France Thin films based-‐biomaterials : different ways for bioactivation
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Marlène Durand (O7), CICIT Bordeaux, France Preparation and characterization of a biologic scaffold for esophageal tissue engineering
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Cyril Raugh (O8), University of Nottingham, UK The physics of Hoof and Nails and their biomaterial properties
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Vanessa Montano (O9), University Laval, Canada Adsorbed vs grafted fibronectin coatings on fluorocarbon surfaces for cardiovascular applications: A stability study
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Philippe Banet (O10), Université de Cergy-‐Pontoise, France Zwitterionic polymer-‐grafed silver nanoparticles as label to enhance signal of electrochemical biosensors
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Jing Jing (O11), SFR CAP-‐Santé, Université de Reims, France Fabrication and characterization of chitosan/hyaluronic acid porous scaffold with cell colonization
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Sylvain Catros (O12), University of Bordeaux, France Layer-‐by-‐layer microfabrication for bone tissue engineering
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Luismar Marques Porto (O13), Univ. of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil Artificial Tissue-‐based Organ Engineering.
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Francois Aubert-‐Viard (O14), University of Lille 2, France Artificial Tissue-‐based Organ Engineering.
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Marie DeNeufchatel (O15), University of Cergy-‐Pontoise, France Innovative biomaterials for wound repair
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Hamid Kokabi (O16), Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, France Magnetic frequency mixing detection of magnetic nanoparticles for immunoquantification in a microfluidic structure
Symposium on Biomaterial and Smart Systems - 27/28th October
• Luc Hebrard (O1), ICube laboratory, University of Strasbourg, France Real-‐time magnetic tracking device for MRI-‐guided interventions using a CMOS 3D Hall probe L. Hébrard, J.-‐B. Schell, L. Cuvillon, E. Breton, J.-‐B. Kammerer, D. Gounot, and M. de Mathelin
Abstract: Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scanners have the advantage of high tissue contrast and free imaging plane positioning, and their use in minimally-invasive surgery is expected to grow. In such surgery (Fig. 1), a real-time tracking of the interventional instrument (i.e. a needle, a catheter…) is required for the surgeon to guide his instrument. Surgical tool optical localization systems are widely used in MRI, but they suffer from occlusion and they cannot be integrated into the tool. The unique relationship between the coordinates in the bore of a MRI scanner and the magnetic field gradients used for MRImaging (Fig. 2-a) allows building a localization system based on the measurement of these gradients. The poster presents a smart system based on a CMOS 3D Hall probe (Fig. 3) able (i) to measure specific small magnetic gradients in a MRI scanner, (ii) to determine the position of the magnetic sensor, and (iii) to adjust in real-time the MR-Image on the Hall sensor. A few years ago, we devised the first vertical Hall (VHD) device integrable in the shallow Nwell of low-voltage low-cost CMOS processes [1]. By combining two such VHD laid out orthogonally with one conventional horizontal Hall device, we fabricated a low cost 3D Hall device whose footprint is below 50µm2. The 3D magnetometer is co-integrated with a specific electronics to measure the MRI magnetic gradients. We use bipolar gradient pulses, i.e. positive then negative, of 1ms, which are integrated over the whole pulse duration with a reversing of the integrator input at half the pulse window. Thus, the MRI high static B0 field, i.e. 1,5T or 3T for human body scanners, and any offset are perfectly cancelled. The probe output is thus only proportional to the applied small magnetic gradients, and allows an accurate measurement of the scanner gradient maps (Fig. 2-b) [2]. The 3D Hall device with its specific electronics was integrated in the AMS 0.35µm CMOS technology and mounted on a PCB to build a tracking device (Fig. 4). This device features two small fiducial markers filled with a MRI contrast agent (gadolinium). They are seen as bright dots in the MR image. A typical spoiled gradient echo MR sequence with an image acquisition time of 780ms was used for the tracking demonstration (Fig. 5). On each image, the MRI plane is adjusted on the plane of the chip, i.e. in the plane of the tracking device, where both fiducial markers are visible [3]. Such a smart system opens the way to an efficient real-time tracking of MRI-compatible minimally-invasive surgery tools. J. Pascal, and al., “First Vertical Hall Device in standard 0.35µm CMOS technology”, Sensors and Actuators A, pp. 41-46, 2008 J.-B. Schell, and al., “3T MRI scanner magnetic gradient mapping using a 3D Hall probe”, IEEE Sensors Conf., Oct. 28-31, 2012, pp. 20382041 L. Cuvillon, and al., “Real-time automatic tracking with a dedicated 3D Hall-effect integrated circuit for MRI-guided interventions”, Joint Annual Meeting ISMRM-ESMRMB, 10-16 May, 2014, pp. 2519
Key words: 3D Hall probe, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Smart magnetic tracking, MRI-guided minimally-invasive surgery, CMOS and MRI-compatible electronics, Smart system Full details of corresponding authors: Prof. Luc Hébrard ICube laboratory, Université de Strasbourg – CNRS 23 rue du Loess – BP20, 67037 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France E-mail :
[email protected]
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Symposium on Biomaterial and Smart Systems - 27/28th October
Figures :
(a)
Fig. 1: MR-guided minimally-invasive surgery
Fig. 3: 3D integrated Hall probe (2.3*3.4 mm2)
(b) Fig. 2 : (a) Concomitant fields relationship, (b) measured gradient map for Gx=Gz=0 and G y=20mT/m on a 80mm grid. 3D Hall probe
Fiducial markers Fig. 4 : Tracking device prototype.
Fig. 5 : Real-time tracking experiment
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Symposium on Biomaterial and Smart Systems - 27/28th October
• Thomas Boudou (O2), Grenoble Institute of Technology, France
Engineering 3D microtissues Thomas Boudou Department of Bioengineering, CNRS UMR 5628 (LMGP), Grenoble Institute of Technology, Grenoble, France
Engineered muscle tissues can be used to elucidate fundamental features of muscle biology, develop organotypic in vitro model systems, and as engineered tissue constructs for replacing non-functional or damaged muscle tissue in vivo [1]. However, a key limitation is an inability to test the wide range of parameters (cell source, mechanical, soluble and electrical stimuli) that might impact the engineered tissue in a high throughput manner and in an environment that mimics native skeletal muscle tissue. Here we used microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology [2] to generate arrays of muscle microtissues embedded within three-dimensional micropatterned matrices. Microcantilevers simultaneously constrain microtissue contraction and report forces generated by the microtissues in real time [3]. We demonstrate the ability to routinely produce hundreds of microtissues from low cell quantities (primary neonatal rat cardiomyocytes, C2C12 myoblasts or human airway smooth muscle cells) whose contractility can be tracked. Independently varying the mechanical stiffness of the cantilevers and collagen matrix revealed that the contractility of the microtissues varied with boundary or matrix rigidity. We also show that the combination of electrical stimulation and auxotonic load strongly improves the architecture and the contractility of the microtissues. Finally, we demonstrate the suitability of our technique for monitoring calcium dynamics and drug-induced changes in microtissues. Together, these results highlight the potential for this approach to quantitatively demonstrate the impact of physical parameters on the maturation, structure and function of muscle tissue and open the possibility to use high throughput, low volume screening for studies on engineered muscle. [1] Vandenburgh, H., Tissue Eng Part B Rev, 2010. 16(1): 55-64. [2] Legant, W.R., et al., Proc Nat Acad Sci USA, 2009. 106(25): 10097-102. [3] Boudou, T., et al., Tissue Eng Part A, 2012. 18(9-10): 910-9.
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Symposium on Biomaterial and Smart Systems - 27/28th October
• Dimitri Galayko (O3), Université Paris Sud, France
Electricity generation from human body motion : toward self-‐supplied implantable electronics 1
Elie Lefeuvre1, Dimitri Galayko2, Philippe Basset3, Adrien Badel4, Fabien Formosa4 Institut d’Electronique Fondamentale, Univ. Paris Sud, UMR CNRS 8622, 91405 Orsay, France 2 Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR7606, LIP6, F-75005, Paris, France 3 Université Paris-Est, ESYCOM Lab., ESIEE Paris 4 Laboratoire SYMME, Université de Savoie, 74944 Annecy-le-Vieux, France
Introduction Progress in micro and nano technologies open infinite possibilities for implementation of smart electronic devices embedded in or wearable on human body, for therapeutic or healthcare purposes. Peacemakers, automatic glucose insulin regulation, automatic drug injection, computerized prosthetics, embedded sensors for long-time medical follow-up, etc., are only few example of nowadays devices which operate successfully on or inside the human body. When necessary, a wireless communication is used, for example, in order to download the data measured by in-vivo embedded sensor. However, the energy supply remains the main bottleneck of on-body devices. The device must be autonomous, and a use of a battery has been the only reliable solution till recently. However, the need to replace periodically a battery limits the operability of the devices. A typical example is the case of a peacemaker, whose operation is needed for years or for tens of years, and where each replacement of a battery is related to a body-intrusive operation. A possible response to the electrical supply needs for in-body embedded devices is given by the techniques of electricity generation from ambient energy. Kinetic energy is one of the main energy sources related to the human body, which may supply embedded or wearable medical electronic devices. Indeed, roughly 20% of the energy consumed by the human through a food is converted into the mechanical energy of different motions (members, blood pressure, breathing, etc…), representing 500 Watt-hours per day. Most of the motions of the human body are cyclic, are the abovementioned mechanical energy finishes by being dissipated into the heath (lost). A small part of this energy would be enough for supplying a micro scale electronic device, typically needing energy in the range 0.1-10 mW. The re-use of the human body kinetic energy can be very efficient and with minimal induced metabolic cost: If the energy conversion is done on the phase of muscle relaxation (negative muscle work), there is no impedance to the natural motion [1]. Fig. 1 summarizes the mechanical energy available on different parts and members of the human body [2].
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Symposium on Biomaterial and Smart Systems - 27/28th October
Fig.1. Distribution of kinetic energy over different human body members, parts and actions.
The paper presents a review of techniques allowing a generation of electricity from the human body motions for supply of autonomous embedded medical device and presents few working or promising solutions. Principle of electromechanical conversion of energy A vibration energy harvester is composed on a mechanical part, an electromechanical transducer and a conditioning electronics. The geometry of the mechanical part depends on the application: in many cases, it includes a large mobile mass, coupled with the vibrating frame (the human body), which captures a part of the mechanical energy available in the environment. But in some configurations, a mobile mass may be absent, for example, for the extraction of energy of the blood pressure variation, kneel motion, etc (cf. the next section). Electromechanical transducer generates a force, whose origin is electrical. When this force achieves a negative mechanical work on the vibrating frame, the energy of the vibrating system is reduced, and the electrical energy of the transducer increases. The conditioning circuit plays two roles. The first one is a definition of an optimal electrical environment for the transducer (biasing, …). The second one is an implementation of an electrical interface between the transducer and the load. For example, the output voltage of a generator may be 10 V, whereas the electronic circuits of the sensor may need a supply voltage of 1.1 V. In this case, the conditioning circuit optimizes the DC-DC voltage conversion. The conditioning circuit may also achieve a power management, in order to cope with variability of the available energy and with the needs of the load. Electromechanical conversion done by the transducer is the key action of the electricity generator. There is three kinds of widely used transducers: piezoelectric, electrostatic and electromagnetic. Each of them has specific properties. Electromagnetic transducer is the less suitable for miniaturization, but it is able to generate large power (milliwatts). It should be noted that they use permanent magnets, and by consequence, they aren’t compatible with MRI (Magneto-Resonance Imaging), and their use is prohibited in devices embedded in the body. Electrostatic transducers have the best compatibility with the micro and nano technologies, have a potentially unlimited lifetime, but provide a low power (up to few tens of microwatt). Piezoelectric transducers have the best maturity, and present a compromise between the miniaturization and a large output power (up to hundreds of microwatts). However, their compatibility with micro technologies is less good than for capacitive transducers, and their lifetime is still a subject of investigations. Review of kinetic energy harvesters in wearable or embedded electronics Leadless Peacemakers. The cardiovascular system is characterized by permanent presence of kinetic energy with steady dynamic properties: a cyclic variation of the blood pressure, and large periodic displacement of the heart. This is a perfect context for the kinetic energy harvesting, opening a possibility to implement autonomous leadless peacemakers, which is one of the flagship applications of the energy harvesting for implantable devices. The study [3] investigated the motion of the heart (by using MRI technique in vivo), and identified epicardial zones of the heart, whose motion is exploitable by a vibration energy harvesting. A proof-of-concept device made with a non-optimized electromagnetic harvester provides a useful power of 16.7 µW. The study [4] investigates a piezoelectric harvester mechanically linked with the myocardia, of small volume (
