CEA Saclay - Institut de Recherche sur les lois Fondamentales de l’Univers

ν astronomy in the Northern hemisphere • Baikal • Antares • KM3NeT Th. Stolarczyk CEA Saclay - IRFU / SPP May 18-23, 2008

XXth Rencontres de Blois

Challenges in Particle Astrophysics

Northern ν

Baïkal

Antares

KM3NeT

HE ν telescopes

Conclusion Lake Baïkal

Mediterranean

South Pole

Rencontres de Blois 23 May 2008

Th. Stolarczyk – ν in the Northern hemisphere

2

Northern ν

Baïkal

Antares

KM3NeT

Conclusion

Sky view

North-South common sky : 0.5 π sr instantaneous 1.5 π sr per day

100 %

Mediterranean ~ 43o North

South Pole Nothern hemisphere detectors : Galactic center seen 75% of the time Cover Hess and Auger skys

Rencontres de Blois 23 May 2008

Th. Stolarczyk – ν in the Northern hemisphere

0%

3

Northern ν

Baïkal

Antares

Baikal

KM3NeT

Conclusion

• Collaboration • 7 Russian institutes • Desy-Zeuthen, Germany • 50 physicists

• 1993 : 1st prototype • Frozen surface in winter → Deployment and maintenance

54°50'N,104°20'E Rencontres de Blois 23 May 2008

Th. Stolarczyk – ν in the Northern hemisphere

4

Northern ν

Baïkal

Antares

KM3NeT

Conclusion

3600 m

1366 m

4 cables to shore

NT 200 Depth 1070 m Absorption length: ~25m Scattering length: 30-60 m Rencontres de Blois 23 May 2008

Th. Stolarczyk – ν in the Northern hemisphere

5

Northern ν

Baïkal

Antares

KM3NeT

Conclusion

69 m

NT 200 • • •

Since 1998 8 strings 192 optical modules

•

Instrum. volume : 100 kTon (10-4 km3 )

•

µ-effective area ≈ 2000 m2 (E > 1 TeV)

21.5 m 37 cm Rencontres de Blois 23 May 2008

Th. Stolarczyk – ν in the Northern hemisphere

6

Northern ν

Baïkal

Antares

KM3NeT

Conclusion

νµ→ µ in NT 200 (1998-2003)

• Angular resolution (1 TeV) ~ 4° • No excess found • 372 µ in 1038 d. • 385 expected (E > 15-20 GeV) Sky coverage

Rencontres de Blois 23 May 2008

Th. Stolarczyk – ν in the Northern hemisphere

7

Northern ν

Baïkal

Antares

KM3NeT

Conclusion

Diffuse ν fluxes • NT 200 looking to showers No directionnal info... but 1Mton at 1 PeV !

8.1⋅10-7 GeV ⋅cm-2 ⋅s-1 ⋅sr-1 • 90% C.L. • 20 TeV < Eν 10PeV Rencontres de Blois 23 May 2008

Th. Stolarczyk – ν in the Northern hemisphere

8

Northern ν

Baïkal

Antares

KM3NeT

Conclusion

NT200 + • Since April 2005 • + 3 outer strings • 12 PMT each

• Instrum. Volume 100 kTon → ~ 4 Mton • Shower eff. Volume E> 10PeV 1 MTon → 10 Mton 200 m

• Still running… 200 m Rencontres de Blois 23 May 2008

Th. Stolarczyk – ν in the Northern hemisphere

9

Northern ν

Baïkal

Antares

KM3NeT

Conclusion

A km3 detector • Sparse instrumentation : • 91 strings X 12/16 OM = 1300-1700 OMs 208m

624m

• Shower eff. Volume E> 100 TeV ~ 4 MTon → 1 Gton • Muon detection : • E > 10-30 TeV • Angular resolution < 5°

70m 70m

280m

120m

• R&D +TDR : 2006-08 (Funded) • Prototype : April 2008

•

Rencontres de Blois 23 May 2008

Construction ≥ 2009

Th. Stolarczyk – ν in the Northern hemisphere

10

Northern ν

Baïkal

Antares

KM3NeT

Conclusion

ANTARES

• Introduction • Recent milestones • Atmospheric µ • Neutrinos Rencontres de Blois 23 May 2008

Th. Stolarczyk – ν in the Northern hemisphere

11

Northern ν

Baïkal

Antares

KM3NeT

• • • • Rencontres de Blois 23 May 2008

Conclusion

Since 1996 7 countries 22 laboratories ~150 engineers, sea scientists, physicists.

Th. Stolarczyk – ν in the Northern hemisphere

12

Northern ν

Rencontres de Blois 23 May 2008

Baïkal

Antares

KM3NeT

Th. Stolarczyk – ν in the Northern hemisphere

Conclusion

13

Northern ν

Baïkal

Antares

KM3NeT

Conclusion

350 m 450 m

100 m

-2500 m

≈ 60 m

Rencontres de Blois 23 May 2008

12 lines 3x25 PM Th. Stolarczyk – ν in the Northern hemisphere

14

Northern ν

Baïkal

Antares

KM3NeT

Conclusion

A detector storey Optical Beacon:

Timing calibration DAQ Slow Control Compass Cards 10” PMT 17” glass sphere

Hydrophone

Acoustic positioning Rencontres de Blois 23 May 2008

Titanium frame Th. Stolarczyk – ν in the Northern hemisphere

15

Northern ν

Baïkal

Antares

KM3NeT

Conclusion

Expected angular resolution Measured : • ∆t < 1 ns • ∆r ~ 10 cm … as expected

µrec − µtrue µrec −ν

µ ν • •

Rencontres de Blois 23 May 2008

Instrum. Vol. : 20 MTon (1/50 km3 ) µ-Effective area ≈ 20000 m2 (E > 1 TeV)

Th. Stolarczyk – ν in the Northern hemisphere

16

Northern ν

Baïkal

Antares

KM3NeT

Signal

Conclusion Simulation

• Muon • 2 µs signal • Fires ∼ 100 modules

•

40K

decay

• ∼ 30 kHz* continuum • Bioluminescence • Continuum ∼ 30 kHz* • Bursts • > MHz

• All data sent to shore • Several software triggers implemented *PM 10 ’’, 0.3 p.e. threshold Rencontres de Blois 23 May 2008

Th. Stolarczyk – ν in the Northern hemisphere

17

Northern ν

Baïkal

Antares

KM3NeT

Conclusion

Bioluminescence

2 min

Rencontres de Blois 23 May 2008

Th. Stolarczyk – ν in the Northern hemisphere

18

Northern ν

Baïkal

Antares

KM3NeT

Conclusion

Mean rate on line 1 Line 1 • Floor 1 (bottom, ~2400 m) • Floor 25 (top, ~2040 m) • March 2006 – May 2008 (more than 2 years!)

Rencontres de Blois 23 May 2008

Th. Stolarczyk – ν in the Northern hemisphere

19

Northern ν

Baïkal

Antares

KM3NeT

Conclusion

• March 2006 • First line

Rencontres de Blois 23 May 2008

Th. Stolarczyk – ν in the Northern hemisphere

20

Northern ν

Baïkal

Antares

KM3NeT

Conclusion

• September 2006 • Line 2

Rencontres de Blois 23 May 2008

Th. Stolarczyk – ν in the Northern hemisphere

21

Northern ν

Baïkal

Antares

KM3NeT

Conclusion

• January 2007 • 5 lines

Rencontres de Blois 23 May 2008

Th. Stolarczyk – ν in the Northern hemisphere

22

Northern ν

Baïkal

Antares

KM3NeT

Conclusion

• December 2007 • 10 lines

Rencontres de Blois 23 May 2008

Th. Stolarczyk – ν in the Northern hemisphere

23

Northern ν

Baïkal

Antares

KM3NeT

Conclusion

• May 2008 • 12 lines

• Connexions are imminent !

Rencontres de Blois 23 May 2008

Th. Stolarczyk – ν in the Northern hemisphere

24

Northern ν

Baïkal

Antares

KM3NeT

Conclusion

Other sciences

IL 07 hydrophones

CT 14.5m

Camera OM

ADCP 80m C-Star

SV

CT 14.5m

hydrophones

O2 14.5m

hydrophones

C-Star

• Sismology • Acoustic detection • Oceanography • Climatology

80m Camera OM hydrophone

ADCP 98m RxTx

Seismometer

Rencontres de Blois 23 May 2008

Th. Stolarczyk – ν in the Northern hemisphere

25

Northern ν

Baïkal

Antares

KM3NeT

Conclusion

Atmospheric muons z (m)

z (m)

r (m) Rencontres de Blois 23 May 2008

t (ns) Th. Stolarczyk – ν in the Northern hemisphere

26

Northern ν

Baïkal

Antares

KM3NeT

Conclusion

Atmospheric muons z (m)

r (m) Rencontres de Blois 23 May 2008

Th. Stolarczyk – ν in the Northern hemisphere

27

Northern ν

Baïkal

Antares

KM3NeT

Conclusion

Atm. µ bundles

Rencontres de Blois 23 May 2008

Th. Stolarczyk – ν in the Northern hemisphere

28

Northern ν

Baïkal

Antares

KM3NeT

Conclusion

Atmospheric muons

Depth-intensity relation

• 1 line data • 50 d. • Strong cuts

• Absolute flux measurement

•

Rencontres de Blois 23 May 2008

To be submitted soon

Th. Stolarczyk – ν in the Northern hemisphere

29

Northern ν

Baïkal

Antares

KM3NeT

Conclusion

Atmospheric muons

5 line data 10 runs in February 2007

• All reconstructed events • No quality cut

• Data/simulation agreement ∼10% • Too good ? Theoretical uncertainties > 20%

Preliminary

Preliminary

Rencontres de Blois 23 May 2008

Th. Stolarczyk – ν in the Northern hemisphere

30

Northern ν

Baïkal

Antares

KM3NeT

Conclusion

The search for neutrinos Depth : 2400 m E > 1 TeV

Rencontres de Blois 23 May 2008

Th. Stolarczyk – ν in the Northern hemisphere

31

Northern ν

Baïkal

Antares

KM3NeT

Conclusion

Atmospheric ν

5 line data • Preliminary study • Code initially used for online reconstruction • Resolution and efficiency not optimal… • Simple χ2 fit (no pdf) • Default calibration

• Simulation

• Atmospheric µ : Korsika (QGset) + “Hoerandel” • Atmospheric ν : Bartol model

•

χ2 cut applied + at least 2 lines fired

• More sophisticated analysis under study…

Rencontres de Blois 23 May 2008

Th. Stolarczyk – ν in the Northern hemisphere

32

Northern ν

Baïkal

Atmospheric µ

Antares

KM3NeT

Conclusion

• 5 line data subsample • ~ 12×106 triggers (May. – Dec. 2007) • 100 days of active time

Data Cosθ > 0 ∼ 0.8 evt/day Atmospheric ν

Dashed : MC truth Preliminary

Rencontres de Blois 23 May 2008

Th. Stolarczyk – ν in the Northern hemisphere

33

Northern ν

Baïkal

Antares

KM3NeT

Conclusion

Atmospheric ν

10 line data

Rencontres de Blois 23 May 2008

A neutrino candidate

Th. Stolarczyk – ν in the Northern hemisphere

34 34

Northern ν

Baïkal

Antares

KM3NeT

Conclusion

Atmospheric ν

10 line data

Rencontres de Blois 23 May 2008

Th. Stolarczyk – ν in the Northern hemisphere

35

Northern ν

Baïkal

Antares

KM3NeT

Conclusion

Atmospheric ν

10 line data

A neutrino candidate

Rencontres de Blois 23 May 2008

Th. Stolarczyk – ν in the Northern hemisphere

36

Northern ν

Baïkal

Antares

KM3NeT

Conclusion

Atmospheric ν

10 line data – a first look Dec 2007 – Apr 2008 100 active days

Data Cosθ > 0 208 ν candidates

Preliminary

Rencontres de Blois 23 May 2008

Th. Stolarczyk – ν in the Northern hemisphere

37

Northern ν

Baïkal

Antares

KM3NeT

Conclusion

Antares status •

1 line data – 2006 → Depth intensity relation

•

5 line data – Feb-Dec 2007 • • • •

•

15 millions of triggers on disk 170 days of data analysed Good agreement with atmospheric µ Neutrinos reconstructed

10 line data – Dec-April 2007 • 100 days of data, > 300 neutrinos identified

•

Analysis in progress, systematics under study

• •

12 + 1 lines deployed, May 2008 Detector completion imminent

•

Ready for source search !

Rencontres de Blois 23 May 2008

Th. Stolarczyk – ν in the Northern hemisphere

38

Northern ν

Baïkal

Antares

KM3NeT

Conclusion

Toward a km3-scale detector in the Mediterranean sea

Antares (1/50 km3) Toulon, France -2500m

Nemo Capo Passero, Italy -3350m Rencontres de Blois 23 May 2008

Nestor Pylos, Greece -4000m

Th. Stolarczyk – ν in the Northern hemisphere

39

Northern ν

Baïkal

Antares

KM3NeT

Conclusion

Antares (1/50 km3) Toulon, France -2500m Since 1996 Data taking ∼150 members

Rencontres de Blois 23 May 2008

Since 2000 R&D Nemo ∼ 80 members Capo Passero, Italy -3350m

Nestor1990 Since Pylos, R&D Greece ∼ -4000m 50 members

Th. Stolarczyk – ν in the Northern hemisphere

40

Baïkal

Antares

KM3NeT

Conclusion

The KM3NeT consortium 8 countries, >30 institutes Since sept. 2006 on ESFRI roadmap FP6 - 2006-2009

FP7 - 2008-2011

• Design study • Get the best of the 3 pionneering experiments • CDR published (April 2008) • Toward the TDR

• Preparatory phase • Prepare the future collaboration • Study funding scenarios • Define a production model

Strong links with ESONeT/EMSO Rencontres de Blois 23 May 2008

Th. Stolarczyk – ν in the Northern hemisphere

(ESFRI = European Strategy Forum on Research Infrastructures)

Northern ν

41

Northern ν

Baïkal

Antares

KM3NeT

Conclusion

Configuration studies (CDR)

Rencontres de Blois 23 May 2008

Th. Stolarczyk – ν in the Northern hemisphere

42

Northern ν

Baïkal

Antares

KM3NeT

Conclusion

The CDR reference detector •

Not the final design

• •

15 x 15 “lines” Spacing 95 m

•

Each “line” • 37 optical module • Spacing 15.5 m

•

Each OM : 21 x 3’’ PMTs

•

Instrum. Vol. = 1 km3

Effective area of reference detector

Rencontres de Blois 23 May 2008

Th. Stolarczyk – ν in the Northern hemisphere

43

Northern ν

Baïkal

Antares

KM3NeT

Conclusion

Point source sensitivity νµ→ µ only • Why better than Icecube ? • Larger photocathode area • Better angular resolution Preliminary

Rencontres de Blois 23 May 2008

Th. Stolarczyk – ν in the Northern hemisphere

44

Northern ν

Baïkal

Antares

KM3NeT

Conclusion

Diffuse fluxes Atm. ν

Amanda 1y

• Hypothesis • E-2 ν spectrum • νµ→ µ only • MC energy

Antares 1y

WB limit Icecube KM3NeT 1y

Rencontres de Blois 23 May 2008

Th. Stolarczyk – ν in the Northern hemisphere

45

Northern ν

Baïkal

Antares

KM3NeT

Conclusion

Dark Matter Sensitivity • χ° annihilation in Sun • Scan of mSUGRA parameter space

Antares Rencontres de Blois 23 May 2008

KM3NeT

Out of detectability Th. Stolarczyk – ν in the Northern hemisphere

46

Northern ν

Baïkal

Antares

KM3NeT

Conclusion

Timeline towards construction

Design Study Preparatory phase Construction phase Data taking CDR

TDR Final prototyping Note: “Construction” includes the final prototyping stage

Rencontres de Blois 23 May 2008

Th. Stolarczyk – ν in the Northern hemisphere

47

Northern ν

Baïkal

Antares

KM3NeT

Conclusion

ν astronomy opens a new window on the Universe… DVP Macro SuperK …

Baikal

Baikal GVD Antares

Amanda

KM3NeT

Icecube

?

?

… the window has never been so wide open ! Rencontres de Blois 23 May 2008

Th. Stolarczyk – ν in the Northern hemisphere

48