!#" $&%('*),+.-/'1023+ 465 !87:9A@B;?CD;?E>GFH>AI JLKM;=7:>AN#;CLO,P&QR>TSA;=K=9RSUJLQVP&NWL9XN>A>TK=9RNWYJLN@[ZC\7YI 5 ;?>AK 4 ST9R>TNSA> 9RNBI JLKM;=9]JLQ^O 5 QR_ QRQX7Y>TN#;`C(Oa;=E>bK=>Tc 5 9RK=>A7:>AN;=deOfC\K`;?E>b@>AW\K=>A>gC(O h JLd;?>TKCLOP&NW\9RN>T>AK=9XN8WY9RNiZC\7:I 5 ;?>AK 4 ST9X>ANST>GJLN8@[P&NW\9RN>T>AK=9RNW Jj;e;?E> hik 44 k Z`lnm 4 Ppoeo 4/qrn4 o q omsoPutwvxoPZ`l r twy tbzH{ 4 >TI6;?>T7!^>AKH|L}L}8~ S h J(d=d?J(SE 5 d=>A;M;?d q NdM;=9R; 5 ;?>bCLOaoa>ASENC\QRC\WL"i|L}\}6~\ k QRQK=9RW\E#;?deKM>Td=>AKML>T@ k 5 ;?EC\KTATATT
TATATTATATTAAATATTATATTAT
TATTATATTATAAATTATATTATAT
TTATATTATATT
TAT FH>AI JLKM;=7:>AN#;CLO,P&QR>TSA;=K=9RSUJLQVP&NWL9XN>A>TK=9RNWYJLN@iZC\7YI 5 ;=>TK 4 ST9R>TNSA> 4 >AI8;?>A7!^>AKT^|L}\}6~ Z>TK;?9T@!#"UAT
TATTATATTATAAATTATATTATAT
TTATATTATATT
TATATTATATTAAATATTATATTAT
TA h v K?JLN8dsbJ\J(d=EC3>T K=C(Of>Td=dMC\KCLO&ZCL7:I 5 ;?>TK 4 SA9X>ANST>GJLN@iP&NW\9RN>T>AK=9XN8W oeE>Ad=9Xd 465 I1>TK39Xd=CLK Z>TK;?9T@!#"UAT
TATTATATTATAAATTATATTATAT
TTATATTATATT
TATATTATATTAAATATTATATTAT
TA CL!^>AKM;ow h C\KMK=9Rd k dMd=9RdM;J(N; K=C(Of>Td=dMC\KCLO&ZCL7:I 5 ;?>TK 4 SA9X>ANST>GJLN@iP&NW\9RN>T>AK=9XN8W oeE>Ad=9Xd 465 I1>TK39Xd=CLK k SAST>AI8;?>A@[!#"GUTATTATATTAT
TATTATATTAT
TATTATATTATAAATTATATTATAT
TTATATTATATT
TATATT k K;?E 5 KsZn 4 7Y9R;=E ZE J(9XK=7:JLN8FH>TI J(KM;?7Y>TN#;nZC\7Y7:9T>HC\NizwK?JL@ 5 J(;?> 4 ; 5 @>AN#;?d
!#" vK=JLNBFwJ(!^>A
"!$#%'&)(*(*+-,.(*/'(1/ 0$;K+3NO24P++65657981(*+-(1%:%Q+-#;@?BT$A)U +-RCD&)(*;.8E&)C65V779AF81(1?G&)7;$AWH &)>X;$!+6AMY+68EA)AI&I%:;$H:+-;Z7(G;/,K>@JL(10$/ +%:5!(*+684"C6&M+-;CD+ ` 7\*(*+684/>@?B;$H &);81+6+-+6[]77%:\1(p}F5?p7AM+\PRZj5W&I;Q+6g=8E+D &M"+-}!,\*(=79(1#W7:+&); />Ws=*0/ 79&);p/7#W,$+6i"81(6&)\*R+6>]8-/RV8a05&)\^8E/S&)i"%'&),5&)AM;$+-%:H:+-(10;&)%:(105W++6(1Jo!0$\=/78E,K;,K581CD// (*;p+BJo5jp8E}/Si"&),$+-,_7;,_(10$+L(10$/ !$H 0i+_(10\1+3!$H%:H+-+-%_\1(1#W&M/ +6;8E\^\L/0$>+ 5V23!$( 3>yO5/8E(10b8E/S81i"+6&),$H 79+-8E,.,7:&I;$\1H!$(150$5W+_/81,$(1+-&)\1i&)+aH ;.sL//81>p"J &);$jH:W}79(1%:/ \*50+681+} g 07;P\L+-\*5W+Du C6&)7A)A)g k0(*+/324?p8E+6&)>]C+-; \*+6+:(*+6 48E\*,$/ ix;7;s=CD0+-/4,vso^7+-\@\*+-H79/P8E/PCh,0 CD / 8E%:/x5+-7CD;]+}}3}3}_}}3}3}}3}3}_}}3}3}}3}3}}_}3}3}}3}3}}_}3}3}}3}3}}_}3}3}}3} P} JL/ ;j7&IA)!$81+ }3}_}}3}3}}3}3}}_}3}3}}3}3}}_}3}3}}3}3}}_}3}3}}3} Q (?! *+,- %, ?5< 3 ? # 1( 1
.,¡ ¡¡ : : D
B
?\*(*$8E79&)\*(*(1+.&I;$(1H_0$+5W+6#W+6+-8*un;$(*+6/9Yun5W(1\_+6+6/8^>=\*CDk"/];X8E7\a&)A)&)!$;.815+}=81/Pk5W"/%'81(1%:&)/ +6;O(*8E(*k/7(1A)0$\*+-/O&M8=&I%:79#5&IA)A)&M&M+-(\okO(1/08^79s=(4&)AMAI/ A)7&);$,rH ;$\10$+-/ \E\B!A)(*,b/#W0+37;sL,+-AMA)+AAM#V/ 77A),f7} ;CD+-,
v+3+D"5W+-CD( (1079(o57981(1&)C6&)57;Z(1\ &I;75W+6+68*un(*/9un5W+6+68=\*k"\*(*+-%sa&)A)A#W+
i/ A)!;@C6&M(1+-&)%:;Z( +R$Y/ AM;b+(1(*8E0$7+_;/\*8E>y+6,$8h+6\8^>y/8E>/ %/ ;$+_7.0$5W/ +6!+68*8-un} (*/9u 5W +6g^+684g^\1(*/58E8179/H(*+/PCD\1/ kPAI\*\6(*} +-% \10/ !A),b#W+_CD/ %:5W+6(1&M(1&)i+Qs=&)(105W/ &);]+68E\a!\1&);$H'(10+Qj g^ /8 57;A)7,_CDj@+o(1&)0$(1;+G0$7+o;PAIAM!k5W%QR+-(179#0_+6+L8;P\*!/k">$%Q\*(*7#+-CD%+6(18@&Mi\1/+L0$>V!/ 81!\*+6+6H A)8E,_&)\\*%'(*79+6( 781+-&IU ;Z,:} (1Na7!%'&)\*;_+6&)8EA)(1A)\0$&)/ /+-; >\*+o(1 :0$5 + 81}/4 45W79;Z+6581k(1\*&)(*i"+-+6&)\F8p79+6#\*ik"A)+p+-\*;(*,$+-+-7%\1\@&MH &M79(;Q(H\1798E0$5/S/ s=5!8E\A)/-,3i$+6#&)%'81+Gk_7979AI(*#79+-81AMAM+pHk +(*:x/
}T =\1%!$+655W&)A)5W/A)&M/81/ (181; \( 7'!\1+68 #7\*+3/ ;b(10&)\o/8E,$+68^/>%'79H ;&M(1!,$+&);b\1&)6+}
"!# [%$G 3 8
07A)AB/&)AM>^+(1(10$0$+-+:%b5W} +6+6g 8*un0(*&)/9\_un5W(10$+6+6+-8_\1&)\Q\*k"5\*81(*+-+-\*%'+-;GA)Jo+'jp\*kP7\1(*9+-81%w+Q5&M81(1+-\1+-\*+-AM>o;]Jo+6(10$CE/08h&),;$HdAM/y/ 8E+r&)/ ;]/ %'A)AM+-/;Zs=(1\4\(1(1790$++-\p#AM74/"C1# AM/" \aC1 2 \ / 2 ;r7(1;0$,+:k"&),&M+-+-A);Z,(1\&MY(10$+68a+oC6#&MAM8E/"C6C1A)+} n\ g l^gj/.o&)o%:mKl5l7AMp +-dh%'R 0$\*/+68E8Ei, +6 \
8E\65WR+6781;>]/,~8E%'\*+6781;i+6CD8E+:\QsLC6+7;.07S*i/ +O&);~%:7/";,, &MYAM+-+-7-,ri+O&)((1(*0$/+81\*/ k"!$\*(*(*++-% [P!$s=+68E&)&)(1+-0v\
>y5+681s +6>]+6(17981+-#;"AM+ u (1+D&)"75A)A)+6k38h&)(*%:/_+-0$;y(*+68^>X7&)A)!81+ x ;+6(sL/81.581/-$&)%'&)(k.7-so7981+_81/ !(1&);$H x \E&)%:5AM+7AMH/8h&M(10%'\o(*/7Ch0&M+6i+Q(10$+379#W/Si+_8E+-\1!AM(1\6} o J p j |& ) \ $ ; / ( k 6 + ( I & ; / W 5 6 + E 8 9 7 1 ( M &
/ ; 7 G A ! 1 \ + p R 7 ; , 1 \ ! E C 0 ! 1 \ O + = s I & ) A p A ) A M & + ) A v k 5 1 8
/ : % 5 Q ( 1 8 6 + Y $ ; + ' % + Z ; 1 ( \ * ( v / M & 1 ( \ (*,$\*/+6+-81\1(*i&)/ H +6A)8h;f+6\6}O8E}79
a(*+;$;$%+:/(175W0A)/+6&)C68B(*+-&M79/ ;yjp/78_,;Z(1&I$\ %:/P#P5+-kb\p81/;$ii/+6+-8E(B%:&M>]C6+-k"!$;Z&)8E;$(Q81H:+-&);Z\
(1(10$(1A)kQ+Q0$+781/ ,79!$,$#(18E&I&)+-A);$&M\1(HO\pk{&)&)\/;$>o>]7/;$(18E0$/ %'+;](k"k&)R;$&)H>G(1;$0$+6+_+-,$2
+-a,FRf7\EsG0/ !\*k"AI,v\*(*+-&)%:%b5} AM+-%'+-;Z(*+-,d7\7b;$+6s \*/>](so7981+AI7-k+68_79#W/Si+.JojpRW/835W+68E0795\ x
"!
s
gAM/P0/&IP\_!(15 0$+-lnP+\E&)-\CD(1#&M/ +6H ; &I;\_qh}sa"+&M(1-0CD(17r&M/ ;\E!$¡81i5+6k~81/S/i">a&),$81+-+-\_A)797(*;~+-,/SisL+6/8EiP81|&M+6st&);|/(1>o0$+.(10$Y+.+-J A),|j/~\>=*5Wk"+6\*+6(*8*+-un% (*/9un75W;+6, +68'+DP\*(*5V/A)8h779&);H\+K0$7/;s , (1Jo0$0$+Q/Jo8h,v0/AM/]/8o\*+6&)81(1i\ +6CD8@/\*81+-+AM+-7CDAM(1H&M// 8E;f&M(1}p0P+%-CD\6(1} &M/ g ; 0$:+ 81sL+-+3\1!5AM81(1+-\ \*/+->;81&Ii%:+68o5AMAM+-/ %:7,f+-RP;]/k8E>y%'/84\^(1\10+-79&)\^8ECE50$/+-sG\4+6798S(= 7OCD;]#781C6/ &IA)7&M,(kC6} 7\*Jo(1\ajp.7\1+-79\48ECE,$0d+-\1[PCD!$8E+6&M#W8E&M+-+-,.\ (*&);b/.(1%'07&)\ ;]&),/8=+-\
JoYjpAM+-}\ &);V0/ \*(1\6} U-¡
oJ jp.7g 0A)+ \1/'` ,/&M81i"5W&),$+-+-0;
o81J +-jpCD+-KA;] / R!
;CD,b+-7&); ;VP( ¡ *N/81} + U N"R ¡ Rf7;,~
0707 N }3 7YAM+b g +6i0+-g + ; \*+6(1 0$81i/ g+6!$8oH \*0 ¡ (*/(1 810$\*+-+K(*\L/s=\*8Ek"790$\*H/ (*+^+-A)+=%\*k"Y\*AM7(*+-+-\\-%R]81%'0/ 7%&M\H 0y/#P84k(*/OC67\1Ch+6081&)i;$+6H8E\a(10$(10+-%79(a7,$AM/O/ ;$0H:7-i(1+0+_\*5AM/P79/81+QP!$,5b&)\*5V.79\*(150f7} CD+} g U
J o p j \ * * ( / E 8 + : \ # M A " / 1 C " 6 \ p R E 8 9 7 1 ( 0 6 + : 8 1 ( 0 7 ; = s $ 0
/ ) A O + Y ) A + 6 \ B R 7 ; , * \ 5 1 8 + 7 , \ # M A " / 1 C " \ 6 + i + ; M A k S / i 6 + ' 8 1 ( 0 + 7 9 i 7 ) & A u (179%:0$#+-+AMCh+'081\1+-7+6A);7981&)i(*\1+-+6% ,|8E\C65781(1A)/0AM+-#&)\, A)+-5%a81c+6dK/ifhgj>=+-i ;Z,k (1& \Ql7m7+6A)d7981a/81+-mKH;@#7
AMAI/"AFCDC1+-+-;$7/ ;\*!$(*P(/H *8E0r/7981H+(1+_0 79U H(N 8h7,7;B+-Jo\
0$(1/08h&)\4,f} &);$>]/8E%'79(1&)/ ;f} g 0&)\^58E/5+68E(k&)\4&); 7sLv+-j$7981
P+6;$+-0+-;7\E+60\*(+-7 u\=A)&M 7+K\aN j$8E/ !81+6!$\*+-+-(1;$\:&);$+6CDHv(6/ } ;7AM\1H&)\*/(*8E+-&);a81i(10$+68E+{\6Ro\177%:;, + t
!
nu
L,J &)/ \1; } !\1g +68E/v\6} AM/"C679(*+ ,7A)79AB(17"/(1R0$(1+608+-\*\1+3+681\*ik"+6\*8E(*\6+-}K%' 4\o+-\&M(170$+681+-8a\1%Q!AM!(6A)R(1;&)C6/ 7;$\*+( [ +6(18E0$&M+-+\L5/818^/815W+-/ [P\*!+-&M, 81+4%:(1+60(1790$(=/"\1,/ \Q%:&I+\3/#W8^/(170 A)Af0\*+6&)H 81i0+6AMkd8h\ \1PC6;7A)/S79s #AM79+#W7/ ;!$, ( 810$/+-#7S!iP&)\*A)(6kO}3/ ;b;r(170,+3,[BCD,%(179!$!(181CE7Z+-0Kqa,v777\ ;\_,r77K;.C6A)CD/&M/ +-8E; 2
(1a0$+7\EJo0bjp\*v\(*/8E*/79H>](+_soA)797S81k++6}{8-R?G77;CE,b0 7'JoJojp0$/8hC6,A)&M+-A);y;,K(\1sLH&)#79/$8EAMRf++7>yA);/7-,r8k+6\*C68E(*7\-/CE8E0&)7d;$&I;$HbHO2
a5W+6/k75+-\E,|0!A)79#\*(*8^AM//"#8EC179AM"/"H\6C1+KR"%'\6A)7S} 7kg &)+6;#(*+6!$(18h0$(*7+-+CD,(_##A)&)/P;rAM/"CEVC1/.}G8E,$Jo\*+6(*jp83/81\(*+/{}*+6&)8E;Zi(*+6+68EH\ 8h7979(*81++AM//P#/A)P&)iP&);&M/ H.!!\B5~(*/'7.YV#AM+4AM/"\1C1kPd\*(*&)+-,$% +-; 1 8
/ % "j p " ^ U6T (1&),$0$+-+;](1/&MY8E%'+68h79\L( &I;O&)\ 5V\1A)&I7%'CD&)+
A)79/8G>(*,/'&I\*(1'079#(oAM/"/C1>"(1\ 07+3;a,ba,&I \* 7,: ,$YV8EAM+-+\1\*\*+-kP\6\1}p(*+- 4%b\ R$\1#0$!$/s=(o!;b\*&)+-;.\ j@2
&M4H !$781\1+ 0b¡ #u AM/"RC1+-"7\ Ch70;#,AM/"#C1AM/"C1&) \ FS
DHash
DHash
DHash
Chord
Chord
Chord
j@ &M H !$\681} + ¡ u U LJojp\*/>](so7981+3\*(*8E!CD(1!81+} +681(1&)C67AfA)&);P\G7981+AM/PC67A \$0$/8E&M6/ ;F+-"%&)AM/%'#P+6kP(1(*7x+-u\6,}79 (17"5RP79\E!81+-CE;+-7Ch0 #s=AM&M/"(1C10| 0\&)\CD/ /;p8E\6+-;} 77CEg A)0rAMk{0&)Y\GCDAM/ +79;5\*\15k"&)\*81\*(*/ (*+-+-7;3Y7'AM81+B+-CD\1kP+-;Z\*(*(1+-A)k.% !&)5W\,81+-797(*,"+-,.un/ Y;AMA)+k3\*7k"\\*>X(*79+-8%b7} \@C6A)&)+-;Z(1\7981+LCD/ ;CD+68E;$+-,f}@=/sG+6i+68SRZ7=YVAM+B\*k"\*(*+-%%'7-k #W%'+a79!$+_5f,&)(L79(*5W+-/ ,&);y%:/8o5+D(1"&M/ (*;b+-;(1\10&M/ 79;(a\-A)}7981H;O+(107%:&)\L/ 79!81;]7/A)\*83/'A)79!81\*H+-+\^YC67AM+-CE\0&);$7OH$5WR/#5!!( A)79/ 8a;AMYVkOAM+:,+6%Q5!+-\1;(4,\o#W+/ ;\*(*&M/( 81+->]/,~8=&I\1;{%'&M7(1\
AIAW+-Y;]/;8a5#W8E+6/S(*i"(*&)+6,$84+
/CD84/ %:sL/5W8E+6\*(1+&Mq^(1&M5Wi++681,$>]//S8Esa%';7AM/ ;7CD, + /\*+-8'AM+-AMCD/ (17&),/ ;#77%:AI7/ ;;$CD+.H'#V>y/AM8'/PCE\1O%8E7+6A)5ALA)&)YC6AM7+-\3\6} lX,$j+-/\ECD88E&M\1#W!+-Ch,b0&)Y;KAM+-P+\6-RBCD(12
&M/ 4;{7\1NP0 } U qh,$} +65W+-;,\_/ ;C67Ch0&);$H~7;,/ ;\1+681i+68 A81M/P+-/[PP!Jo!&M81jp5_+-\-7}@ ;\QJo,CDjp/581_%8E+/S'i"AM&)/"&M,$H C6+-0+-8h+679\_i(15W+6&M/ 81+6;k 8 ;$7AM/"H,$/+.8E&)(1/ 0;%t+-7(*/CE0 \*(*;$//"81+3,$+b7;7,;,81+6(1(*0$8h&M+-+6; i+3!,\1&)79;$(1Hv7"} CDg / ;0\1&)&I\o\*(*79+-5;Z5('81/ 077Ch\10.0&)sG;$/ Hd!/AI,b87\1/ A)AM%:/Ss +b>]//(18^0$+6CD/ 8;,\*&I(1\*7(*;^+a,%:,7&M;+-(1\1&M79\1/ 795;H57+-81A)\:A)/ kK7AI&)Ch(1;$0O0+-&)79(1\Q08_\179CE&)(G; 081+-(1+-%:0$[P+.+!&M;=(*\*/(1;798E/P79(*+H,$+.+-CD\Q/ A)!&)&);;~A),O+-79(1#W08_+a+&);v&)\*%'k"(1\*50$(*AM++-+-% %:;]%_;Ljp5.(79*81/(1&IC6#&M5+Q79!(1\*&);$+-,H 81&)AM+-;f+6\15W\^/%'(1810(1&I\4A)7A);&M(1/ 0;79795\=(35/N 8E>LT/-!$5W;$&)%'+6818E+-79CDA)(*&)+-79+-;LT%\*%'7+-CE\1&)0\1;P&)&)/ !$;;(*+-+-\
\6\ }:A)7 ¡ \*¡ (*+- %:} ,d+-AM7+-\E\1!$\481(1+-0%:7+-; ;;CD+-/P; 1 ( 0 4 + 7 , , M & 1 ( M &
/ ; 7 V A : % + E C 0 7 ; ) & 1 \ ' % \ o J $ 0 / E 8 , ! * \ + L \ * ( : / 7 E C 0 M & 6 + i + AM/ 7,b#V7A)7;CD+37;,b8E+-A)&)79#&)AI&M(k'7981+_581+-\*+-;o(1(10$0$+_+!!;;,$,$+6+68E8EAMAMk"k"&)&);$;$HH.;$;$+6+6((sGsG//8181} Rg 7;0,~&)\^7&I\ \Q(*AM/ 8E!$;$+HK+67i\_+-;r/ ;$&M+>@\*/+6>o81i(1+60$8E+\a,797981+_(17 CD \_/ ;81\*+6(15V7A);y+6(1Ch0Jojp,79(17s=&M(10',+-A)7-kCD/ %:5798E79#VAM+^(*/3(1079(B/>Wj g^ RZ,!$+ (*/ J j \^!\*+/>@+6zC6&M+-;]¡ /0N 8=&MH }(10$0J +6790$81(4u/A)8E7-+6,kk+6\1}48^!$Jo5\*/5W0>]//(so818E(1,79\$81,$*+3!/P(*\1+-/:(\=/ #V;$;$!/+L&)(4A)/,&M5W(17\*+6+-8Es=AM79>(1&)\*&M,$/ (*+
/;f8Ei9+_79H 8E&M&Mi+6+6+-k"(;k \ /Jo>G0$\1/(*8h/, 8E]H/+8^\*7k"\*%:(*+-/%'81+\@,$+6Jo(1jp7&)K&A)+-I,O\a,$/ +-;\E+CD8E\E&M!5CE(10v&M/ ;O!\1/+>@/J >G0$(1/0$8E+,.Jo\*+60$+
/8E/ ,r;$+
5/8h&)>%'(10$&M(1+&Mi\*++6} i+6g 8h07AW&)\a5\1!$+-#CDA)(1&I&MC6/ 79;v(1&M/ \1!;%'\p8E%+-A)79798E(1&M&)6;$+-H \ (*/Jo0/8E, ¡ N ¡ }
!# 3 8 & ?B 7Ch70d,,$J 810$+-/\1\o8E,K7;;,./P,$7 +Qa0cdK7fh\agji 7Ok !8 ;p &)4 [Pm !$+c . 4 mun #}G&)(=Jo;$0$/"/,$8h,O+_&)i",$&M+-+6; \37\1\1&)H ;$+-,v+6k"\_7981+'8E+-7\1\1&MH ;$+-,~(*/K&M(1\_\E!C6CD+-\1\*/8-}O=/{/(10$+68QCh07;$H+-\_&I;v(10$+
7\1\1&)H JL;/ %:;\1+-&);]/8_;$/",$+-\
(*/i+68E&)>ykr(10$+ "U
81AM+6/ >]!$( (1>y&I/;$8=HO>]&)!$;(1>y!/818E+%sG79(1/&M8E/ V;} (1079(4/(10$+68_Jo0$/8h,57981(1&IC6&M57;]/AM+a8^s=(10$&M(1+30>]/%:81+-/"\*,$+6+-+-\*79(L#VixAM+_7A)%'!+-7x\G$/&)%> !}@% 4;+-;y +0d/8hr ;$%:/P+-,&I\=,K+3(1/ %'0$;+7AMkb&);pH0$%:+'+ +-/\En> \179r H+-+-;Z\
(*8181%:k+-[P+-&I;b\E!\1&M79(1810$+-H, ++ (1(1790$#+AM+2 79(C6&M;$8h/"C6AM,$++ } g 0PCD!/ ;L(1;$0/"79,$(
+-\E\
!79C6CD(4+65W+-,/sG\ +6 8*un#yun(79sL(/KAM+-&)7;];$+6H87(*;/ (1/ 0$;$+_H/ ;&)+6;s H'\*;$(1/"79,$#+&)A)&)Y-;79,.(1&M/ / ;.!$(a58179/"#CD/ +-!\1(^\6} &M( #W; 7_;RP+6(1s 0&);$\/"5,$8E+^/PCD0+-7\1\B\p81s=+-CD&)A)+-A";Z;$(1+6A)k4i+68L/ &)/S;i+-+6,:8E\Es=0$/NPRP}H 5!81/79,$iP8E+67&I5W,$;
/ : % 5 7 < ; P k I & $ ; 3 H * ( + E C 0 ; ) & 6 C 7 $ A 1 8 6 + W 5 / 1 8 ( ¡ RP\10$/s(1079( g ;$%'+-7&M(1\10\E&M+6i8+K(1\10$&)+'%\1!!AM(1C67CD;+-\1+6\_/ !;$\/8>]7(1&I0$A)!$+:81+-5W\6+6} 81>]/L8E/%'(107;(1CD0$++6//>^81+-Jo%'0$\O/8E7,d\1\1AM!/P%:/P+K!(150\79&)('\
(1A)0$&M+K+-AM\Ek{!C6(*/bCD+-#W\1\*+/87 WA)&)+-\*CD(:(*+-0,|7\O+6iAM+-+-;v;$H#@;$Jo/"0$,$/+
8h,b 2 ;$*/P!,\*+-(L\ 79CD>]/ (*!+68^A),b(10$!+\*+3,79798E(17#&M\o(*8E79281k} 2
&)\6(10R7CD;/ ;8(10$CD/ +!\1A)!,bC6CD,$+-+-\1\*\1(*/8E8-/SR$k.(1CE0$0$+/ 79\*(*+-(1;{7C1,79+6(187 \4#P;$k/"Ch,$0$+
/ (10$+O>y/8h% l fqhR s=i"&M0$81(1+6!8E+7AW;$/"&)\3,$+(10&);+.,$"+D4W} ^g u U 0$+
07i"\1&M081(1!>]!7;AWCD;$(1/"&M/ ,$; +&)7;;,$, +D%Q&)\3!\1(1(L0$+>X7;$A)AW/"#W,$+6+ ( sL\3+6 +- ; 7T ,7,$;81+-,b\1\Q\1/ CD%:/ ;+3C6\179%'(*+-7;A)AW79(*%'+-,7x$s=&)%&)(1!0 %b7 } 4\^7:81+-\1!AM(6R7:;$/",$+3C67;;$/(^+-7\E&)AMk.CD/ ;Z(*81/ AF(10$+_CE0/ &)CD+3/>&M(1\o/Ssa;rJo0$/8h,. 2} ¡ y
h
0 $ + ; | 7 $ ; 6 + s ; P / $ , +
/ &I;\:(10$+r\*kP\1(*+-%bR \*/ %:+K+D$&)\*(1&I;$H ;$/",$+-\'%'7Sk ,$+-C6&),$+K(*/|7,, (*/ (1C60$A)7+-&)&M%'8=+-Y,;$H +6 8=7(1,79,$#V81AM+-+-\6\E}o\G aCD/ \=;(170;$&I\ / ;5CD81+/"}CD+- \1>f\6(1R0$+-+7Ch;$0{/",$\E!+aCE790K(o+D(1"0&)79\1(L(1&) ;$ H7;$,/",$,$81+3+-\1\*\L+-;7,,\^%'7&M(1%'\G(*+-/:\1\10797-Hi"+_&);$(*/H
\\ ;$2Q/",$R+37;7,vC6CD(1+60$5+'(1\ C6 A)7} &I%:+-,v 7,,$8E+-\1\7;,vi"&M81(1!7A;/P,$+'&I;,$+Dr07\10d(*/K(10$+:2RF(10$+-;v(10+'+D"&I\*(1&);$H
&M(10 (10&I\b,$+6>y+-;\*+~&); 5A)7CD+R7; 79(*(17C1+68dsG/ !A), 07-i+|(*/ CD/ ;,(B(1(10$810$+6/ +=(*\*8h+32
&M+6#4iA)+-/P7\ \1CE0P!\6;AI}p7-&)[Pk2
!$+648L+-AM7+DkP\10K&)5W,$/ +-!\*;]CD(*+-+6\18L\*7Q/8-#} AM/"C1 \L\1!C6CD+-\1\*/8o\*+681i+68o>X7&)A)\6R5W\a/ (10$;8E+6+Q\15&M#V#VA)&)&)AMC6A)/P&M79(CE(1kb&M/ >]79;/(48/7(1>pA)0$AF(1+:(10&)79#%:(=A)/P+-#V\6CEAM} V/P} CE>bg (1#&)8E\
/ 79!$#(1A)&)+;$H(*/(179,#+6A)(*+-+6\B8E%'%'7&);$&);G+-&M,(1\=&I79(*2+'RV\1!(10C6+CD+-\*\1+6\*8E/i8h+6\84l],$(10$+-+O;/C6(*&M+-8E,{C6AM+-sa\h&Mqh(1} 0Kg (100$+Q+O\10$[P/!579\381+/} > g7K0$(+QkP5#&)AMC6/"7C1ABA)/7d(10$Jo+0$/8E+6,|k \OAM/P\1/!PC6!$CD5+-RF\1\*iP/&I8r\1&M(1lX&)\1;$+6H+{&Ij@;Z&M(*H +6!$8E%'81+K+-,Nu&)79U (*qh+} Jo ojp(O~\+-7*+6CE810 i+6\*8E(*\Q+65Fs=Ro&M(1(10v0$+K2
C6AI\_&M+-\1;Z!(OC6CD7+-\*\1P\1\&Mi(1+-0$AMk + &)79;@CE(100$+-+, CD+6/k5} &)+-\'79(7~,&I\*(17;CD+7-so7-k>]81/ % 7~+6k \O\1!C6CD+-\1\*/8&);581/5W/81(1&)/ ;(*/~(10$+
2
4 7 1 \ 0 1 8 6 + V 5 ) A 7 D C + = \ 6 C 7 h C $ 0 + K , V # M A P / E C P = \ ) & ; M A + 7 * \ ( n u E 8 + D C + Z ; 1 ( M A < k u ! * \ + K , / E 8 $ , 6 + 8 } L J / 5 M & + ^ \ / @ > 7 # M A " / 1 C . 9 7 a ( * \ 6 + E 8 i 6 + E 8 \ s=A)&M&M(1+-0'A)kK 2
(*/K\G\*>](179!8G%_>y81#/ A)% +!(10$5+=/ ;d#VAM(1/P0CE+- %b \G} \1!g C60CD+-&)\\1\10/8L7\7981(1+40$+:A)&M+ +-WAM+-kCD(*(_//#>o+a5,81+-&)\1\*C6+6798EiP8E,&);+-H,:(1Y08E+'\*(6C6RP7\1CE&);0$CD+-+a,|C6CDA)&M/+-5;]/&);$8E%'H75;/CD5V+!} A)79g 80,$+Q/"JoC6!jp%:.C+-6;y+-+6CD8E( 79HAM/ + 7,,.!#V+K7A)(*7/;CD&M81+ 81$+6(1H 0$!+3A)79%'87x\1$5&)7%C6!&);$% H #W+6(sLg +6/v+-;K7C6\*CD+6/ 8E%'i+6%:8=/"24,79\ (*+K U-¡ 0$ +6} (*+681/H+-;+6/ !\'\*+681i+68'C6795V7C6&M(1&M+-\6RLJ j|!\1+-\Q(10+.;/(1&M/ ; l]>y81/ % U-¡ q3/> 7.\*+68181i+-7+68QA\*AM+6+6i8Ei+-+6A}'8_ 7CD(1iP&);$&M8EH(1!77\3A@%\*+6!81iAM(1+6&)8_5AM!Y+ \1+-a\3cdK7Kfhgji Jok90$lZ/mK8Ed^,da mKd2tlh} (10g 790$(_+O&)\J j,+6{58E&Mi81+-/,d(*/P>]81CD/ / % A@/05W7+68E\1079(*&I;$+-\_H.79#(3/(1(10d0$+:(10i"+:&M81(181!+-77AA \*+681i +68 Jo\^jp 7\*+6,81,$i8E+6+-8\1\ 77,;%',b&);(1&)0$\*+Q(*8E&)79;(*,$/8_+DCD/ /;>Y(10$H !$+_81iP+-&M\Q8E(1(1!0$7+OAW\1\*+6+68181ii+6+68Q8=sasa&M&M(1(100 &);7{(1; 81ii"+6&M8-81}(1!7AB\*+681i+68E\&); 81>]81/ / !$%H 0Q(15&)%:81/+5W(*//81(1(1&)&)/ %:;_+(*/4(*/'(10$81+o+ \*+-+6CD81(^i+6/8 # \\*+6\*81(*i/+-8h,{79HAM+o/ 77,;,AM+6;i+6+-(AIsL\6} /81_C67957C6&M(k} g 0&)\;@&)&Mi";$8E(1&MHa81!(1(17!0$A7+ \*Af+6;V/ (10$!;$+
A)/",b,$\17+-5W\%:/5(*+4+-79;AZ7&M(1\*AM\+6H8E/iPi8E&)+681&M(18(10!7% 7,AZ79sL\15+6/ (181&)!ii+6A)+-,:8EAM\k;ZR+6!#V+-;7,:\*,$+-(*+6,/ 8 #W7\^+47,+-s=\1&M0H / ;$AM+-+,&)\L>]//S8oi+6\18E(1AM79/ #7&),A)&M+-(k,fR!(1;0$,+-+6;b8L70!$&)(*H / 0%A)/ 797(1&),fC6}@7A)AM>k.7,$\1+-+6AM+681i(1&)+6;8^HQ&)\Li"&M/S81i(1+6!8E7A)AW/ 7\*+6,$8E+-i,b+68E#W\^+-%'C67&M!H \*0=+G797#V&)!% \*+/>$(1\10!79Ch(:0_Jo7;Qjp 79(*&)(1\7C1A)Q&M%+-AMkd&MH 0Z(*/r(#+-+B;CD(*/a/ !!;f+-/ %(1;0,+4(*&M/(1\1&M!%:/ 5;/"5\-,A)}3&M&M+->],k > #+6AM/"kdC1&)\4R$+-(10$[B(1705V+!$#V#AM/PA)&)CECa \+6kCD/ s=;]8181+-/ [P% !g &M810CE+-+G0,K7AM/;>y/s H 8&)5;$%:81Hd// #V(1\10$(479+b#/&)>G#A)&MAM(7O/"kaC1YV/AM>$+QYV7\*\1;k"\*,/"\*&)(*C6;$+-&)H %79(*(+-sG\4,/4#s=A)#/PAM&)CE/"(1P0C1\6"} 7v\gs=CD/ 0&M(1;]/"81+-C1\1"0 \ &),;79\1(1+67"
81R(1;&MJ / +Q;j#W\.s+-/;$=>^+6&)YAIA)79A(481HH/8E+>L7,Jo[P!!jp77A);ZAM kO(1\
&)(1,&)%'&M+-+-AM\35+6(*A)/&)+3C6>^&M&M(^,(6}79,(1+-7"AM+6}d(1&M
/ ;d;CD&)+'\a(1(10$0+79(79&M(*(4(177C1!(*+6/ 8%'\179(*/(1&)5C6\_7A)&)AM;kK\*81+6+-81(1CD&)/S;$iHb+68E/\38>y8181/ +6%>]81+-\1%'07&I;$AI&)HbC6&M/ (10$!+\
B B
AM/P;/#P!!&)5 A),A)&)79;$(*Ha+-;JoCDjpkvQs#PLkv+^77A),AM/S,$sa+-&),;$HK(10$AM+^/P/CD/ ";!$CD5+6\5(*(/{/> 5l781m7+6d>]+6a/81mK+-d ;ZlZ(1mK&I7kmAA)AMoZkdfhc!pCD/ ;Z(*(1/Q7CDJo(:0$;$//"8E,F,$}+-\3P+6A)&)8Ei+-+6AM8pkd\*(*+-/KAM+-CD#W(1+&M/ ;$;+-8179+-81,#P!kvCD+-&); \ (10$+_ o!(:;,$+-+678EChAM0 k"&);$\*(*H+65;$+6&I(; sL/81 }p8(=dAm 74A)\*m/'om^,llK&)81p +-d CD;(1c \^ |\*+-lX79j@8E&MChH 0$!$+-8E\^+ (*/ u (1U 0$qhRo+_(1AM/0$sG+b+-;$\*(a/",$A)79+b(*+-,$;/ CD&);kbH{,79(10$(17:+#A)/]&M0$/ +-+b\
A)AM/Ss=[](*+68CD/ ;Z(17CD(1&);H
} g /bC67A)C6!AI79(*+ l q^sL+#W+6H &);Ksa&M(10 r|RF;$/",$+ \a+-\1(1&)%'79(*+/>B(10$+(*/(17A;P!%Q#+68
/>LJ 0$/8E, ;#P$kb/",$(1+-0$\=+Q&I;>]8E7(1CD0$(1+&M/ \*;{k"\*/(*>+-%b(10$R+#8E7&)\*;$+-H,#/ +6;{(sG(1+60$+-+;r,$(1+-0$;+\1&)5(k.81//5W>p/ ;$\*+-/",{,$+-;$\a/";,$+-+_79781# sLC6!$+Q818E+D+-";Z5W( +-5WCD(4/ \1(1&M0(1&)+:/ ;Jo07/;8E,.,K(1AM0$/P+/"(179!$815rH+67(=A)Hsa/8E&M(1&M(10.0+-% 7CE(*0{/.0$+-/A)&)5F%'} &)`;79!(*AM+_(1&M057A)kPAM>&);(1H30$+(1081&)+-\ %'[P7!&I7;;y//84>V(170$A)AP/ (1\*0$++ 0$ /5 \6Jo}=\ 4(1,0,79(&I;$;$H /",$+ R (10$0+7\@AI79+6(*i+-+6;8pCDkb&I\1\1(*!$/+-,f;/PR9+-,$\*+ (1&I %'797(*\=+-\8E+6(150$+o/8E(1(*&)+-%:,K+o#P&Mk(sG;$/ /"!,$A)+ ,v(179R5+ 81(*/"/3,\*!+-CD;+-, \ 7'CD/ P+%:68E5ViAM+6+683(*+_\*+-CD/ AM+-\*CD(^(1&M+-/ \1;d(1&)%'&)\
797(*A)+\*}L/Jo5W0+6/81>]8E/,b8E%:!\*+-+-,r\ &)(1;K0+_(10;$+/",$2
+4s=7&M\1(10v0.A)(17S0$k+3+68%s=&);0$&)+-%;d!,$% /Ssa';l AM / 7qo,7&);\^HO(10$7+3#;AM/"+DPC1(=} 0/g 5F0$} + 5>X7A)\*7(*CD+-+-\*%'(+-(*;Z/|(.,$//S>s=#;AMAM/"/ C17 ,f} 81+6g5VA)0$&)C6+b7\.8E+-%'\1!79AM(:+-/\>4&M(1(0$+r+-7Jo\*k 0/>y/8E,87AM/P/C6PA)&)!$+-5;Z(.>]/(*8/ #V\*+-AM/PAM+-CECD (.(1|0$+d&)\81(1+605V+KA)&)C6&),$7+-A);
/(1#W0$++ \s=*+6081i&ICE+60'84sa(10&)A)79A$(
&);&)%'C6AI%:!,$+-+ ,&)(1790$(*+
+-AM&)k,$+-5;f(10$} +ag \*0$+68E+_iC6+6A)8E&)\o+-;Z0$(4/ A)7,\*&)P;\aH(1810+6&)5\=A)&)5C6817+-\B,$/+->fCD+-#\EAM\*/"/C18a >]/:8a7&)(1\G\asL\1+-!A)C6ACD7+-\o\1\*A)/798
(*+-A);&)\*CD(6k R
q
q
:>]% 81/ +-%7\1!(1810$+-+%:81+-+6;];b;'81/ #W/% >y+-(*0+-7;OAM>F(*0$/ // >@A)x,/} \ (10$` ¡H+6: 8a+- 7};$\1/P 4!,81;+-+-%:\^&)%'CD+-/ 5; +-;W8E&);%'(10$+65(Q+=7(*AMCD/P+-(o/\*("/un>@!$#W5'7:+-,7AI7AM\1HC1!$/.H8E/H&M(1>+-0\*(*% (8h7(1&);0;\179&Ms=(Q(1&M0i"(1&I0&MCE(&)0k \ &);.(10$+Q;$+6(sL/81~l]sG+QC67A)Af(10&)\ \1(k"AM+3/>@&)%:5AM+-%'+-;Z(179(1&M/ ; dAmAoZg dl^ca/mxqh}
!# 6 6 8
4\*;~+-,AM+-,(1CD0&)(1;$&)&)\_/ H';\*\1+-+67CD81AM(1iH&M+6/ /8a;~8E&M\*(1sL+-0A)+O%+-CD79(15(*&M/ (*81+-+-;{%'\*+-%5;os=7;0G+OJ \10$+681/i8E+6,f8 } @ j M & E 8 1 \ ( G s _ + E \ $ 0 S / s 1 ( 0 9 7 ^ ( 1 ( $ 0 _ + * \ 6 + E 8 i 6 + a 8 * \ + M A + D C 1 ( ) &
/ ; 7 M A H / E 8 M & 1 ( 0 % $ , P / + ^ \ $ ; / = ( , I & * \ 1 ( $ ! 1 8 . # 1 ( $ 0 +
qlXAM/s H rvqL#W/ !;, / ;0$/5V\ >y/8
Jo0$/8E,bAM/P/"!$5\os=0$+-;b7AIAF&);y / 8E% 3AMk'>7,A)&)A\*(*(*8h8E&M7#;!$\1(*%'+-,.&I\1\1&)&M;./ ;(10$AI+79(*+-2;C6\*&M5+-\47CD79+81RV+_7'+-AM[P/P!/7PA!$RV5b(10$/+Q5WY+68E(179;$(1+-&)\1/ \=;b%'81+-+6[P(*8E!&)&MCO81+-l \ ql lXAM/q*q nH >yrv/84qo+-0$7/CE50r\6}5W/(*+-;CE(10 0$+3;$/P;[
Kl7mKd^aifhchp.;'7\*(179#A)+^;$+6(sL/81/>f!;&M>]/8E%'AMk3,&)\*(*8E&M#V!$(*+-,lX&I; 2 \*5V7CD+q@;$/",$+-\6RZ&M>7\*+-798ECh0 5(10$81+4/"CDA)+679+-(*,+-;\fCD(*k/4/7^>f;$(1/"0$,$+a+\1s=+-790$8E/ CE\10O+s=+-\*&)(1A)A$&)%';/79(B(*+-#W,_+^81&)+-;%'CD817+-&);7\1&I;$+-,H 0$7/\1\15_!CD%'/ &)!;$;y&M/#8LAM+@7-CEi0+6/ 8E79&)CDH++ R J A) ^79(*+->F;(1CD0k.+477;AMH,/8h0&M/(105%t\ 81CE+-0$%'/P7/ &I\*;+-&)\ ;$H779;$81/"+3,$+=H AMs=/#V&)(170OA)AMkO77;$C6/ C6;"!u8E%'79&I(*;+&)} %'7A0/5.CD/ !;Z(L(10$+681+%!\*(L+D"&)\1(6R]/8 \*/ %:+ 1R $R(10$+3CD/ %:5798E&I\*/ ;f ;r {
;r
{
s=0$+68E+
9}L"&I;CD+ sG+QC67;bs^8E&M(*+
¡9T
l
Sq
79(*+-;CDkb\17-i"&);$H \ 4,,$+-,b0/5\ &(*);{/'(1(*j$0$8E7S8E+i/ ;$+6%8E+6\*((1+QsL0(1/&)0$\L81r+_81+-7(*\1/,!5,$AM(G/ +-,bA)sL/H+3,k&)CD\*/ (1#7;!$;C6(4A)CD!+3>]!,$&)81+a;.(1(10$(10+607984+3( >y81(12/ 0$% +\15\1(17-70$i"CD+&)+;$}(1H 79\o81HsL+6+(H / 7!$&)(;.sG#P+-&)kOH 0fCE0Rf/+-g ;$790$:/"+p,$(181+-0$+-\G+4\E(1!70$AM\E(81\1/ &)!\!$%:H (100579(1(1(&)0$/ \1;+4+681(1i2 0+6798\*(o5\17+-7AMCD+-AM/ %:837K+-4;^T7.\*T +6J5A)&)79;8E+- 79\p(*/+ >5J 81J /H58h77RPC1%'&I9;79\3C6HA)(1+!0,795&I(Q81;$/SH
8Ei"!(1&);~,$0$+-+ 79,{(¡ #PR T!kbT\*+6T (180$AI+:&)AM;$+6$ji+4+-JoA(} 0/*g /P8E0$,/ +'AM&)P%'5&)( 815/AMU-H+-%:8E7 }4+-%';y(1/\1!$\185|79+-H7!+-Ch;\0O79s=(*CD(*/ &M8E(1;70;$CD(1+-7~&MCDi(1AI+&M79/ } 81;fHg }@+KJ;P;: !A)%_79781#WA)H\*+6+^/K8:\*8Ek"/+-\*>
[ (1;0$7+-A\*\*+
(*8E81!+-\1CD/ (1!!$818E+QCD+-/\o>B#P+-kO7CECD0v/ ;7(1CE&)P%:\-R+}8h79g (10$0$+6+
8
&);B"jp.7;,KJojp(*/(10$+_ a55AM+ ` 7C6&);Z(*/ \E0r3O /5W+68E79(1&);$H'\1kP\*(*+-%} !# w 8
1(g779AM0$H#/+AM+-8EJo\@&)(1(*00$/%b/8h(1},|0+^gA)&)24#0$48E+.79781&)\1%:kv0'5%'AIA)7-+-7k%:&)+6;@\*+681i+68h\=&);.(10$+3\1kP\*(*+-% &)\ }
!Ot
&
wa
27\1a\*/"7C6\E&)0 79(*+-&)\O,K&Is=%:&M5(10AM+-%:7O+-J ; +-\* ,(*!$/8E,$8E+ +-/P\ +- \B/8=;$k pZ/C6p (G7CEg\*0(*/+-\^81l^+4f@(1m 0$(10$+3+=,m ,79 79(1=(17:7"s=7RP0\E(1&I\*0$CE/P+-0'C6; &I8E79+6 (*(1+-!$,bk 8EpZ;ps=\B&Mg (1/ 0 ;$+a/lKf@m /m 9>R$(1(10$/0$m81+-+6 ; + 81/ +6; (1!$ 8hM;qh}p\pj@&);&);\1(*7+-AI7AMk,:R (1 0$+=k pDC6p AM/ g\1+-\*(pl^f@5m 81'+-,81+6+-(1CD!$+-8E\1;\*/\G8B7/;> +681m 81 _/8GlX,$&)>+6(* +68E%&)\p&)(1;$0$+-+4,:(*#P8Ek:!$+4CD/ \1!;C6\1!CD+-AM(1\1&I\1;$/H8LAM//P>fC6(170A+a81/ !$+6(1k'&);$#VH!$(B(179,$#V/PAM+-+-\\ ;$/(=\1(*/81+_&M(1\ 7\1\1/PC6&)79(*+-,{,79(17"} > _ k pZp g {(*8h&M+-\=(*/bCD/ ;]7&)A)+-,{\*+68Ei+68-RW(10$+: J %'7Ch0&);$+681kKs=&)A)Af8E+6(1!$8E ;
} >Xs=g 70$&)&)AIAM+A+-,0>X!7-\*i;+6+81CDi(1CD&M+6/ / 8p;+\*+-(*iP;/&)CD8181/ (1+-!!\6}7;ZA (*g +6\*08E+6&I&)81;$\LiH'+678hA)7'AM\'/SC6sa/ 7; \ CE0AM7/]/+'8a/(18E0&M&)H \^&);&)%:79(15V&);$AM+-Hb%:;$+-/";X+.7CDA)+b7Sk#P+6k|8E\Q77KCD(1Y&);$AM+H~\17kP\:\*(*7v+-% A)/PC6/ 7; Ao(*4/j5\/>^1+62
81ia+678\E0f!\1}{&I;$JoH{jp(1d+0+D"$j5W/|!81(1\_\17+6;|8'/AM+68Ei,+-&)Ao;79Y81AMk+ \(1*0$k"\*+:(*+-%'% 7*(*//yi"/&)8h73%'(170;+
CD+^"jp7;7,:!$8E+-(*,/ !%:CD/ +=!;$; = 1I:(10$+_2
47\10KA)/ 0 &I\o(*+668E %'(&); 7An} 7b!\*+683 t&)\1\1!$+-\4(10$+
8 2 {CD/ %u
8 (
8 6 2 ( 6( !"#%$& ' ()
*+* , g 0$+ 8 |CD/ %'%'7;, s=&)A)AoCD/ ;y79/ (1AI&MAMi/S+-s=AMk&I;$RH'(10$+D+Q$7YV%:AM+Q5CDAM/ +!(1AI0$,{+ 07S2i%+$-#)+6'+-;r!$(1%:&)A)&M/(ki+-&), \ (*/7'A)/PC67AF,&)\*'s=&)(10.(10$+ 8bCD/ %'%7;,f} . .
(
8 4 4 *+*, 2 . 21 -
/ 20$1)'322 2
¡H:
5
6 '
¡
Y;Q8E\1/(8h+D,$"+658AM(*//8E+-,$\+-J %:j/ Q5;\*W(*8h+67981>](*/+ 8E(1%'0$7+o;5CD8E+L7CD/ (1;:&)C677A)%'&)(/Pk3,$/+->V\1(1(@0$;P+a!Jo%Qjp#WQ,+68$/+->\1&M\*H +6;f81iR9+6sL8E+ \B5,81&)\*+-(*\*8E+-&);+o(*+-\1;Z(1(*\6+6} 8hg;$+60$(6+ R /7>;,\*+6I >]81/P!iC6+6/!8E(1\1\^7+-\8E\@!ln/ ;P+;;-CD&I81;$(1+-&)HQ7/ A ;dun/ sL;KNP/} 7'8E A)q^,\1&)sL;$C6A)H +6&M81A)+-+
+;]+-C6/,K!8E%'\1&)+-;b7\ ;(1/ 0CD;+_+} \1(*C6g+-7\*0$(*A)79+-+o#V,d\*&)+-A)\*&MCD/(/ kO>];(so7,:;79&),.81;]/+ 8EW%'+-CD7(1;&MiCD+_+-;$/+->B\1\O(10/+:>4Jo\1+6081/i8E+6,K8O5\*+-81/A)+-(*CD/P(1CD&M/ / A;fF A)79¡ (*+68
\1+D%P75WA)+6A38E&)l%'d+-#P;Zk AM/]%:81/ +-%;@;v(10$7Si+Q+6 8E79H+/(*> +-\1(*} #: +-Nb, 0 /5 }B\6}: a(*\3/(1(170$AF+'/>@j@(1&MH 0$!$81+681++QCDP/} U 5&M\1+-0\ /S/s=>@\6+-R7\*CE+60{81i#+6AM8_/"C1\*.+-A)+-79CD81(1+_&M/ \1;~(*/81,$+-+-,fCD}B81+-?G7\17+-CE\_0KA)A)79/\*55W81+6+D+-un,>]+6\=(1CE70rCE0s=&M+6&Ii;+-,$,{/Ss s=0\1&M&I6AM+
+-\6>y}^+6(1?GCh07&)CE;$0{H57 / &IU ;Z` (=&I\^YV(10$AM++s=7-i&M(1+60K8E79JoH+jpb//> (1;b0$+Q(10$(1+_&)%:;\=/S(1i,$0$+6+-8a/ \1\1CD(1+30$8h&M79+#W81+-+3;Z,!(*+6&I;;.8E&M;i(1+6+60(68h&)}B\1\ &M?B(1\*&M+-&M+-H CD\L(10;$!(1+-\*0CD+-+3(*,{+-%',bJo7(*jpCE/:\0(1&I*0;$+6+
+-8E\ i0+679&M8EH 81\^+30"u8E79\*!(^5W;+6\1;+-&M(*&),.;$+-\ HQ =\1/ #V5;&)81A)+-&)7:;$7+a,.(*+-//S\*8 (*i#W+6iP+-8ao,b(10$/+ > #7CE57979#W8h/ 7!$A)(AM+-A#A)/AM/"sH C1rvq >y+6/(1>GCh0$+-+-7\ CE0v7#\ A)+-/P7CECE0K79>y81+6+:(1Ch\*0K(*/CD81/ +-%:,v5&);{A)+6(*(1+-0$\6+ R s=U6T&MT(10vTj@&M7%'H ;!$&),vA)8EA)+ &I\*s=+-&MCDu (1/ 0$;/ \E,!0$\(
/SPs=\1(1+60\_81&)i\^(1+60$+D8Q+P\*57S+-AIiA)7+6+-&)8ECD;79(1\o&MH/ +bs=;f0y\1+65(1Ch+60 +-,&I;/CD>
81+-797#W\*/ +-!$\O( (10$¡9T+ (13CD0$/ L+;=\*(;$A)/"&M,$+-+-AM\hkrq3#W>y8E+-/ C6%w7!\*sa+07{&)CE0|A)7981(*H/v+O\*;P+-AM!+-%QCD(6#W}~+683 4/\> 7{,798E+-(1\17!81AM(+65V%:A)&)/C6781+\ s=AM/P&)/;Pj@,$!/S&M5H s=\o!$\o8EsG+ sa+6&M8E(1+3u 0$¡ ,/ !$&M\1810$( +-/CDCDs=(*/ +-\_;$,bH(1+-(*0/\*+(1&I(1;$,0$H'&I+\*(*(1sG8E0$&M+-#+-AI&M!Af8^(1CDAI&M/ &)/ ;$;;d";$\6/+-} CD>=(*\*+-5W,K+6;+-,/P\,$+-\*\o+6+-sa;|0#]81AM/ +% A)7981(1H0$++O5,8E& +Dun+6>y+681(1+-Ch;45W+68*un#AM/"C1~(1&I%:+-\6} g 0$+b#W+-\*(:,$/Ssa;AM/ 7,
"!$#% &'$()*#+,-.!/#01 2 $&3(4!65#+ 78!69 #%(-#%+!6
% 2:9#%= &'B IG#J 3LKM- !2DN!2DNOP'LK"'& !2DN!2DNOQ 3!"01 3A> 3RD !"01 2 3!S- 2 T)@ &UQGA=+' TBV. 2-XW &#JZY(' 2=! [RL-. +Z&&\A>&'' 3A> &'!G"&]/% 0% $%A#J^$1&' 3!2D _.+ .- &#!"&C-I'&H! 0` 2 3%!,)@& !#G0% > ?): 2 A=+a-.'&C-.!b- 2 ():#&c! " 3!7& ! + HY('" 3Zd " 3!29F-.+A=+Q+C e++Q" 3'A>Rf"&gG&!"5&) + H! 2 2#!2Dh_i+ j- &#!"!"01 2 3!k)@& Bj&'^ !6&)l0 > ?)@ 2 A#+]-7 2# H)@&6): 2 A=+ 3!/): &mA2$% HG& 3n! " 3!5o'P + HY('" 3Ld* " 3!29 -.+oA#+h+C /H" 3a'JHA20pA2[RD q &!"T&)S + Q oj 9k!" 2 2g! 3 3A> &'sG0 &C 3!r&C-.'%&t!"01 2 3!h$Ru\j& 3!"Tj&'^2D r d&j 2 oj 3!;FG0 &C 3!; + 3v! $p!" 'w oR9! RI)@&F&C-.'&!;o' " 35$^R6- 3x [A>&'%' 3A>" 3 ! " 3!3Dyd&j 2 oj 3!h!" 2 2T!" 3 3A> &'tGJ 3!T&-.'&t! 0` 2 3%!B- &#!" 9z! %R{)@&T&C-.'%&! ' " 3a$^Ra! " 3!i& ! k + 6YI'" 3gd " 3!2D
;_ &!#+&C-u +, + z dH&C-.'%&H!"01 2 3!7 IA>&G0` 2 .-. +G& + 2 |% (A2A> 3! ! 0 &"&*A>&!29 |% 3!B&)6#&!e! 3!B- 2 f"#'!")@ 2 3\$` 2-7 2 3'} 2 2#R\0%B&)6 + ~" 3!""$1 3}GA#+o' 3!B%! ' &#o' Rj_IFD*_i+ .|p 3! - 2 z"#'!")@ 2 3H&' z/ j 9&' (-.+& I|% I0` 2_IZA>&'' 3A> &'4D e `g! +&-.!6 + BA2 B!""#$% &'g&)l"#'!")@ 2/! 0` 2 3%!k&C 2 + H#&%!6GA#+%' 0%=!29*):&zj6 R^" 9` `H6 R^" 9`'QD5qg R^" /|% 3!2D _.+ k-. 6%!""#$p &'!, 2 3A>i + 5-. #' H&)l0 &0% &'L 3CR!6'%]'JgA20%A2 3!6$1 2[- 2 3'L%x
` 2# 3'wk0%#!k&)lGA#+%' 3!2De_i+ $1 3!"6!"01 2 3!k j$1 2-7 2 3']-7 3 [A>&'' 3A>" 3Q! " 3!k&'P + j 3!"/A>&!"5&) + GY('" 3Ld " 3!3DG_i+ - &#!"a!"01 2 3!G)@&aL6 R" g"#'%!"): 2=!H&*A2A2e-.+ 3'$`& + 3'* ?01&'^ !H# r& ! o r + fY('" 3 d " 3!2* + I-7&=!",)@&,&' > [G 2$^R" z"#'!")@ 2#! &*A2A27-.+ 3'G&' . 3'01&'^ !b& ! i + IY('" 3 d " 3!I'h + 6& + 2.!ijA2$% 5j&* 3h9A>&/$%''S+%+h" 3'A>Re-. +hoG" 3a'Je!"01 2 34D du-I +}\Z6 R^" ]0 > ?)@ 2 A#+s-I'&-A=+ 2 3!~!"01 2 3!aA>&j01 2 Q-I +}_IF9l&' 3 2= D_.+ da!"01 2 3!i 3' 2#Ra+C /Go!""#$% &'BA=+r' #&C- 2i +'T +&!" 6&)b_IFD _i+o!kj 3'!k +!" 2#!k# Hj& HoJ 3Rr"&~!" 2 G 201 3 $%Rg&&Q0` 2#):&#H'A> j-.+ 3'P)@ 2 A#+%' |% 3!-I +r de +'h-I+ 3'h)@ 2 A#+'j|% 3!)@ &h9)@&i >j0% 9_i!" 2 2#!2D `
Cumulative Fraction of Transfers
1.0
0.8
0.6 8 KBytes 64 KBytes 1126 KBytes 0.4
0.2
0.0 0
100 200 Speed (KBytes/sec)
300
`(o!""#$% &'h&) &-.'&g!"01 2 3!.A=+ 2 3g$^Rh&#%' Ra_Iu$1 2[- 2 3'r 3A=+~0% +&!" !i&'T + M'w" 2=' 2i" 3!""$1 349)@&. +# 2 k|% 6! 3!3D
!"
#
_i+ 3Go' 2.&)7 + 3! !I- 2 S&$ ' 3g):#& a!" 2z&) lbdg!" 2# 2#!(#''o'G&'fB!#' GA=+' G'P%! 'e + G&*A2b&&0$%A Jf' 2-7& JP'^" 2 ) A> j"&TA>&G'A2" G-I +~ 3A#+Q& + 23D _i+ 3! 7!" 2 2=!FA>% $ !"F!F) + 2Rk-7 2# 7&'Sx
1 2 3'^;GA=+' 3!3DF_i+%! =' 3j 3'^F!F00#&0#" )@&.A>&'w"#& 3h 2 &'T&) lbd&N!l! A2$%o[Re'h"& 2#'%A> 6"&G) D
')(+*,(.-
/)021435061/)06780%9;:4
?P a 2 &' &# +%m'L' 3'w* &'G 3'w/-. +]!#/%" 3L 33R`H8
'&* 3! - 2 I#'G&'H + I!#j I0p+wR*! A2HA#+' 9^ 3A=+B&' I! ! ' 3G"&/&' .&)4-7&PK"A>&'^ ' 3'^ ! O $%!" 3r&'r + /'&* @A&N!I&-7 3! I$%2Dlqr&*|%A2 &'%!l"&B + S+&=T!"&)@[- 33R 3~E.!i$1 > [- 2 3'e'& 3!&'G + .!#j iA>&'w o' 3'w7$^Rj88 aG!7'j$Re38 aG!7)@&,'&* 3!b&'G
` 2 3'^ A>&'^ ' 3'^ !2D _;&" 3! l + z0` 2#):&#H'A> z&);!" 2 2i! 3 3A> &'498J 2R*!l-7 2# zo'!" 2 " 3a'^"&S + k!"R! " 3X'e + 3' 2"# 2 3H)@ &c 3A#+a'&* DbF (A>&0% 3! &) 3A=+BJ 2RH-7 2 (0 3! 3'w 'G + (!"R*!"" 3hD _i+ I'^/$1 2#! 0 3! 3'w" 3h$1 3&-s 20# 3!" 3'wl + 53 2# &)F 30%!" 3h oj 3!l)@&i + /8j'& 3!i"&G): 2 A=+T + kJ 2R*!2D 0XWRY6ZXZ\[X]_^
Fa`b H
BDCFE%EHGJIK LNMPO4K Q RL
Nc_d
BDCSE%EHGJTULIED%MPV Q RL c \e
E%EHGJIK LNMPO4K Q RL d Pe
EHE%GJTULIED%MPV Q RL
_ioj 3!S h0 3!" 3'^" 3Z)@&j$`& +Z~ 3A2=! h'Z" 2# Toj0% 3j 3'^ &' &). + a&^&J*0 &# +gf !" 2 d 3A> &'ihL)@&T 2 3t 3! A>#0% &'!B&)/ + 3! Q&# +H!2Dkjl?P Q >*01 3A>h + 3A2=! I&# + "&01 2 )@&# $` 2"" 2'e/' 2[- & JG 3'^#&'j 3'^, +& 3!7'& >+$%,"#'* ! Rh! 'A> 5o" 3'A>RTj 3! # 3j 3'w !( !" 3T$Rh + '& 3!i +(GJ / + 3 # + 2. +'g$^R + Ho! ! 'e'&* G!/'f + H" 2= HA2!" De_i+ G 3A2#! G&&J*0Qj0% 3j 3'w &'f0 3!" 3'^" 3 + 2 S+!('&($` 2 3'~!k+ 3CRh&0 G 3g!( + " 2# S 2#! &' `) # 5j0% 3j 3'w &'!.&)
w8 `
Average Per-Query RPCs
8
6
4
2
0 10
100 1000 Number of CFS Servers
Q _i+ fC 2# L'/$1 2e&)E.!a +T{A2 3'^h/%!"h! ! ~"&{|%'}Z$%&A#Jp9z! ) 'A> &'H&)4 + I"& 1'/$` 27&) !" 2 2=!2Db_i+ . 2# &7$p#!,# 2 3A>7&' I!" '%#B 2 &'4Db_i+! >*0` 2=j 3'^ % Q!S' 3S&' P&~0p&297'Z +!S| !G + a >01 3A> &'\&)IP&# +GA &-i +4D 3A2=! k&&J0a! +&%e0` 2#):&#c$1 2"" 23D 'aC 2# 9`! 2 2i!" 3 3A> &'a# 3A> 3h" 3'A>RB$^Re 3!"(8 aj01 2#A> 3'wio'a +!i! o/o" 3a 3'w* &'G 3'w29A>&'|%#G'j !i01 3A>" 3g"&B # f &f jj.E.!2Dl_i+ 6)@&&-.'j >*01 2#x
j 3'^ 2#|% 3!b +! >*01 3A> &'4D &7 3A#+B&)16#' i&)4'5$1 2#!&)4!" 2# 2#!29%2a*9%aDaDa/$%&*A J*!b- 2 '! 2 " 3S'w"&k + ! R!"" 3TD_.+ 3'h2a*9%aDaDa5&&J*0%!F-7 2# &' 9)@ & k! ' !" 2# 239)@&b#'&GR !" 3 3A>" 3e$%&A#J!2D _.+ I'/$` 2 &) EI !7 3H):& 3A#+h&^&J*0e- ! 3A>&# 34D _i+ (3 2# 3! 60p&"" 3T'h# 5 9p&'j-I +a 2 &i$p#!i! +&-.'S&' /!" '#h 2 &'4D _i+ k 3! ! /' 3&'Tj&j0p&29'a +!l|l + k >*01 3A> &'h&)b&# +GAI &C-. +4D _i+ BA> 3!/ B$1& & f j=b)@&5 >j0% 9;-. + `1ar! 2 2#!29&&J0p!63 2# 3 kh/E.!2Db_i+ z'^%5$1 2 &) E.!,# ^ 3Bo!7 2" 2=G' 3B$^RH + ('/$1 27&) $p !7o'H-.+%A#+B + &#o' 'S!" 2 2 &N ! v'e + 6 3!# 3e$%&*A HJ &N! v
` 2 ? +%! -.`3 2# $1&l+) &) + 6$p !29*-.+A=+hA2A>&'^ !.)@&i + D
')(+*,(
="!$#%7&>"9 0
' j&) + GGo'f&!6&)i d~!z"&T$%o'A> j + G&P& 25 + B!" 2 2#!2DBlbd~A=+ 2 3!/& $%'%A> 3r!""&# $Re$% 3Jo'j|% 5! R!"" 3H!.0ro'w"&eG'wRa$%&A#J!I'T! "#$% o'/ + 5$%&*A J*! &C 2l + I!" 2 2=!2, D 7)@ + 2 $%'A> 3! !""&# ($^RH0%A2'// 0% l* p!" 2 2#!701 2,0%+^R*! A2 !" 2 2C9 3A#+P* %F! 2 26-. +f !(&-.' A/D?P j >*01 3A>k + f &H f jjI# ;! 2 2#!k01 2 0%+^R!#A24!" 2 2I-.p$1 6! ( 'HA2 3'^l"&G$%o'A> k + 5&T 3!"&'$%RB- 3 ?D # H T! +&-.!6R^0pA2 ! "#$% &'!.&) AX!"0%A> ej&'g `g0%+wR*! A2b! 2 2#!6)@&B99 'P8 `h* F!" 2 2#!z01 2z0%+^R!#A2!" 2 23D5_.+ A>#&! !" 3!k 20% 3!" 3'^z'fA> ,!""#$% &'h&) w `
Cumulative Fraction of Physical Nodes
1.0
0.8
0.6
Real 1 6 24
0.4
0.2
0.0 0.00
0.02 0.04 Fraction of ID Space per Physical Node
. E. 20 3!" 3'^ (A2/% .o!""#$% &'!;&)` + i):=A> &'G&)1 + iJ 2RG! 0%A> .5! 2 2 G+^5$1 B 3!"01&'! $p j):&CD~`f!" 2 2#!S a! " 349F 3A#+Z-I +\9,9b&j8`f# ,!" 2# 2#!2D _i+ eG J 3~Ei 3F!I 2# 3T)@ & + /%!""#$p &'a&)i2 a*%9 aDaDaa$%&*A J*!(j&'e `h!" 2# 2#!29 3A#+g-. +T* %4!" 2 2#!2D a*9%aDaDa$%&*A J*!,& 2i`/0%+^R*! A2%! 2 2#!7 3A#+e-. +ek* p!" 2 2#!2Db_i+ I 3! 3j 3! %,!, + 2 3A#+~!" 2 2\&N!i)@#A> &'h$1 Ia*D%a3D ?u +T&'RH&' 6 4!" 2 2I01 2i!" 2 2f ?D D9-. +&%! ' * ! 2 2#! j=9*!"&j (!" 2 2#!,-7&oG!""& ('&5$%&A#J!29'j& + 2=!,- &G! "& IG'^Rj j 3!, + 3 2= " D ?} +a/ 0% l* p!" 2 2#! 01 2!" 2 239 + z! c&) + (0% !7&) + !"0%A> ( + G!" 2# 2 &N!i* 1!" 2# 2#!. k# 3!"01&'! $% I)@&.!lj&# 6 +^ ReA2o!"" 2 3T#&'a + 6C 2# D _i+ l)@A> +%7 dS!"0 3%! + i!""&# I&)p$%&A#J! A>#&! ! !" 2 2=! j 3'!b +%,'jG'^RA2! 3! + 6$p# 3'e&)b!" 2 *'S + 6$p&A#J!i-.1!"&H$` z 2 3'Ra! 0 34D &z k|p 3!l +!-I`$1 k"# 2 3'Q)7!"&j j|% 3!z jj&# j0`&0p( +'f& + 2#!29 !#'A> je|%4 &N!z$%&*A J*!z j-. 3RT!"0 3 @ D ) + B0`&0p6 gA>&'! !" !5&)&'RPT)@ 2- $%&A#J!29; + 3'L + H!" 2 2=!5 ++001 3'f"&~$` j +&!" $%&*A J*P! &`! A2A> 3! !"&=!.-.o1 >01 2# 3'A> 5++g&4Di_i+ 5' >*I!" 3A> &'~ 3! A>=$1 3!i+&C-vA2A#+%'B+ 30%! $%'%A> k + 5!" 2 *'j&T):&.!#G1|% 3!3D
')(+*,(
9"< >
duA2A#+ 3!T$%&*A J*!h&'Z + Q&^&J*0}0% +4DI!a + Q' o'L!" 2# 2rA>&'w A> !~! A2A> 3!#! !" 2 2=!29 3A#+ A#+ 3A#J!-.+ 2 + 2/5 3RQ+!5 + B 3!# 3P$%&A#JfA2A=+ 3 'Q 2 #'!55)!"&D 'A> 5 + 5' 'S!" 2 2(+!i)@&'a + 5$%&*A J`9%.!" 3'%!lHA>&0Ra"&H + 5o!".!" 2 2(A>&'w A>" 3 $1 2):&# . + I$%&*A JS- ! )@&'4^ +! ! 2 2l! + .$%&*A JS"&S ! A2A#+ D,_.+! ! A=+ 3j z! >*01 3A>" 3 "&j0 &*A> z++aA2A=+ 5+#" 3!i$` 3A2%!" z + 6&&J0a0% +%!):&l + 6!#j k$%&*A JB): &y
` 2 3'^ !"&=A> 3!B-Il" 3'"&{'^" 2#!" 3A>a!B + 2R 2hA2&!" 2a"&L$p&A#%J &N!e! A2A> 3!#!"&h!" 2 23D f h o!""#" 3! +.&^&J*0h0% +!i#0%RG'w" 2=!" 3A>2" D M'a +! >*01 2#j 3'^l 3A#+g'& 6'aT2 aDaH'&* !"R*!"" 3U&&J 3{0Z + h! j hJ 2R 'Z + z!S&)('& 3!/*! " 3L"&f 3! & h + h&&J0 - 2 3A>&# 34 D A2 /'T + 6|# 6 20 3! 3'w !. + 50% +r&)bH!" 3#A=+r + &S + A !"0%A> )@&. 3A=+ +&0g +@ Av&)b + 5'&* 6A>&'^ A>" 3P. +(+&0r!l0p&"" 34D 'Re + 5A2# 3!i)@&. + S8G'&* 3! -.+oA#+h 3! & 3T + ^ 2 Reo'h + 2 +&0%!i ! +&-.' f@)@&IA2=[HR &N!.! J j= D (!i&' /A2'~!" 2 6)@ & `D`
40
200
unique IDs
node ID
30
150
20
100 10
50 0
1
2
f Jj
3
4
0
hop number
1
f@$Hj
2
3
hop number
j h^ &^&J*0~0% +!z'P+&#~'^" 2#!" 3A>2D,A=+P' 'g| f Jj.$1& j 20 3!" 3'^ !( + 0% + +bz&&J0"&&J5 + &+/ + A\! 0%A> "&z&A2" iIJ 2RD _i+ +&# &'^ *" 3a&' +l+&0 D (! + z|# (! +&C-.!29* + k!" 2&)F'& 3!7 +%i!" '%A>7!" 3#A=+ 3!iA>&'^ A>.H'! + 3! ! + 5! 3#A#+ 3!(' 3I + 6 2D f A>& 3!"01&'%'S"& A 8_ j=D 'Re&^&J*0T0p +!l&)b 3' +r + 2 .!#+&C-.'G):&,A2o#[R f 8k! %A#+j0% +%! i0%&"" 3% j=Db_i+! >*01 2#j 3'^- !,#'j'j6! R!"" 3 -. + aDaj'&* 3!2Db f@H$ j7! +&C-.! + k'5$1 2 &);'&* 3! *! " 3e$RH'wRe!" 3#A=+T 3A#+T+&0a)@&l + 2 &&J0H0% +!70%&"" 3a' f J j=D,&i'%!" 'A> 9 + .|=!"7+&0aA>&'^ '!l8'& 3!7! o'A> . 3A=+e&^&J*0 -!I'% " 3T)@ & B
` 2 3'^.'&* D I):" 2z&' +&0g&^&J*0r0p +!I+%3 SA>&'w 2 3P!#A#+r + + /8G!" 3#A#+ 3!.A>&'^ A>" 3g&'%Rg2 aG%!" 'A>l'&* 3!2D
+ | 91!" 3#A=+ 3!():&( + S! j $%&*A JT'% " 3T)@ & B! 2I&),'& 3!(! "#$%" 3rA> &! !( + # 3! !l!"0%A> 6=0%RBA>&'w 2 "&Hj)@ 2- '&* 3!l' 3I + k 22D # e ~%!""#" 3!6+&-y-7 37A2A#+o'g- & J*!2D X!#' G$p&A#JQ!'!" 2 " 3L'^"&g 9%aDaDa !" 2 2G! R!"" 3TD]_i+ 3' f!" ^ 3'A> a&).#'&GRQA#+&!" 3'{!" 2 2#!S)@ 2 A#+Z + e$p&A#JpDQ_.+ B=0%+ ! +&-.!z+&C- + S'/$1 2I&) E. l!I# ^ 3T"&h)@ 2 A#+f + S$%&A#Jr 3A> 3!" 3!z-I +~ + '/$1 2(&) A2 ()@ 2 A#+ 3!29 ."&S + ($%&*A Jj$1 3'5A2A=+ 3h'ej& (0%A> 3!2 D 7A#+a0%&"" 3B01&'^7!7 + 3 2= k&) G'^RH!" 3'w o%)@ 2 A#+ 3!3D ^% Jj'B + IG0% 3j 3'^ &'B0 2 3'^ !7 + .&#o' ' !" 2 2I):#& A#+ 3A#Jo'H !&-.'rA2A=+ 9%-.+%A#+h!i-.+wRe'&G)@ 2 A#+ 3!I+3 'TE.}A>&'^i&) 2 &D (!G >*01 3A>" 349 + rE.yA>&'^ !H 3A># 3!" 9l! 'A> Tj&# r' j&# r!" 2 2#!B+3 g + h$%&*A J A2A#+ 34D(_.+ /EI tA>&%'w !z 3A> 3! S!#'|%A2'^ Ra):" 2 $ !"(H)@ 2- &^&J*0%!2Di B! +&-.! +i&&J*0%! -. +&A2A=+'Go'eh%9 aDaDa< [! 2 2k!"R! " 3X z'h3 2# &V) `GE. l!29*-.+ )@" 2r2 aQ&&J0%!&'R f+&0%!j h 3 DL_i+ T' 2 >
1 3A>Bo!S"&Qj0 & TA2 3'^M ?01 2#A> 3 3 01 2 )@&#G'A> 6'a"&e!"0 3a + 5&h&)!" 2 *'G! H1|% 3!2D _;&P 3j&'!""=" a+&C-XA2A#+o'P!""#$%" 3!k + h& &).! 2 o'r$%&A#J!29b- h! " 3L + >
1 3A>B&)6L! ' r0`&0pj|% Dt# g ]!#+&C-.!H + r# 3! !H&)k +!j >*01 2#j 3'^2 D '\ +! ! &'492 aDa/+&!" ! 3A=+B!"Jj)@&75! ' l$p&A#JpDb_i+ i| l0p& ! + I'^/$1 2 &)4E.! 3A=+ GA=+' h 3A> 3 34D\_i+o!S ^ 3!"G!""=$% &' j01&!" 3!j] T&{&' + r! A2A> 3!#!"&B'&* f@-.+&! D yA>& 3! 0`&'%!("& 8a&'f + G+&# &'w &'! 2# 3G' " 2#G!i&)G 3! ! 5A>&'^29%A2A=+'H&^ 3!i'&i&'Re!"0 3T&49$%l!"&H 3A> 3!i2D _i+! >
1 3A> !6% j"&T + G) A>5 +%5 '&* 3!k-I+A#+f# 3!"01&'f-. +QG 3! ! 3!/ 2 #'o'eA2A=+ 3 A>&0% 3!6&) j- &h+%3 5$1 2 3'hA>&'^ A>" 3~"&G):&#- #r!" 3#A#+r 3!" !i+rA2A#+'G$1 2 3'h! $% 34D
w `
5
RPCs per Lookup
4
3
2
1
0 0
50 100 150 200 Cumulative Number of Lookups
250
5 Mj0%A>i&)bA2A#+%'G&'g! A2A> 3! ! 5A2 3'^i)@ 2 A#+ 3!I&) + 5! j 5$%&*A J`D ,A=+T01&'^i! + HC 2# h'^%5$1 26&)iEI !k)@&B2ag! A2A> 3! !# H)@ 2 A#+ 3!/)@ & #'%&GR~A#+&!" 3' !" 2 2=!2b + 2 &.$%#!i'%A2" z&' 5!" '%#h 2* &'4D _.+ 6!"R*!"" 3 +!59%aDaDaH!" 2 2=!2D
120 With Caching Without Caching 100
RPCs handled
80
60
40
20
0 0
10
20
30
40
50 ID position
60
70
80
90
100
l j0pA>;&)%A2A=+'(&' + l'^%5$1 2 &)pE. l!F(!" 2 2| 3o!2D;_.+ % I!; J 3'S)@ & S! ' i#'B-. +~2aDaS!" 2 2#!2D _.+ (+&# &'^ `& # 3!"01&'' '&* h-.+ 3'{]! ' a$%&A#J f ! "& 3\H'& _ jj!j)@ 2 A#+ 3\): & 2 2 R !" 2 2G-I + A2A#+%' 3'$% 34D ) o'w" 2 3! 6'f +!z| j!k + G=G AS 3%A> &'f&)7 + H'^%5$1 2k&)E. l!z + '&* j!"i+'% w `
10000
Number of Blocks
1000
100
10
1 1
10 Number of Virtual Nodes
100
i #2a*)Mj0%A>&)% + l'/$` 2&)p# *!" 2 2#!01 20%+^R! oA2^!" 2# 2 &' + l"& j&'^ &)b j +. + k0%+^R! oA24!" 2 2I!"i! "& D
')(+*,(
/ :4=1 0 / 9 0 = >5:41_= 7
Ra
1 3A> I +%!,!3DF_i+ . >*0` 2=j 3'^,'^& 3!7! 2 3'H0%+^R*! A2 !" 2 2=!291-. + 9 8C9 `9 9b39 89 `9 'Z38B* F!" 2 2#!39`# 3!"01 3A> 3RDj2 a*%9 aDaDah$%&*A J*!z '! 2 " 3a'w"&S + k!"R*!"" 3h9'a + (# 3 &'! +%0H$1 2[- 2 3'T+&-sG'^RH* `!" 2 2#!l0%+^R*! A2 !" 2 2z+!I'r+&- H'wRh$%&A#J!I.!"I! "& /!.0%&"" 34Dl&z >j0% 9p + 60%+^R*! A2 ! 2 2 -. +Z3e* F!" 2 2/!""& 3!5e$%&A#J!2 + 2 j Ge"& b&)l8e# !" 2 2#!29 ! &h +!z! A2&!" S"&h + S >*01 3A>" 3P&'! %j0 &'4D _i+ 2 (o!7" .j 3j&#RG&C 2#+ 3a"&='''6G'wRH# %!" 2# 2#! "&SA=+ 2 z|%' > ?=' 3 A>&'^" && 2 & D 7A#+H# !" 2 27 ^% 3!b !b&-.'G|p' 2 $% I'G! A2A> 3!#!"&7o!"29! - 3 !iA2A>&'^ 'G! "#A> 3!)@&l + k$%&A#JB!""& 6'%eA2A=+ % + k"& j 3j& RB):&&"0#o'w&) + 3!" !""#%A> 3!i'a&.'&0 oG 3aj0% 3j 3'w &'h!l 3! !l +%'Q2 a6 R^" 3!3D
')(+*,(
069;: =
< 7 1J0
I):" 2aZlbd !" 2 2a) !29l!"&j g j g-.0%!#!H$1 2)@& r + g 3G'%'Q!" 2 2=!B# 3A>B"& + ) 9F$R]A>& 3A> 'g + 3/|%' 2 $p 3!/'% !#A2A> 3! !"&S01&'^" 2#!/'%]$R]A>&0R'g$%&A#J!/"& G'^ 'r + / 3!# 3r 2 3 &)b 20pA2 &'4Di_.+ 2& 3G!//'f8G!# 3!"( +klbdh-. $` /$% "&G01 2 )@&# &&J*0%!lA>& 3A> Ra'%h 'HA2 3'^ Re$` 2)@& k +o!l 3A>&C 2#Rh0 &*A> 3! !.!" # !29 2 3'ro'h + ) A> 6&)bG! ! k) D _;&r" 3!" +!397%9 aDaDa~$%&*A J*!5 e'!" 2#" 3Q'^"&gQ%9 aDaDa< [!" 2# 2H!"R*!"" 3hD ,A=+]$%&A#JQ+!5! 20%oA2! f '%A2'h + eH']A>&0R]!""& 3Z + a 3A>! A2A> 3! !"& j=D I):" 2S + a'! 2 &'!29 )@#A> &'k&)* + ,! 2 2#! ) -I +&1-#''DF 2):& +! ! 2$po'7 ! & 'l $p 3!29 %9 aDaDah)@ 2 A#+ 3!6&),#'&GRT!" 3 3A>" 3f$p&A#J!k# S"" 3G0" 3P)@ &e!#' S!" 2 23D/F j # ! +&-.!k + H):#A> &'Q&)&^&J*0%!z +%5) 9 ']F H #38T!#+&C-.!6 + H3 2= eEI A>&%'w6&)
Rh `
Failed Lookups (Fraction)
0.020
0.015
0.010
0.005
0.000 0.0
0.1
0.2 0.3 0.4 Failed Nodes (Fraction)
0.5
H #j=A> &'Q&)$%&*A Jf 3!"5)@o 3!k!5T)@'%A> &'P&) + G)@#A> &']&)z9%aDaDaf d !" 2 2=!j +j) D 7A#+ % f0`&o'wS!S + TC 2# r&)z~ >01 2#G 3'w !j'^&*'Z9%aDaDaP$%&*A J &&J0%!2* + 6 2 #&i$%#!l'%A2" k + 6Go'y'TG&'^5!5h) 'A> &'f&) + j):#A> &'Q&) + e df!" 2# 2#! +k) DS_i+ 2 j T9%aDaDag!" 2 2#!6$` 2)@& S + j) # 3!2D 7A#+Q T0`&o'wk!( + GC 2# B&)l >*0` 2=j 3'^ !2 + k 2 &.$%#!i'%A2" z + 5Go'c'%TG &'e&) + 5 dB!" 2 2=! +)@?D_.+ 2 z j9%aDaDaG!" 2 2#!$1 2)@& ( + z)@o 3!2D ,A=+h 01&'^.!i + /3 2= &),G >01 2#oj 3'w !3% + / 2 &($%#!.o'A2" 6 + /G'%/%X'rG&'^ A>l) 3G!" 2# 2#!2 D &&J*0%! J j&' 2z):" 2z) # 3!i$1 3A2!" !"&j &) + 5|p' 2I $p 5 3'^"# 3!( 3T):&z) !"I&&J*0%! 01&'^b"&5) 3G!" 2# 2#!2)D )4+)p&)4 + .|%' 2, $p i 3'^"# 3!,# .'&, 9 + 3'G 3A=+eEI ZHJ 3! $1&i+)F!.A#+T0 & 3! !.!i >*0` 3A>" 3 $%l&' k >*"#BE. ) RHA>& 3A> !I +!2D # 7 #3i! +&C-.! + ,'5$1 24&)"" 3j0% ! "&IA>&'^ A>F)@ 36!" 2 2#! + &*A2A2 01 2 &^&J*0 9 3 2= 3h&C 26%9 aDaDaS$%&A#JG&^&J*0%!3D I):" 2 + (|#! , j z!" 2 2l 3A2 3! f@$RH5 oj 2& j + +!7!" 3G6|%' 2 $% l&7! A2A> 3!#!"&" [! b 3'w" RS +,0`&o'w !b"&/k)@o 3G!" 2 2C9^ & 3! '&7!" +z!" 2 2z'~'w o .+%!.$1 2 3'r! $% 3 D k 3'r +%(G!#! 5) 3!i+C So" k >
1 3A> &'~ + S3$%o[Rh&),% B&z + S'5$1 2(&),E.!I0` 2z&&J0 9`%!" 2#!( jJ 3Ra"&a01 2#A> 3 ! A=+h) 3!$1 3A2! k&)EI u oj 2& !.%#'S&&J0%!2 D I&C- 2 239` 5 #3G! +&C-.!l +%I [R0%A2 $%&*A Ja&^&J*0T! +& RB)@" 2IG)@o zA2'T >*0` 3A>I 3! ! +'h&' 6 j 2&l&'T + 6-3Ra"& 2"# 2' + 5 3! # 3a$%&*A J`D _i+ 3!" B >*01 2#j 3'^ !S 3j&'! "#" a +j~o a):#A> &'L&)z d]! 2 2#!jA2'Z) ,-I +& ! '%|%A2'^ RB 'H% G3$%o[RH&.01 2 )@&#G'A> D
`
8a
! "$#%& "
df! $"! k&' G >j0% j&)l']0%0%A2 &'f +%5A2'Q$1 j$%oz&'Q"&0]&) + el+&# (! + !"R*!"" 3hG- a+&01 H"&f >0p& Bg# 2[RL&).!"R*!"" 3G!/$%!" 3 &' + e-7& JP0% 3!" 3'^" 3 + 2 D~& '! 'A> 9p + j&! I01&0%o.01 2 2" ?"& ?01 2 2k!""&# j!"R*!"" 3G!("&%3RT&
1 2kHJ 2R-7&=P!" 3#A#+~)@ 3< D ?P g# gA2 # 3'w R - & Jo'P&'%'f +!G)@'%A> &'RL"&{ d $R !""#$% '~' ' >/&)4A>&'w" 3'^ &C 2 + i'&* 3!2D I'H" 2#' I'w" 2#)@A> i"&j dSG+^ GJ ( j& .%! $% !z- 3 i + S|% !"R*!"" 3 '^" 2 ) A> S0 3!" 3'^" 3P+ 2 S!( >$% /$%( ^% 3!I + j!" 2z"&h#'~' "&j&%'w 'gV(bd]&&0$%A#Jf! 2 23D X! oj0% 239 -7 2$ ?0% &3*RP$%!" 3 Y kG+w/$` H0 2)@ 2#$% )@&.G'^Ra0%0%A2 &'%!2D ?P S!"&e+&01 6"&B >*0%&# 5!" 3!.):&( + Sl+&#T!"R*!"" 3 & + 2( +'r|p 5!""&# Dz+&#gA> ! '&&%! Rj"D & zVzd`*G0%! 'j 3! "&S!" 2 2#!2D _.+! =!" 3! + (0`&!#! $%o[R/ +ll+&#eA>& 0 &o hP 3A> 3'w"= 3 'G T!" 2 *A> a-. +Z + T% &''w r&)('&j# ^#'~ + + 2=#A#+^RGj01&!" 3H$^R zVkd`D, &C*o'5'a +&#[Rj)@& 'j 3!"0pA> zH001 3G$RB+&# f D D $%"# '~A>&'%A> !&C 2Br 3'{'%j B&j!" 2S&)('j 3! j5' ~ 3A> 3'w"#o 3ZG'' 2j!' &01 3'h0 &$p 3h9+&C- 2 23D yA>&j0% 2" H 2)@ 3'!" H'%!"5GoA2&!k'&* 3!6+!5R 25"&T$1 G 2*!" 3 D ?P H$1 3 2 j +%/ +&=g'&* SA2'~ 2#)@RT + S a!" 3'wz"&h($^RgA>&'! o'B% &';'& 3!291$%I+%3 jR 2z"& 3! ''G 'HA2 3'^ &# + "&6&6! &D_.+ !#j0% 2)@ 3'!" l'! b&^&*'I" A J*! 3! A>#$1 3 + 2 6A>&%T!"&j$1 6G0 &C 3 D Y(! ' Y z{! 'BEI "#'!"01& 7&C 2 + (-. I 3/' 2[- & JB! C 3! 3!"&#A> 3!'e3&o! + G >*01 3'!" S&)l!" 2" 'T0]A>&'' 3A> &'%!k$%6! A>=|%A> 3!k + j%&C- A>&'^" & 0% &01 2 3!z +5_( 0 &o 3!2Dl_ 3! 'albdTG IA2 3( +('r >
1 3A> &C-vA>&'w"#&;0% &"&A>& ):&6 da"= 'HA !' 3A> 3! !# RD,_i+ zG'^Rw ?"& [H'wRa' z&)FlbdBA>&'' 3A> [RH-I%HJ k + k 3! 'B&);! %A#+h 0 &"&*A>& GA=+ 3' D ( 3!"0%" ( + I) A> + + I- & Je 3! A>#$1 3B+ 2 z!7o'H + z 3#RH!" 3!&); 2 3&0%j 3'^29* +! + 3! o!S0 &C* 3!jf$p! !S)@&Hf0 &Go! 'f' 2-X|% ho!""#$%" 3]|% a! R!"" 3Tg dZ!jP++%R ! A2$p 9%3$p 6'r! 3A2 6 3 ?&'Re|% 6!"R*!"" 3hD .0 3!" 3'^ !.!""&# 3r H"&B00%oA2 &'! + &+~'~&#%' Rh|% > [!"R! " 3 'w" 2#)@A> Dd* 2 2#!z!""& j'o'w" 2 0% 2" 3r$p&A#J!(&) e-. + ' ^ o 3'w | 2#!2DFl 3'^ !4 2"# 2 7$%&*A J*! )@ & + 7!" 2# 2#!;'%5'^" 2 0 2 + 3 !;|% 7!"R! " 3G!2D dH!""& 3! $%&*A J*!! '6 + (! +a! "#$%" 3S$p&A#JH!""& D (! +e0 & 3!7'B 'HA2 3'^ j 3A=+'! ):&,! "&#'k'j# 2"# 2*'z$%&*A J*! j&'65 3A> 3'w"= 3j &0G&)`! 2 2#!2 D (! + 20%oA2" 3!iG$p&A#Je&'HA>&'!" 3A2 /!" 2# 2#!.'T + 5 3'^ | 2i! 0%A> 5'T!(j 3!#i!l#&$%!" 'g + S)@A> S&)7 + S)@o 5&)7eH! ! j'5$1 2(&)7!" 2# 2#!2@ D I!#+PA#+ 2 3!k&f$%'A> $^R A2A#+%'G$%&A#J!i&'j0 &$%$p k&^&J*0h0% +%!i 3'"&H + 6$%&*A HJ &N!i! %A2A> 3! !"&3D (! +s!" 3!a + L+&#}! "#$%" 3u&&J0u0% &"&A>&6"& G0s$%&*A J*!a"& !" 2 2=!2DX_i+!
*
G00p']!eR*'GAr'oj0%A22D I!aL 3! 29l + 2 ~o!H'&Z 3A>"&#R ')@&#G &'\"& $1 04" 3}-.+ 3'} + Q' 2=Ro'L' 2-7&#J}A=+' 3! f {! Gk'/$` 2h&)S'&* 3!h!"T04" & o'g $p 3!S-.+ 3' + h' 2-7& JZj 3/$1 2#! +0ZA#+%' 3!297+&C- 2 2 j=D{_i+!GJ 3!B dL$1& + &$%%!"I'g! A2$% Dz dr!" 3!i + / 20pA2 &'g'gA2A=+'B0 &01 2 3!.&" ) I!#+g"&aA#+% 2 3$pRG'h&e$%'A> D7Fo'R9 dH0 &C* 3!! oj0% I$% >
` 3A> k0 &" 3A> &'To'!" G! o' k" A J 2k'! 2 'j 6G&'w !.&)F% *D Z0#&"&[R0` j0% 3j 3'w &'k&)p dz+!;$1 2 3'6j0% 3j 3'w" 35'6 2" 3/&'5IA>&'w" &o 3 M'w" 2#' 2M ?-. I" 3!"M ?$1 34D # I&01 2# &'%p 20p&CR*j 3'^,-.oJ 3RG%'A>&C 2&001& '% 3!b)@& j0% &C 3j 3'^29$%l + 5A2 # 3'wl 3!# !l'%A2" k +( dao!ljo$% k > [! A2 501 2 2" ?"& ?01 2 2 !"R*!"" 3hD
8
# !#%
x I JG _; 3A#+'&& 3!292M'AD,+^""0 -i-i-5DNJ& ^9`88aDaDi/$# 9q D 5 8 zC I '% 2#!" 3'49 I#% oJ^#o! +''49wq]D^#'!,5! +& 2Jp9'GEi&$1 2 qT& =!2DpE. 3! 3'w
& 2#CR~' 2-7&#J!2DU ' !#"%$'&(!)+*+$'&-,/.1032547698(:;'=?8@AB $C'D254:$EF6G H;'IJ8IKL 9 A>"&N$ MFOI78 P PD
[ A#+5S7M^ d*A=+w-S7OX 9_S'~`V@OX RQ ( '5SC-SUT+5S'J+WV'X +& 9%YMFXMFO ZS' [L\ 91Tl+VA#JTV]MFMFO=5S7M^!294q
?P& OOM^L^ D + [ MFOS7O#A=+ [ AFS ^ 'XMFO#'@MFXz&$ $M3AAXkAFSA#+@MD 'H#badceA5gfihjF&k5lB7K].m "FFFI;29 0IS \ 3M !53 Qonp3 Q91p+S'WV5S7O Rf D q ZSor [Ls T +tS V5h u D Y('kXO;S AAMS7vt^gMwM^gM3AAXO &' [ A9u!S [ ^ 9WOMFXV@O#'xS s5s OMyyMy29(S' szs5[g\+[ XS ^p0tyMV s5{+| R(u/y2D .m 6d6}lkiDb.m7o"FFFI;FetS \ My ¹FPJhn yMFOr MFOy` {W{ NMFOS7XM ¹ ¹FP(Y¹ W ¹ ZSor [Ls ¨DS [CMF« OMyF X {W{ ^gª [ X '{ OZVtyMFOE^gMFr M^e¬t^gMGyWyXMu!yF | H#ooaGceA5gf©hjF&k5lB7K.m7
"AAj;AttS \ My9 º(¹;nW_hbq@_p+V | MU7P P@¹7 R7PZSor [Ls ¨DS [lMF« OMyFm¨ [ 5S7M^¤¼`S u [L| yª 1¨©1@OS | y`¼US S y { MFªIeS |ts ¤u/u%MFXX? [ X;@M^l/»WMF@ S7O;S7X [L|@\ ª MF©u/S | S \ Mu%M | X O { u ¬I^gM y(yXMu yMFV@O [ XE | #" $'&() $'&,%.10 2t4:698(7;'