A Cooperative File System by Frank Dabek Submitted to the

Sep 5, 2001 - CFS is able to route queries in a scalable way. For example ... a logarithmic number of servers must be contacted to route a query. Servers are ...
518KB taille 1 téléchargements 284 vues
     !#" $&%('*),+.-/'1023+ 465 !87:9A@B;?CD;?E>GFH>AI JLKM;=7:>AN#;CLO,P&QR>TSA;=K=9RSUJLQVP&NWL9XN>A>TK=9RNWYJLN@[ZC\7YI 5 ;?>AK 4 ST9R>TNSA> 9RNBI JLKM;=9]JLQ^O 5 QR_ QRQX7Y>TN#;`C(Oa;=E>bK=>Tc 5 9RK=>A7:>AN;=deOfC\K`;?E>b@>AW\K=>A>gC(O h JLd;?>TKCLOP&NW\9RN>T>AK=9XN8WY9RNiZC\7:I 5 ;?>AK 4 ST9X>ANST>GJLN8@[P&NW\9RN>T>AK=9RNW Jj;e;?E> hik 44 k Z`lnm 4 Ppoeo 4/qrn4 o q omsoPutwvxoPZ`l r twy tbzH{ 4 >TI6;?>T7!^>AKH|L}L}8~ S h J(d=d?J(S€E 5 d=>A;M;?d q NdM;=9R; 5 ;?>bCLOaoa>AS€ENC\QRC\WL"i|L}\}6~\ k QRQ‚K=9RW\E#;?deKM>Td=>AKMƒL>T@‚ k 5 ;?EC\K„TATATT…TATATTATATTAAATATTATATTAT…TATTATATTATAAATTATATTATAT…TTATATTATATT…TAT FH>AI JLKM;=7:>AN#;CLO,P&QR>TSA;=K=9RSUJLQVP&NWL9XN>A>TK=9RNWYJLN@iZC\7YI 5 ;=>TK 4 ST9R>TNSA> † 4 >AI8;?>A7‡!^>AKTˆ^|L}\}6~ Z>TK;?9T@‰!#"UAT…TATTATATTATAAATTATATTATAT…TTATATTATATT…TATATTATATTAAATATTATATTAT…TA h Šv K?JLN8ds‹bJ\J(d=EC3>TŒ  K=C(Of>Td=dMC\KCLO&ZCL7:I 5 ;?>TK 4 SA9X>ANST>GJLN@iP&NW\9RN>T>AK=9XN8W oeE>Ad=9Xd 465 I1>TKƒ39Xd=CLK Z>TK;?9T@‰!#"UAT…TATTATATTATAAATTATATTATAT…TTATATTATATT…TATATTATATTAAATATTATATTAT…TA Ž CL!^>AKM;ow h C\KMK=9Rd k dMd=9RdM;€J(N;  K=C(Of>Td=dMC\KCLO&ZCL7:I 5 ;?>TK 4 SA9X>ANST>GJLN@iP&NW\9RN>T>AK=9XN8W oeE>Ad=9Xd 465 I1>TKƒ39Xd=CLK k SAST>AI8;?>A@[!#"GUTATTATATTAT…TATTATATTAT…TATTATATTATAAATTATATTATAT…TTATATTATATT…TATATT k K;?E 5 KsZn 4 7Y9R;=E ZE J(9XK=7:JLN‚ˆ8FH>TI J(KM;?7Y>TN#;nZC\7Y7:9T>HC\NizwK?JL@ 5 J(;?> 4 ; 5 @>AN#;?d

 

 !#" vŠK=JLNŒBFwJ(!^>AŒ

"!$#%'&)(*(*+-,.(*/'(1/ 0$;K+3NO24P++6565 7981(*+-(1%:%Q+-#;@?BT$A)U +-RCD&)(*;.8E&)C65V779AF81(1?G&)7;$AWH &)>X;$! +6AMY+68EA)AI&I%:;$H:+-;Z7(G; /,K>@JL(10$/ +%:5! (*+684"C6&M+-; CD+ ` 7\*(*+684/>@?B;$H &); 81+6+-+6[]77‰%:\1(p}F5?p7AM+\’PRZj5W&I;Q+6g=8E+D• &M’"+-}š! , \*(=79(1#W7:+‰&); />Ws=›*0 / 79&);p/7#W,$+6i"81(6&)\*R+6>]8-/RV8a0 5 &)\^8E/S&)i"%'&), 5&)AM;$+-%:H:+-(10 ;&)%:(10 5W+‰+6(1Jo! 0$\=/78E,K; ,K5 81CD// (*;p+BJo5 jp8E}/Si"&),$+-,_7;,_(10$+L(10$/ !$H 0ši+_(10 \1+3!$H%:H+-+-%_\1(1#W&M/ +6; 8E\^\L/0$>+• 5V23!$( “3>yO5/8E (10b8E/S81i"+6&),$H 79+-8E,., 7:&I;$\1H!$(15 0$5W+_/81,$(1+-&)\1i&)+aH ;.sL//81>p†"J &);$jH:W}79(1%:/ \*50 +681+} g 0 7; †P\L+-\*5W+Du C6&)7A)A)g k0 (*+/324?p8E+6&)>]C+-; • \*+6+:(*+6 48E\*,$/ ix;7;s=CD0 +-/4,vsoŸ^7+-\@\*+-H79/P8E/PCh,0 CD• / 8E%:/x5›+-7CD;]+}}3}3}_}}3}3}}3}3}_}}3}3}}3}3}}_}3}3}}3}3}}_}3}3}}3}3}}_}3}3}}3} P} JL/ ;j 7&IA)!$81+ }3}_}}3}3}}3}3}}_}3}3}}3}3}}_}3}3}}3}3}}_}3}3}}3}  Q (?! *+,- %, ?5< 3 ? # 1( 1 



.,¡ ˜ —— —— ¡¡ —— —: —: D

 

    B

?\*(*’$8E79&)\*(*(1+.&I;$(1H_0$+5W+6#W+6+-8*un;$(*+6/9Y un5W(1\_+6+6/8^>=\*CDk"/];X8E7\a&)A)&)!$;.815 +}=81/Pk5W"/%'81(1%:&)/ +6;O(*8E(*k‡/ƒ7(1A)0$\*+-/O&M8=&I%:79#5&IA)A)&M&M+-(\okO(1/08^79s=(4&)AMAI/ A)7&);$,rH ;$\10$+-/ \E\B!A)(*,b/ƒ#W0+37; sL, +-AMA)+AAM#V/ 77A),f7} ; CD+-,

v+3+D’"5W+-CD( (10 79(o57981(1&)C6&)57;Z(1\ &I;7‰5W+6+68*un(*/9un5W+6+68=\*k"\*(*+-%Šsa&)A)A #W+…i/ A)! ;@C6&M(1+-&)%:;Z( +R$Y/ AM;b+(1(*8E0$7+_;/\*8E>y+6,$8h+6\8^>y/8E>/ %œ/ ;$+_7.0$5W/ +6! +68*8-un} (*/9u 5W„ +6g^+684g^•\1(*/58E8179/H(*+‰/PCD\1/ kPAI\*\6(*} +-% \10 / ! A),b#W+_CD/ %:5W+6(1&M(1&)i+Qs=&)(10‡5W/ &);]+68E\a!\1&);$H'(10 +Qj g^• /8 57; A)7,_CDj@+o(1&)0$(1; +G0$7+o;PAIAM! k5W%QR+-(179#0 †_+6+L8š;P\*! /k">$%Q\*(*7#+-CD%+6(18@&Mi\1/+L0$>V!/ 81!\*+6+6H A)8E,_&)\\*%'(*79+6( 781+-&IU ;Z,:} (1Na7!%'&)\*;_+6&)8EA)(1A)\0$&)/ /+-; >\*+o(1 :0$5  + 81}/Œ4 45W79;Z+6581k(1\*&)(*i"+-+6&)\F8p79+6#\*ik"A)+p+-\*;(*,$+-+-7%–\1\@&MH &M79(š;Q(H\1798E0$5 /S/ s=5 ! 8E\A)/-,3i’$+6#&)%'81+Gk_7979AI(*#79+-81AMAM+pHk +(*:x/…}T Ÿ=\1%ƒ!$+65 5W&)A)5W/A)&M/81/ (181; \( 7'! \1+68 #7\*+3/ ;b(10&)\o/8E,$+68^/>%'79H ;&M(1! ,$+&);b\1&)6+}

"!#  [%$G      3 8 

07A)AB/&)AM>^+‰(1(10$0$+-+:%b5W} +6+6g 8*un0 (*&)/9\_un5W(10$+6+6+-8_\1&)\Q\*k"5 \*81(*+-+-\*%'+-;GA)Jo+'jp\*kP‡7\1(*9+-81%w+Q5&M81(1+-\1+-\*+-AM>o;]Jo+6(10$CE/08h&),;$HdAM/y/ 8E+r&)/ ;]/ %'A)AM+-/;Zs=(1\4\(1(1790$†+‰+-\p#AM74/"C1#† AM/" \aC1† 2 \ / 2 ;r7(1; 0$,‰+:k"&), &M+-+-A);Z, (1\&MY(10$+68a+oC6#&MAM8E/"C6C1A)†+} n\ g l^gj/.o&)o%:mKl5l7AMp +-dh%'R 0$\*/+68E8Ei, +6 \…8E\65WRš+6781;>]/,~8E%'\*+6781; i+6CD8E+:\QsLC6+ƒ7;.0 7S›*i/ +O&);~%:7/"; , , &MYAM+-+-7-,ri+O&)((1(*0$/‡+ƒ81\*/ k"!$\*(*(*+ƒ+-% [P!$s=+68E&)&)(1+-0v\…>y5 +681s +6>]+6(17981+-#;"AM+ u (1+D&)’"75A)A)+6k38h&)(*%:/_+-0$;y(*+68^>X7&)A)! 81+  x ; +6(sL/81†.5 81/-’$&)%'&)(k.7-so7981+_81/ ! (1&);$H  x \E&)%:5AM+7AMH/8h&M(10 %'\o(*/ƒ7Ch0 &M+6i+Q(10$+379#W/Si+_8E+-\1! AM(1\6} o J p j |& ) ‰ \ $ ;  / ‰ (  k 6 +  ( I & ;  / W 5 6 + E 8 9 7 1 ( M &

/  ;  7 G A ! 1 \  + p R  7 ; ‚ , 1 \ ! E C ‚ 0 ! 1 \ O + = s I & ) A p A ) A M &  † + ) A v k 5 1 8

/ : % 5 Q ( 1 8 6 +  Y $ ; + ' % + Z ; 1 ( ‰ \ * ( v / M & 1 ( \ (*,$\*/ƒ+6+-81\1(*i&)/ H +6A)8h;f+6\6}O8E}79“… a(*+‰;$;$%ƒ+:/(175W0 A)/+6&)C68B(*+-&M79/ ;yjp/78_‰,;Z(1&I$\ %:/P#P5 +-kb\p81/;$ii/+6+-8E(B%:&M>]C6+-k"!$;Z&)8E;$(Q81H:+-&);Z\…(1(10$(1A)kQ+Q0$+ƒ781/ , 79!$,$#(18E&I&)+-A);$&M\1(HO\pk{&)&)\/;$>o>]7/;$(18E0$/ %'+;](k"k&)R;$&)H‰>G(1;$0$+6+_+-,$2…+-„a,FRf7\EsG0‡/ ! \*k"AI,v\*(*+-&)%:%b5} AM+-%'+-;Z(*+-,d7\7b;$+6s \*/>](so7981+ƒAI7-k+68_79#W/Si+.JojpRW/835W+68E0 795\ x

"!





 



 s



gAM/P0 /&I†P\_! (15 0$+-lnP+\E&)-\‰CD(1#&M/ +6H ; &I; \_qh}‡sa"+&M(1-0‚CD(17r&M/ ;\E!$¡81i5 +6k~81/S/i">a&),$81+-+-\_A)797(*;~+-,‚/SisL+6/8EiP81†|&M+6st&);|/(1>o0$+.(10$Y +.+-J A),|j/~\>=*5Wk"+6\*+6(*8*+-un% (*/9un75W; +6, +68'+D’P\*(*5V/A)8h779&); H\+K0$7/; s , (1Jo0$0$+Q/Jo8h,v0 /AM/]/8o\*+6&)81(1i\ +6CD8@/\*81+-+AM+-7CDAM(1H&M// 8E;f&M(1}p0 P+%ƒ-CD\6(1} &M/ g ; 0$:+ 81sL+-+3\1!5 AM81(1+-\ \*/+->;š81&Ii%:+68o5AMAM+-/ %:7,f+-RP;]/k8E>y%'/84\^(1\10 +-79&)\^8ECE50$/+-sG\4+6798S(= 7OCD;]# 781C6/ &IA)7&M,(kC6} 7\*Jo(1\ajp.7\1+-79\48ECE,$0d+-\1[PCD!$8E+6&M#W8E&M+-+-,.\ (*&);b/.(1%'07&)\ ;]&), /8=+-\…JoYjpAM+-}\ &);V0 / \*(1\6} U-¡

oJ jp.7g 0 A)+ \1/'` , /&M81i"5W&),$+-+-0;
o81J +-jpCD+-KA;] / R! “…; CD,b+-7&); ;VP( ¡ *N/81} +  U N"R ¡˜  Rf7; ,~“…070 7  N  }3  7YAM•+b g +6i0 +-g + ; • \*+6(1 0$81i/ g+6!$8oH  \*0 ¡ (*/(1 810$\*+-+K(*\L/s=\*8Ek"790$\*H/ (*+^+-A)+=%\*k"Y\*AM7(*+-+-\\-%–R]81%'0 / 7%&M\ƒH 0y/#P84k(*/OC67\1Ch+60 81&)i;$+6Hƒ8E\a(10$(10 +-%79(a7,$AM/O/ ;$0 H:7-i(1+0 +_\*5AM/P79/81+Q†P!$, 5b&)\*5V†.79\*(150f7} CD+} •   g U—

J o p j €\ * * (  / E 8 + : \  # M A " / 1 C " † 6 \ p R E 8 9 7 1 ( 0 6 + : 8 1 ( 0  7  ; = s $ 0

/ ) A O +  Y ) A + 6 \ B R  7 ;  , * \  5 1 8 +  7 , ‰ \  # M A " / 1 C " †  \ 6 +  i + ; M A € k S /  i 6 + ' 8 1 ( 0 ‡ + 7 9 i  7 ) & A u (179%:0$#+-+AMCh+'0 81\1+-7+6A); 7981&)i(*\1+-+6% ,|8E\C65 781(1A)/0 AM+-#&)\, A)+-5%œa81c+6dK/ifhgj>=+-i ;Z, k (1& \Ql7m7+6A)d7981a/81+-mKH;@#7“…AMAI/"AFCDC1+-+-†;$7/ ;\*!$(*P(/H *8E0r/7981H+(1+_0  79U H(N 8h7, 7;B+-Jo\…0$(1/0 8h&)\4,f} &);$>]/8E%'79(1&)/ ;f} g 0&)\^5 8E/5+68E(k‡&)\4&); 7sLv+-j$7981“…†P+6;$+-0+-; 7\E+60 \*(+-7 u\=A)&M †7+K\aN  j$8E/ ! 81+6!$\*+-+-(1;$\:&);$+6CDHv(6/ } ;7AM\1H&)\*/(*8E+-&);a81i(10$+68E+{\6Ro\177%:; , + t

!





nu 



 

L, J &)/ \1; } ! \1g +68E/v\6} AM/"C679(*+ , 7A)79AB(17"/(1R 0$(1+60 8‰+-\*\1+3+681\*ik"+6\*8E(*\6+-}K%' 4\o+-\‰&M(17‡0$+681+-8a\1%Q!AM! (6A)R(1; &)C6/ 7;$\*+ƒ( [ +6(18E0$&M+-+\L5 /818^/815W+-/ [P\*! +-&M, 81+4%:(1+60 (1790$(=/"\1, / \Q%:&I+\3/#W8^/(170 A)Af0 \*+6&)H 81i0 +6AMkd8h\ \1†PC6; 7A)/S79s #AM79+#W7/ ; !$, ( 810$/+-#7S!iP&)\*A)(6kO}3/ ;b;r(170 ,+3, [BCD, %‰(179!$! (181CE7Z+-0Kqa,v777\ ; \_,r77K;.C6A)CD/&M/ +-8E; 2…(1„a0$+‡7\EJo0bjp\*v\(*/8E*/79H>](+_soA)797S81k++6}{8-R ?G77; CE,b0 7'JoJojp0$/8hC6,A)&M+-A);y; ,K(ˆ\1sLH&)#79/$8EAMRf+‰+‡7>yA); /7-,r8‰k+6\*C68E(*7\-/CE8E0 &)7d;$&I;$HbHO2…†„a5W+6/k75+-\E,|0!A)79#\*(*8^AM//"#8EC179AM†"/"H\6C1+KR†"%'\6A)7S} 7kg &)+6;#(*+6!$(18h0$(*7+-+CD,(_##A)&)/P;rAM/"CE†VC1/†.}G8E,$Jo\*+6(*jp83/81\(*+/{}*+6&)8E;Zi(*+6+68EH\ 8h7979(*81+ƒ+AM//P#/A)†P&)iP&); &M/ H.!! \B5~(*/'7.YV#AM+4AM/"\1C1kP†d\*(*&)+-,$% +-; 1 8

/ œ % "j p "Ÿ ^  U6T   “ (1&),$0$+-+;](1/&MY 8E%'+68h79\L( &I;O&)\ 5V\1A)&I7%'CD&)+…A)79/8G>(*, /'&I\*(1†'0 79#(oAM/"/C1>š†"(1\ 0 7+3; ‹a,bŒa, ˆ&I Ž\*†ƒ 7, : ,$YV8EAM+-+\1\*\*+-kP\6\1}p(*+- 4%b\ R$\1#0$!$/s=(o! ;b\*&)+-;.\ j@2…&M„4H !$781\1+ 0b¡ #u AM/"R C1+-†"7\ Ch70‡; #,AM/"#C1AM†/"C1&)† \ FS

DHash

DHash

DHash

Chord

Chord

Chord

j@  &M• H !$\681} + ¡ u U LJojpƒ\*/>](so7981+3\*(*8E! CD(1! 81+} +681(1&)C67AfA)&); †P\G7981+AM/PC67A  • \$0$/8E&M6/ ;F+-†"%–&)AM/%'#P+6kP(1(*7x+-u\6, }79  (17"5RP79\E! 81+-CE;+-7Ch0 #s=AM&M/"(1C10|† 0 \&)\CD/ /;p8E\6+-;} 77CEg A)0rAMk{0 &)Y\GCDAM/ +‰79;5 \*\15 k"&)\*81\*(*/ (*+-+-7;3Y7'AM81+B+-CD\1kP+-;Z\*(*(1+-A)k.% ! &)5W\,81+-797(*,"+-,.un/ Y; AMA)+k3\*7k"\\*>X(*79+-8%b7} \@C6A)&)+-;Z(1\š7981+LCD/ ;CD+68E;$+-,f}@„=/sG+6i+68SRZ7=YVAM+B\*k"\*(*+-%%'7-k #W%'+a79†!$+_5f, &)(L79(*5W+-/ ,ƒ&);y%:/8o5 +D(1’"&M/ (*;b+-; (1\10&M/ 79; (a\-A)}7981H;O+‰(10 7%:&)\L/ 79! 81;]7/A)\*83/'A)79!81\*H+-+\^YC67AM+-CE\0š&);$7OH$5WR /#5! !( A)79/ 8a; AMYVkOAM+:, +6%Q5! +-\1;(4, \o#W+/ ;‡\*(*&M/( 81+->]/,~8=&I\1;{%'&M7(1\…AIAW+-Y;]/;8a5 #W8E+6/S(*i"(*&)+6,$84+…/CD84/ %:sL/5W8E+6\*(1+&Mq^(1&M5Wi++681,$>]//S8Esa%'; 7AM/ ; 7CD, + /\*+-8'AM+-AMCD/ (17&),‚/ ;‡#77%:AI7/ ; ;$CD+.H'#V>y/AM8'/PCE\1†O%ƒ8E7+6A)5ALA)&)YC6AM7+-\3\6} lX,$j +-/\ECD8ƒ8E&M\1#W! +-Ch,b0‚&)Y;KAM+-P+\6-RBCD(12…&M/ „4;{7\1NP0 } U qh,$} +65W+-; ,\_/ ;C67Ch0 &);$H~7; ,‚/ ;\1+681i+68 A81M/P+-/[P†P! Jo! &M81jp5_+-\-7}@ ; \QJo,CDjp/5 81_%8E+ƒ/S'i"AM&)/"&M,$H C6+-0 +-8h+679\_i(15W+6&M/ 81+6;k 8 ;$7AM/"H,$/+.8E&)(1/ 0 ;%t+-7(*/ƒCE0 \*(*;$//"81+3,$+b7; 7,; ,‚81+6(1(*0$8h&M+-+6; i+3!, \1&)79;$(1Hv7"} CDg / ; 0\1&)&I\o\*(*79+-5 ;Z5 ('81/ 077Ch\10.0 &)sG;$/ Hd! /AI,b8ƒ7\1/ A)AM%:/Ss +b>]//(18^0$+6CD/ 8ƒ; , \*&I(1\*7(*;^+a, %:,7&M;+-(1\1&M79\1/ 795 ; H5 7+-81A)\:A)/ kK7AI&)Ch(1;$0O0 +-&)79(1\Q08_\179CE&)(G; 0 81+-(1+-%:0$[P+.+ƒ! &M;=(*\*/(1; 798E/P79(*+H,$+.+-CD\Q/ A)! &)&); ;~A),O+-79(1#W0 8_+a+&);v&)\*%'k"(1\*50$(*AM++-+-% %:;]%_;Ljp5.(79*81/(1&IC6#&M5+Q79! (1\*&);$+-,H 81&)AM+-;f+6\15W\^/%'(1810 (1&I\4A)7A);‡&M(1/ 0 ; 79795 \=(35 /N 8E>LT/-!’$5W;$&)%'+6818E+-79CDA)(*&)+-79+-;LT%ƒ\*%'7+-CE\1&)0 \1;P&)&)/ !$; ; (*+-+-\…\6\ }:A)7 ¡  \*¡ (*+- %:} ,d+-AM7+-\E\1!$\481(1+-0 %:7+-; ;; CD+-/P; 1 ( 0 4 +  7 ,  , M & 1 ( M &

/ ;  7 V A : % + E C 0  7  ; ) & 1 \ ' % \ o J $ 0  / E 8  , ! * \ + L \ * ( : /  7 E C  0 M & 6 +  i + AM/ 7,b#V7A)7; CD+37; ,b8E+-A)&)79#&)AI&M(k'7981+_5 81+-\*+-;o(1(10$0$+_+ƒ!!; ; ,$,$+6+68E8EAMAMk"k"&)&);$;$HH.;$;$+6+6(ˆ(ˆsGsG//8181††} Rg 7; 0 ,~&)\^7&I\ \Q(*AM/ 8E!$;$+HK+67i\_+-;r/ ;$&M+ƒ>@\*/+6>o81i(1+60$8E+ƒ\a,797981+_(17 CD \_/ ; 81\*+6(15V7A);y+6(1Ch0Jojp,79(17s=&M(10', +-A)7-kCD/ %:5798E79#VAM+^(*/3(10 79(B/>Wj g^• RZ,!$+ (*/ J j  \^! \*+/>@+6zƒC6&M+-;]¡ /0 N 8=&MH }(10$0 J +6790$81(4u/A)†8E7-+6,‰kk+6\1}48^!$Jo5 \*/5W0 >]//(so818E(1,‡79\$81,$›*+3! /P(*\1+-/:(\=/ #V;$;$! /+L&)(4A)/,&M5W(17‰\*+6+-8Es=AM79>(1&)\*&M,$/ (*+…/;f8Ei9š+_79H 8E†&M&Mi+6+6+-k"(;k \ /Jo>G0$\1/(*8h/, 8E]H/+ƒ8^\*7k"\*%:(*+-/%'81+\@,$+6Jo(1jp7&)K&A)+-I,O\a,$/ +-; \E+CD8E\E&M! 5 CE(10v&M/ ;O! \1/+‰>@/J >G0$(1/0$8E+ƒ,.Jo\*+60$+…/8E/ ,r;$+…5 /8h&)>%'(10$&M(1+&Mi\*++6} i+6g 8h07AW&)\a5\1!$+-#CDA)(1&I&MC6/ 79;v(1&M/ \1! ; %'\p8E%ƒ+-A)79798E(1&M&)6;$+-H \ (*/Jo0 /8E,  ¡ N   ¡™  }

!#    3 8   &   ?B• 7Ch70d, ,$J 810$+-/\1\o8E,K7; ; ,./P,$7 +Qa0 cdK7fh\agji 7Ok ! 8 ; p &)4 [Pm !$+c . 4 mun #}G&)(=Jo;$0$/"/,$8h,O+_&)i",$&M+-+6;  \37\1\1&)H ;$+-,v†+6k"\_7981+'8E+-7\1\1&MH ;$+-,~(*/K&M(1\_\E! C6CD+-\1\*/8-}OŒ=/{/(10$+68QCh0 7;$H+-\_&I;v(10$+ 

7\1\1&)H JL; / %:;\1+-&);]/8_;$/",$+-\…(*/‡i+68E&)>ykr(10$+ "U

81AM+6/ >]!$( (1>y&I/;$8=HO>]&)!$; (1>y! /818E+%ƒsG79(1/&M8E/ †V;‡} (10 79(4/(10$+68_Jo0$/8h,‡57981(1&IC6&M57;]/AM+a8^s=(10$&M(1+30>]/%:81+-/"\*,$+6+-+-\*79(L#VixAM+_7A)%'! +-7x\G’$/&)%‰> ! }@%Š 4;+-;y +0d/8hr ;$%:/P+-, &I\=,K+3(1/ %'0$;+‰7AMkb&);pH0$%:+'+ +-/\En> \1ƒ79r H+-+-;Z\…(*8181%:k‡+-[P+-&I;b\E! \1&M79(1810$+-H, ++ (1(1790$#+AM+2 79(C6&M;$8h/"C6AM,$++ } ‚g 0PCD! / ;L(1;$0/"79,$(…+-\E\…! 79C6CD(4+65W+-, /sG\ +6 €8*un#yun(79sL(/KAM+-&)7;];$+6H87(*;/ (1/ 0$;$+_H/ ; &)+6; s H'\*;$(1/"79,$#+&)A)&)Y-; 79,.(1&M/ / ;.!$(a5 8179/"#CD/ +-! \1(^\6} &M( #W; 7_ ; RP+6(1s 0 &);$\/"5 ,$8E+^/PCD0 +-7\1\B\p81s=+-CD&)A)+-A";Z;$(1+6A)k4i+6›8L/ &)/S; i+-+6,:8E\Es=0$/NPRP}H 5 ! 81/79,$iP8E+67&I5W,$;
/ : %  5  7 < ; P k I & $ ; 3 H * ( + E C  0 ; ) & 6 C  7 $ A 1 8 6 + W 5  / 1 8 (  ¡™  RP\10$/s(10 79( g ;$%'+-7&M(1\10 \E&M+6i8+K(1\10$&)+'%‰\1! ! AM(1C67CD; +-\1+6\_/ ! ;$\/8>]7(1&I0$A)!$+:81+-5W\6+6} 81>]/”L8E/%'(107; (1CD0$++6//>^81+-Jo%'0$\O/8E7,d\1\1AM! /P%:/†P+K! (150 \79&)('\…(1A)0$&M†+K+-AM\Ek{! C6(*/bCD+-#W\1\*+/87 WA)&)+-\*CD(:(*+-0 ,|7\O+6iAM+-+-;v;$H#@;$Jo/"0$,$/+…8h,b 2 ;$›*/P!, \*+-(L\ 79CD>]/ (*! +68^A),b(10$! +\*+3, 79798E(17#&M\o(*8E792‰81kƒ}  2…&)\6(10R 7CD;‡/ ;š8(10$CD/ +! \1A)! ,bC6CD,$+-+-\1\*\1(*/8E8-/SR$k.(1CE0$0$+/ 79\*(*+-(1;{7C1, †79+6(187 \4#P;$k/"Ch,$0$+…/ (10$+O>y/8h% l fqhR s=i"&M0$81(1+6! 8E+7AW‚;$/"&)\3,$+(10 &); +.,$"„+D4’W} ^g u U 0$+…0 7i"\1&M081(1! >]! 7;AWCD;$(1/"&M/ ,$; +&)7; ; ,$, +D’%Q&)\3! \1(1(L0$+>X7;$A)AW/"#W,$+6+ ( sL\3+6 +-• ; 7T , 7,$; 81+-,b\1\Q\1/ CD%:/ ; +3C6\179%'(*+-7; A)AW79(*%'+-,‚7x’$s=&)%‰&)(1! 0 %b7 }  4\^7:81+-\1!AM(6R 7:;$/",$+3C67; ;$/(^+-7\E&)AMk.CD/ ;Z(*81/ AF(10$+_CE0 / &)CD+3/>&M(1\o/Ssa;rJo0$/8h,. 2‰} ¡ ˆ‡ y‰



Š‰

0 $ + ; | 7 $ ; 6 + s ; P / $ , +

‚›/ &I; \:(10$+r\*kP\1(*+-%bR \*/ %:+K+D’$&)\*(1&I;$H ;$/",$+-\'%'7Sk ,$+-C6&),$+K(*/|7, , (*/ (1C60$A)7+-&)&M%'8=+-Y,ƒ;$H +6• 8=7(1, 79,$#V81AM+-+-\6\E}o\G aCD/ \=;(170 ;$&I\ / ; 5 CD81+/"}CD+- \1>f\6(1R 0$+-+7Ch;$0{/",$\E! +aCE790K(o+D(1’"0 &)79\1(L(1&) ;$• Hƒ7;$,/",$,$81+3+-\1\*\L+-;7, , \^%'7ƒ&M(1%'\G(*+-/:\1\10 797-Hi"+_&);$(*/H

 \\ ;$2Q/",$Rš+37; 7,vC6CD(1+60$5 +'(1\ C6 A)7} &I%:+-,v • 7, ,$8E+-\1\7; ,vi"&M81(1! 7A; /P,$+'&I; ,$+D’r07\10d(*/K(10$+:2‰RF(10$+-;v(10 +'+D’"&I\*(1&);$H

&M(10 (10 &I\b,$+6>y+-;\*+~&); 5A)7CD+R7; 79(*(17C1†+68dsG/ !A), 0 7-i+|(*/ CD/ ;,(B(1(10$810$+6/ +=(*\*8h+32…&M+6#„4iA)+-/P7\ \1CE0ƒ†P! \6; AI}p7-&)[Pk2…!$+6„48L+-AM7+Dk’P\10K&)5W,$/ +-!\*;]CD(*+-+6\18L\*7Q/8-#} AM/"C1†  \L\1! C6CD+-\1\*/8o\*+681i+68o>X7&)A)\6R5W\a/ (10$; 8E+6+Q\15&M#V#VA)&)&)AMC6A)/P&M79(ˆCE(1k†b&M/ >]79;‡/(48/7(1>pA)0$AF(1+:(10 &)79#%:(=A)/P+-#V\6CEAM} †V/P} CE>†bg (1#&)8E\…/ 79!$#(1A)&)+‰;$H(*/‡(179, #+6A)(*+-+6\B8E%'%'7&);$&);G+-&M, (1\=&I79(*2‰+'RV\1! (10 C6+‰CD+-\*\1+6\*8E/i8h+6\84l],$(10$+-+O; /C6(*&M+-8E,{C6AM+-sa\h&Mqh(1} 0Kg (10 0$+Q+O\10$[P/! 579\381+/} > g7K0$(+QkP5#&)AMC6/"7C1AB†‡A)/7d(10$Jo+‡0$/†8E+6,|k  \OAM/P\1/!†PC6!$CD5+-RF\1\*iP/&I8r\1&M(1lX&)\1;$+6H‡+{&Ij@;Z&M(*H +6!$8E%'81+K+-, Nu&)79U (*qh+} Jo ojp(O~\+-7*+6CE810 i+6\*8E(*\Q+65Fs=Ro&M(1(10v0$+K2…C6AI\_&M+-\1;Z!(OC6CD7+-\*\1†P\1\ƒ&Mi(1+-0$AMk + &)79;@CE(10 0$+-+, †CD+6/k5} &)+-\'79(ƒ7~, &I\*(17; CD+‡7-so7-k>]81/ % 7~†+6k  \O\1! C6CD+-\1\*/8&);‚5 81/5W/81(1&)/ ;‚(*/~(10$+ ™

2 … 4 „  7 1 \ ‡ 0 1 8 6 + V 5 ) A  7 D C + = \ 6 C  7 h C $ 0 + K , V # M A P / E C P † = \ ) & ‡ ; M A +  7 * \  ( n u E 8 + D C + Z ; 1 ( M A < k  u ! * \ + K ,  / E 8 $ , 6 + 8 } L J  /  5 M & + ^ \  / @ > ƒ 7  # M A " / 1 C . † 9 7 a ( * \ 6 + E 8  i 6 + E 8 \ s=A)&M†&M(1+-0'A)kK 2…(*/K\G\*>](179!8G%_>y81#/ A)% +! (10$5+=/ ;d#VAM(1/P0 CE+-† %b \G} \1! g C60 CD+-&)\\1\10/8L7\7981(1+40$+:A)&M†+ +-WAM+-k‰CD(*(_/‰/#>o+a5 , 81+-&)\1\*C6+6798EiP8E, &); +-H,:(1Y 0 8E+'\*(6C6RP7\1CE&); 0$CD+-+a,|C6CDA)&M/+-5;]/&);$8E%'H75; /CD5V+! } A)79g 80 ,$+Q/"JoC6! jp%:.C+-6;y+-+6CD8E( 79HAM/ + 7, ,.! #V+K7A)(*7/; CD&M81+ 81$+6(1H 0$!+3A)79%'87x\1’$5&)7%‰C6! &);$% H #W+6(sLg +6/v+-;K7C6\*CD+6/ 8E%'i+6%:8=/"24, 79\ (*+K U-¡ 0$ +6} (*+681/H+-; +6/ ! \'\*+681i+68'C6795V7C6&M(1&M+-\6RLJ j|! \1+-\Q(10 +.; /(1&M/ ; l]>y81/ %  U-¡  q3/> 7.\*+68181i+-7+68QA\*AM+6+6i8Ei+-+6A}'8_ 7CD(1iP&);$&M8EH‡(1! 77\3A@%‰\*+6! 81iAM(1+6&)8_5AM! Y+ \1+-a\3cdK7Kfhgji Jok90$lZ/mK8Ed^,da mKd2tlh} (10 g 790$(_+O&)\J j, +6{58E&Mi81+-/,d(*/P>]81CD/ / % A@/0 5W7+68E\10 79(*&I;$+-\_H.79#(3/(1(10d0$+:(10 i"+:&M81(181! +-77AA \*+681i  +68  Jo\^jp • 7\*+6, 81,$i8E+6+-8\1\ 77, ; %',b&);(1&)0$\*+Q(*8E&)79; (*,$/8_+D’CD/ /; >šY (10$H !$+_81iP+-&M\Q8E(1(1! 0$7+OAW\1\*+6+68181ii+6+68Q8=sasa&M&M(1(10 0 &);7{(1; 81ii"+6&M8-81}(1! 7AB\*+681i+68E\‰&); 81>]81/ / !$%ŠH 0Q(15 &)%:81/+5W(*//ƒ81(1(1&)&)/ %:;_+(*/4(*/'(10$81+o+ \*+-+6CD81(^i+6/8 # \\*+6\*81(*i/+-8h,{79HAM+o/ 77,‡;,‰AM+6; i+6+-(AIsL\6} /81†_C67957C6&M(ˆk} g 0 &)\š;@&)&Mi";$8E(1&MHa81! (1(17! 0$A7+ \*Af+6;V/ (10$! ;$+…A)/",b,$\17+-5W\%:/5(*+4+-79;AZ7&M(1\*AM\+6H8E/iPi8E&)+681&M(18š(10 ! 7% 7, AZ79sL\15 +6/ (181&)! ii+6A)+-,:8EAM\k; ZR+6!#V+-; 7,:\*,$+-(*+6,/ 8 #W7\^+47, +-s=\1&M0 H / ;$AM+-+,&)\L>]//S8oi+6\18E(1AM79/ #7&), A)&M+-(ˆkƒ,fR ! (1; 0$, +-+6;b8L70 !$&)(*H / 0%ƒA)/ 797(1&),fC6}@7A)ˆAM>k.7‰,$\1+-+6AM+681i(1&)+6; 8^HQ&)\Li"&M/S81i(1+6! 8E7A)AW/ 7\*+6,$8E+-i,b+68E#W\^+-%'C67&M! H \*0=+G797#V&)! % \*+ƒ/>$(1\10! 79Ch(:0_Jo7;Qjp 79(*&)(1\‰7C1A)†Q&M†%ƒ+-AMkd&MH 0Z(*/r(#+-+B; CD(*/a/ ! ! ;f+-/ %Š(1;0 , +4(*&M/ƒ(1\1&M! %:/ 5 ; /"5\-, A)}3&M&M+->]ˆ,k > †#+6AM/"kdC1†&)\4R$+-(10$[B(170 5V+‰!$#V#AM/PA)&)CECa† † \+6kCD/ s=;]8181+-/ [P% ! g &M810 CE+-+G0 ,K7AM/; >y/s H 8&)5 ;$%:81Hd// #V(1\10$(479+b#/&)>G#A)&MAM(ˆ7O/"kaC1YV/†€AM>$+QYV7\*\1; k"\*, /"\*&)(*C6;$+-&)H %79(*(ˆ+-sG\4,/4#s=A)#/PAM&)CE/"(1†P0€C1\6†"} 7v\šgs=CD/ 0 &M(1;]/"81+-C1\1†"0 \ &), ; 79\1(1+67"“…81R(1; &MJ / +Q; j#W\.s+-/;$=>^+6&)Y AIA)79A(481HH/8E+ƒ>L7, Jo[P!! jp77A);ZAM kO(1\…&)(1, &)%'&M+-+-AM\35+6(*A)/&)+3C6>^&M&M(^, (6}79, (1+-7"AM+6}d(1&M“…/ ;d; CD&)+'\a(1(10$0 +79(79&M(*(4(177C1! †(*+6/ 8ƒ%'\179(*/(1&)5C6\_7A)&)AM;kK\*81+6+-81(1CD&)/S;$iHb+68E/\38‰>y8181/ +6%>]81+-\1%'0 7&I;$AI&)HbC6&M/ (10$! +\ 

 

  

B B 

AM/P;/#†P! ! &)5 A),A)&)79;$(*Ha+-; JoCDjpkvQs#PLkv+^77A), AM/S,$sa+-&),‰;$HK(10$AM+^/P/CD/ †"; !$CD5+6\5 (*(/{/> 5 l781m7+6d>]+6a/81mK+-d ;ZlZ(1mK&I7kmAA)AMoZkdfhc!pCD/ ;Z(*(1/Q7CDJo(:0$;$//"8E,F,$}+-\3P+6A)&)8E†i+-+6AM8pkd\*(*+-/KAM+-CD#W(1+ƒ&M/ ;$;+-8179+-81,#P! kvCD+-&); \ (10$+_ o!(:; ,$+-+678EChAM0 k"&);$\*(*H‰+65;$+6&I(; sL/81† }p8(=dAm 7 4A)\*m/'om^, llK&)81p +-d CD;(1c \^ |\*+-lX79j@8E&MChH 0$!$+-8E\^+ (*/ƒ— u (1U 0$qhRo+_(1AM/0$sG+b+-;$\*(a/",$A)79+b(*+-,$; / CD&); kbH{, 79(10$(17:+‡#A)/]&M0$/ +-+b\…A)AM/Ss=[](*+68CD/ ;Z(17CD(1&); H

} g /bC67A)C6! AI79(*+ ‚l q^sL+#W+6H &);Ksa&M(10 r|RF;$/",$+  \a+-\1(1&)%'79(*+/>B(10$+(*/(17A;P! %Q#+68…/>LJ 0$/8E, ;#P$kb/",$(1+-0$\=+Q&I;‡>]8E7(1CD0$(1+&M/ \*;{k"\*/(*>+-%b(10$R+‰#8E7&)\*;$+-Hƒ,‡#/ +6;{(ˆsG(1+60$+-+;r,$(1+-0$; +‰\1&)5 (k.81//5W>p/ ;$\*+-/",{,$+-;$\a/"; ,$+-+_79781# sLC6!$+Q818E+D+-’";Z5W( +-5WCD(4/ \1(1&M0 (1&)+:/ ;Jo0 7/;8E,.,K(1AM0$/P+/†"(179!$815rH+67(=A)Hsa/8E&M(1&M(10.0 +-% 7CE(*0{/.0$+-/A)&)5F%'} &)`;79! (*AM+_(1&M0 57A)kPAM>&); (1H30$+‰(10 81&)+-\ %'[P7! &I7; ;y//84>V(170$A)AP/ (1\*0$+‰+ 0$Ÿ /5• \6Jo}=\ 4(1, 0 , 79(&I;$;$H /",$+ R (10$0 +‰7\@AI79+6(*i+-+6; 8pCDkb&I\1\1(*!$/+-,f; /PR9+-,$\*+ (1&I %'797(*\=+-\8E+6(150$+o/8E(1(*&)+-%:,K+o#P&Mk‡(sG;$/ /"!,$A)+ ,‰v(179R†5 + 81(*/"/3, \*! +-CD; +-, \ 7'CD/ P+%:68E5ViAM+6+683(*+_\*+-CD/ AM+-\*CD(^(1&M+-/ \1;d(1&)%'&)\…797(*A)+\*}L/Jo5W0 +6/81>]8E/,b8E%:! \*+-+-,r\ &)(1;K0 +_(10 ;$+/",$2…+„4s=7&M\1(10v0.A)(17S0$k+3+68%ƒs=&); 0$&)+-%‰;d! ,$% /Ssa'; l AM / 7qo, 7&); \^HO(10$7+3#; AM/"+D’PC1†(=} 0 /g 5F0$} + 5>X7A)\*7(*CD+-+-\*%'(ƒ+-(*;Z/|(.,$//S>‰s=#;AMAM/"/ C17† ,f} 81+6g5VA)0$&)C6+b7\.8E+-%'\1! 79AM(:†+-/\‡>4&M(1(0$+r+-7Jo\*k 0 />y/8E,8‡7‚AM/P/C6†PA)&)!$+-5;Z(.>]/(*8ƒ/ #V\*+-AM/PAM+-CECD† (.(1|0$+d&)\81(1+60 5V+KA)&)C6&),$7€+-A);…/(1#W0$++ \s=*+60 81i&ICE+60'84sa(10 &)A)79A$(…&); &)%'C6AI%:! ,$+-+ ,&)(1790$(*+…+-AM&)k,$+-5 ;f(1 0$} +ag \*0$+68E+_iC6+6A)8E&)\o+-;Z0$(4/ A)7, \*&)†P; \aH(1810 +6&)5\=A)&)5 C6817+-\B,$/+->fCD+-#\EAM\*/"/C18a† >]/:8a7&)(1\G\asL\1+-!A)C6ACD7+-\o\1\*A)/798…(*+-A); &)\*CD(6k R ˜



 













q







q

 





 





 















:>]% 81/ +-%Š7\1! (1810$+-+%:81+-+6;];b;'81/ #W/% >y+-(*0 +-7;OAM>F(*0$/ // >@A)x, /} \ (10$` ¡H+6: 8a+- 7};$\1/P 4! , 81;ƒ+-+-%:\^&)%'CD+-/ 5; +-;W8E&); %'(10$+65(Q+=7(*AMCD/P+-(o/\*(†"/un>@!$#W5'7:+-,€7AI7AM\1HC1!$/†.H8E/H&M(1>š+-0\*(*% (‰8h7(1&); 0 ;\179&Ms=(Q(1&M0 i"(1&I0 &MCE(ˆ&)0k \ &);.(10$+Q;$+6(sL/81†~l]sG+QC67A)Af(10 &)\ \1(k"AM+3/>@&)%:5AM+-%'+-;Z(179(1&M/ ; dAmAoZg dl^ca/mxqh} 

!#  „    6  6  8  



 4\*;~+-, AM+-, (1CD0 &)(1;$&)&)\_/ H';‡\*\1+-+67CD81AM(1iH&M+6/ /8a;~8E&M\*(1sL+-0A)+O%Š+-CD79(15 (*&M/ (*81+-+-;{%'\*+-%ƒ5 ;os=7; 0G+OJ \10$+681/i8E+6,f8 } @ j M & E 8 1 \ ( G s _ + E \ $ 0 S / s 1 (  0 9 7 ^ ( 1 ( $ 0 _ + * \ 6 + E 8  i 6 + a 8 * \ + M A + D C 1 ( ) &

/ ‡ ;  7 M A  H  / E 8 M & 1 (  0 % $ , P / + ^ \ $ ;  / = ( , I & * \ 1 ( $ ! 1 8 . # 1 ( $ 0 +

qƒlXAM/s H rvqL#W/ ! ; , / ;‡0$/5V\ >y/8…Jo0$/8E,bAM/P/†"!$5\os=0$+-;b7AIAF&);y / 8E%ƒ 3ˆAMk'>7, A)&)A\*(*(*8h8E&M7#; !$\1(*%'+-,.&I\1\1&)&M;./ ;‡(10$AI+79(*+-2–; C6\*&M5+-\47CD79+81RV+_7'+-AM[P/P! /7†PA!$RV5b(10$/+Q5WY+68E(179;$(1+-&)\1/ \=;b%'81+-+6[P(*8E! &)&MCO81+-l \ ƒqƒl lXAM/q*q nH >yrv/84qo+-0$7/CE50r\6}5W/(*+-;CE(10 0$+3;$/P;š[
Kl7mKd^aifhchp.;'7\*(179#A)+^;$+6(sL/81†/>f! ; &M>]/8E%'AMk3,&)\*(*8E&M#V!$(*+-,lX&I; 2 \*5V7CD+q@;$/",$+-\6RZ&M>7\*+-798ECh0 5 (10$81+4/"CDA)+679+-(*, +-; \fCD(*k/4/7^>f;$(1/"0$,$+a+\1s=+-790$8E/ CE\10O+s=+-\*&)(1A)A$&)%'; /79(B(*+-#W,_+^81&)+-; %'CD817+-&); 7\1&I;$+-,ƒH 0$7/\1\15_!CD%'/ &)! ;$;y&M/#8LAM+@7-CEi0 +6/ 8E79&)CDH++ R Ÿ • J A) ^79(*ˆ+->F; (1CD0 k.+477; AMH,‡/8h0 &M/(10 5%t\ 81CE+-0$%'/P7/ &I\*; +-&)\ ;$H779;$81/"+3,$+=H AMs=/#V&)(170OA)AMkO7‰7;$C6/ C6;"! u8E%'79&I(*; +&)} %'7A 0 /5.CD/ !;Z(L(10$+681+%‰! \*(L+D’"&)\1(6R]/8 \*/ %:+ 1R $R(10$+3CD/ %:5798E&I\*/ ;f ;r {











;r

{

s=0$+68E+









 





9}L"&I; CD+   sG+QC67;bs^8E&M(*+









    

 





¡9T

 

l





Sq







š‘ 79(*+-; CDkb\17-i"&);$H \  ‡ 4, ,$+-,b0 /5\ &(*);{/'(1(*j$0$8E7S8E+i/ ;$+6%Š8E+6\*((1+QsL0 (1/&)0$\L81†r+_81+-7(*\1/, !5,$AM(G/ +-,bA)sL/H+3,k‡&)CD\*/ (1#7; !$; C6(4A)CD!+3>]! ,$&)81+a;.(1(10$(10+60 7984+3( >y81(12–/ 0$% +\15\1(17-70$i"CD+‰&)+;$}(1H 79\o81HsL+6+(H / 7!$&)(ˆ;.sG#P+-&)kOH 0fCE0 Rf/+-g ;$790$†:/"+p,$(181+-0$+-\G+4\E(1! 70$AM\E(81\1/ &)! \!$%:H (10 05 79(1(1(š&)0$/ \1;ƒ+4+681(1i2 0 +6798\*(o5\17‰+-7AMCD+-AM/ %:837K+-‹4;^T7.\*T +6J5A)&)79; 8E+- 79\p(*/+Ÿ >•5 J 81J /H5‰8h77RPC1%'&I†9; 79\3C6HA)(1+! 0 , 795 &I(Q81;$/SH…8Ei"! (1&);~,$0$+-+ 79,{(‰¡ #PR T! kbT\*+6T (18‰0$AI+:&)AM;$+6$ji+4+-JoA‡(} 0 /*g /P8E0$,ƒ/ +'AM&)†P%'5&)( 815/AMU-H+-˜%:8E7 }4+-%';y(1/\1!$\185|79+-H7!+-Ch; \ƒ0O79s=(*CD(*/ &M8E(1;70;$CD(1+-7~&MCDi(1AI+&M79/ } 81;fHg }@+KJ;P;:• ! A)%_79781#WA)H\*+6+^/K8:\*8Ek"/+-\*>…[ (1; 0$7+-A\*\*+…(*8E81! +-\1CD/ (1! !$818E+QCD+-/\o>B#P+-kO7CECD0v/ ;š7(1CE&)†P%:\-R+}8h79g (10$0$+6+…8…&);B"jp.7; ,KJojp(*/ƒ(10$+_ a5 5AM+ ` 7C6&);Z(*/ \E0r“3OŽ /5W+68E79(1&);$H'\1kP\*(*+-%‡} !#  „   w    8  



…





1(g779AM0$H#/+‡AM+-8EJo\@&)(1(*0 0$/%b/8h(1},|0 +^gA)&)24# 0$„48E+.79781&)\1%:kv0'5%'AIA)7-+-7k%:&)+6;@\*+681i+68h\=&);.(10$+3\1kP\*(*+-% &)\ } 



!Ot

 & …  wa      



…27\1„a\*/"7C6\E&)0 79(*+-&)\O,K&Is=%:&M5(10‡AM+-%:7O+-J ; +-\* , (*!$ /8E,$8E+ +-/P\ +- \B/8=;$k pZ/C6p (G7CEg\*0 (*/+-\^81l^+4f@(1m 0$(10$+3+=, m , 79 79(1=(17:7"s=7RP0 \E(1&I\*0$CE/P+-0'C6; &I8E79+6 (*(1+-!$,bk 8EpZ; ps=\B&Mg (1/ 0 ;$+a/lKf@m /m 9>R$(1(10$/0$m81+-+6 ; + 81/ +6; (1!$ 8hM; qh}p\pj@&); &); \1(*7+-AI7AMk,:R (1 0$+=k pDC6p AM/ g\1+-\*(pl^f@5 m 81'+-, 81+6+-(1CD!$+-8E\1; \*/\G8B7/;> +681m 81 _/8GlX,$&)>+6(* +6 8E%ƒ&)\p&)(1;$0$+-+4,:(*#P8Ek:!$+4CD/ \1! ; C6\1! CD+-AM(1\1&I\1;$/H8LAM//P>fC6(170 A +a81/ †!$+6(1k'&);$#VH!$(B(179,$#V/PAM+-+-\\ ;$/(=\1(*/81+_&M(1\ 7\1\1/PC6&)79(*+-,{, 79(17"}  > _ k pZp g {(*8h&M+-\=(*/bCD/ ;]7&)A)+-,{\*+68Ei+68-RW(10$+:Ÿ • J %'7Ch0 &);$+681kKs=&)A)Af8E+6(1!$8E ;   

  } >Xs=g 70$&)&)AIAM+‰A +-,0 >X! 7-\*i; +6+81CDi(1CD&M+6/ / 8p;š+‡\*+-(*iP; /&)CD8181/ (1+-! !\6}7;ZA (*g +6\*0 8E+6&I&)81;$\LiH'+678hA)7'AM\'/SC6sa/ 7; \ CE0 AM7/]/+'8a/(18E0&M&)H \^&);&)%:79(15V&);$AM+-Hb%:;$+-/";X+.7CDA)+b7Sk#P+6k|8E\Q77KCD(1Y&);$AM+ƒH~\17kP\:\*(*7v+-% A)/PC6/ 7; Ao(*Œ4/j5€€\/>^1+62…81i„a+678ƒ\E0f! \1}{&I;$JoH{jp(1d+0 +‡D’"$j5W/|!81(1\_ \17+6;|8'/AM+68Ei, +-&)Ao;79Y81AMk+ \(1*0$k"\*+:(*+-%'% 7›*(*//yi"/&)8h73%'(170 ; +…CD+^"jp7; ƒ7,:!$8E+-(*, / ! %:CD/ +=! ;$; = 1I:(10$+_2…„47\10KA)/ 0  &I\o(*+668E %'(&);  7An}  ‰7b! \*+683 t&)\1\1!$+-\4(10$+

8   2 {CD/ %u

    8      (         

         8 6  2        ( 6(       !"#%$& ' ()

*+* , g 0$+ 8      |CD/ %'%'7; , s=&)A)AoCD/ ;y79/ (1AI&MAMi/S+-s=AMk&I;$RH'(10$+D+Q’$7YV%:AM+Q5CDAM/ +‰! (1AI0$,{+ 0 7S2i%+$-#)+6'+-;r!$(1%:&)A)&M/(ˆk‡i+-&), \ (*/ƒ7'A)/PC67AF,&)\*†'s=&)(10.(10$+ 8bCD/ %'%ƒ7; ,f} . . 

(

8  4   4   *+*, 2 .   21 - 

/ 20$1)'322   2

¡H:

 5



 6  '

¡

 





             

Y ;Q8E\1/(8h+D,$’"+658AM(*//8E+-,$\+-J %:j/ Q5; \*W(*8h+67981>](*/+ 8E(1%'0$7+o;5 CD8E+L7CD/ (1;:&)C677A)%'&)(/Pk3,$/+->V\1(1(@0$;P+a! Jo%Qjp#WQ,+68$/+->\1&M\*H +6;f81iR9+6sL8E+ \B5 , 81&)\*+-(*\*8E+-&);+o(*+-\1;Z(1(*\6+6} 8hg;$+60$(6+ R /7>; ,‰\*+6I >]81/P! iC6+6/! 8E(1\1\^7+-\‰8E\@! ln/ ; P+;; -CD&I81;$(1+-&)HQ7/ A ;dun/ sL;KNP/} 7'8E— A)q^,\1&)sL;$C6A)H +6&M81A)+-+…+‰;]+-C6/,K! 8E%'\1&)+-;b7\ ; (1/ 0 CD;‡+_+} \1(*C6g+-7\*0$(*A)79+-+o#V,d\*&)+-A)\*&MCD/(ˆ/ kO>]; (so7,:; 79&),.81;]/+ 8EW%'+-CD7(1;&MiCD+_+-;$/+->B\1\O(10 /+:>4Jo\1+60 81/i8E+6,K8O5\*+-81/A)+-(*CD/P(1CD&M/ / A;fF A)79¡ (*+68…\1+D%ƒ’P75WA)+6A38E&)l%'d+-#P;Zk AM/]%:81/ +-%Š;@;v(10$7Si+Q+6Ÿ 8E79“HŒ+/(*> +-\1(*} #: +-Nb, 0  /5 }B\6}:  a(*\3/(1(170$AF+'/>@j@(1&MH 0$!$81+681++QCDP/} U 5&M\1+-0 \ /S/s=>@\6+-Rš7\*CE+60{81i#+6AM8_/"C1\*†.+-A)+-79CD81(1+_&M/ \1;~(*/81,$+-+-,fCD}B81+-?G7\17+-CE\_0KA)A)79/\*5 5W81+6+D+-un, >]+6\=(1CE70rCE0 s=&M+6&Ii; +-,$,{/Ss s=0 \1&M&I6AM+…+-\6>y}^+6(1?GCh0 7&)CE;$0{Hƒ57 / &IU ;Z` (=”&I\^YV(10$AM++‰s=7-i&M(1+60K8E79JoH+jpb//> (1;b0$+Q(10$(1+_&)%:;\=/S(1i,$0$+6+-8a/ \1\1CD(1+30$8h&M79+#W81+-+3;Z,! (*+6&I; ;.8E&M; i(1+6+60 (68h&)}B\1\ &M?B(1\*&M+-&M+-H CD\L(10š;$! (1+-\*0 CD+-+3(*,{+-%',bJo7(*jpCE/:\0 (1&I*0 ;$+6+…+-8E\ i0+679&M8EH 81\^+30"u8E79\*!(^5W; +6\1; +-&M(*&),.;$+-\ HQ =\1/ #V5 ;‡&)81A)+-&)7:;$7+a,.(*+-//S\*8 (*i#W+6iP+-8a”o,b(1Œ0$/+ > #7CE†š57979#W8h/ 7!$A)(AM+-A#A)/AM/"sH C1rv†q >y+6/(1>GCh0$+-+-7\ CE0v7#\ A)+-/P7CECE†‡0K79>y81+6+:(1Ch\*0K(*/CD81/ +-%:,v5&);{A)+6(*(1+-0$\6+ R s=U6T&MT(10vTj@&M7%'H ;!$&),vA)8EA)+ &I\*s=+-&MCDu (1/ 0$; / \E, ! 0$\(…/SPs=\1(1+60 \_81&)i\^(1+60$+D8Q+ƒ’P\*57S+-AIiA)7+6+-&)8ECD; 79(1\o&MH/ +bs=;f0y\1+65(1Ch+60 +-,‚&I; /CD>…81+-797#W\*/ +-!$\O( (10$¡9T+ (1ž3CD0$/ ”L+ƒ;=\*(‰;$A)/"&M†,$+-+-AM\hkrq3#W>y8E+-/ C6%w7! \*sa+ƒ0 7{&)CE0|A)7981(*H/v+O\*;P+-AM! +-%QCD(6#W}~+683 4/\> 7{, 798E+-(1\17‡! 81AM(‰+65V%:A)&)/C6781+\ s=AM/P&)/;†Pj@,$! /S&M5H s=\o!$\o8EsG+ sa+6&M8E(1+3u 0$¡ , / !$&M\1810$( +-/CDCDs=(*/ +-\_;$,bH(1+-(*0 /ƒ\*+(1&I(1;$, 0$H'&I+\*(*(1sG8E0$&M+-#+-AI&M! Af8^(1CDAI&M/ &)/ ;$; ;d†";$\6/+-} CD>=(*\*+-5W,K+6; +-, /P\‰,$+-\*\o+6+-sa;|0 #]81AM/ +% A)7981(1H0$++O5 , 8E& +Dun+6>y+681(1+-Ch;45W+68*un#AM/"C1†~(1&I%:+-\6} g 0$+b#W+-\*(:,$/Ssa; AM/ 7, 

    

       "!$#% &' $()*#+,-.!/#01  2 $&3(4!65#+ 78!69 #%(-#%+!6  

%   2:9#%= &'B IG#J 3LKM- !2DN!2DNOP'LK"'& !2DN!2DNOQ 3!"01 3A>  3RD !"01 2 3!S- 2 T)@ &UQGA=+' TBV. 2-XW &#JZY(' 2=! L-. +Z&&\A>&'' 3A> &'!G"&]/% 0% $%A#J^$1&' 3!2D _.+ .- &#!"&C-I'&H! 0` 2 3%!,)@& !#G0% > ?): 2 A=+a-.'&C-.!b- 2 ():#&c! " 3!7& !   + HY('" 3Zd " 3!29F-.+A=+Q+C e++Q" 3'A>Rf"&gG&!"5&) + H! 2  2#!2Dh_i+ j- &#!"!"01 2 3!k)@&   Bj&'^ !6&)l0 > ?)@ 2 A#+]-7 2# H)@&6): 2 A=+ 3!/): &mA2$% HG& 3n! " 3!5o'P + HY('" 3Ld* " 3!29 -.+oA#+h+C /H" 3a'JHA20pA2D q &!"T&)S + Q oj 9k!" 2  2g! 3 3A> &'sG0 &C 3!r&C-.'%&t!"01 2 3!h$Ru\j& 3!"Tj&'^2D r d&j 2 oj 3!;FG0 &C 3!; + 3v! $p!" 'w oR9! RI)@&F&C-.'&!;o' " 35$^R6- 3x [A>&'%' 3A>" 3 ! " 3!3Dyd&j 2 oj 3!h!" 2  2T!" 3 3A> &'tGJ 3!T&-.'&t! 0` 2 3%!B- &#!" 9z! %R{)@&T&C-.'%&! ' " 3a$^Ra! " 3!i& !  k + 6YI'" 3gd " 3!2D



;_ &!#+&C-u +, + z dH&C-.'%&H!"01 2 3!7 IA>&G0` 2   .-. +G& + 2 |% (A2A> 3! ! 0 &"&*A>&!29 |% 3!B&)6#&!e!  3!B- 2 f"#'!")@ 2  3\$` 2-7 2 3'} 2 2#R\0%B&)6 + ~" 3!""$1 3}GA#+o' 3!B%! ' &#o' Rj_IFD*_i+ .|p 3! - 2 z"#'!")@ 2  3H&' z/ j 9&' (-.+& I|% I0` 2_IZA>&'' 3A> &'4D  e  `g! +&-.!6 + BA2  B!""#$% &'g&)l"#'!")@ 2/! 0` 2 3%!k&C 2 + H#&%!6GA#+%' 0%=!29*):&z j€6 R^" 9`‚ `H€6 R^" 9`'QƒDƒ5qg R^" /|% 3!2D _.+ k-. 6%!""#$p &'!, 2„ 3A>i + 5-. #' H&)l0 &0% &'L 3CR!6'%]'JgA20%A2  3!6$1 2[- 2 3'L%x…` 2# 3'wk0%#!k&)lGA#+%' 3!2De_i+ $1 3!"6!"01 2 3!k j$1 2-7 2 3']-7 3 [A>&'' 3A>" 3Q! " 3!k&'P + j 3!"/A>&!"5&)  + GY('" 3Ld " 3!3DG_i+ - &#!"a!"01 2 3!G)@&a L€6 R" g"#'%!"): 2=!H&*A2A2e-.+ 3'†$`& +† 3'* ?01&'^ !H# r& ! o r + fY('" 3 d " 3!2‡* + I-7&=!",)@&,&' > [G 2$^R" z"#'!")@ 2#! &*A2A27-.+ 3'G&' . 3'01&'^ !b& !  i + IY('" 3 d " 3!I'h + 6& + 2.!ijA2$% 5j&* 3h9A>&/$%''S+%+h" 3'A>Re-. +hoG" 3a'Je!"01 2 34D  du-I +}\ˆ‚Z€6 R^" ]0 > ?)@ 2 A#+s-I'&-‰A=+ 2 3!~!"01 2 3!aA>&j01 2   Q-I +}_IF9l&'  3 2= D_.+  da!"01 2 3!i 3' 2#Ra+C /Go!""#$% &'BA=+r' #&C- 2i +'T +&!" 6&)b_IFD _i+o!kj 3'!k +!" 2#!k# Hj& HoJ 3Rr"&~!" 2 G 201 3 $%Rg&&Q0` 2#):&#H'A> j-.+ 3'P)@ 2 A#+%' |% 3!-I +r de +'h-I+ 3'h)@ 2 A#+'j|% 3!)@ &h9)@&i >Šj0% 9_i†!" 2  2#!2D ƒ `

Cumulative Fraction of Transfers

1.0

0.8

0.6 8 KBytes 64 KBytes 1126 KBytes 0.4

0.2

0.0 0

100 200 Speed (KBytes/sec)

300

   `(o!""#$% &'h&) &-.'&g!"01 2 3!.A=+ 2 3g$^Rh&#%' Ra_Iu$1 2[- 2 3'r 3A=+~0% +&!" !i&'T + M'w" 2=' 2i" 3!""$1 349)@&. +# 2 k|% 6!  3!3D





 

  !"

#

_i+  3Go' 2.&)7 +  3!  !I- 2 S&$ ' 3g):#& a!" 2z&) lbdg!" 2# 2#!(#''o'G&'fB!#' GA=+' G'P%! 'e + G&*A2b&&0$%A Jf' 2-7& JP'^" 2 ) A> j"&TA>&G'A2" G-I +~ 3A#+Q& + 23D _i+ 3! 7!" 2  2=!FA>% $ !"F!F) + 2Rk-7 2# 7&'Sx…1 2 3'^;GA=+' 3!3DF_i+%!  =' 3j 3'^F!F00#&0#" )@&.A>&'w"#& 3h 2 &'T&) lbd&N!l! A2$%oe'h"& 2#'%A> 6"&G)  D

')(+*,(.-

/)021435061/)06780%9;:4

?P a 2 &' &# +%m'L' 3'w* &'G 3'w/-. +]!#/%" 3L 33R`H8

'&* 3! - 2 I#'G&'H + I!#j I0p+wR*! A2HA#+' 9^ 3A=+B&' I! ! ' 3G"&/&' .&)4-7&PK"A>&'^ ' 3'^ ! O $%!" 3r&'r + /'&* @A&N!I&-7 3! I$%2Dlqr&*|%A2 &'%!l"&B + S+&=T!"&)@[-  33R 3~E.!i$1 > [- 2 3'e'& 3!&'G + .!#j iA>&'w o' 3'w7$^Rj88 aG!7'j$Reƒ38 aG!7)@&,'&* 3!b&'G…` 2 3'^ A>&'^ ' 3'^ !2D _;&" 3! l + z0` 2#):&#H'A> z&);!" 2  2i! 3 3A> &'498J 2R*!l-7 2# zo'!" 2 " 3a'^"&S + k!"R! " 3X'e + 3'  2"# 2 3H)@ &c 3A#+a'&* DbF (A>&0% 3! &) 3A=+BJ 2RH-7 2 (0 3! 3'w 'G + (!"R*!"" 3hD _i+ I'^/$1 2#! 0 3! 3'w" 3h$1 3&-s 20# 3!" 3'wl + 53 2# &)F 30%!" 3h oj 3!l)@&i + /8j'& 3!i"&G): 2 A=+T + kJ 2R*!2D  0XWRY6ZXZ\[X]_^

Fa`b H

BDCFE%EHGJIK LNMPO4K Q RL

Nc_d 

BDCSE%EHGJTULIED%MPV Q RL c \e 

E%EHGJIK LNMPO4K Q RL d Pe 

EHE%GJTULIED%MPV Q RL 



_ioj 3!S h0 3!" 3'^" 3Z)@&j$`& +Z~ 3A2=!  h'Z" 2#  Toj0% 3j 3'^  &' &). + a&^&J*0  &# +gf !" 2 d 3A> &'ihL)@&T 2  3t 3! A>#0% &'!B&)/ + 3! Q&# +H!2Dkjl?P Q >Š*01 3A>h +  3A2=!  I&# + "&01 2 )@&# $` 2"" 2'e/' 2[- & JG 3'^#&'j 3'^, +& 3!7'& >Š+$%,"#'* !  Rh! 'A> 5o" 3'A>RTj 3! # 3j 3'w !( !" 3T$Rh + '& 3!i +(GJ / + 3 # + 2. +'g$^R  + Ho! ! 'e'&* G!/'f + H" 2=  HA2!" De_i+ G 3A2#!  G&&J*0Qj0% 3j 3'w  &'f0 3!" 3'^" 3 + 2 S+!('&($` 2 3'~!k+ 3CRh&0 G 3g!( + " 2#  S 2#! &' ‡`)  # 5j0% 3j 3'w  &'!.&)



w8 `

Average Per-Query RPCs

8

6

4

2

0 10

100 1000 Number of CFS Servers

 Q  ˆ _i+ fC 2# L'/$1 2e&)E.!a +T{A2 3'^h/%!"h! !  ~"&{|%'}Z$%&A#Jp9z! ) 'A> &'H&)4 + I"& 1'/$` 27&) !" 2  2=!2Db_i+ . 2# &7$p#!,# 2„ 3A>7&' I!" '%#B 2 &'4Db_i+! >Š*0` 2=j 3'^  % Q!S' 3S&' P&~0p&297'Z +!S| !G + a >Š01 3A>  &'\&)IP&# +GA  &-i +4D  3A2=!  k&&J0a! +&%e0` 2#):&#c$1 2"" 23D 'aC 2# 9`! 2  2i!" 3 3A> &'a# 3A> 3h" 3'A>RB$^Re  3!"(8ˆ aj01 2#A> 3'wio'a +!i! o/o" 3a 3'w* &'G 3'w29A>&'|%#G'j !iŠ01 3A>" 3g"&B  #  f &f jj.E.!2Dl_i+ 6)@&&-.'j >Š*01 2#x

j 3'^  2#|% 3!b +! >Š*01 3A>  &'4D &7 3A#+B&)16#' i&)4'5$1 2#!&)4!" 2# 2#!29%ƒ2a*9%aDaDa/$%&*A J*!b- 2 '! 2 " 3S'w"&k + ! R!"" 3TD_.+ 3'hƒ2a*9%aDaDa5&&J*0%!F-7 2# &' 9)@ & k! ' !" 2# 239)@&b#'&GR !" 3 3A>" 3e$%&A#J!2D _.+ I'/$` 2 &) EI !7   3H):& 3A#+h&^&J*0e- !  3A>&# 34D _i+ (3 2# 3!  60p&"" 3T'h# 5  ˆ9p&'j-I +a 2  &i$p#!i! +&-.'S&' /!" '#h 2 &'4D _i+ k 3!  ! /' 3&'Tj&j0p&29'a +!l|l + k >Š*01 3A>  &'h&)b&# +GAI &C-. +4D _i+ BA>   3!/ B$1&   &  f j=‡b)@&5 >Šj0% 9;-. + `1a‚r! 2  2#!29&&J0p!63 2# 3 ‚ kh/E.!2Db_i+ z'^%5$1 2 &) E.!,# ^ 3Bo!7 2" 2=G' 3B$^RH + ('/$1 27&) $p !7o'H-.+%A#+B + &#o' 'S!" 2  2 &N !  v'e + 6 3!# 3e$%&*A HJ &N!  v…` 2   ˆ ?‡ +%! -.`3 2# $1&l+) &)  + 6$p !29*-.+A=+hA2A>&'^ !.)@&i +  D

')(+*,(

 ="!$#%7&>"9 0

' j&)  + GGo'f&!6&)i d~!z"&T$%o'A> j + G&P& 25 + B!" 2  2#!2DBlbd~A=+ 2 3!/& $%'%A> 3r!""&# $Re$% 3Jo'j|% 5! R!"" 3H!.0ro'w"&eG'wRa$%&A#J!I'T! "#$% o'/ + 5$%&*A J*! &C 2l + I!" 2  2=!2, D 7)@  + 2 $%'A> 3! !""&# ($^RH0%A2'// 0% l*  p!" 2  2#!701 2,0%+^R*! A2 !" 2  2C9 3A#+P*  %F! 2  26-. +f !(&-.' A/D?P j >Š*01 3A>k +   f &H f jjI# ;! 2  2#!k01 2 0%+^R!#A24!" 2  2I-.p$1 6! ( 'HA2 3'^l"&G$%o'A> k + 5&T 3!"&'$%RB- 3   ˆ ?D # H  ‚T! +&-.!6R^0pA2 ! "#$% &'!.&) AX!"0%A> ej&'g‚ `g0%+wR*! A2b! 2  2#!6)@&Bƒ9‚9 'P8 `h*  F!" 2  2#!z01 2z0%+^R!#A2!" 2  23D5_.+ A>#&! !" 3!k 20% 3!" 3'^z'fA> ,!""#$% &'h&) w `

Cumulative Fraction of Physical Nodes

1.0

0.8

0.6

Real 1 6 24

0.4

0.2

0.0 0.00

0.02 0.04 Fraction of ID Space per Physical Node

 .  ‚ E. 20 3!" 3'^   (A2/%  .o!""#$% &'!;&)` + i):=A> &'G&)1 + iJ 2RG! 0%A> .5! 2  2 G+^5$1 B 3!"01&'! $p j):&CD~‚`f!" 2  2#!S a! " 349F 3A#+Z-I +\ƒ9,‚9b&j8`f# ,!" 2# 2#!2D _i+  eG J 3~Ei 3F!I 2# 3T)@ &  + /%!""#$p &'a&)i2ƒ a*%9 aDaDaa$%&*A J*!(j&'e‚ `h!" 2# 2#!29 3A#+g-. +T‚*  %4!" 2  2#!2D ƒ a*9%aDaDa$%&*A J*!,& 2i‚`/0%+^R*! A2%! 2  2#!7 3A#+e-. +e‚k*  p!" 2  2#!2Db_i+ I 3!  3j 3! %,!, + 2 3A#+~!" 2  2\&N!i)@#A> &'h$1 Ia*D%aƒ3‚D ?u +T&'RH&' 6  4!" 2  2I01 2i!" 2  2f ?D D9-. +&%! ' *  ! 2  2#! j=9*!"&j (!" 2  2#!,-7&oG!""& ('&5$%&A#J!29'j& + 2=!,- &G! "& IG'^Rj j 3!, + 3 2= " D ?} +a/ 0% l*  p!" 2  2#! 01 2!" 2  239 + z! c&)  + (0%  !7&)  +  !"0%A> ( + G!" 2# 2 &N!i*  1!" 2# 2#!. k# 3!"01&'! $% I)@&.!lj&# 6 +^ ReA2o!"" 2 3T#&'a + 6C 2# D _i+ l)@A>  +%7 dS!"0 3%! + i!""&# I&)p$%&A#J! A>#&! ! !" 2  2=! j 3'!b +%,'jG'^RA2! 3!  + 6$p# 3'e&)b!" 2 *'S + 6$p&A#J!i-.1!"&H$` z 2 3'Ra! 0 34D &z  k|p 3!l +!-I`$1 k"# 2 3'Q)7!"&j j|% 3!z jj&# j0`&0p( +'f& + 2#!29 !#'A> je|%4 &N!z$%&*A J*!z j-. 3RT!"0 3 @ D )  + B0`&0p6 gA>&'! !" !5&)&'RPT)@ 2- $%&A#J!29; + 3'L + H!" 2  2=!5 ++001 3'f"&~$` j +&!" $%&*A J*P! &`! A2A> 3! !"&=!.-.o1 >Š01 2# 3'A> 5++g&4Di_i+ 5' >Š*I!" 3A> &'~ 3! A>=$1 3!i+&C-vA2A#+%'B+ 30%! $%'%A> k + 5!" 2 *'j&T):&.!#G1|% 3!3D

')(+*,(



 9"< >

 duA2A#+ 3!T$%&*A J*!h&'Z + Q&^&J*0}0% +4DI!a + Q'  o'L!" 2# 2rA>&'w A> !~! A2A> 3!#!  !" 2  2=!29 3A#+ A#+ 3A#J!-.+ 2 + 2/5 3RQ+!5 + B 3!# 3P$%&A#JfA2A=+ 3 'Q 2 #'!55)!"&D 'A> 5 + 5'  'S!" 2  2(+!i)@&'a + 5$%&*A J`9%.!" 3'%!lHA>&0Ra"&H + 5o!".!" 2  2(A>&'w A>" 3 $1 2):&# . + I$%&*A JS- ! )@&'4‡^ +! ! 2  2l!  + .$%&*A JS"&S ! A2A#+ D,_.+! ! A=+ 3j z! >Š*01 3A>" 3 "&j0 &*A> z++aA2A=+ 5+#" 3!i$` 3A2%!" z + 6&&J0a0% +%!):&l + 6!#j k$%&*A JB): &y…` 2 3'^ !"&=A> 3!B-Il" 3'†"&{'^" 2#!" 3A>a!B + 2R  2hA2&!" 2a"&L$p&A#%J &N!e! A2A> 3!#!"&h!" 2  23D  f  h o!""#" 3!  +.&^&J*0h0% +!i#0%RG'w" 2=!" 3A>2" D M'a +! >Š*01 2#j 3'^l 3A#+g'& 6'aT2ƒ aDaH'&* !"R*!"" 3U&&J 3{0Z + h! j hJ 2R 'Z +  z!S&)('& 3!/*! " 3L"&f 3! & h + h&&J0 - 2  3A>&# 34 D  A2  /'T + 6|# 6 20 3! 3'w !. + 50% +r&)bH!" 3#A=+r + &S + A !"0%A> )@&. 3A=+ +&0g +@ Av&)b + 5'&* 6A>&'^ A>" 3P. +(+&0r!l0p&"" 34D 'Re + 5A2# 3!i)@&. + S8G'&* 3! -.+oA#+h 3! & 3T + ^ 2 Reo'h + 2 +&0%!i ! +&-.' f@)@&IA2=R &N!.! J j= D (!i&' /A2'~!" 2 6)@ & `D`

40

200

unique IDs

node ID

30

150

20

100 10

50 0

1

2

f Jj

3

4

0

hop number

1

f@$Hj

2

3

hop number

 j  h^ &^&J*0~0% +!z'P+&#~'^" 2#!" 3A>2D,A=+P' 'g| f Jj.$1& j 20 3!" 3'^ !( + 0% + +bz&&J0"&&J5 + &+/ + A\! 0%A> "&z&A2" iIJ 2RD _i+ +&# &'^ *" 3a&'  +l+&0  D (! + z|# (! +&C-.!29* + k!" 2&)F'& 3!7 +%i!" '%A>7!" 3#A=+ 3!iA>&'^ A>.H'! + 3! !  + 5! 3#A#+ 3!(' 3I + 6   2D  f A>&  3!"01&'%'S"& A 8_ j=D 'Re&^&J*0T0p +!l&)b 3' +r + 2  .!#+&C-.'G):&,A2o# f 8k! %A#+j0% +%!  i0%&"" 3% j=Db_i+! >Š*01 2#j 3'^- !,#'j'j6! R!"" 3 -. + ƒ aDaj'&* 3!2Db f@H$ j7! +&C-.!  + k'5$1 2 &);'&* 3! *! " 3e$RH'wRe!" 3#A=+T 3A#+T+&0a)@&l + 2 &&J0H0% +!70%&"" 3a' f J j=D,&i'%!" 'A> 9 + .|=!"7+&0aA>&'^ '!l8'& 3!7! o'A> . 3A=+e&^&J*0 -!I'% " 3T)@ & B…` 2 3'^.'&*  D I):" 2z&' +&0g&^&J*0r0p +!I+%3 SA>&'w 2  3P!#A#+r +  + /8G!" 3#A#+ 3!.A>&'^ A>" 3g&'%Rg2ƒ aG%!" 'A>l'&* 3!2D



 + | 91!" 3#A=+ 3!():&( + S! j $%&*A JT'% " 3T)@ & B! 2I&),'& 3!(! "#$%" 3rA> &! !( + # 3! !l!"0%A> 6=0%RBA>&'w 2  "&Hj)@ 2- '&* 3!l' 3I + k   22D # e   ~%!""#" 3!6+&-y-7 37A2A#+o'g- & J*!2D X!#' G$p&A#JQ!'!" 2 " 3L'^"&g ƒ9%aDaDa !" 2  2G! R!"" 3TD]_i+ 3' f!" ^ 3'A> a&).#'&GRQA#+&!" 3'{!" 2  2#!S)@ 2 A#+Z + e$p&A#JpDQ_.+ B=0%+ ! +&-.!z+&C-  + S'/$1 2I&) E. l!I# ^ 3T"&h)@ 2 A#+f + S$%&A#Jr 3A> 3!" 3!z-I +~ + '/$1 2(&) A2  ()@ 2 A#+ 3!29 ."&S + ($%&*A Jj$1 3'5A2A=+ 3h'ej& (0%A> 3!2 D 7A#+a0%&"" 3B01&'^7!7 + 3 2= k&) G'^RH!"  3'w o%)@ 2 A#+ 3!3D  ^% Jj'B + IG0% 3j 3'^  &'B0 2 3'^ !7 + .&#o' ' !" 2  2I):#& A#+ 3A#Jo'H !&-.'rA2A=+ 9%-.+%A#+h!i-.+wRe'&G)@ 2 A#+ 3!I+3 'TE.}A>&'^i&) 2 &D (!G >Š*01 3A>" 349 + rE.yA>&'^ !H 3A># 3!" 9l! 'A> Tj&# r' j&# r!" 2  2#!B+3 g + h$%&*A J A2A#+ 34D(_.+ /EI tA>&%'w !z 3A> 3! S!#'|%A2'^ Ra):" 2 $ !"(H)@ 2- &^&J*0%!2Di   ˆB! +&-.!  +i&&J*0%! -. +&A2A=+'Go'ehƒ%9 aDaDa< [! 2  2k!"R! " 3X   z'h3 2# &V) `GE. l!29*-.+ )@" 2r2ƒ aQ&&J0%!&'R f+&0%!j h   3 DL_i+ T' 2 >…1 3A>Bo!S"&Qj0 & TA2 3'^M ?01 2#A> 3 3 01 2 )@&#G'A> 6'a"&e!"0 3a + 5&h&)!" 2 *'G! H1|% 3!2D _;&P 3j&'!""=" a+&C-XA2A#+o'P!""#$%" 3!k + h& &).! 2 o'r$%&A#J!29b- h! " 3L + >…1 3A>B&)6L! ' r0`&0pj|% Dt# g  ]!#+&C-.!H + r# 3!  !H&)k +!j >Š*01 2#j 3'^2 D  '\ +! !  &'492ƒ aDa/+&!" ! 3A=+B!"Jj)@&75! ' l$p&A#JpDb_i+ i| l0p& !  + I'^/$1 2 &)4E.! 3A=+ GA=+' h 3A> 3 34D\_i+o!S  ^ 3!"G!""=$% &' j01&!" 3!j]  T&{&'  + r! A2A> 3!#!"&B'&* f@-.+&! D  yA>&  3! 0`&'%!("& 8a&'f + G+&# &'w  &'!  2# 3G' " 2#G!i&)G 3! !  5A>&'^29%A2A=+'H&^ 3!i'&i&'Re!"0 3T&49$%l!"&H 3A> 3!i2D _i+! >…1 3A> !6% j"&T + G) A>5 +%5 '&* 3!k-I+A#+f# 3!"01&'f-. +QG 3! !  3!/ 2 #'o'eA2A=+ 3 A>&0% 3!6&)  j- &h+%3 5$1 2 3'hA>&'^ A>" 3~"&G):&#- #r!" 3#A#+r   3!" !i+rA2A#+'G$1 2 3'h! $% 34D





wˆ `

5

RPCs per Lookup

4

3

2

1

0 0

50 100 150 200 Cumulative Number of Lookups

250

 5    Mj0%A>i&)bA2A#+%'G&'g! A2A> 3! !  5A2 3'^i)@ 2 A#+ 3!I&) + 5! j 5$%&*A J`D ,A=+T01&'^i!  + HC 2# h'^%5$1 26&)iEI !k)@&Bƒ2ag! A2A> 3! !# H)@ 2 A#+ 3!/)@ & #'%&GR~A#+&!" 3' !" 2  2=!2‡b + 2  &.$%#!i'%A2" z&' 5!" '%#h 2* &'4D _.+ 6!"R*!"" 3 +!5ƒ9%aDaDaH!" 2  2=!2D

120 With Caching Without Caching 100

RPCs handled

80

60

40

20

0 0

10

20

30



40

50 ID position

60

70

80

90

100

 l    j0pA>;&)%A2A=+'(&' + l'^%5$1 2 &)pE. l!F(!" 2  2| 3o!2D;_.+ % I!; J 3'S)@ & S! ' i#'B-. +~ƒ2aDaS!" 2  2#!2D _.+ (+&# &'^ `& # 3!"01&'' '&* h-.+ 3'{]! ' a$%&A#J f ! "& 3\H'& _ jj!j)@ 2 A#+ 3\): & 2 2 R !" 2  2G-I + A2A#+%' 3'$% 34D ) o'w" 2 3! 6'f +!z| j!k + G=G AS 3%A> &'f&)7 + H'^%5$1 2k&)E. l!z + '&* j!"i+'% w‚ `

10000

Number of Blocks

1000

100

10

1 1

10 Number of Virtual Nodes

100

 i  #ƒ2a*)Mj0%A>&)% + l'/$` 2&)p# *!" 2  2#!01 20%+^R! oA2^!" 2# 2 &' + l"& j&'^ &)b j +. + k0%+^R! oA24!" 2  2I!"i! "& D

')(+*,(

/ :4=1 0 /  9 0  = >5:41_= 7 

 Ra…1 3A>  I +%!,!3DF_i+ . >Š*0` 2=j 3'^,'^& 3!7! 2 3'H0%+^R*! A2 !" 2  2=!291-. + ƒ9 8C9 `9 9bƒ3‚9 89 ‚ `9 'Zƒ38 B*  F!" 2  2#!39`# 3!"01 3A>  3RDj2ƒ a*%9 aDaDah$%&*A J*!z '! 2 " 3a'w"&S + k!"R*!"" 3h9'a + (# 3 &'! +%0H$1 2[- 2 3'T+&-sG'^RH*  `!" 2  2#!l0%+^R*! A2 !" 2  2z+!I'r+&- H'wRh$%&A#J!I.!"I! "& /!.0%&"" 34Dl&z >Šj0% 9p + 60%+^R*! A2 ! 2  2 -. +Zƒ3‚e*  F!" 2  2/!""& 3!5ˆ ‚e$%&A#J!2‡  + 2 j Ge"& b&)l8ˆˆe# !" 2  2#!29 ! &h +!z! A2&!" S"&h + S >Š*01 3A>" 3P&'! %j0 &'4D _i+ 2 (o!7"  .j 3j&#RG&C 2#+ 3a"&='''6G'wRH# %!" 2# 2#! "&SA=+ 2 z|%' > ?=' 3 A>&'^" && 2 & D 7A#+H# !" 2  27  ^% 3!b !b&-.'G|p' 2  $% I'G! A2A> 3!#!"&7o!"29! - 3 !iA2A>&'^ 'G! "#A>  3!)@&l + k$%&A#JB!""& 6'%eA2A=+ ‡% + k"&  j 3j& RB):&&"0#o'w&)  + 3!" !""#%A>  3!i'a&.'&0 oG 3aj0% 3j 3'w  &'h!l 3! !l +%'Q2ƒ a€6 R^" 3!3D



')(+*,(

069;: =

< 7 1J0

 

I):" 2aZlbd !" 2  2a) !29l!"&j g j g-.0%!#!H$1 2)@& r + g 3G'%'Q!" 2  2=!B# 3A>B"&  + )  9F$R]A>&  3A> 'g + 3/|%' 2 $p 3!/'% !#A2A> 3! !"&S01&'^" 2#!/'%]$R]A>&0R'g$%&A#J!/"& G'^ 'r + / 3!# 3r 2 3 &)b 20pA2 &'4Di_.+ 2& 3G!/ƒ/'f8G!# 3!"( +klbdh-. $` /$% "&G01 2 )@&# &&J*0%!lA>&  3A> Ra'%h 'HA2 3'^ Re$` 2)@& k +o!l 3A>&C 2#Rh0 &*A> 3! !.!" # !29 2 3'ro'h + ) A> 6&)bG! !  k)  D _;&r" 3!" +!397ƒ%9 aDaDa~$%&*A J*!5 e'!" 2#" 3Q'^"&gQƒ%9 aDaDa< [!" 2# 2H!"R*!"" 3hD ,A=+]$%&A#JQ+!5! Š  20%oA2! f '%A2'h + eH']A>&0R]!""& 3Z + a 3A>! A2A> 3! !"& j=D I):" 2S + a'! 2  &'!29 )@#A> &'k&)* + ,! 2  2#! ) -I +&1-#''DF 2):& +&#6!    !  2$po'7 !  & 'l $p 3!29 ƒ%9 aDaDah)@ 2 A#+ 3!6&),#'&GRT!" 3 3A>" 3f$p&A#J!k# S"" 3G0" 3P)@ &‰e!#' S!" 2  23D/F j  #ƒƒ ! +&-.!k + H):#A> &'Q&)&^&J*0%!z +%5)  9 ']F H  #ƒ38T!#+&C-.!6 + H3 2= eEI  A>&%'w6&)

Rh `

Failed Lookups (Fraction)

0.020

0.015

0.010

0.005

0.000 0.0

0.1

0.2 0.3 0.4 Failed Nodes (Fraction)

0.5

 H  #ƒƒj=A> &'Q&)$%&*A Jf   3!"5)@o 3!k!5T)@'%A> &'P&) + G)@#A> &']&)zƒ9%aDaDaf d !" 2  2=!j +j)  D 7A#+ % f0`&o'wS!S + TC 2# r&)zˆ~ >Š01 2#G 3'w !j'^&*'Zƒ9%aDaDaP$%&*A J &&J0%!2‡* + 6 2 #&i$%#!l'%A2" k + 6Go'y'TG&'^5!5h) 'A> &'f&)  + j):#A> &'Q&)  + e df!" 2# 2#!  +k)  DS_i+ 2 j Tƒ9%aDaDag!" 2  2#!6$` 2)@& S + j) # 3!2D 7A#+Q T0`&o'wk!( + GC 2# B&)lˆ >Š*0` 2=j 3'^ !2‡ + k 2  &.$%#!i'%A2" z + 5Go'c'%TG &'e&)  + 5 dB!" 2  2=! +)@?D_.+ 2 z jƒ9%aDaDaG!" 2  2#!$1 2)@& ( + z)@o 3!2D ,A=+h  01&'^.!i + /3 2= &),ˆG >Š01 2#oj 3'w !3‡% + / 2  &($%#!.o'A2" 6 + /G'%/%X'rG&'^ A>l)  3G!" 2# 2#!2 D &&J*0%!  J j&' 2z):" 2z) # 3!i$1 3A2!" !"&j &)  + 5|p' 2I $p 5 3'^"# 3!(   3T):&z) !"I&&J*0%! 01&'^b"&5)  3G!" 2# 2#!2)D )4+)p&)4 + .|%' 2, $p i 3'^"# 3!,# .'&, 9 + 3'G 3A=+eEI ZHJ 3! $1&i+)F!.A#+T0 & 3! !.!i >Š*0` 3A>" 3 ‡$%l&' k >Š*"#BE. †) RHA>&  3A> !I +!2D # 7  #ƒ3i! +&C-.!  + ,'5$1 24&)"" 3j0% ! "&IA>&'^ A>F)@ 36!" 2  2#!  + &*A2A2 01 2 &^&J*0 9 3 2= 3h&C 26ƒ%9 aDaDaS$%&A#JG&^&J*0%!3D I):" 2 + (|#! , j z!" 2  2l 3A2 3! f@$RH5 oj 2& j  +  +!7!" 3G6|%' 2  $% l&7! A2A> 3!#!"&" [! b 3'w" RS +,0`&o'w !b"&/k)@o 3G!" 2  2C9^ & 3! '&7!"  +z!" 2  2z'~'w o .+%!.$1 2 3'r!  $% 3  D k 3'r +%(G!#!  5)  3!i+C So"  k >…1 3A> &'~ + S3$%oh&),% B&z + S'5$1 2(&),E.!I0` 2z&&J0 9`%!" 2#!( jJ 3Ra"&a01 2#A> 3 ! A=+h)  3!$1 3A2! k&)EI u oj 2& !.%#'S&&J0%!2 D I&C- 2 239` 5  #ƒ3G! +&C-.!l +%I 0%A2 $%&*A Ja&^&J*0T! +&  RB)@" 2IG)@o zA2'T >Š*0` 3A>I 3! ! +'h&' 6 j 2&l&'T + 6-3Ra"&  2"# 2' + 5 3! # 3a$%&*A J`D _i+ 3!" B >Š*01 2#j 3'^ !S 3j&'! "#" a +j~o  a):#A> &'L&)z d]! 2  2#!jA2'Z) ,-I +& ! '%|%A2'^ RB 'H% G3$%oH&.01 2 )@&#G'A> D



`



ˆ8a

 

 

      ! "$#%& "

 df! $"! k&' G >Šj0% j&)l']0%0%A2 &'f +%5A2'Q$1 j$%oz&'Q"&0]&)  + el+&# (! + !"R*!"" 3hG- a+&01 H"&f >Š0p& Bg# 2L&).!"R*!"" 3G!/$%!" 3 &'  + e-7& JP0% 3!" 3'^" 3 + 2 D~& '!  'A> 9p + j&! I01&0%o.01 2 2" ?"& ?01 2 2k!""&# j!"R*!"" 3G!("&%3RT&…1 2kHJ 2R-7&=P!" 3#A#+~)@ 3<   D ?P g# gA2 # 3'w R - & Jo'P&'†%'f +!G)@'%A> &'RL"&{ d $R !""#$% '~' ' >Š/&)4A>&'w" 3'^ &C 2  + i'&* 3!2D I'H" 2#'  I'w" 2#)@A> i"&j dSG+^ GJ ( j& .%! $% !z- 3 i + S|% !"R*!"" 3 '^" 2 ) A> S0 3!" 3'^" 3P+ 2 S!(„ >Š$% /$%(  ^% 3!I + j!" 2z"&h#'~' "&j&%'w 'gV(bd]&&0$%A#Jf! 2  23D X! oj0% 239 -7 2$ ?0% &3Š*RP$%!" 3 Y kG+w/$` H0 2)@ 2#$% )@&.G'^Ra0%0%A2 &'%!2D ?P S!"&e+&01 6"&B >Š*0%&# 5!" 3!.):&( + Sl+&#T!"R*!"" 3 & + 2( +'r|p 5!""&# Dz+&#gA> ! '&&%! Rj"D & zVzd`*G0%! 'j 3! "&S!" 2  2#!2D _.+! =!" 3!  + (0`&!#! $%o/ +ll+&#eA>& 0 &o hP 3A> 3'w"= 3 'G T!" 2 *A> a-. +Z + T% &''w  r&)('&j# ^#'~ + + 2=#A#+^RGj01&!" 3H$^R zVkd`D, &C*o'5'a +&#j)@& 'j 3!"0pA> zH001 3G$RB+&# f  D D  $%"# '~A>&'„%A> !&C 2Br 3'{'%j B&j!" 2S&)('j 3! j5' ~ 3A> 3'w"#o 3ZG'' 2j!' &01 3'h0 &$p 3h9+&C- 2 23D yA>&j0% 2" H 2)@ 3'!" H'%!"5GoA2&!k'&* 3!6+!5R 25"&T$1 G 2*!" 3 D ?P H$1 3 2 j +%/ +&=g'&* SA2'~ 2#)@RT + S a!" 3'wz"&h($^RgA>&'!  o'B% &';'& 3!291$%I+%3 jR 2z"&  3! ''G 'HA2 3'^ &# + "&6&6! &D_.+ !#j0%  2)@ 3'!" l'! b„&^&*'I" A J*!  3! A>#$1 3 + 2 6A>&%T!"&j$1 6G0 &C 3 D Y(! ' Y z{! 'BEI  "#'!"01& 7&C 2 + (-. I 3/' 2[- & JB! C 3!  3!"&#A> 3!'e3&o!  + G >Š*01 3'!" S&)l!" 2" 'T0]A>&'' 3A> &'%!k$%6! A>=|%A> 3!k + j„%&C- A>&'^" & 0% &01 2   3!z +5_( 0 &o 3!2Dl_ 3!  'albdTG IA2 3( +('r >…1 3A>  „&C-vA>&'w"#&;0% &"&A>& ):&6 da"= 'HA !' 3A> 3! !# RD,_i+ zG'^Rw ?"& [H'wRa'  z&)FlbdBA>&'' 3A> H-I%HJ k + k 3! 'B&);! %A#+h 0 &"&*A>& GA=+ 3' D ( 3!"0%" ( + I) A> + + I- & Je 3! A>#$1 3B+ 2 z!7o'H + z 3#RH!"  3!&); 2 3&0%j 3'^29* +!  + 3! o!S0 &C* 3!jf$p! !S)@&Hf0 &Go! 'f' 2-X|% ho!""#$%" 3]|% a! R!"" 3Tg dZ!jP++%R ! A2$p 9%3$p 6'r! 3A2 6 3 ?&'Re|% 6!"R*!"" 3hD .0 3!" 3'^ !.!""&# 3r H"&B00%oA2 &'!  + &+~'~&#%' Rh|% > [!"R! " 3 'w" 2#)@A> Dd* 2  2#!z!""& j'o'w" 2 0% 2" 3r$p&A#J!(&)  e-. + ' ^ o 3'w | 2#!2DFl 3'^ !4 2"# 2 7$%&*A J*! )@ &  + 7!" 2# 2#!;'%5'^" 2 0 2  + 3 !;|% 7!"R! " 3G!2D  dH!""& 3! $%&*A J*!! '6 + (! +a! "#$%" 3S$p&A#JH!""&  D (! +e0 & 3!7'B 'HA2 3'^ j 3A=+'!  ):&,! "&#'k'j# 2"# 2*'z$%&*A J*! j&'65 3A> 3'w"= 3j &0G&)`! 2  2#!2 D (! +  20%oA2" 3!iG$p&A#Je&'HA>&'!" 3A2  /!" 2# 2#!.'T + 5 3'^ | 2i! 0%A> 5'T!(j 3!#i!l#&$%!" 'g + S)@A> S&)7 + S)@o 5&)7eH! !  j'5$1 2(&)7!" 2# 2#!2@ D I!#+PA#+ 2 3!k&f$%'A> $^R A2A#+%'G$%&A#J!i&'j0 &$%$p k&^&J*0h0% +%!i 3'"&H + 6$%&*A HJ &N!i! %A2A> 3! !"&3D (! +s!" 3!a + L+&#}! "#$%" 3u&&J0u0% &"&A>&6"& G0s$%&*A J*!a"& !" 2  2=!2DX_i+!







ˆ*ƒ

G00p']!eR*'GAr'†oj0%A22D I!aL 3! 29l + 2 ~o!H'&Z 3A>"&#R ')@&#G &'\"& $1 04" 3}-.+ 3'} + Q' 2=Ro'L' 2-7&#J}A=+' 3! f {! Gk'/$` 2h&)S'&* 3!h!"T04"  & o'g $p 3!S-.+ 3'  + h' 2-7& JZj 3/$1 2#! +0ZA#+%' 3!297+&C- 2 2 j=D{_i+!GJ 3!B dL$1& +  &$%%!"I'g! A2$% Dz dr!" 3!i + / 20pA2 &'g'gA2A=+'B0 &01 2   3!.&" ) I!#+g"&aA#+% 2 3$pRG'h&e$%'A> D7Fo'R9 dH0 &C* 3!! oj0% I$% >…` 3A>  k0 &" 3A> &'To'!" G! o' k" A J 2k'! 2  'j  6G&'w !.&)F% *D Z0#&"&0` j0% 3j 3'w  &'k&)p dz+!;$1 2 3'6j0% 3j 3'w" 35'6 2" 3/&'5IA>&'w" &o 3 M'w" 2#' 2M ?-. I" 3!"M ?$1 34D  # I&01 2# &'%p 20p&CR*j 3'^,-.oJ 3RG%'A>&C 2&001&  '%  3!b)@& j0% &C 3j 3'^29$%l + 5A2 # 3'wl 3!# !l'%A2" k +( dao!ljo$% k  > [! A2 501 2 2" ?"& ?01 2 2 !"R*!"" 3hD

ˆ8

# !#%

 

xƒ  I  JG _; 3A#+'&& 3!292M'AD,+^""0  -i-i-5DNJ& ^9`88aDaƒDi/$# 9q  D 5  8 zC I  '% 2#!" 3'49 I#% oJ^#o! +''49wq]D^#'!,€5! +& 2Jp9'GEi&$1 2  qT& =!2DpE. 3!  3'w

& 2#CR~' 2-7&#J!2DU '  !#"%$'&(!)+*+$'&-,/.1032547698(:;'=?8@AB $C'D254:$EF6G H;'IJ8IKL 9 A>"&N$ MFOI78 P PƒD





[ A#+5S7M^ d*A=+w-S7OX 9_S'~€`V@OX RQ  (  '5SC-SUT+5S'J+WV'X +& 9%YMFXMFO ZS' [L\ 91Tl+VA#JTV]MFMFO=5S7M^!294q

?P& OOM^L^ D + [ MFOS7O#A=+ [ AFS ^  'XMFO#'@MFXz&$ $M3AAXkAFSA#+@MD  'H#badceA5gfihjF&k5lB7K].m "FFFI;29 0IS \ 3M !5ƒ3ˆ Qonpƒ3‚ Q91p+S'WV5S7O Rfƒ ‚D  q ZSor [Ls  T +tS V5h u D Y('kXO;S AAMS7vt^gMwM^gM3AAXO &' [ A9u!S [ ^ 9WOMFXV@O#'xS s5s OMyyMy29(S' szs5[g\+[ XS ^p0tyMV s5{+| R(u/y2D .m 6d6}ˆ˜lkiˆDbŽŠ.m7o"FFFI;F‘e’tS \ My ¹FPJhn yMFOr MFOy`— {W{ ’NMFOS7XM –   ¹ ¹FP(‘Y¹  ˆW– Œ¹ ZSor [Ls ¨DS [CMF« OMyF–  X {W{ ^gª [ X ž'{ OZVtyMFOƒE^gMFr M^e¬t^gMGy”WyXMu!yF–  | H#ooaGceA5gf©hjF&k5lB7K„.m7

"AAj;A‘t’tS \ My9• º(¹;nW•_hbq@‘_p+V | MU•7P P@¹7– R•7PZSor [Ls ¨DS [lMF« OMyF‘m¨ [ —5S7M^¤¼`S u [L| yª” ‘1¨©–1@OS | y`¼US S y { MFªI‘eS |ts ¤u/u%MFXX? [ X—;@M^l–/»WMF’@ƒ S7O;S7X [L|@\ ª MF”©u/S | S \ Mu%M | X ž O { u ¬I^gM y”(yXMu yM—FV@O [ XE” –  |   Š#" $'&(Š) $'&,%.10 2t4:698(7;'