What is the difference between sociology and the other social sciences? ... Human world sciences humanities ... What is culture? â common sense meaning.
What is Sociology? “Sociology” = the science of society OK. Then what is society? What is science? What is the difference between sciences and social sciences? What is the difference between sociology and the other social sciences? Born in the 19th century. Why so late?
Name giving: August Comte 1st part of the 19th century
positivism sociology physique sociale Adolphe Quetelet “Savoir pour prévoir”
Culture a lot of people + something connecting them in space & time: CULTURE
society = people + culture
What is culture? ≠ common sense meaning material & spiritual things -- words -- habits values -- norms life forms, modes of life
Aspects of culture diversity: cultures, subcultures external, extracorporal (outside the body) inherited (cultural heritage) cumulative (history or evolution) freedom & coercion constrainte: an external force existing apart from us, imposing its commands upon us but at the same time liberating us
“Homo sociologicus” economics
biology
sociology
(sociobiology, evolutionary psychology)
(& anthropology)
homo oeconomicus
homo biologicus
homo sociologicus
interest-driven behavior
gene-driven behavior
norm-driven behavior
profit maximizing machines
fitness maximizing culturally programmed animals humans there is no eternal human nature; culture shapes human nature
eternal human nature shapes culture (& society)
even if true, human nature is irrelevant (just like geography)
Why in the 19th century? the usual answer: 1. The Great Transformation political revolutions industrial revolution two other answers: 2. The Century of Sciences 3. The Birth of Society
3. The Birth of Society there was no society before capitalism traditional societies: state = society economic power needs political power, & political power needs economic power capitalism: exploitation without the use of violence differentiation of State and Society
citoyen (political)state public sphere state politology
bourgeois
homme
(civil) society private sphere market economics
home psychology
sociology
Paradigms I. consensus and conflict theories consensus
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