Clonal&variability&in&response&to& drought&on&Hevea%brasiliensis%Müll.Arg.!
Wanploy&Jinagool& May&12th,&2014&
Gene@c& variability& in& drought& tolerance& of& agronomic& interest&trees:&the&role&of&vulnerability&to&xylem&cavita@on&
Objec@ves& • To!analyze!gene,c!variability!in!vulnerability!to!cavita,on!on!intra4 specific!level!of!agronomic!interest!trees! • To!inves,gate!tree!responses!to!drought!stress!
Interested&tree&species& • Walnut!trees:!6!cul,vars!of!Juglans(regia(and!6!hybrids!(J.(regia(x!J.(nigra)! • Apple!trees:!5!genotypes,!descendants!of!‘Starkrimson’!x!‘Granny!Smith’! • Rubber!trees:!10!clones!H.(brasiliensis!!
Rubber&tree&(Hevea%brasiliensis&Müll.Arg.)& Source!of!natural!rubber! Cul,vated!clone:!RRIM!600!(≈!80%)! Suitable!clima,c!condi,ons!for!produc,on! • ≥!1,250!mm!of!annual!rainfall! • 120!–!150!annual!rainy!days,!less!than!4! months!of!dry!period! • Temperature!26!–!30!˚C!
Total!cul,vated!area!≈!29,538!km2!! (17%!of!Thailand!total!area)!
RRIT,!2011!
Drought&tolerance&selec@on?& Effects&of&drought&stress&on&NR&produc@on& • Reduc,on!in!growth!and!prolong!immature!period! (Manmeun!et!al,!1993)! • Reduce!latex!produc,on!(Wichichonchai!&!Manmeun,!1992)! Increasing&risk&from&drought&stress& • Northward!expansion!into!drought4prone!areas! • Single!clone!occupied!≈!80%!of!cul,vated!areas!
Objec@ves&of&the&study&
1!
2!
• To!inves,gate!the!gene,c!variability! in!xylem!vulnerability!to!cavita,on!
• To!inves,gate!plant!responses!to! drought!stress!
Plant&materials& Studies&of&variability&in&xylem&vulnerability&to&cavita@on&
!Nong!Khai! Khon!Kaen! • Current!year!branches! • From!142!years!old!trees! • Full!sun!exposed!branches! BPM24!
RRII105!
PB217!
RRII118!
PB235!
RRIM600!
PB260!
RRIT251!
PB5/51!
RRIT408!
Surat!Thani!
Average!annual!rainfall:!! • !Khon!Kaen!:!1,00041,200!mm! • !Nong!Khai!:!1,40041,600!mm!! • !Surat!Thani:!2,800!43,200!mm!
Plant&materials& Studies&of&plant&responses&to&water&deficit&of&10&rubber&clones& • !1!year!old!trees!(6!trees/clone)! • Planted!in!0.93!m3!pots!with!sandy!loam!soil! from!Mekong!river! • Trees!received!water!twice!a!week!(30!l/ watering/tree)! • Slightly!differences!in!tree!height!and!leaf! traits!were!observed!between!clones! • Drought!stress!(completely!stop!watering)! was!applied!to!T4trees!during!Dec.!7,!2012!–! Feb.!23,!2013!(11!weeks)!
Plant&materials& Diversity&of&30&Wickham&rubber&clones,&based&on&7µsatellite&markers& (Darwin,!Cirad!sofware!for!gene,c!diversity!assessment)! RRIT408!is!not!presented.! Num Clone 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
AVROS2037 BPM24A BPM24B GT1 Harbel1 Nab17 OY1 PB217 PB235 PB260 PB28/59 PB280 PB5/51 PB86 PR107 PR255 PR261 Reyan88D13 RRIC100 RRIC103 RRIC121 RRII105 RRII118 RRIM600 RRIM612 RRIM703 RRIV1 TJIR1 Yunyan77D2 RRIT251
André!CLEMENT4DEMANGE,!CIRAD!Montpellier!
Methods& Measured¶meters&
Tools&
Stomatal!conductance!(gs)! • !Calcula,on!for!gs/gs(max(
Portable!porometer! (LI41600)!
Leaf!water!poten,al!(Ψm)!
Pressure!chamber!
Loss!in!xylem!conduc,vity!(%,PLC)!
Xyl’EM!Embolism! Meter!
gs!=!ini,al!value!measured!on!T!trees! gs(max(=!mean!value!calculated!from!C!trees!for!each!clone! • !Calcula,on!for!gs(50!
Growth! • !Tree!height!and!diameter! • !Number!of!leaves!
Leaf!area!(LA)! • !Es,mate!total!LA!
LI43100C!
Soil!water!content!(SWC)!
Soil!weight!
Xylem!vulnerability!to!cavita,on!(P50)!
Cavitron!
• !Calcula,on!for!rela,ve!shed!LA!(%)!with!mean!of!C!trees! • !Calcula,on!for!LS50(
Results:&varia@on&in&cavita@on&resistance& &Varia@on&between&clones&and&organs& 100&
A
75&
Cavita@on& tolerance&&
50&
PLC&(%)&
25& 0&
+&
RRIT&251& RRIM&600&
100&
B
++&
75& 50& 25&
+++&&
Clone&& RRIM!600! PB!5/51!! PB!235! BPM!24! PB!260! RRII!105! RRIT!408! PB!217! RRII!118! RRIT!251!
Pe@ole&P50&&
Branch&P50%
41.15!a!(0.06)! 41.16!a!(0.06)! 41.28!ab!(0.11)! 41.37!ab!(0.06)! 41.46!ab!(0.03)! 41.49!ab!(0.03)! 41.52!ab!(0.14)! 41.53!ab!(0.12)! 41.55!ab!(0.09)! 41.65!b!(0.13)!
41.86!(0.06)! 41.87!(0.05)!! 41.88!(0.07)! 41.85!(0.20)! 41.96!(0.08)! 42.02!(0.11)! 41.73!(0.14)! 41.91!(0.04)! 41.89!(0.15)! 41.80!(0.12)!
RRIT&251& RRIM&600&
0& [3.0& [2.5& [2.0& [1.5& [1.0& [0.5& 0.0& Xylem&pressure&(MPa)&
A:!VC!from!pe,oles! B:(VC!from!branches( Mean!values!with!SE!in!brackets,!different!lemers!indicate!significant!difference!at!95%!confidence!interval
Results:&varia@on&in&cavita@on&resistance&
&Varia@on&between&water&availability&on&planta@on&
100!
P12&
P50&
P88&
0.0! 40.5!
75!
P&(MPa)&
PLC&(%)&
41.0!
50!
25!
0! 43.5!
41.5! 42.0!
RRIM600!ST!
RRIT251!ST!
RRIM600!NK!
RRIT251!NK!
RRIM600!KK!
RRIT251!KK!
43.0!
42.5! 42.0! 41.5! 41.0! Xylem&pressure&(MPa)&
42.5! 40.5!
43.0!
Khon!Kaen! Nong!Khai! Surat!Thani!
ab
b a
Average!annual!rainfall:!! • !Khon!Kaen!:!1,00041,200!mm! • !Nong!Khai!:!1,40041,600!mm!! • !Surat!Thani:!2,800!43,200!mm!
Results:&responses&to&drought&stress&& &Survey&of&SWC&and&water&poten@al&& 30!
Drought!
25! SWC&(%)&
BPM24! 20!
PB217! PB235!
15!
PB260!
10!
PB5/51! RRII105!
5!
RRII118! RRIM600!
0! 0!
2!
4!
6!
8!
10!
12!
14!
0.0!
RRIT!251! RRIT408!
Ψmd&(MPa)&
C! 40.5! 41.0! a a
41.5!
ab(
ab(
b
42.0!
b
42.5! 0!
2!
4! 6! 8! 10! 12! Experimental&dura@on&(weeks)&
14!
Results:&responses&to&drought&stress&& &&Kine@c&in&plant&responses&to&water&deficits& Rela@ve&shed&leaf&area&(%)&
125! a
gs/gsmax&(%)&
100! 75!
ab(
50! b
25!
75! 50! bc(
25! bc(
bcd( cd(
0!
0! 0!
2!
4!
6!
8!
10!
0!
12!
2! 4! 6! 8! 10! Experimental&dura@on&(weeks)&
12!
BPM!24!
100!
PB!217!
PLC&(%)&
100!
PB!235!
75!
PB!260!
a
50!
PB!5/51!
ab(
25!
RRII!105! RRII!118!
b
RRIM!600! RRIT!251!
0! 0!
2! 4! 6! 8! 10! Experimental&dura@on&(weeks)&
12!
RRIT!408!
• gs/gsmax!compared!ini,al!gs!of!T4 trees!with!mean!of!C4trees!for! each!clone! • PLC!measured!on!pe,ole! • Rela,ve!shed!leaf!area!compared! T4trees!and!mean!of!C4trees!for! each!clone
Results:&safety&margin& Clone& BPM!24! PB!217! PB!235! PB!260! PB!5/51! RRII!105! RRII!118! RRIM!600!
gs&50% 40.61!(0.05)! 40.96!(0.05)! 41.14!(0.08)! 40.91!(0.21)! 40.94!(0.06)! 40.92!(0.08)! 40.84!(0.17)! 40.98!(0.13)!
Pe@ole&P12% 40.57!(0.27)! 40.56!(0.09)! 40.41!(0.10)! 40.59!(0.37)! 40.19!(0.04)! 40.72!(0.37)! 40.64!(0.08)! 40.71!(0.19)!
Pe@ole&safety&margin& 40.04!(0.22)! 40.40!(0.06)! 40.73!(0.16)! 40.31!(0.58)! 40.76!(0.11)! 40.20!(0.29)! 40.20!(0.19)! 40.27!(0.11)!
RRIT!251!
41.35!(0.25)!
40.57!(0.41)!
40.78!(0.35)!
RRIT!408!
40.91!(0.10)!
40.52!(0.32)!
40.39!(0.22)!
LS50%
Branch&P12%
Branch&safety&margin&
BPM!24!
41.30!a(((0.08)!
41.08!(0.02)!
40.23!!a!(0.08)!
PB!217!
42.86!b!!(0.08)!
41.17!(0.10)!
41.69!!c!(0.08)!
PB!235!
41.68!a!!(0.16)!
41.17!(0.08)!
40.51!!a((0.16)!
PB!260!
41.85!a(((0.11)!
41.29!(0.07)!
40.56!!a!(0.11)!
PB!5/51!
42.06!ab!(0.17)!
41.14!(0.09)!
40.91!ab!(0.17)!
RRII!105!
41.87!a(((0.13)!
41.26!(0.07)!
40.61!!a!(0.13)!
RRII!118!
41.68!a(((0.12)!
41.18!(0.11)!
40.50!a!(0.12)!
RRIM!600!
41.51!a!!(0.10)!
41.20!(0.09)!
40.31!!a!(0.10)!
RRIT!251!
41.62!a!!(0.27)!
41.07!(0.12)!
40.55!!a!(0.27)!
RRIT!408!
42.75!b((!0.20)!
41.17!(0.06)!
41.58!bc((0.20)!
Clone&
Mean!values!with!SE!in!brackets,!different!lemers!indicate!significant!difference!at!95%!confidence!interval
Results:&safety&margin& Clone& BPM!24! RRII!118! RRIT!408! PB!217! RRII!105! PB!260! RRIT!251! PB!5/51! RRIM!600! PB!235!
Pe,ole!safety!margin! Branch!safety!margin! gs(50(–(P50% LS50(–(P50% 0.77!(0.02)!! 0.54!!a!!(0.08)! 0.57!(0.18)!! 40.95!!c!!(0.08)! 0.14!(0.04)!! 0.20!!a!!(0.16)! 0.55!(0.08)!! 0.11!!a!!(0.11)! 0.22!(0.07)!! 40.18!ab!(0.17)! 0.57!(0.02)!! 0.15!!a!!(0.13)! 0.71!(0.08)!! 0.20!!a!!(0.12)! 0.17!(0.33)!! 0.35!!a!!(0.10)! 0.30!(0.20)!! 0.18!!a!!(0.27)! 0.61!(0.16)! 41.02!!c!!(0.20)!
Mean!values!with!SE!in!brackets,!different!lemers!indicate!significant!difference!at!95%!confidence!interval
Conclusions& • Gene,c!varia,on!in!cavita,on!resistance!was!found!on!pe,ole! of!H.(brasiliensis!but!not!on!branch.!
1!
• Different! cavita,on! resistance! between! branch! and! pe,ole! sugges,ng!segmenta,on!in!xylem!vulnerability!to!cavita,on.! • None/! very! small! acclima,on! in! xylem! vulnerability! to! cavita,on!for!the!species.!
• Cavita,on! resistance! is! not! per,nent! to! select! for! drought! tolerance!clone!in!H.(brasiliensis.!
2!
• Different! in! stomatal! regula,on! and! leaf! shedding! sugges,ng! that!this!species!relies!more!on!drought!avoidance.!!
END&
SUPPLEMENTARY&SLIDES&
Rubber&tree&(Hevea%brasiliensis&Müll.Arg.)& 2012& Area&harvested&(km2)& Indonesia!
20!241! 34!841!
Thailand!
5!058!
Malaysia!
6!000!
China! Viet!Nam!
12!000! 20!500!
Others!
Produc@on&(tonnes)& Thailand!
2!266!003! 3!500!000!
Indonesia! Malaysia!
805!000!
Viet!Nam!
863!773!
India!
970!000! 3!040!400!
Others!
FAO,!2013!;!RRIT,!2011!
Constrains&for&natural&rubber&produc@on:& &Impacts&of&climate&changes&to&Thailand& !Increasing!trend!in!annual!precipita,on!
Laung4Aram!et!al.,!2008!!
Constrains&for&natural&rubber&produc@on:& &Impacts&of&climate&changes&to&Thailand& Increasing!mean!temperature!and!hot!days!
!Average!annual! maximum! temperature!(˚C)!
!Average!annual! hot!days!(≥!35˚C)!
Laung4Aram!et!al.,!2008!!
Clone& BPM!24! RRII!118! RRIT!408! PB!217! RRII!105! PB!260! RRIT!251! PB!5/51! RRIM!600! PB!235!
Pe@ole&safety&margin& Branch&safety&margin& gs%50%–%P50% LS50%–%P50% 0.77!(0.02)!! 0.54!!a!!(0.08)! 0.57!(0.18)!! 40.95!!c!!(0.08)! 0.14!(0.04)!! 0.20!!a!!(0.16)! 0.55!(0.08)!! 0.11!!a!!(0.11)! 0.22!(0.07)!! 40.18!ab!(0.17)! 0.57!(0.02)!! 0.15!!a!!(0.13)! 0.71!(0.08)!! 0.20!!a!!(0.12)! 0.17!(0.33)!! 0.35!!a!!(0.10)! 0.30!(0.20)!! 0.18!!a!!(0.27)! 0.61!(0.16)! 41.02!!c!!(0.20)!
3.07 3.87 3.26 3.39 4.08 3.49 4.24 4.16 3.63
PB/235 PB/260
PB/5/51 RRII/105 RRII/118
RRIM/600 RRIT/251 RRIT/408
0 PB/217
1
3.86
4
BPM/24
Tree$height$(m)
Tree&height&before&drought&was&applied& 6
5 ab ab
a ab
ab
ab b b
ab ab
3
2
25
0 0.54
0.0 RRIT408
0
0.52
50
RRIT251
25 0.6
0.55
a
0.8
RRIM600
a
ab
0.63
a
RRII118
a
a
0.48
a
ab
1.0
RRII105
ab
ab
0.48
ab a
PB5/51
c ab
0.44
0
PB260
250
0.49
50
PB235
25
0.49
a
PB217
a ab
abc bc
100
0.52
ab ab
ab
abc bc
Total&number&of&leaves
125
BPM24
50
a ab
Total&LA&(m 2 )
ab
bc
RRIT408 RRIT408
125
abc
bc
RRIT251 RRIT251
75 ab
abc
RRIM60 RRIM60 0 0
50
c
RRII118 RRII118
75
c
RRII105 RRII105
0 100 125
bc ab
PB5/51 PB5/51
abc
bc
PB260
125
PB260
75
PB235
abc
PB235
100
PB217
2) 2) Mean%LA%(cm Mean%LA%(cm
100
PB217
75 100
BPM24 BPM24
.2 ) .2 ) LMA%(g%m LMA%(g%m
Leaf&traits&before&drought&was&applied& 125
b
75
50
25
ab ab ab
74 71 70
ab ab
ab
a a
a
63 69 69
a
a
91
c
b
a
ab
ab ab
78 75 77
ab ab
ab
0.4
0.2
Results:&Drought&effect&on&RGR&(tree&height)& 0.06! 0.05! RGR&
0.04! 0.03!
C!
0.02!
T!
RRIT408!
RRIT251!
RRIM600!
RRII118!
RRII105!
PB5/51!
PB260!
PB235!
BPM24!
0.00!
PB217!
0.01!
Tree&height&(m)&
• RGR!was!effected!by!drought!stress! • However,!the!different!between!C!&!T!is!small!due!to!trees!were!at! the!end!of!seasonal!growth! 6! 5! 4! 3! 2! 1! 0!
PB5/51&
0!
3!
6!
9!
6! RRIM600& 5! 4! 3! 2! T! 1! C! 0! 12! 15! 18! 0! 3! 6! 9!
6! RRIT251& 5! 4! 3! 2! T! 1! C! 0! 12! 15! 18! 0! 3! 6!
Time&from&plan@ng&(months)&
6! 5! 4! 3! 2! 1! 0! 9!
12! 15! 18!
RRIT408&
0!
3!
6!
9!
12! 15! 18!
Walnut&trees&
Varia@on&in&xylem&vulnerability&to&cavita@on&in& walnut&trees& 100
A
Xylem vulnerability to cavitation of Persian walnut cultivars (A) and interspecific hybrid walnuts (B) cultivar. Vulnerability curves show the percentage loss of xylem conductivity (PLC, %) plotted versus the xylem water potential. Measurements were conducted on (A) 6 cultivars of J. regia: Chandlers (Ch, n = 15), Fernettes (Ft, n = 13), Fernors (Fo, n = 10), Franquettes (Fq, n = 67), Laras (La, n = 42), and Serrs (Se, n = 18) and (B) 6 hybrids of J. regia x J. nigra: F1, F2, H3, J3, N1 and N3 (n = 4). Dots are mean values with fitted logistic lines and bars are SE.
75
50
PLC (%)
25
Ch
Fo
Fq
Ft
La
Se
0 100
B
75
50
25
F1
F2
H3
J3
N1
N3
0 -3.5
-3.0
-2.5
-2.0
-1.5
Xylem pressure (MPa)
-1.0
-0.5
Varia@on&in&xylem&vulnerability&to&cavita@on&in& walnut&trees& Species!
P12%(MPa)!
P50%(MPa)!
Chandler!(Ch)!
41.29!(0.04)!a!
41.95!(0.03)!
42.61!(0.04)!ab!
78.04!(3.77)!bc!
Fernor!(Fo)!
41.25!(0.04)!a!
41.93!(0.03)!
42.62!(0.03)!ab!
73.98!(2.57)!c!
Franqueme!(Fq)!
41.40!(0.02)!b!
41.98!(0.01)!
42.56!(0.02)!a!
89.46!(2.20)!a!
Ferneme!(Ft)!
41.33!(0.04)!ab!
41.95!(0.02)!
42.58!(0.03)!ab!
81.68!(3.81)!abc!
Lara!(La)!
41.29!(0.02)!a!
41.97!(0.02)!
42.65!(0.03)!b!
76.13!(2.29)!c!
Serr!(Se)!
41.34!(0.03)!ab!
41.93!(0.02)!
42.52!(0.04)!a!
88.84!(4.65)!ab!
J.(regia(x(J.( F1! nigra!
41.34!(0.07)!!
42.07!(0.04)!
42.80!(0.03)!
68.77!(3.51)!
F2!
41.84!(0.08)!!
42.23!(0.06)!
42.62!(0.10)!
143.38!(32.41)!
H3!
41.35!(0.19)!!
42.05!(0.08)!
42.75!(0.23)!
88.46!(22.99)!
J3!
41.58!(0.11)!!
42.20!(0.08)!
42.82!(0.07)!
82.02!(6.28)!
N1!
41.81!(0.27)!!
42.20!(0.13)!
42.59!(0.02)!
230.24!(114.54)!
N3!
41.76!(0.16)!!
42.23!(0.08)!
42.58!(0.06)!
149.63!(2.95)!
J.(regia!
!!
!!
Cul@vars!
P88%(MPa)!
s%(%/MPa)!
Parameters of xylem vulnerability to cavitation in walnut cultivars. Xylem pressure causing 12, 50 and 88% loss of xylem hydraulic conductivity (P12, P50 and P88) and the slope of the vulnerability curve (s) were calculated from the curves of vulnerability to cavitation in 6 cultivars of J. regia and in 6 hybrids of J. regia x J. nigra. Values represent means with standard error in the brackets, n = 4 for each hybrids while n ≥ 10 for each J. regia cultivars. Means were compared between J. regia cultivars or between hybrids. Values with different letters are significantly different at P < 0.05 (Duncan's multiple range test).
Apple&trees&
Varia@on&in&xylem&vulnerability&to&cavita@on&in& apple&trees&
Descendants!of!! ‘Starkrimson’!x!‘Granny!Smith’! ! Different!in!hydraulic!safety!and! efficiency!!
5!genotypes! 4!40!grafing/genotype! 4!Grow!in!10!liters!pots!inside! greenhouse!at!INRA!site!de!Crouël,! Clermont4Ferrand!
Varia@on&in&xylem&vulnerability&to&cavita@on&in& apple&trees& Genotype!&
s&
P12&
P50&
P88&
B0023!!&
54.47!a!
42,21!
43.14!a!
44.08!a!
B0057!&
34,78!c!! 41,75!
43.26!a!
44,76!b!
B0070!&
32,87!c!
42,03!
43,58!b!
45,13!c!
B0097!&
47,46!ab! 42,02!
43.08!a!
44.15!a!
B0111!&
39,99!bc! 41,78!
43.05!a!
44.32!a!
