flexor and an extensor muscle is shown in panel D. The joint angle 0 is defined ..... ships between actual lengths of all arm muscles are mir-. -. -. 2. --. RPP. --.
the gastrocnemius muscle (GAS) in vertical jumping (Bobbert and van Ingen Schenau, .... The construction of a more realistic software system for simulation of the kinematics and physical ..... geometrical laws (van Ingen Schenau et al., 1990).
After all, the hypothesis was initially formulated on the basis of fast movements (van .... Graphs and tables, only the results of the 100-ms IREMGs are presented.
Five subjects (4 males, 1 female; ages 25-49 years) par- ticipated in this study and were ...... latency stretch responses in man-Segmental versus supraseg-.
Es. En and Es are plotted as a function of 1 O. Initial and velocity. final muscle tensions are constrained to be zero. 1. Only the initial muscle tensions are ...
of the rod was placed at nose height, at a distance comfort- I able for reaching'(.l2-l5 cm). ..... Q'dr decrease in velocity was required to exceed 2'cm/s, cor- responding to a ..... peaks that did not ï¬t speed valleys, and a higher cutoff. 1resul
equations concerning a free body diagram of the foot rapidly declined. A similar decline ..... quadratic [equation (5); see also Ingen Schenau m. gastrocnemius ...
Experiments with local anaesthesia indicated that this adaptation was dependent on cutaneous afferent input. Afferent information related to the frictional ...
ing aspects of motor control. Movement tends to displace ... trol systems may come into play at the same time, it is apparent that both controls should be coordinated in order to result in an integrated action,. Before examining the .... perturbation
single and multiple joint ... Abstract: The hypothesis that the central nervous system (CNS) generates movement as a shift of ... sources generates a neural code representing the location ...... mately track the equilibrium position, as depicted in.
of saccades made from stored target information after delays of. 500, 1.500, and 3,500 ms. Findings evince a robust and consistent feedback-based system of ...
properties of the network. 6. During the Learning session, a set of patterns (26 capital ... ciative steps, processing units learn to associate prototypes. (through feedback ..... paired (Ratcliff & Davies-Jones, 1972; Zihl, Von Cramon,. & Mai, 1983)
statistical analysis. ... 41-80 were utilized in the statistical analyses. Only the last 3 ...... problem of explaining why one cannot use the same parameter to ex- ... amplitude of movement. journal of Experimental Psychology, 1954, 47, 38.1-39.
We examined this property as a function of movement time in Experi- ment 1, and as a function of movement time and movement distance in Expert- ment 2.
and the net torque around the joints is zero. An ad- .... map g ceases to be deï¬ned at P. In contrast, if all the stiffness ...... Charlottesville, VA: IEEE Press. Dornay ...
tension production and velocity of shortening po- tentials. ... egorized by its tension production and by its .... buffer and stored in a 50% glycerol solution.
Brooks, 1974). increased or decreased by .... zuolo, Soechting & Viviani, 1973; Brooks, observed in flexion movements. 1974; Brown ..... go operatorem. 0.0. 0.0.
stretched and then shortened by about 6 mm. In period ... period III, the MG muscle shortened rapidly by 6 - 8 mm after the foot ...... J. Morphol., 141: 1-41. Griffiths ...
Fetz: Single neurons and movement. 2. Representation of movement parameters in neural activity. Potentiometer force. Position. A6. Dental. 017. Torque Motor.
0. Wi. MI. Mi LVM OLH4 M. 360 0. MI. 180 360. " The se. 180. Motor Cortex. Ci, i = 1 to N ... vector has been found to point in the direction of move- ment (9,11,12] ...
been learned in the last century about the nature of motor control in man through the use of .... integrated EMG), but not the timing of EMG activity. It may be ..... Much of this progress is due to the discovery of electrical potentials in ... contr
tion of burst constancy has been reported for tasks submaximal (peak velocity .... The criterion for inclusion ... est number of trials denied acceptance in any of the.
Do neurons in the motor cortex encode movement ... execution of voluntary arm movements have shown that these cells are characterized by tuning .... where r'n is the hand velocity (Eqn. 2) and the acute brackets (< >) indicate the sca-.
Significant adaptation effects were demonstrated in the first two or three movements after a .... switch to a prepared program thus reducing the adaptation task to ...
