߆‫ࡊڼ‬ጯኢᕍƟௐ 75 ഇƟϔ઼ 107 ѐ 3 ͡Ɵࢱ 103-154

ጳ߆ϔ͹វ‫߆̝ט‬ᛨఢ‫ט‬Ĉ ઼ᅫ໤‫݋‬ᄃ̚රϔ઼߆ᛨ‫*ྵͧטڱ‬ ౘ୳͛**

ၡ

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ధкϔ͹઼छ̝ጳ‫͌ࠤڱ‬ᙯᘃ߆ᛨયᗟĂӈֹ߆ᛨ̏хд‫ع߆ٺ‬ ᄃۤົ̝มĂ֭д΃ᛉវ‫˭̝ט‬Էႊ౵ࢦࢋ۞֎ҒĄ̙࿅ҋ˟ጼͽࢫĂ ૟߆ᛨˢጳĂ֭ϲ‫ڱ‬ఢ‫߆ט‬ᛨ۞ሗ߹̏གྷు႙൴ण੓ֽĄ൒҃Ă‫ؠט‬ ߆ᛨ૞‫ߏܧ֭ڱ‬ϔ͹វ‫ט‬։චྻү̙ٙΞٕ৿۞ࢋ৵Ăଂለ߷઼छ̝ གྷរĂপҾߏ‫ރ‬κ೻؎ࣶົ۞ࡁտ൴னĈ߆ᛨ૞‫่̙ڱ‬Ϗυѣӄ‫ٺ‬ϔ ͹ĂࠤͷĂΪѣд߆ᛨ‫̰טڱ‬टດࢨᒺ༼‫۞ט‬ଐ‫˭ڶ‬Ă̖ਕ൴೭‫׎‬გ ‫ט‬ΑਕĄѩγĂ߆ᛨ‫טڱ‬υืણ҂઼ᅫ໤‫݋‬ĂͽҺјࠎે߆ᛨᑅ࢝д ౎ᛨ۞̍‫׍‬Ąૄ‫઼ٺ‬ᅫᇾ໤Ă߆ᛨϲ‫่̙ڱ‬υืѣጳ‫ૄڱ‬ᖂĂ಴ࢦ‫ڱ‬ ‫঻ܲޠ‬Ă֭ͷͽ಴ࢦඕۤҋϤᄃ߆ᛨҋ‫׎ࠎڼ‬८͕Ąಶѩ҃֏Ăԧ઼ ۞߆ᛨ‫טڱ‬ĂপҾߏາ‫࠹۞ؠטܕ‬ᙯఢቑĂព൒ᔘѣኜкѣ‫ޞ‬Լච̝ ఍Ą ᙯᔣෟĈ ߆ᛨ‫ڱ‬ă̙༊ᛨய఍ந୧ּăඕۤҋϤă߆ᛨҋ‫ڼ‬

*

DOI:10.6166/TJPS.201803_(75).0004 ώܼ͛ࡊԫొ૞ᗟࡁտࢍ൪Ķϲ‫ڱ‬඀Ԕᄃᛉְ‫ܡ‬ᇦ̝ͧྵࡁտķ Ğ105-2014-H-002-030MY3ğ۞ొ̶ࡁտј‫ڍ‬Ă‫ܐ‬ቇࣧ൴ܑ‫ ٺ‬2017 ѐ 5 ͡ 20 ͟Ϥᄂ̂߆‫ڼ‬ጯր͹Ᏹ̝ 2017 ‫ֲڌ‬ጳ߆ϔ͹̍үӪĶ߆ᛨᄃ઼छķࡁ੅ົĂү۰পҾຏᔁኢ͛ᆶߤˠ၆ώ͛ٙ೩΍ ̝ኜкᚗෳ࣒Լຍ֍Ăͽ̈́ᄂְ̳̂ٙ‫̄ܘ‬⢵ăధࣰჯ‫׌‬ҜࡁտϠ၆ώ̝͛७ࢎٙ೩ ֻ̝‫מ‬෸‫ם‬ӄĄ ** ᄂ̂߆‫ڼ‬ጯրၱ̳Вְચࡁտٙି଱Ă̚δࡁտੰ‫ޠڱ‬ጯࡁտٙЪདࡁտࣶĄ E-mail: [email protected] ќቇ͟ഇĈ106 ѐ 7 ͡ 24 ͟ć఼࿅͟ഇĈ107 ѐ 3 ͡ 14 ͟

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ጳ߆ϔ͹វ‫߆̝ט‬ᛨఢ‫ט‬Ĉ

ౘ୳͛

઼ᅫ໤‫݋‬ᄃ̚රϔ઼߆ᛨ‫ྵͧטڱ‬

ಥă݈֏ ଂҘ͞ϔ͹઼छ۞።Ϋགྷរֽ࠻Ă Ķ߆ᛨķΞͽᄲߏҡᐌϔ͹វ‫ט‬൴ण ̝౵ࢦࢋ۞ઘய‫ݡ‬Ą Ķ՟ѣ௡ᖐ̼۞߆ᛨĂϔ͹វ‫׽ט‬൒‫ޝ‬ᙱхϲćҭϔ͹ វ‫˵ט‬ΞਕЯ߆ᛨ̝хд҃૪ྋĞVedel, 1949: 156ğ Ąķᇇ઼дৼოᛨၝ൭ ۞ે߆གྷរ‫ޢ‬ĂјࠎҘ઼͞छ̚ௐ˘࣎౅࿅ጳ‫ֽޠڱ̈́ڱ‬ఢ‫߆ט‬ᛨ۞઼छĄ ҭߏᇇ઼۞ዐ઼‫઼ڱ‬Ă၆‫߆ٺ‬ᛨ۞ఢቑĂ‫ۡ˘ߏݒ‬ଳ‫ܧפ‬૱ᆵᗫ۞ၗ‫ޘ‬Ĉ ߆ᛨͧ˘ਠ۞ϔมဥវֳѣՀ̂۞ҋϤĂ‫ࠤ઼ڱ‬ͷࠎ˞ܲᅪඕۤҋϤ҃١ ඗ͽ‫߆ؠࠧޠڱ‬ᛨໄ‫ه‬ĞHamon & Troper, 2016: 505ğĄᇇ‫۞઼׌ڱ‬मளޫ Ξࡎព΍Ķ౅࿅‫ڱ‬ఢቑఢ‫߆ט‬ᛨķ۞ຐ‫ڱ‬Ă֭‫ܧ‬೼֍‫ٺ‬Ч઼Ą҃ࡶৌ۞୬ ౅࿅‫ڱؠט‬ఢቑֽఢ‫߆ט‬ᛨĂ੺˯ಶࢬᓜ̦ᆃߏĶ߆ᛨķĉтң‫߆ࢎט‬ᛨ ఢቑĉͽ̈́ᑕྍఢ‫ีְֱࣹט‬ඈॲώયᗟĄ ߆ᛨ۞ໄ‫ه‬Ҍ͌உᄏ˭Еˬ࣎ૄώࢋ৵ĈࢵАĂ߆ᛨߏĶˠķ۞ඕЪĂ ߏĶˠķٙ௡ј۞ဥវĄଂԧ઼‫ڱ‬ΝநྋĂ߆ᛨߏ˘჌ۤဥĄ‫׎‬ѨĂ߆ᛨ ˜ͽĶВТ߆‫ڼ‬ந‫ه‬ķүࠎ‫׎‬јࣶᙸຍඕЪд˘੓۞ૄᖂĂѩĶВТ߆‫ڼ‬ ந‫ه‬ķ˜ঘ̳̈́ВְચĂυืᄃ̳ВӀৈ̳̈́В߆ඉඕЪд˘੓ĂૄѩĂ ߆ᛨ̙Т‫هܫି؟ͽٺ‬጖ჸјࣶ۞‫ି؟‬ဥវăͽჯ᜕јࣶ̝౻જᝋৈࠎϫ ۞۞̍ົĂٕߏͽᒉӀࠎ౵੼ϫ۞۞̍થຽဥវĄ౵‫ޢ‬Ă߆ᛨͽ‫߆଀פ‬ᝋ ࠎ‫׎‬хд̝௣ໂϫ۞Ă߇υืĶଯ΍࣏Ᏼˠણᄃ̳ᖚᏴᓝķ Ąдѩຍཌྷ˭Ă ᔵͽ̳ৈࠎϫ۞Ă֭‫׍‬ВТ߆‫ڼ‬ந‫ه‬ĂּтᒖܲဥវĂҭΪࢋ఺ᙷဥវ̙ ଯ΍࣏ᏴˠણᏴ̳ᖚĂιࣇಶ่ߏۤົဥវ҃‫߆ܧ‬ᛨĄ̝ͅĂΪࢋଯᖧ΍ ࣏Ᏼˠણᄃ̳ᖚᏴᓝĂӈ‫ؕܐܮ‬ϫ۞ߏͽჯ᜕‫׎‬ဥវ͚ٙ޺̝‫هܫ‬Ăٕߏ ͽჯ᜕‫׎‬ဥវјࣶᝋৈࠎ͹ĂҭߏЯࠎĶણᏴķ۞ᙯܼĂಶֹ଀ྍဥវᛳ ّϤ˘ਠۤົဥវᖼ҃តјĶ߆ᛨķ Ąೱ֏̝Ă౅࿅ણᏴͽ‫଀פ‬ᝋ˧่̙ߏ ߆ᛨᄃ‫ົۤ΁׎‬ဥវ۞͹ࢋડҾĂТॡ˵ߏ߆ᛨ۞८͕ࢋ৵Ą߇‫઼ڱ‬ጯ۰ M. Hauriou ૻአ߆ᛨ౵ࢦࢋ۞পᇈಶߏ˘჌Ķᙒӄ۰ᄃ͚޺۰۞௡ᖐĂͷ ྍ௡ᖐͽ‫଀פ‬ᝋ˧ࠎϫ۞ķĞHauriou, 1929: 543ğĄ 1 1

Ҙ͞ጯ۰ѣᙯ߆ᛨ۞ໄ‫ؠࠧه‬Ăम෼̙̂Ă૱֍‫ؠ‬ཌྷтĈA political party is a group of

߆‫ࡊڼ‬ጯኢᕍƟௐ 75 ഇƟϔ઼ 107 ѐ 3 ͡

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߆ᛨߏϔ͹វ‫۞˭ט‬८͕‫ޘט‬Ă՟ѣ߆ᛨ۞ϔ͹߆‫ڼ‬ᙱͽຐညĞLipset, 1996: 169-170ğ ĂЯࠎ߆ᛨҌ͌Ξͽ൴೭ͽ˭ 4 ࣎ჯᘭϔ͹វ‫ࢋࢦ۞ט‬Αਕ ĞRiegner & Stacey, 2014: 1ğĈௐ˘ߏ‫׶‬πᚮ‫۞ۋ‬ΑਕĈ౅࿅߆ᛨԛ๬к̮ ຍ֍̈́߆ඉĂдᏴጼ̚‫ك‬ѩᚮ‫ۋ‬Ă౵‫ޢ‬ឰ߆ᝋ଀ͽ‫׶‬πᖼொĄௐ˟ߏ΃ܑ ۞ΑਕĈ౅࿅߆ᛨ๗ჸЧ჌ϔຍᄃЧ͞ӀৈĂ൒‫ؠڱֶޢ‬඀Ԕ૟Ч჌Ӏৈ ᄃϔຍᖼ̼ࠎ‫׍‬វ߆ඉᄃ߆‫ع‬ҖજĄௐˬߏᘦ‫۞ؠ‬ΑਕĈે߆ᛨ‫߆଀פ‬ᝋĂ ଯજϲ‫ે֭ڱ‬Җ߆ඉćΐͽ߆ᛨਕૉᇈᏴ֭੊ቚે߆ˠ̖ĞDalton et al., 2011: 6ğ Ăឰයࡻ଀ͽ౅࿅߆ᛨ̬ࢬ҃ซˢ઼छ፟ጡĂ઼छ፟ጡЯ̝҃Ξᘦ ‫ྻؠ‬үĄௐαߏኝయ۞ΑਕĈͅ၆ᛨ۞хдߊਕႾ༛ે߆ᛨĂՀਕдυࢋ ॡ‫߆ે΃פ‬ᛨĄͅ၆ᛨ۞Ⴞ༛ᄃᚮ‫ۋ‬Ăֹ଀ે߆ᛨ൑‫ڱ‬हຍᑿᝋĄϒߏЯ ࠎ߆ᛨдϔ͹វ‫˭ט‬ٙԷႊ۞ࢦࢋ֎ҒĂ߇Ҙ͞ጯ۰ᓏჍĈ༊΃ϔ͹ಶߏ ߆ᛨϔ͹Ă߆ᛨߏϔ͹߆‫۞ع‬८͕ĞKatz, 1980: 1ğćٕߏĈኢ̫̝̈́͟ϔ ͹Ă‫׎‬၁ಶߏд੅ኢ߆ᛨᚮ‫̝ۋ‬វրĞRobertson, 1976: 1ğĄ ଂ݈ࢗ߆ᛨໄ‫߆̈́ؠ̝ࠧه‬ᛨٙԷႊ̝֎Ғֽ࠻Ăдϔ͹វ‫˭̝ט‬Ă ЯࠎѣᏴᓝᚮ‫ۋ‬Ă߆ᛨјࠎˠϔણᏴ۞ࢦࢋπέĂߏˠϔᄃ߆‫̝ع‬ม۞ࢦ ࢋ̬̚Ąҭ˵ϒЯࠎхдᏴᓝᚮ‫ۋ‬Ăٙͽે߆ᛨᄃд౎ᛨϖᅈ఍‫̢࠹ٺ‬ᚮ ‫ۋ‬၆ԩ۞ღૺᙯܼĄ̝ͅĂࡶ൑ϔ͹Ᏼᓝ‫ޘט‬Ă߆ᛨᔘ̙ਕјԛĂҌк่ хдĶᛨࠁķ۞ໄ‫ه‬ĄᖎಏгᄲĂ ĶᛨࠁķϺߏϤˠٙ௡јĂ‫׎‬јࣶТᇹᙯ ͕̳Вְચᄃ̳В߆ඉĂ΁ࣇ˵ຐ̶ֳ߆ᝋă‫߆଀פ‬ᝋٕჯᘭ̏གྷೠଠд ̝͘̚߆ᝋĂҭЯͣ৿ϒ૱ͷ‫ؠ‬ഇԼᏴ̝Ᏼᓝ‫ޘט‬Ăٙͽ΁ࣇᔘ൑‫ڱ‬ညৌ ϒ۞߆ᛨ˘ᇹĂѣ୻຾۞߆‫ڼ‬ந‫ه‬ăѣᛨࣶᄃ͚޺۰ăѣ૱న௡ᖐֽ໤౯ ણᏴٙᅮࢋ̝߆֍ٕ߉߆ࢍ൪Ąૄ‫ٺ‬ጏछ‫ޥ‬ຐᄃ࿅Ν઼̚።Ϋ˯̝ᛨ‫ۋ‬ใ ߆ᄱ઼۞གྷរĂ 2 ԧ઼˘ਠˠ၆‫ٺ‬Ķᛨࠁķк޺࢑ࢬ̝࠻‫ٕڱ‬ଳܲ঻̝ၗ ‫ޘ‬Ă၆Ķ߆ᛨķҋ൒˵̙ົѣ͉р۞О෪Ą઼࡚‫઼ޙ‬Аኰ၆ᛨࠁȈ̶ͅຏ

2

people with shared interests or principles that are organized to nominate candidates for public office in order to win elections, control government and set public policy. (Hardy, 1996: 268) ѩγĂЯણᏴ҃Ϥ˘ਠဥវតј߆ᛨ۞ּ̄Ĉтࡻ઼۞̍ᛨಶߏϤ̍ົ൴ ण҃ј۞߆ᛨĄѣᙯࡻ઼‫ڱ‬тңࢬ၆̍ᛨ̝Ꮈ੓۞࠹ᙯ‫ੰڱ‬ҿՙ̬௜Ăኛણ֍ᔁ઼ຆ Ğ2017Ĉ117-126ğĄ т‫ڌ‬႔۞ᛨᐈ̝჋Ă࣫΃۞ͱՂᛨ‫ۋ‬Ăԇ΃۞າᖞᛨ‫ۋ‬Ă‫ڒڌ۞΃ځ‬ᛨ‫ۋ‬ඈĄ

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ጳ߆ϔ͹វ‫߆̝ט‬ᛨఢ‫ט‬Ĉ

ౘ୳͛

઼ᅫ໤‫݋‬ᄃ̚රϔ઼߆ᛨ‫ྵͧטڱ‬

۞ኢࢗĂ౵඾Щ۞Β߁Ϥ Alexander Hamilton ٙ͹ඊ̝ᓑ֣ኢௐ˘ቔ޽΍߆ ᛨ̙‫׍‬Βटჟৠ҃‫ٽ‬Ϡ᏾ᄱҿᕝćJames Madison ٙ͹ඊ̝ᓑ֣ኢௐȈቔĂ ‫ૻ׎‬አ߆ᛨѣचˠϔЪү֭‫ܡ‬ᘣˠϔ੠ՐВචćͽ̈́ර஽࿲ᓁ௚۞‫ע‬Їႊ ᄲĂ‫׎‬ϺপҾૻአ߆ᛨ۞࢑ࢬड़‫ڍ‬Ă‫៰ײ‬ంឰ߆ᛨ଀ͽుՎႣˢ઼࡚ϔ͹ ߆‫ڼ‬ĞIssacharoff, 2001: 276ğ Ąְ၁˯Ă̙ኢߏдռˠ௡ᖐ̰̝ĶࠁҾķٕ ĶࠁրķĂᔘߏд઼छវր̰̝ĶᛨࠁķٕĶ߆ᛨķĂ఼૱ౌ̙ົᒔ଀͉੼ ۞ෞᆊĄՀ࿇ኢે߆۰ࠎ˧Ր‫׎‬ᝋҜ̝ᘦ‫׽‬ĂᓁߏႽ˧ଵੵᚮ‫ۋ‬۰ٕߏႾ ༛۰Ă߇҃ે߆۰౵ಈᝌ੼‫ײ‬Ķ՟ѣᛨࠁĂΪѣ઼छķ Ăٕߏ‫៰ײ‬Ķ̶̙ᛨ ࠁĂဥඕ˘࡭ķĄ3 ೱ֏̝Ă̙ኢߏдϔ͹វ‫ߏٕט‬д‫ܧ‬ϔ͹វ‫˭̝ט‬Ăೠ ೪઼छ̳ᝋ˧۞߆‫ع‬Ă˵ಶߏે߆۰Ă΁ࣇ˘‫ົؠ‬၆д౎̝ᛨࠁٕߏ߆ᛨ ·႕ᇲຍĂѩ˜ߏૄ‫ٺ‬ᝋ˧পኳٙυ൒ᛃӣ̝ඕ‫ڍ‬Ą ߊ൒߆‫߆ે̈́ع‬ᛨᄃд౎߆ᛨ̝มĂυ൒х඾ϖޮ۞ღૺᙯܼĂ‫݋‬ጳ ‫ޠڱٕڱ‬тңࢬ၆߆ᛨ྾јࠎ˘࣎ࣃ଀ᙯ‫ࢋࢦ۞ڦ‬ᛉᗟĄᝦ‫̫͟ٺ‬кᇴϔ ͹઼छౌѣј͛ጳ‫ڱ‬Ăֶ҃ј͛ጳ‫ڱ‬ٙԛၹ۞ϔ͹វ‫ט‬ӈߏĶጳ߆ϔ͹វ ‫ט‬ķ Ąͽ˭ӈͽѩវ‫ૄࠎט‬ᖂĂА̶‫ژ‬ጳ‫ڱ‬ᄃ߆ᛨ۞࠹̢ᙯܼĂ൒‫̬ޢ‬௜ఢ ‫߆ט‬ᛨ۞ૄώࣧ‫݋‬Ă౵‫ޢ‬Га‫ז‬ԧ઼‫ڱ‬ώ֗Ăᑭ੅னҖ‫࠹۞ڱ‬ᙯયᗟĄ ୮൑ႷયгĂՏ઼࣎छૄ‫׎ٺ‬ҋ̎۞።ΫགྷរĂ߆‫ڼ‬ăགྷᑻăۤົ̝ ൴ण‫ڶې‬ᄃ̼͛็௚Ăͽ̈́ጳ‫ڱ‬ఢቑᄃጳ߆ྻү၁ચĂԛјপѣ۞߆‫ڼ‬វ ‫ט‬ᄃ߆‫ྻڼ‬үԛᄻĄன၁˯̙Ξਕхд˘࣎ᓝ͵࠰൒ĂБ஧В఼۞߆ᛨ‫ڱ‬ ‫ט‬ĂΞͽዋϡ‫ٺ‬Տ˘઼࣎छĄҭߏĂֱ֤‫ކ‬Ⴭૄ‫ٺ‬ώ઼পѣଐ‫ؠט҃ڶ‬ఢ ቑ̰टѣҾ‫઼ٺ‬ᅫᇾ໤۞઼छĂ‫׎‬ٙ‫߆۞ؠט‬ᛨ‫טڱ‬Ă‫ݒ‬૱૱Ϊߏે߆ᛨ ᑅ࢝д౎ᛨĂٕߏે߆ᛨԺ‫ͅט‬၆ᛨ̝΍னٕј‫̏҃׍̍۞ܜ‬Ąְ၁˯Ă ౅࿅ϔ͹វ‫ૄ۞ט‬ώࣧ‫݋‬Ăͽ̈́ˠᝋᄃ‫۞ڼڱ‬಴ࢦᄃቁܲĂӈΞ‫ޙ‬ၹዋϡ ‫ٺ‬ٙѣጳ߆ϔ͹វ‫߆̝ט‬ᛨ‫ૄ۞טڱ‬ώࣧ‫݋‬ᄃૄᖂߛၹĄ҃఺ֱૄώࣧ‫݋‬ ᄃૄᖂߛၹ̏གྷјࠎன઼̫̝ᅫ໤‫݋‬ĂߏЧ઼ᑭෛ‫߆׎‬ᛨ‫̝טڱ‬։⯅۞ણ

3

ּт 2016 ѐ 12 ͡ 21 ͟ችࡻ͛ᓁ௚̳ฟܑϯĈĶΒ߁̫͇ཐк࡚೼‫ڒ‬Ҙͧ‫׶‬ԧ઼௣ͤ γϹᙯܼд̰Ă‫ܕ‬ഇͽֽ۞઼ᅫଐ๕۞តዏĂቁ၁ߏᄂ៉дγϹ˯۞߄ጼĄд఺࣎ԣ ిតજ۞ॡ‫ג‬ĂՀߏ઼̰υืࢋ̶̙ഈ౎ᛨࠁăဥඕ˘࡭၆γ۞ࢦࢋॡ‫ג‬ķĞᛂ‫۾‬ϰĂ 2016ğĄ

߆‫ࡊڼ‬ጯኢᕍƟௐ 75 ഇƟϔ઼ 107 ѐ 3 ͡

107

҂ૄ໤Ą 4 ૄѩĂಶࡁտ͞‫˯ڱ‬Ă၆ன઼̫ᅫ໤‫݋‬Аѣૄώᄮᙊ‫ޢ‬ĂГͽ ώ઼‫טڱ‬ઇࠎͧྵ۞‫މ‬វĂ၆‫׎‬ซҖͧྵᄃ̶‫ژ‬Ăߏͧྵ‫ࡁڱ‬տ౉श۞૱ ϡ͘‫ڱ‬Ă֭পҾዋϡ‫߆ٺ‬ᛨ‫˯טڱ‬Ą 5

෮ă߆ᛨᄃጳ‫ڱ‬ ј͛ጳ‫̚ڱ‬೩̈́߆ᛨ˘ෟߏ࠹༊୎‫ְ۞ܕ‬Ă઼࡚ᄃ‫઼ڱ‬ඈ͵ࠧ౵ѝ۞ ј͛ጳ‫̙ౌڱ‬അ೩̈́߆ᛨĂӈֹ߆ᛨд༊ॡ̏གྷхдĄ 6 ৌϒฟؕдጳ‫ڱ‬ ̚ኢ̈́߆ᛨ۰Ă೼࿆֍‫ٺ‬ௐ˟Ѩ͵ࠧ̂ጼ‫۞ޢ‬າጳ‫ڱ‬Ą

˘ăጳ‫ڱ‬Ϗυఢቑ߆ᛨ ౅࿅ጳ‫ڱ‬ᄃ‫ޠڱ‬ඈ઼छ‫ڱ‬ఢቑֽఢ‫߆ט‬ᛨ̙֭υ൒ߏ˘჌ϔ͹‫۞ڼڱ‬ซ ՎܑᇈĂࠤͷĂкᇴͽጳ‫ֽޠڱٕڱ‬ఢ‫߆ט‬ᛨ۞઼छĂ૱૱˵ߏϔ͹‫ڼڱ‬ ‫إ‬Ϗјሢ۞઼छĄּт঍઼д 1955 ѐಶ‫˞ؠט‬ௐ˘ొ߆ᛨ‫ڱ‬Ă̫֞А‫̏ޢ‬ ߉Җ 6 ̙࣎Т‫ۍ‬ώ۞߆ᛨ‫ڱ‬Ğเ౶ḁĂ2017Ĉ6-22ğ Ăҭͽ঍઼̫͟۞ϔ͹ ‫ܑڼڱ‬னֽ࠻Ăព൒̪ѣ಼̂۞Լච۩มĄለ߷؎ࣶົĞConseil de l’Europeğ дᑭ੅˿҅‫߆̝׎‬ᛨ࠹ᙯ‫טڱ‬યᗟॡಶഅ޽΍Ĉ Ķѣᙯ߆ᛨ̝ϲ‫ߏܧ֭ڱ‬ϔ

4

5

6

ώ͛ٙᏜ઼̝ᅫ໤‫ރͽ˜݋‬κ೻؎ࣶົ 2010 ѐĶ߆ᛨఢ‫޽̝ט‬ጱࣧ‫݋‬ķĞྎ֍˭͛ણğ ࠎ͹វĂ֭ᅃͽ‫ރ‬κ೻؎ࣶົ̝‫΁׎‬ຍ֍३ᄃለ߷ˠᝋ‫࠹̝ੰڱ‬ᙯҿՙĄּтֲ࡚κ ฮВ‫઼׶‬ն̖೩΍˘ొВѣ 79 ࣎୧͛۞߆ᛨ‫ڱ‬ਨ९Ă֭૟‫׎‬ਖ਼Ϲ‫ރ‬κ೻؎ࣶົᆶߤĂ ኛՐྍ؎ࣶົ೩‫࣒׍‬ϒຍ֍Ąྍ؎ࣶົӈͽ‫׎‬࿅Νٙ೩΍̝޽ጱࣧ‫ࠎ݋‬ᆶߤૄ໤Ă‫ٺ‬ 2016 ѐ 12 ͡ 9 ̈́͟ 10 ̝͟ௐ 109 ѨБົ఼࿅ྍ߆ᛨ‫ڱ‬ਨ९̝ᆶߤ࣒̈́ϒຍ֍३Ą Commission de Venise, 109e réunion plénière, 9-10 december 2016, Armenia Joint opinion on the draft constitutional law on political parties CDL-AD (2016) 038. ઼ᅫ໤‫̝݋‬ٙͽপҾዋϡ۞நϤѣ˟Ĉ˘ߏĶ߆ᛨķೀͼಶߏĶϔ͹ķ۞Тཌྷෟâ ਠ҃֏Ă՟ѣĶ߆ᛨķಶ՟ѣĶϔ͹ķ Ą҃ϔ͹វ‫ט‬ѣ‫׎‬८͕̰உᄃૄώࣧ‫݋‬Ă‫׍‬ѣ೼ ّ࿆ᄃВ఼ّĄ߇ٙѣϔ͹઼छ۞ϔ͹ྻүĂૄώ˯՟ѣࢦ̂मளĄТᇹ۞Ăϔ͹઼ छ۞߆ᛨఢ‫ט‬Ăд௟༼˯υ൒ѣ̙ٙТĂҭૄώࣧ‫݋‬ᄃૄᖂ॰ߛᑕྍȈ̶࠹‫ܕ‬ćЯࠎ ιࣇౌߏͽϔ͹ࣧ‫ૄࠎ݋‬ᖂĄ˟ߏЯࠎ߆ᛨ‫טڱ‬૱૱ߏે߆ᛨ၆ԩд౎ᛨ۞̍‫׍‬Ă߇ ௑Ъ઼ᅫ໤‫߆۞݋‬ᛨఢቑপҾट‫଀פٽ‬ϒ༊ّĂͧྵਕૉҺੵд౎ᛨ̝Բҿᄃԩ١Ą ઼࡚‫ט‬ጳАኰᄮࠎ߆ᛨົ၆ϔ͹߆‫ֽ֢૲ڼ‬ೋᄃխᙱĂ߇่̙ጳ‫੸ڱ‬фϏ೩߆ᛨĂࠤ ͷ‫˵ޠڱ‬ೀͼ̙ᛈ̈́߆ᛨĄྎ௟г̬௜Ξણ֍झ͛ேĞ2017Ĉ92ğĄ

108

ጳ߆ϔ͹វ‫߆̝ט‬ᛨఢ‫ט‬Ĉ

ౘ୳͛

઼ᅫ໤‫݋‬ᄃ̚රϔ઼߆ᛨ‫ྵͧטڱ‬

͹߆‫ڼ‬։චྻү̙ٙΞٕ৿۞ࢋ৵Ă҃ಶზ̏གྷ‫ޙ‬ཉ˞߆ᛨ࠹ᙯ‫טڱ‬Ă˵ ่ѣд‫׎‬ఢ‫ีְט‬ᄃዋϡቑಛࢨᒺ‫ז‬౵̈ॡĂ఺ֱ‫ྵ̖ͧטڱ‬ѣజར၁۞ ΞਕّĄķ7 ಶ၁ᙋྤफ़ֽ࠻Ăҁൕϔ͹‫۞઼ڼڱ‬ጳ‫͌ڱ‬ѣ೩̈́߆ᛨ۰Ăͅ ࣆߏາᎸϔ͹઼छ۞ጳ‫ڱ‬Ă૱૟߆ᛨ۞гҜ̟ͽጳ‫̼ڱ‬Ą

(˘) ጳ‫̚ڱ‬൑߆ᛨ ߆ᛨߊߏϤˠٙ௡јĂͷ˫ߏ˘჌ۤဥĂ‫݋‬дܲᅪˠᝋĂপҾߏܲᅪ ܑຍҋϤᄃඕۤҋϤ۞ጳ‫ڱ‬॰ߛ˭Ă߆ᛨҋ൒Я̝҃‫ܲזצ‬ᅪĄ఺ಶтТ ጳ‫ۺ˯ڱ‬ᄮ‫ି؟‬ҋϤĂ̙֭ᅮࢋдጳ‫ڱ‬୧͛˯ซ˘Վఢቑ‫ି؟‬ဥវćٕߏ ጳ‫ܲ˯ڱ‬ᅪੑயᝋᄃᒉຽҋϤĂ˵൑ืдጳ‫ڱ‬୧͛˯၆̍થຽဥវүซ˘ Վ̝ఢቑĄЯࠎт‫ڍ‬ЧᙷဥវౌࢋˢጳĂጳ‫ڱ‬୧̝͛ఢሀΞਕಶົȈ̶ᘀ ̂Ą Հࢦࢋ۞ߏ߆ᛨᄃ˘ਠဥវѣ̙ٙТĂιͽ‫߆଀פ‬ᝋࠎ‫׎‬хϲϫ۞Ă ι۞௡ᖐăྻүᄃ߿જ̰ट·႕੼‫ॾّڼ߆۞ޘ‬Ąͽ‫ڱ‬ఢቑ̬ˢ߆‫ڼ‬ቑᘞĂ ‫ــ‬ঘ̈́ਕӎఢቑͽ̈́тң̟ͽఢቑ۞ᙱᗟĄՀᖎϨгᄲĂ‫ܧ֭ޠڱ‬༱ਕĂ Ķ߆‫ڼ‬યᗟķ̙֭ዋ‫ͽ̟ڱͽآ‬ఢቑĄឰ‫̬ءڱ̈́ޠڱ‬ˢ߆‫ڼ‬ᅳાĂ่̙ ϏυਕྋՙયᗟĂ҃ͅΞਕ๋चΦ‫ڱ‬ᝋώ֗ĄϤ‫آ̙ٺ‬੫၆߆‫ॾّڼ‬ໂࠎ ૻ̂۞Ķ߆ᛨķซҖপҾఢቑĂٙͽጳ‫ޠڱ̈́ڱ‬ඈ‫ڱ‬ఢቑ౵р̙ࢋఢ‫߆ט‬ ᛨćт‫ڍ‬ৌ۞ࢋ౅࿅‫ڱ‬୧ఢ‫߆ט‬ᛨĂ૱֍۞ઇ‫ߏڱ‬૟߆ᛨෛТ‫˘ٺ‬ਠۤဥĂ ᄃ˘ਠۤဥዋϡ࠹Ҭ۞‫טڱ‬Ăጐგ߆ᛨ̝хϲϫ۞ᄃ߿જ͞ёᄃ˘ਠۤဥ ၟ൒̙ТĄ 8 ౵‫ޢ‬Ăಶზৌ۞୬ֹጳ‫ڱ‬ఢቑ߆ᛨĂ˵хдտౣࢋтңఢቑ۞ᙱᗟĄ 7

8

Commission de Venise, 35e réunion plénière, 12-13 juin 1998, Rapport sur l’interdiction des parties politiques et les mesures analogues; et CDL-AD (2009) 006- Avis sur les dispositions constitutionnelles et legislatives relatives à l’interdiction des parties politiques en Turquie; Commission de Venise, 78e session plénière, 13-14 mars 2009; Lignes directrices sur la réglementation des parties politiques, Etude n 595/2010; CDL-AD (2010) 024; Commission de Venise, 109e réunion plénière, 9-10 december 2016, Armenia Joint opinion on the draft constitutional law on political parties CDL-AD (2016) 038. ּтԧ઼னҖˠϔဥវ‫ڱ‬ӈଳ‫פ‬ѩ჌ఢቑ͞ёĂ၆ѩ჌ఢቑ͞ё̝ԲҿĂΞણ֍ӓ‫ط‬ă ౘ୳͛Ğ2017Ĉ240-241ğĄ

߆‫ࡊڼ‬ጯኢᕍƟௐ 75 ഇƟϔ઼ 107 ѐ 3 ͡

109

т‫ࢋڍ‬૟ٙѣᄃ߆ᛨ࠹ᙯ۞ࢦࢋְีซҖԆፋఢቑĂυ൒ጱ࡭ጳ‫ڱ‬୧͛࿅ кͷ࿅‫ٺ‬௟Ⴒćҭࡶ่ఢቑ̂ჩࣧ‫݋‬Ă૟͹ࢋ۞ఢቑ̰टϹϤϲ‫ڱ‬۰ֽՙ ‫ؠ‬Ăтѩ˫ࢋፉᇎЯࠎ‫۞ޠڱ‬Ҝล̙ૉ੼Ă࡭҃யϠ˘ॡ۞઼ົкᇴӈਕ ՙ‫̷ٕ˘ؠ‬Լត˘̷۞ࢲᐍĄ‫઼ڱ‬д˟ጼ‫טޢ‬າጳ۞࿅඀̚Ă၆‫ߏٺ‬ӎ૟ ߆ᛨˢጳѣȈ֖·̶۞੅ኢĂ౵‫ޢ‬ՙ‫ٸؠ‬ୢ۞நϤΞͽ˭Еኢࢗࠎ΃ܑĈ Ķ߆ᛨˢጳķ֭‫ߏ่ܧ‬ಏ৷۞͕ᙸܑ྿҃̏Ă҃ߏࢋࡁᑢ΍Ξͽዋϡ۞୧ ͛ཉ‫ٺ‬ጳ‫̝̚ڱ‬Ą൒҃ѩЋဦ૟ዎ࿃‫࣎׌‬ПᐍĈ˘ߏΞਕ‫ז‬ᐝֽ̦ᆃ˵՟ ఢቑăٕߏ่ү̙Ԇፋ۞ఢቑĂ൒‫ޢ‬ҋͽࠎЯࠎѣٙఢቑಶົѣٙ੒ᚥķ ĞSeurin, 1987: 213ğĄ Ҙ͞ѝഇ۞ј͛ጳ‫ڱ‬Ăଂ 1787 ѐ۞઼࡚ጳ‫ڱ‬Ă‫̝ޢͽ׻ࢭ઼̂ڱ‬Ȉዶ ొ‫઼̙ڱ‬Тॡഇ۞ጳ‫ڱ‬Ă1815 ѐ۞ఈᜋጳ‫ڱ‬Ă1831 ѐ۞ͧӀॡጳ‫ڱ‬Ă1849 ѐ۞̜౪ጳ‫ڱ‬Ă̈́ 1937 ѐຑႬᜋጳ‫ڱ‬ඈĂιࣇౌϏഅдጳ‫ڱ‬୧͛̚೩̈́Ķ߆ ᛨķ˘ෟĄ

(˟) ߆ᛨጳ‫̼ڱ‬ ͽለ߷۞ଐԛֽ࠻Ăጳ‫ڱ‬୧͛΍ன߆ᛨ˘ෟĂٕߏᄲ߆ᛨ۞ጳ‫̼ڱ‬Ă ؕ‫ ٺ‬1940 ѐ΃ĄДफ 1944 ѐ 6 ͡ 17 ͟ጳ‫ڱ‬ௐ 31 ୧ௐ 3 ีఢ‫ؠ‬Ĉ Ķૄ‫ٺ‬Ᏼ ᓝඕ‫ڍ‬̶ٙ੨̝यѨĂυืႽΞਕг௑Ъ߆ᛨૄ‫׎ٺ‬ٙᒔᏴைٙͅᑕ۞΃ ّܑĄķ9 ღତ඾ߏ 1945 ѐ۞๸гӀጳ‫ڱ‬ă1947 ѐ۞ཌྷ̂Ӏጳ‫ڱ‬ă1949 ѐ ۞ᇇ઼ૄώ‫ڱ‬ă1958 ѐ۞‫઼ڱ‬ௐ̣В‫׶‬ጳ‫ڱ‬Ă఺ֱጼ‫ޢ‬າጳౌдጳ‫̚ڱ‬೩ ̈́߆ᛨćѩ჌߆ᛨጳ‫۞̼ڱ‬ᔌ๕ᄃ˟ጼ݈‫۞ޢ‬ለౙ߆གྷۤົԊ๕۞ត̼૜ ̷࠹ᙯĄҌ‫ ٺ‬1970 ѐ΃۞ԓᘷăཬ෈ͰᄃҘ঱ͰາጳĂͽ̈́ 1990 ѐ੓۞ ‫ڌ‬ለ‫ޢ‬В઼छາጳĂౌЯ፾෗߆ᛨ۞Ϟྋ҃дາጳ‫ૻ̚ڱ‬አ߆ᛨҋϤĄ ଂለ߷۞൴ण።඀ֽ࠻Ă߆ᛨˢጳ۞ࣧЯ̙γˬბĈࢵАĂለ߷઼छ д 20 ͵ࡔ˯ΗཧుѨᕖ̂ᏴᓝᝋĂϔ͹វ‫౅˜ט‬࿅೼Ᏼ‫ޘט‬ుՎᖼ‫ݭ‬ј̂ ிϔ͹Ąд̂ிϔ͹វ‫˭ט‬Ă߆ᛨјࠎᏴᓝ۞̬ࢬĂјࠎˠϔᄃ߆‫ع‬ม۞ ፜ሇĄ઼ົ̰ొ˵Як̮߆ᛨ۞хдĂυื҂ᇋयѨ̶̝੨ăᛨဥ۞јϲ

9

ྍ୧͛‫ ٺ‬1984 ѐ࣒ጳዎՀԼĂ‫׎‬జԼЕࠎጳ‫ڱ‬ௐ 31 ୧ௐ 4 ีĂ‫̰׎‬टᔵགྷ࣒ԼĂҭ ၆߆ᛨ۞ఢቑჟৠ࠹ТĄ

110

ጳ߆ϔ͹វ‫߆̝ט‬ᛨఢ‫ט‬Ĉ

ౘ୳͛

઼ᅫ໤‫݋‬ᄃ̚රϔ઼߆ᛨ‫ྵͧטڱ‬

୧ІĂ˜Ҍϲ‫ڱ‬඀Ԕ̚߆ᛨ̝֎Ғᄃ̙Т߆ᛨ̢જ̝ఢቑඈયᗟĄ݈ࢗД फጳ‫ڱ‬ϒߏࠎ఍ந઼ົयѨ̶੨યᗟ҃‫ٺ‬ጳ‫̚ڱ‬ኢ̈́߆ᛨĄ ‫׎‬ѨĂৼოᛨĂ‫ڱ‬Ҙ೻ᛨᄃВயᛨ۞૦੓Ă၆‫ٺ‬ϔ͹វ‫̙إט‬ᘦ‫۞׽‬ ለౙ઼छ҃֏Ă൑Ⴗߏໂ̂۞߄ጼĄ఺ֱ߆ᛨ่̙ጱ࡭ϔ͹૪ሚĂࠤͷ឵ јλ̂۞ጼ‫ۋ‬խᙱĄ߇ጼ‫ט۞ޢ‬ጳ۰ĂপҾߏညᇇ઼ٕཌྷ̂Ӏඈ࿸‫צ‬ѩᙷ ߆ᛨၨണ۞઼छĂд‫׎‬າጳ̚྾૟߆ᛨৼˢఢቑĂ֭পҾૻአϔ͹ࣧ‫۞݋‬ ࢦࢋّĂͽ֨ͤ߆ᛨГѨၨ໑ϔ͹វ‫ט‬Ąּтཌྷ̂Ӏ 1947 ѐາጳ‫ڱ‬࿅ഭ୧ ഠௐ 12 ୧ఢ‫ؠ‬Ĉ ĶЇңԛё۞‫ڱ‬Ҙ೻ᛨ̙଀ࢦາГ௡ĄķТጳ‫ڱ‬ௐ 49 ୧ఢ ‫ؠ‬ĈĶٙѣˠϔдϔ͹ఢ‫˭̝݋‬Ă଀ҋϤ௡ј߆ᛨĄķ˫тᇇ઼ 1949 ѐૄ ώ‫ڱ‬ௐ 21 ୧ఢ‫ؠ‬ĈĶ˘ă߆ᛨᑕણᄃˠϔ߆֍̝ԛјĄ߆ᛨ଀ҋϤ௡јĄ ‫ొ̰׎‬௡ᖐื௑Ъϔ͹ࣧ‫݋‬Ą߆ᛨᑕ̳ฟᄲ‫׎ځ‬གྷ෱ᄃੑயֽ̝໚ᄃֹ ϡĄ˟ă߆ᛨֶ‫׎‬ϫ۞̈́‫׎‬ᛨࣶ̝ҖࠎĂຍဦຫचٕᆿੵҋϤăϔ͹̝ૄ ώ৩ԔٕຍဦПचᇇຍԠᓑ֣В‫઼̝׶‬хд۰Ăࠎ࿁ጳĄҌߏӎ࿁ጳĂϤ ᓑ֣ጳ‫ੰڱڱ‬ՙ‫̝ؠ‬Ąˬă‫׎‬௟‫݋‬Ϥᓑ֣ϲ‫ڱ‬ఢ‫̝ؠ‬Ąķ‫઼ڱ‬ᔵ൒՟ѣ΍ னৼოٕ‫ڱ‬Ҙ೻ᛨĂҭ‫઼ڱ‬ВயᛨȈ̶߿᜙Ă֭ᄃВய઼ᅫᙯܼ૜̷Ąጼ‫ޢ‬ 1946 ѐ۞ௐαВ‫׶‬ጳ‫ڱ‬ᔵຐఢቑ߆ᛨĂҭࠎνࠁ߆ᛨٙͅ၆҃Ϗࠎఢ‫ؠ‬Ą ۡ‫ ז‬1958 ѐ‫઼ڱ‬ௐ̣В‫׶‬ጳ‫ڱ‬ௐ 4 ୧̖ఢ‫ؠ‬ĈĶ߆ᛨ̈́߆‫ڼ‬ဥវܳјᏴᓝϔ ຍܑ̝྿Ą‫׎‬௡ᖐᄃ߿જӮᛳҋϤĄ߆ᛨ̈́߆‫ڼ‬ဥវυื಴ࢦ઼ϔ͹ᝋࣧ ‫݋‬ᄃϔ͹ࣧ‫݋‬Ąķ10 ౵‫ޢ‬Ă௲ᗓ፾෗߆ᛨវ‫֕҃ט‬Шϔ͹̼۞າጳ‫ڱ‬Ăૄ‫ٺ‬࿅Ν˘ᛨ፾̂ ॡഇ‫߆΁׎‬ᛨ࠰జԺ‫۞ט‬።ΫགྷរĂາጳ‫ົڱ‬পҾૻአ߆ᛨ۞гҜăҋϤ ௡ᛨ̝ᝋӀᄃϔ͹ࣧ‫݋‬ĄּтҘ঱Ͱ 1978 ѐጳ‫ڱ‬ௐ 6 ୧ఢ‫ؠ‬ĈĶ߆ᛨܑ྿ ߆‫ڼ‬к̮͹ཌྷĂιࣇ‫ם‬ӄˠϔຍԠ۞ԛј̈́‫׎‬णனĂιࣇߏ߆‫ڼ‬ણᄃ۞ૄ ώ̍‫׍‬Ąд಴ࢦጳ‫ڱ‬ᄃ‫݈۞ޠڱ‬೩˭Ă߆ᛨ଀ҋϤг௡ј֭ҋϤг߿જĄ ߆ᛨ۞̰ొ௡ᖐᄃ‫ྻ׎‬ү࠰ืͽϔ͹͞ёࠎ̝Ąķ ტЪ݈ࢗĂૄ‫ٺ‬Ч઼̙Т۞።Ϋགྷ።ᄃጳ߆็௚Ă߆ᛨˢጳ۞ఢቑ͞

10

ཬ෈Ͱ 1976 ѐ 4 ͡ 2 ͟ጳ‫ڱ‬ௐ 10 ୧ௐ 2 ี۞ఢ‫̰ؠ‬टĂᄃ‫઼ڱ‬ጳ‫ڱ‬ѩ୧͛Ȉ̶࠹‫ܕ‬Ą ‫̰׎‬टࠎĈ Ķ߆ᛨд಴ࢦ઼छ፾ϲࣧ‫݋‬ᄃ߆‫ڼ‬ϔ͹ࣧ‫݈۞݋‬೩˭Ăܳјϔຍ̝ԛјᄃϔ ຍܑ̝྿Ąķ

߆‫ࡊڼ‬ጯኢᕍƟௐ 75 ഇƟϔ઼ 107 ѐ 3 ͡

111

ёΞ̶ࠎˬ჌ૄώᙷ‫ݭ‬ĞBiezen, 2009: 37-38ğĈௐ˘ᙷߏЯࠎ೼࿆Ᏼᓝ‫ט‬ ‫ޘ‬ᄃ઼ົྻүᅮՐ҃дጳ‫̚ڱ‬೩̈́߆ᛨĂ͹ࢋఢቑ۞̰ट఼૱ঘ̈́यѨ̶ ੨ăᛉְ඀Ԕ̝̚߆ᛨ֎ҒĂͽ̈́࠹ᙯ߆ᛨྃӄְีĄ఺჌ఢቑ͞ёĂΞ Ⴭ̝ࠎĶன΃߆ᛨ߆‫ع‬ķĞModern party governmentğሀёĄௐ˟ᙷ‫ͽߏ݋‬ ֨኎ّϔ͹ໄ‫ࠎه‬෦ՐĂ͹ࢋᙯᘃ߆ᛨдᛉົγ̝ҖࠎĂ‫׎‬ఢቑࢦ͕ૻአ ߆ᛨυืᏲчҋϤϔ͹ጳ߆৩ԔĂ߆ᛨ̰ొυืֶೈϔ͹ࣧ‫݋‬Ă߆ᛨੑચ υื̳ฟ౅‫ځ‬Ă֭‫ؠט‬ྋ೸߆ᛨ̝ࢋІᄃ඀Ԕćѩ჌ᙷ‫ݭ‬ΞͽჍ̝ࠎĶ֨ ኎ّϔ͹ķĞDefending democracyğሀёĄௐˬᙷ‫ܲͽ݋‬ᅪඕۤҋϤᄃܑຍ ҋϤࠎ΍൴Ăૻአ௡ᛨ̈́߆ᛨ߿જ̝ҋϤĂֹ଀߆ᛨ଀ͽЪ‫ڱ‬хдᄃྻүĂ ϔ͹វ‫ט‬Я̝҃଀ͽхϲĄૄ‫߆ٺ‬ᛨߏϔ͹វ‫ט‬̙ٙΞٕ৿۞‫ޘט‬Ăѩ჌ ߆ᛨఢቑሀёΞჍࠎĶ̳В፟ၹķĞPublic utilitiesğሀёĄ

˟ăఢቑ߆ᛨυืࢋѣጳ‫ૄڱ‬ᖂ ᔵ൒ϔ͹઼छ۞ጳ‫ڱ‬Ϗυ೩̈́߆ᛨĂࠤҌߏఢቑ߆ᛨĂҭߏдј͛ጳ ‫ߛ۞ڱ‬ၹ˭âόࢋ၆߆ᛨซҖఢቑĂ‫݋‬ಶ˘‫ࢋؠ‬ѣጳ‫ૄڱ‬ᖂĄೱ֏̝Ă ߆ᛨ˜ᛳጳ‫ีְ঻ܲڱ‬Ăಶზ൑‫ڱ‬૟ٙѣѣᙯ߆ᛨ̝ࢦࢋఢቑႽЕˢጳ‫ڱ‬ ̝̚Ă఺ֱϏˢጳ̝߆ᛨ࠹ᙯఢቑ˵ᑕྍ‫׍‬ѣ໤ጳ‫ڱ‬ҜลĄ

(˘) ߆ᛨఢ‫ט‬ᄃጳ‫঻ܲڱ‬ ໄர҃֏ĂΒ߁ጳ‫ڱ‬୧͛д̰۞‫ޠڱ‬ఢቑሀёĂҌ͌ѣˬ჌ૄώᙷ‫ݭ‬Ĉ ˘ߏಏ৷۞Ķ‫ކ‬ϯّķ୧͛Ăώ̙֗யϠЇңۡତఢቑड़˧ć 11 ఺჌‫ڱ‬୧ ˵ΞჍࠎĶ̙ԆБ‫ڱ‬୧ķ ĄΩ˘ߏĶኬᝋّķ୧͛Ă୧͛۞̰टߏኬ̟ᝋ˧ ٕᝋӀĄ 12 ౵‫˘ޢ‬჌‫ߏ݋‬Ķࢨᝋّķ୧͛Ă୧͛۞̰टಶߏࣤဳٕࢨ‫ט‬ᝋ ˧ٕᝋӀĄ 13

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ּт̚රϔ઼ጳ‫ڱ‬ௐ 141 ୧ѣᙯԧ઼γϹࣧ‫݋‬ᄃγϹϫ۞̝ఢ‫ؠ‬Ą ּт̚රϔ઼ጳ‫ڱ‬ᆧ࣒୧͛ௐ 2 ୧ௐ 2 ี̈́ௐ 3 ୧ௐ 1 ีѣᙯҖ߆ੰ‫ܜ‬Ї‫͞׻‬ё̝ఢ ‫ؠ‬Ăኬ̟ᓁ௚Ї‫׻‬Җ߆ੰ‫۞ܜ‬ᝋ˧Ą˫т̚රϔ઼ጳ‫ڱ‬ௐ 18 ୧‫݋‬ኬ̟ˠϔֳѣᑕ҂̈́ ‫̳ڇ‬ᖚ̝ᝋӀĄ ּт̚රϔ઼ጳ‫ڱ‬ௐ 51 ୧ࢨ‫ט‬Җ߆ੰ‫΃ܜ‬Җᓁ௚ᖚᝋ۞ഇࢨĂ˫т̚රϔ઼ጳ‫ڱ‬ௐ 23 ୧ఢ‫טࢨͽ଀ؠ‬ˠϔᝋӀ۞୧ІĄ

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ጳ߆ϔ͹វ‫߆̝ט‬ᛨఢ‫ט‬Ĉ

ౘ୳͛

઼ᅫ໤‫݋‬ᄃ̚රϔ઼߆ᛨ‫ྵͧטڱ‬

ࡶߏಏ৷۞‫ކ‬ϯّ୧͛Ăཉ‫ٺ‬ጳ‫׽̰̝ڱ‬൒‫׍‬ѣ෪ᇈّຍஉĂܑϯ‫ט‬ ጳ۰၆ѩְี̝ࢦෛĂҭЯ‫׍৿ͣ׎‬វ۞‫ޠڱ‬ड़‫ڍ‬Ăٙͽ˵ಶ̙ົৌϒ൴ Ϡఢቑड़˧Ą 14 ЯѩĂಶზ߆ᛨˢጳĂҭࡶ‫׎‬୧̰͛ट่‫ކ׍‬ϯّຍཌྷĂ ‫݋‬ѩ჌ఢቑ͞ё̙֭ਕቁܲ߆ᛨ̝гҜᄃᝋӀĄ ࡶߏѣᙯ߆ᛨ۞ኬᝋّ୧ഠĂт߆ᛨΞͽᒔ଀Ᏼᓝྃӄ‫ົ઼ٕܛ‬यѨ ̶̝੨ඈְีĂߏӎᅮࢋ̟ͽጳ‫׸঻ܲڱ‬ĉϤ‫ٺ‬ѩᙷఢ‫ــؠ‬ঘ̈́ྤ໚̝ ̶੨Ă߇ᄃπඈࣧ‫݋‬ᙯܼ૜̷Ąд̫͟˘ਠј͛ጳ‫ົౌڱ‬ఢ‫ؠ‬πඈࣧ‫۞݋‬ ଐ‫˭ڶ‬Ăࡶߏѣᙯ߆ᛨ۞ኬᝋّఢ‫ߏ̙ؠ‬Ϥጳ‫ۡڱ‬ତఢ‫ؠ‬Ăд‫׎‬΍ன‫ۋ‬ᛉ ॡ‫إ‬ѣĶπඈࣧ‫݋‬ķΞྤүାᑻ۞߱͘Ąҭߏ౵நຐ۞͞ёĂᔘߏጳ‫ڱ‬ώ ͛၆‫ٺ‬ኬᝋ̰ट̏ѣࣧ‫ّ݋‬ఢ‫ؠ‬ĄЯࠎኬᝋّఢ‫ߏؠ‬Ϥ‫ט‬ጳ۰ٕ࣒ጳ۰ٙ ࠎĂࣧ‫׍˯݋‬ѣྵૻ۞ϔ͹ϒ༊ّૄᖂᄃྵ੼۞߆‫ڼ‬ВᙊĄᔵ‫׎‬Ϻѣ͟‫ޢ‬ జኳႷ۞ΞਕĂҭૄᖂߛၹᄃ͹ࢋ̰ट‫̙ྵͧ݋‬ट‫ٽ‬జԼតć 15 ̝ͅĂࡶ ኬᝋ୧ഠ۞ҜลྵҲĂ่ͽ‫ࠤٕޠڱ‬Ҍߏ‫̝ࠎ΄׻‬Ă‫׎‬ट‫ٽ‬జԼត˵ಶ̙ ᙱநྋĂּтᇇ઼۞г͞Ᏼᓝ‫ٕڱ‬ለ߷ᛉົᏴᓝ‫ڱ‬Ą 16 14

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ּт̚රϔ઼ጳ‫ڱ‬ௐ 165 ୧ఢ‫ؠ‬Ĉ Ķ઼छᑕܲᅪିֈăࡊጯăᘹఙ̍ү۰̝Ϡ߿Ăֶ֭ ઼ϔགྷᑻ̝൴णĂᐌॡ೩੼‫ޞ׎‬࿃Ąķ൒҃‫ܕ‬ѐֽ߆‫ع‬၆‫ିٺ‬रੜЃܲᅪ۞ѐ‫ܛ‬ԼࢭĂ ่̙̙ߏ೩੼‫ޞ׎‬࿃ĂࠤͷΞਕֹ‫׎‬ੜЃϠ߿ౝˢӧဩĄ ּтԧ઼̂‫ءڱ‬ᛖфௐ 721 ཱིྋᛖѣᙯᆧ࣒୧͛ௐ 4 ୧ௐ 2 ีѣᙯ̶੨यѨ̝‫ܝ‬ᕣఢ ‫ؠ‬Ă̂‫ءڱ‬дѩཱིྋᛖநϤ३ௐˬ߱ᏜĈ ĶҌր‫ۋ‬ጳ‫ڱ‬ᆧ࣒ఢ‫˟ؠ‬ᙯ‫ٺ‬Ѻ̶̝̣̝߆ᛨ ‫ܝ‬ᕣఢ‫ؠ‬ĂᔵΞਕֹ߆ᛨٙ଀Ᏼைᄃᒔ଀̶੨यѨ̝Ѻ̶ͧѣ˘‫ؠ‬म෼Ă҃ѣᏴை̙ ඈࣃ̝ன෪Ąଘ‫׎‬ϫ۞дᔖҺ̈ᛨ‫ڒ‬ϲĂ߆ᛨវր࿬༤̼Ăᇆᜩ઼ົᛉְྻү̝ड़தĂ ӸᘣҖ߆ϲ‫̢ڱ‬જᙯܼ̝ึၰĄң‫ܕ̝៍ڶ‬ѐϲ‫߆ࣶ؎ڱ‬ᛨּͧ΃ܑొ̶Ᏼᓝඕ‫ڍ‬Ă ֭ϏԆБࣤဳ‫̂׌‬ᛨͽγ߆ᛨᒔᏴ̝ΞਕّĂߏր‫ۋ‬ጳ‫ڱ‬ᆧ࣒ఢ‫˟ؠ‬ѣᙯ߆ᛨ‫ܝ‬ᕣఢ ‫ؠ‬Ăߊ൑ຫ‫ٺ‬ϔ͹В‫઼׶‬ᄃ઼ϔ͹ᝋૄώࣧ‫̝݋‬၁னĂ҃ϏតજᏴᓝᝋ̈́πඈᝋ̝८ ͕̰உĂӈᑕᛳ࣒ጳ፟ᙯ଀Ꮚଐ‫ޘ‬๕Ăັ੩ຫৈ̝ቑᘞĂҋϏ࿁ͅ˯ฟҋϤϔ͹ጳ߆ ৩ԔĄķเࡷၷ̂‫ءڱ‬дώཱིྋᛖ̝̙Тຍ֍३ܑ̚ϯĈ Ķྍ߱ͽĺᔖҺ̈ᛨ‫ڒ‬ϲĂ߆ ᛨវր࿬༤̼Ăᇆᜩ઼ົᛉְྻү̝ड़தĂӸᘣҖ߆ϲ‫̢ڱ‬જᙯܼ̝ึၰĻϒ༊̼˟ ̂ᛨͽγ̝̈ᛨΪѣྤॾ̶੨Бొϲ‫ࣶ؎ڱ‬यѨ̙̚‫ˬ۞˘̶̝ˬז‬Ȉαय۞̙πඈ ఢ‫ؠ‬Ąྍ̙πඈఢ‫׎ؠ‬ᔵϏԆБࣤဳ‫̂׌‬ᛨͽγ߆ᛨᒔᏴ̝ΞਕّĂҭ̏ᑅᒺ‫̶ˬ׎‬ ̝˟۞यѨĄྍ෹࿅˘Η̝यѨ۞ᑅᒺĂ̙ߏ่ĺΞਕֹ߆ᛨٙ଀Ᏼைᄃᒔ଀̶੨य Ѩ̝Ѻ̶ͧѣ˘‫ؠ‬म෼Ļ҃̏Ă‫׎‬ĺѣᏴை̙ඈࣃ̝ன෪Ļ Ă̏Ҍ˘ͧˬͽ˯۞඀‫ޘ‬Ą ఺ިਕᄲಏ˘Ᏼડ‫׌‬ை‫ט‬ĺϏតજᏴᓝᝋ̈́πඈᝋ̝८͕̰உĻĂĺᑕᛳ࣒ጳ፟ᙯ଀Ꮚ ଐ‫ޘ‬๕Ăັ੩ຫৈ̝ቑᘞĂҋϏ࿁ͅ˯ฟҋϤϔ͹ጳ߆৩ԔĄĻķ ּтՂዩ̋̂‫ءڱ‬д̂‫ءڱ‬ᛖфௐ 721 ཱིྋᛖ‫ם‬Тຍ֍३̝ොཙ 2 ޽΍Ĉ Ķᇇ઼ᓑ֣ጳ

߆‫ࡊڼ‬ጯኢᕍƟௐ 75 ഇƟϔ઼ 107 ѐ 3 ͡

113

Ҍ‫ٺ‬੫၆߆ᛨ۞ࢨᝋّ୧ഠĂ౵૱֍۞ಶߏ߆ᛨ߿જ̝ࢨ‫߆ߏٕט‬ᛨ ̝ྋ೸ඈఢ‫ؠ‬Ă‫ࢋؠ˘݋‬ጳ‫঻ܲڱ‬Ąૄ‫߆ેٺ‬ᛨ఼૱Ξͽೠ೪઼ົ࿅Ηय Ѩ۞߆‫ڼ‬૱ၗĂࡶѣᙯ߆ᛨ̝ࢨᝋّఢ‫̝ؠޠڱͽ่ؠ‬Ă‫߆ે݋‬ᛨಶѣΞ ਕӀϡ‫ົ઼׎‬кᇴ۞၁˧Ă఼࿅‫ֽޠڱ‬Ժ‫ࠤٕט‬Ҍߏঐໝ఍‫ٺ‬ᚮ‫ېۋ‬ၗ۞ д౎ᛨĄጳ‫۞঻ܲڱ‬ຍཌྷӈд‫ࢬٺ‬၆ѩ჌Ծᙯϔ͹វ‫ט‬хᜈ۞ࢦࢋّఢ ‫ؠ‬Ă̙ट‫׎‬஍ࠎ઼ົ̝˘ॡّкᇴ۞༰㛼Ąଂͧྵ‫៍۞ڱ‬ᕇֽ࠻Ăѣᙯ߆ ᛨࢨᝋّ୧ഠ̝ఢ‫ؠ‬Ă఼૱ᄃ֨኎ّϔ͹ໄ‫ా࠹ه‬ඕĂᛳ‫ٺ‬ጳ‫঻ܲڱ‬ᅳાĂ ֭Ξͽ݈ࢗᇇ઼ૄώ‫ڱ‬ௐ 21 ୧ఢ‫ܑ΃ࠎؠ‬Ą ԧ઼ጳ‫ڱ‬ώ͛ᔵкѨ೩‫ז‬Ķᛨࠁķ Ă17 ҭѩ‫ܧإ‬Ķ߆ᛨķ۞ໄ‫̏ه‬т݈ ࢗĄࢵѨ૟Ķ߆ᛨķ̝ໄ‫ه‬ˢጳĂؕ‫ ٺ‬1991 ѐ࣒ጳॡĂ૟߆ᛨּͧ΃ܑ‫ט‬ ᄃ૎̃ܲᅪఢ‫ؠ‬ˢጳĄ18 ૄѩϲ‫̝ڱ‬ჟৠ֭‫ޢ͟ٺ‬ΐ˯֨኎ّϔ͹۞ໄ‫ه‬Ă ።གྷкѨ࣒ጳ‫ޢ‬јࠎனҖጳ‫ڱ‬ᆧ࣒୧͛ௐ 4 ୧ௐ 2 ี‫̈́߱ޢ‬ௐ 5 ୧ௐ 4 ี ᄃௐ 5 ี̝ఢ‫ؠ‬Ą‫׎‬ఢቑ̰टΒӣˬ࣎ࢦᕇĈௐ˘Ă߆ᛨણᄃϲ‫̝ੰڱ‬य

17 18

‫ੰڱڱ‬ѝд 1950 ѐ΃ಶ੫၆ Schleswig-Holstein ֣Ᏼᓝ‫ڱ‬ఢ‫ ؠ‬7.5% ‫ܝ‬ᕣ୧ഠĂᄮࠎ෹ ࿅˘ਠ 5% ‫ܝ‬ᕣĂͷྍमҾఢ‫ؠ‬၆઼ົΑਕ۞ᇆᜩ̙֭‫׍‬౯পҾާ࢝நϤĞaus besonderen zwingenden Gründenğ҃‫ކ‬Әྍ֣‫ܝ̝ڱ‬ᕣ୧ഠ࿁ጳĄΩಶለ߷ᛉົᏴᓝొ̶Ă‫ٺ݋‬ 1979 ѐ 5 ͡ 22 ͟෗‫ ؠ‬5% ‫ܝ‬ᕣࠎЪጳĞBVerfGE 51, 222ğ‫ޢ‬Ă‫࠹݋‬ᚶͽ઼ົ൑‫ڱ‬ѣड़ ᙋ‫ځ‬༊‫ܐ‬ĺົᇆᜩ઼ົ։рྻүĻϫ۞۞ϲ‫ְڱ‬၁ᄃ‫ૄޠڱ‬ᖂ̪൒ϒቁࠎϤĂ‫ކ‬Ә 5% ‫ܝ‬ᕣ̈́ 3% ‫ܝ‬ᕣఢ‫࠰ؠ‬ᛳ࿁ጳĄ‫˟̚׎‬І෗ҿ۞̚ᛌĂኛણ҂ᆒтᇊĞ2013Ĉ81-108ğă ౘ୿‫۾‬Ğ2013Ĉ265-300ğΩĂࣃ଀‫ڦ‬ຍ۞ߏĂᓑ֣ிᛉົᛉࣶᏴᓝ̪ჯ޺ 5% ‫ܝ‬ᕣ୧ ഠĂҭࣘଳ߆ᛨࡶдЧ֣ડાᏴᓝ̚ᒔ଀ˬयͽ˯۰Ăᔵ߆ᛨைϏ࿈ 5% ‫ܝ‬ᕣĂ̪଀ ֶ߆ᛨࣧ଀ைּͧણᄃ̶੨यѨ̝‫ޘט‬ĂྍૄώयѨ୧ഠĞGrundmandatklauselğĂд ଳ‫׌‬ைᓑϲ۞ᇇ઼‫ࢉົ݋‬ϠĶ෹ᗝᛉयķ ĞÜberhangmandatğ۞ጳ‫ۋڱ‬ᛉયᗟĄኛણ҂ ౘ୿‫۾‬Ğ2011Ĉ106ă119ğĄķ ણ֍ጳ‫ڱ‬ௐ 7 ୧ăௐ 80 ୧ăௐ 88 ୧ăௐ 138 ୧̈́ௐ 139 ୧Ą 1991 ѐ 5 ͡ 1 ͟ጳ‫ڱ‬ᆧ࣒୧͛ௐ 1 ୧ௐ 2 ีĂᙯ‫઼ٺ‬ϔ̂ົဋ‫઼ا‬γᄃБ̶઼̙ડ΃ ܑ̝யϠĂఢ‫ؠ‬Ч߆ᛨ༊Ᏼ̝ЩᗝĂд̣ˠͽ˯Ȉˠͽ˭۰Ăᑕѣ૎̃༊ᏴЩᗝ˘ˠĂ ෹࿅Ȉˠ۰ĂՏ႕Ȉˠᑕᆧ૎̃༊ᏴЩᗝ˘ˠĄௐ 2 ୧ௐ 2 ีᙯ‫ٺ‬ဋ‫઼ا‬γᄃБ઼̙ ̶ડϲ‫̝ࣶ؎ڱ‬யϠĂఢ‫ؠ‬Ч߆ᛨ༊Ᏼ̝ЩᗝĂд̣ˠͽ˯Ȉˠͽ˭۰Ăᑕѣ૎̃༊ ᏴЩᗝ˘ˠĂ෹࿅Ȉˠ۰ĂՏ႕Ȉˠᑕᆧ૎̃༊ᏴЩᗝ˘ˠĄௐ 3 ୧ௐ 2 ีᙯ‫ٺ‬ဋ‫ا‬ ઼γᄃБ̶઼̙ડႾ၅؎ࣶ̝யϠĂఢ‫ؠ‬Ч߆ᛨ༊Ᏼ̝ЩᗝĂд̣ˠͽ˯Ȉˠͽ˭۰Ă ᑕѣ૎̃༊ᏴЩᗝ˘ˠĂ෹࿅Ȉˠ۰ĂՏ႕Ȉˠᑕᆧ૎̃༊ᏴЩᗝ˘ˠĄௐ 4 ୧ೇఢ ‫ؠ‬Ă઼ϔ̂ົ΃ܑăϲ‫ੰڱ‬ϲ‫ࣶ؎ڱ‬ăႾ၅ੰႾ၅؎ࣶ̝ᏴᓝቪҺĂֶ̳ᖚˠࣶᏴᓝ ቪҺ‫̝ڱ‬ఢ‫ؠ‬Ᏹந̝Ąဋ‫઼ا‬γ઼ϔ̈́Б̶઼̙ડЩᗝĂଳ߆ᛨּͧ͞ёᏴ΍̝Ą

114

ጳ߆ϔ͹វ‫߆̝ט‬ᛨఢ‫ט‬Ĉ

ౘ୳͛

઼ᅫ໤‫݋‬ᄃ̚රϔ઼߆ᛨ‫ྵͧטڱ‬

Ѩ̶੨۞‫ܝ‬ᕣࠎ 5%Ăͷд̶̙ડ۞߆ᛨᛨᏴЩಏ̚Ẵّ̙଀͌‫̶̝˟ٺ‬ ˘Ąௐ˟Ă߆ᛨ̝ϫ۞ٕ‫׎‬ҖࠎĂ̙଀Пच̚රϔ઼̝хдٕҋϤϔ͹ጳ ߆৩ԔĄௐˬĂ߆ᛨѣ݈ีҖࠎ۰Ăࠎ࿁ጳ߆ᛨĂϤΦ‫ءڱ̂ੰڱ‬௡ј̝ ጳ‫ڱڱ‬लྋ೸̝Ąଂ݈ࢗ఺ֱఢቑ̰टֽ࠻Ă‫׎‬ᛳࢨᝋّ୧ഠĂ֭ͽጳ‫ڱ‬ ܲ঻۞͞ёซҖఢቑĄ

(˟) ߆ᛨఢ‫ט‬ᄃ‫঻ܲޠڱ‬ ጳ‫ڱ‬၆‫߆ٺ‬ᛨ̝ఢ‫̙ט‬Ξਕ࿝௟ᙴ᏷ĂΒ̋Βঔâ‫ົؠ‬૟̂ొ̶୬ ఢቑ̰ट঻ග઼ົֽ఍நĄ൒઼҃ົ۞ϲ‫ڱ‬඀Ԕ่ߏᖎಏкᇴՙ఼࿅ӈ ΞĂтѩࢋтң֨ͤጾѣ઼ົкᇴयѨ۞ે߆ᛨĂӀϡ‫ົ઼׎‬ᐹ๕यѨ఼ ࿅Ժ‫ٕט‬ঐໝд౎ᛨ۞‫׸ޠڱ‬ĉ˘ਠд‫ޘט‬నࢍ˯ѣͽ˭‫׌‬჌ᅃӄሀёĈ ௐ˘჌ሀёߏдጳ‫ڱ‬ᄃ‫̝ޠڱ‬มĂ‫ޙ‬ϲ˘჌‫ޠڱ‬Ҝล̬‫ٺ‬ѩ˟ఢቑ̝ ม۞পҾఢቑᙷ‫ݭ‬Ă֭ឰѩᙷఢቑ‫׍‬ѣ໤ጳ‫̝ڱ‬ҜลĄтѩ˘͞ࢬΞͽྋ ՙ૟ѩᙷఢቑБొˢጳ҃૟ጱ࡭ጳ‫ڱ‬ቔ಼࿅‫ٺ‬ᘀ̂Ăֹٕѩ჌ఢቑЯ‫׎‬ˢ ጳ҃ጱ࡭‫׎‬࿅‫ͻ৿ّࣣٺ‬ᇅّ۞৿ᕇĂΩ˘͞ࢬ˫ΞᔖҺ‫׎‬஍ࠎ่‫˘׍‬ਠ ‫̝ޠڱ‬гҜĂឰ˘ਠ઼ົ࿅ΗкᇴӈΞ၆‫׎‬ҋϤតજ۞ၑঽĄ ᓝּֽᄲĂ઼ົᏴ‫ߏٕט‬ᓁ௚Ᏼᓝ‫ڱ‬Ă‫׎‬၆઼छϔ͹ጳ߆৩ԔᇆᜩȈ ̶ࢦ̂ĂೀͼΞͽᄲߏԾᙯϔ͹វ‫ט‬ਕӎ։චྻү۞८͕‫ڱ‬ఢቑĄ൒҃ѩ ᙷ‫ڱ‬ఢቑߊߏᏴᓝྼᑚఢ‫݋‬Ă‫׎‬୧̰͛टಶυืႽณ௟ᎵྎႽͽՆ‫ۋ‬ᛉĂ ٙͽ̙Ξਕ૟ѩᇴณᘀ̝̂୧̰͛टႽ࠰ˢጳĄГ۰Ăѣֱໂࠎࢦࢋ̝Ᏼ ᓝԫఙّఢ‫ؠ‬ĂтᏴડထ̶Ă‫ޝ‬ΞਕЯགྷᑻۤົ൴ण̝តዏᄃˠ˾гந̶ Ҷ̝ԼតĂυื‫ؠ‬ഇ࣒ࢎᏴડቑಛĄѩᙷఢቑᔵҌᙯࢦࢋĂ‫˫ݒ‬ᅮࢋ‫ؠ‬ഇ ࣒ࢎć߇‫ۡآ̙ࢬ͞˘׎‬ତˢጳĂΩ˘͞ࢬ‫˘ͽآ̙˵ݒ‬ਠ‫̝ؠޠڱ‬Ąд ѩࡦഀ˭Ăࡶਕ‫ޙ‬ϲ˘჌ҜลĶҲ‫ٺ‬ጳ‫ޠڱٺ੼ݒڱ‬ķ̝໤ጳ‫ڱ‬Ҝล۞ఢ ቑᙷ‫ݭ‬Ăಶົ‫׍‬ѣ၁ৈĄ 19 ‫઼ڱ‬ௐ̣В‫׶‬ጳ‫ڱ‬ௐ 46 ୧౹న˘჌পঅఢቑჍࠎĶ௡ᖐ‫ڱ‬ķĞlois organiquesğ Ă‫׍׎‬ѣͽ˭ೀ჌পҒĈௐ˘Ăጳ‫ڱ‬ώ͛ѣኜкĶ௡ᖐ‫঻ܲڱ‬ķ

19

ּт‫ރ‬κ೻؎ࣶົ၆‫ֲ࡚ٺ‬κฮВ‫઼׶‬ٙ೩Ϲ̝߆ᛨ‫ڱ‬Ăυืͽ઼ົ̶̣̝ˬΐࢦк ᇴ఼࿅۞ఢ‫ؠ‬ĂপҾ޽΍‫ّࢋࢦ׎‬Ąણ֍݈ො 4Ăࢱ 2Ą

߆‫ࡊڼ‬ጯኢᕍƟௐ 75 ഇƟϔ઼ 107 ѐ 3 ͡

115

۞ఢ‫ؠ‬Ăຍӈ˲ߏঘ̈́ѩᙷְีĂಶυืͽĶ௡ᖐ‫ڱ‬ķ۞ԛёֽఢቑĄּ тጳ‫ڱ‬ௐ 25 ୧ѣᙯ઼ົ‫ੰ׌‬ᛉࣶ̝ЇഇăࣶᗝăᓟࢿăజᏴᓝྤॾ̈́ࣘᖚ ̝༰ͤඈְีĂӮᑕͽ௡ᖐ‫̝ؠڱ‬Ą20 ௐ˟Ă௡ᖐ‫۞ڱ‬ϲ‫ڱ‬඀Ԕ̙Т‫˘ٺ‬ ਠ‫۞ޠڱ‬ϲ‫ڱ‬඀ԔĄֶጳ‫ڱ‬ௐ 46 ୧ௐ 2 ีఢ‫ؠ‬Ă௡ᖐ‫ڱڱ‬९˘όͽጳ‫ڱ‬ௐ 45 ୧۞ԣి඀ԔᆶᛉॡĂᛉົତ‫ڱצ‬९‫ޢ‬ĂυืགྷỊ̝̏͟‫଀͞ޢ‬ซҖ ᆶᛉĄ 21 ѩγĂࡶ઼ົ‫̙ੰ׌‬ਕ၆௡ᖐ‫ڱ‬ਨ९྿ј‫ם‬ᛉॡĂืϤ઼ϔᛉົ ᛉࣶͽ඗၆кᇴ͞ਕ఼࿅ѩਨ९ĄௐˬĂ௡ᖐ‫఼ڱ‬࿅‫ޢ‬Ăυืϲӈொਖ਼ጳ ‫ົࣶ؎ڱ‬ซҖ࿁ጳᆶߤĄѩ჌Ķૻ‫ّט‬ᆶߤ‫ޘט‬ķ˜̙ͽߏӎхдϲ‫ۋڱ‬ ᛉĂٕߏӎѣዋॾ͹វᙸຍ೩΍ᛖጳᓏኛࠎ݈೩ĄΪࢋ௡ᖐ‫˘ڱ‬གྷܑՙ఼ ࿅Ăд‫׎‬Ϡड़̝݈ಶυืА఼࿅࿁ጳᆶߤĄ22 ᔵ൒‫઼ڱ‬ௐ̣В‫׶‬ጳ‫ڱ‬՟ѣ‫ځ‬ ͛ఢ‫ؠ‬௡ᖐ‫ޠڱ۞ڱ‬Ҝล੼‫˘ٺ‬ਠ‫ޠڱ‬Ăҭߏૄ‫݈ࢗ׎ٺ‬পᇈĂጯ۰кᄮ ࠎ‫׎‬Ҝลҋ൒ߏ੼‫˘ٺ‬ਠ‫ޠڱ‬Ğle Mire, 1987: 906ğ Ăጳ‫˵ົࣶ؎ڱ‬д‫׎‬ᛖጳ ՙ‫ځ̚ؠ‬ϨܑϯĈ઼ົ఼ٙ࿅۞˘ਠ‫࠙଀̙ޠڱ‬ᛈ௡ᖐ‫ڱ‬Ą23 дѩࡦഀ˭Ă ೠ೪઼ົ࿅ΗयѨ۞ે߆ᛨĂ̙֭ਕҋϤҋдг఼࿅ે߆ᛨٙઐрĂҭ‫ݒ‬ ߏᄃ௡ᖐ‫࠙࠹ڱ‬ᛈ̝‫ޠڱ‬Ą ௐ˟჌ఢቑሀёߏܲᅪ઼ົ͌ᇴ۞ାᑻᝋӀĂឰĶ͌ᇴķΞͽ൴જ࿁ ጳᆶߤ඀ԔĂͽ၆ԩે߆ᛨ۞кᇴᇷ˧Ąд‫ޘט‬నࢍ˯˫Ξѣ‫׌‬჌ఢထĈ 20

21

22

23

‫઼ڱ‬ௐ̣В‫׶‬ጳ‫ڱ‬ௐ 6 ୧ௐ 3 ีϺఢ‫ؠ‬ѣᙯᓁ௚Ᏼᓝְ‫آ‬ĂΩͽ௡ᖐ‫ڱ‬ఢቑ̝Ąᔵ൒ Тጳ‫ڱ‬ௐ 34 ୧ௐ 2 ีఢ‫ົ઼ؠ‬ᛉࣶᏴᓝăг͞ᛉົᏴᓝ̈́‫઼ڱ‬ঔγᅳг΃ܑ፟ၹ̝Ᏼ ᓝᑕͽ‫̝ؠޠڱ‬Ăҭߏጳ‫ڱ‬ௐ 25 ୧၆‫ٺ‬Հࢦࢋ۞ᛉࣶЩᗝăᏴડአፋᄃᛉࣶྤॾඈְ ีĂ‫ؠځ‬ᑕͽ௡ᖐ‫ڱ‬ఢቑ̝Ą ֶ‫઼ڱ‬ጳ‫ڱ‬ௐ 42 ୧ఢ‫ؠ‬Ă߆‫ع‬૟‫ڱ‬९ொਖ਼ᛉົ‫ޢ‬Ă‫̚ੰ׌‬Аజொਖ਼۞ᛉົυืགྷ࿅ 6 ฉ‫ޢ‬Ă̖଀ฟؕซҖ˘᝝Ąௐ˘ੰᆶᛉ‫ޢ‬ொਖ਼Ω˘ੰॡĂ‫ޢ݋‬ᆶᛉ۞ᛉົдତ‫ڱז‬९ ‫ޢ‬Ă౵ԣ˵ࢋдαฉ‫ޢ‬Ă̖ਕฟؕ˘᝝Ą఺ֱఢ‫۞ؠ‬ϫ۞ߏࢋឰᛉົѣ·ྈ۞ॡมᆶ ᛉ‫ڱ‬९Ă̙टਨதࣗܳࠎ̝Ąҭ࿃ѣާّ࢝‫ڱ‬९ॡĂ଀ଳጳ‫ڱ‬ௐ 45 ୧۞ԣిᆶᛉ඀ԔĄ ҃ѩ఍ఢ‫ૻߏ݋ؠ‬አӈֹдԣిᆶᛉ඀Ԕ˭ĂΪࢋߏࢬ၆௡ᖐ‫ڱڱ‬९ॡĂ̪υืၙ˭ ֽĂҌ͌ᅮѣỊ̏͟۞ॡม‫଀͞ޢ‬ซҖ˘᝝Ą ‫઼ڱ‬ௐ̣В‫׶‬ጳ‫ڱ‬ௐ 61 ୧ௐ 1 ีఢ‫ؠ‬Ĉ Ķ௡ᖐ‫ڱ‬д̳Ҷ̝݈Ăͽጳ‫ڱ‬ௐ 11 ୧ࠎֶፂĂ ໤౯೩Ϲˠϔ̳Ը۞ਨ९Ăͽ઼̈́ົ‫̝ੰ׌‬ᛉົఢ‫݋‬д‫׎‬၁߉݈ĂӮืְА೩Ϲጳ‫ڱ‬ ؎ࣶົᆶߤ‫ߏ׎‬ӎ௑Ъጳ‫ڱ‬Ąķ C.C. 11 aout 1960, Rec. 25; C.C. 18 dec. 1964, Rec. 29; C.C. 27 dec. 1973, Rec. 25; C.C. 30 dec. 1974, Rec. 23; C.C. 30 dec. 1975, Rec. 28; C.C. 28 dec. 1976, Rec. 41 et 45; C.C. 27 avril 1977, Rec. 56; C.C. 29 dec. 1978, Rec. 78 et 99.

116

ጳ߆ϔ͹វ‫߆̝ט‬ᛨఢ‫ט‬Ĉ

ౘ୳͛

઼ᅫ໤‫݋‬ᄃ̚රϔ઼߆ᛨ‫ྵͧטڱ‬

˘ߏឰĶ઼ົ̚۞͌ᇴķΞͽᓏኛᛖጳĄ‫ٺ‬ѩυืૻአĈĶ઼ົ̚۞͌ᇴķ ̙ඈ‫ٺ‬Ķ͌ᇴᛨķ ĂЯࠎкᇴᛨ̝ᛨࣶϺѣΞਕᄮТ͌ᇴຍ֍Ăдܑՙॡͅ ၆ે߆ᛨ̝ϲಞĂ֭ซ҃ણᄃᛖጳాཌĄனҖΦ‫ءڱ̂ੰڱ‬ᆶந९І‫ڱ‬ௐ 5 ୧ௐ 1 ีௐ 3 ഠˬ̶̝˘ϲ؎ాཌᓏኛᛖጳ۞ఢ‫ؠ‬Ăӈߏឰ઼ົ͌ᇴ଀ͽ ൴જᛖጳ۞፟‫ט‬నࢍĄҭߏϤ࿅Ν۞߆‫ڼ‬၁ચֽ࠻Ăྍᛖጳ‫ܝ‬ᕣព൒࿅‫ٺ‬ ᚑࡳĄ̙ኢߏ 2008 ѐٕߏ 2016 ѐ۞ϲ؎ᏴᓝĂ੨Ъ̚δ߆‫߆̝ع‬ᝋ዇ആĂ ઼ົयѨ˵಼̂តՀĄ஍ࠎд౎۞͌ᇴᛨĂ̙ኢߏ 2008 ѐ۞ϔซᛨĂᔘߏ 2016 ѐ۞઼ϔᛨĂౌεΝ˘ᛨಏ፾ాཌᓏኛᛖጳ۞ΞਕّĄд 2005 ѐ઼ົ ഴΗᄃಏ˘Ᏼડ‫׌‬ை‫࣒۞ט‬ጳԼࢭ̝‫ޢ‬Ăϲ‫ੰڱ‬ԛј‫̂׌‬ᛨ۞߆ᛨॾԊĂ ࡶ͹ࢋͅ၆ᛨ൑˧ಏ፾ᓏኛᛖጳĂ‫݋‬ಶԛТᙯଫᛖጳ̂‫ܝ‬Ăឰͅ၆ᛨ̙଀ ̙֕˯‫۞΁׎‬ԩ‫౉ۋ‬शĄְ၁˯Ăϲ؎ాཌᓏኛᛖጳ፟‫ט‬ώಶߏ˘჌᜕ܲ ͌ᇴ۞፟‫ט‬ĂΪߏ෹࿅ϲੰᓁᗝˬ̶̝˘यѨ۞߆ᛨᔘზ͌ᇴᛨ๜ĉಶზ ᓏኛᛖጳώಶΞͽϤᇴ࣎߆ᛨВТాཌĂҭ‫݈׎‬೩୧Іߏ઼ົ̝߆ᛨវր υืߏкᛨវրĄ൒҃ԧ઼ҋ઼ົഴΗ۞Լࢭ̝‫ޢ‬Ăϲੰ̏གྷӔன‫̂׌‬ᛨ វր۞ॾԊĂᅈᗓкᛨវրĄ2008 ѐϲੰᏴᓝ‫۞ޢ‬यѨ̶੨Ă઼ϔᛨ 81 यĂ ϔซᛨ 27 यĂ൑ᛨဥඕᓑ༖ 3 यĂᏐϔᛨ 1 यĂ൑ᛨᚱ 1 यĄಶზ઼ϔᛨ γ۞‫΁׎‬ٙѣϲ؎࠰ాཌĂ˵ֶ൒྿̙‫ז‬ᛖጳ‫ܝ‬ᕣĄ2016 ѐϲੰᏴᓝඕ‫ڍ‬Ă ϔซᛨ 68 यĂ઼ϔᛨ 35 यĂॡ΃˧ณ 5 यĂᏐϔᛨ 3 यĂ൑ᛨဥඕᓑ༖ 1 यĂ൑ᛨᚱ 1 यĄᔵ൒ϲੰ࠻੓ֽѣ 5 ࣎߆ᛨĂҭд‫̂׌‬ᛨ̝γĂ‫΁׎‬ ٙѣ߆ᛨాཌΐᓁ˵่ѣ 10 यĄ઼ϔᛨ่ѣᄃॡ΃˧ณٕᏐϔᛨඕ༖Ă̖ ਕ྿‫ז‬ᛖጳ‫ܝ‬ᕣĄ൒҃Я።ֽ௢᎕۞ᏴᓝाީᄃຍᙊԛၗमளĂ઼Ꮠ‫׌‬ᛨ ࢋГЪү֭‫ְٽܧ‬ć઼ϔᛨᄃॡ΃˧ณ‫ٺૄ݋‬ຍᙊԛၗ۞ࢦ̶̂‫ڡ‬Ă‫ॲ݋‬ ώ՟ѣЪү۞ΞਕĄૄѩĂд‫̂׌‬ᛨ۞߆ᛨវրॾԊ˭ĂனҖఢ‫ؠ‬ឰд౎ ᛨ‫ޝ‬ᙱྻϡᛖጳ፟‫ט‬Ą னҖˬ̶̝˘۞ాཌ‫ܝ‬ᕣᄃᇇ઼ᖞ‫̈́ט‬๸гӀ۞ఢ‫࠹ؠ‬ТĂ 24 ҭͧྵ ‫˵˯ڱ‬ᔘхѣՀᆵᗫ۞‫ܝ‬ᕣĄ‫઼ڱ‬ᄃҘ঱Ͱౌߏ‫઼۞טੰ׌‬छĂ‫઼ڱ‬னҖ ጳ‫ڱ‬ௐ 61 ୧ௐ 2 ีఢ‫ؠ‬Ĉ̱ȈЩણᛉࣶٕ̱ȈЩ઼ϔᛉົᛉࣶాཌӈਕ൴

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ᇇ઼ன‫̏ט‬૟ాཌ‫ܝ‬ᕣԼࠎα̶̝˘Ą၆‫ٺ‬ԧ઼ன‫ྎ۞ט‬௟̶‫ژ‬Ăኛણዦၐཌྷշ̂‫ڱ‬ ‫ء‬д̂‫ءڱ‬ᛖфௐ 603 ཱིྋᛖٙ൴ܑ۞‫ם‬Тຍ֍३Ą

߆‫ࡊڼ‬ጯኢᕍƟௐ 75 ഇƟϔ઼ 107 ѐ 3 ͡

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જ࿁ጳᆶߤ፟‫ט‬Ą‫઼ڱ‬ણᛉੰѣ 348 यĂ઼ϔᛉົ‫݋‬ѣ 577 यĂͽ‫۞઼ڱ‬ ઼ϔᛉົֽᄲĂ‫ా׎‬ཌ‫ܝ‬ᕣତ‫ܕ‬Ȉ̶̝˘ĄҘ঱Ͱ˭ᛉੰѣ 350 यĂણᛉ ੰѣ 266 यĂҘ঱ͰனҖጳ‫ڱ‬ௐ 162 ୧ a ีఢ‫ؠ‬Ĉ50 Щ˭ᛉੰᛉࣶٕ 50 Щ ણᛉੰᛉࣶాཌӈਕ൴જ࿁ጳᆶߤĂͽ‫˭׎‬ᛉੰֽᄲĂᓏኛ‫ܝ‬ᕣ่ߏयѨ ᓁᗝ۞˛̶̝˘҃̏Ąаᐝ࠻࠻ԧ઼ன‫ې‬Ăдൺॡม̙͉ΞਕซҖ࣒ጳͽ តՀϲ‫ੰڱ‬यѨᓁᗝᄃयѨ̶੨͞ё۞ଐ‫˭ڶ‬Ă၁ѣυࢋ౅࿅࣒Լ̂‫ءڱ‬ ᆶந९І‫͞۞ڱ‬ёֽᕖ̂ᓏኛᛖጳ۞፟‫ט‬ĄΞ૟ˬ̶̝˘ϲ؎ాཌ‫ܝ‬ᕣԼ ࠎϲ؎ᓁᗝ̝Ȉ̶̝˘ăˣ̶̝˘̶ٕ̣̝˘Ă 25 ͽቁܲ͌ᇴ۞ᛖጳᝋĄ Ω˘჌ܲᅪ͌ᇴ၆ԩкᇴᇷ˧۞፟‫ט‬Ă˜̯ధͽĶᛨဥķٕĶ߆ဥķ ۞Щཌྷ೩΍ᛖጳᓏኛĂ̙Г૟ĶᛖጳᓏኛķᄃĶϲ؎यѨķઇాඕĄдѩ ჌‫ޘט‬నࢍ˭Ă Ķ͌ᇴᛨķٕĶ͌ᇴ߆‫ڼ‬๕˧ķјࠎপҾܲᅪ۞၆෪Ąͽԧ ઼னҖ‫ּࠎڱ‬Ăֶፂϲ‫ੰڱ‬௡ᖐ‫ڱ‬ௐ 33 ୧۞ఢ‫ؠ‬Ăˬˠ̝Тᛨϲ؎ӈΞͽ ௡ĶᛨဥķĂ̙Т߆ᛨ̝αˠϲ؎ӈΞ௡Ķ߆ဥķĄࡶߏ࣒Լ̂‫ءڱ‬ᆶந९ І‫ڱ‬Ăឰϲ‫̝̰ੰڱ‬ĶᛨဥķٕĶ߆ဥķ˵ΞͽᓏኛᛖጳĂ 26 тѩΞͽৌ ϒར၁Ķ͌ᇴᛨķٕĶ͌ᇴ߆‫ڼ‬๕˧ķ᜕̝ܲĂឰ઼ົ̰۞̙Тဥវᄃ̙ Тຍ֍ѣགྷ࿅ጳ‫ڱ‬෦఩ͽᕝѡۡ۞ΞਕّĄ т‫ڍ‬ጳ‫ڱ‬ώ֭֗՟ѣ໤ጳ‫ڱ‬Ҝล̝ఢቑᙷ‫۞ݭ‬నࢍĂТॡ˫՟ѣ‫΁׎‬ ‫ޘט‬፟‫ֽܲט‬᜕͌ᇴᛨٕ͌ᇴ߆‫ڼ‬๕˧Ąдѩଐ‫˭ڶ‬Ăે߆ᛨ྾ѣΞਕۡ ତͽ˘ਠ‫ֽޠڱ‬၆߆ᛨซҖࢨᝋّ̝ఢ‫ט‬Ąѩְ˘ό൴ϠĂְ၁˯̏՟ѣ Їң‫˧ّޘט‬ณĂ֖ͽԺ‫ͤܡٕט‬ೠ೪઼ົ࿅ΗयѨ̝ે߆ᛨ۞हຍᑿᝋ ҖࠎĂдѩଐ‫˭ڶ‬Ă߆ᛨ߆‫ڼ‬ᄃϔ͹វ‫ט‬๕૟ᙱͽჯ޺Ą

ણă߆ᛨఢ‫ૄ̝ט‬ώࣧ‫݋‬ Ķఢ‫ט‬ķ۞ໄ‫ه‬ΒӣĶఢቑķᄃĶგ‫ט‬ķᗕࢦຍஉĂ Ķఢቑķώ֗ໄ‫ه‬ 25

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Φ‫ੰڱ‬അ೩΍૟‫ܝ‬ᕣࢫࠎα̶̝˘۞࣒‫ۍڱ‬ώĂ‫ ٺ‬2013 ѐ 10 ͡ 16 ͟ϲ‫ੰڱ‬Φ‫ࣶ؎ڱ‬ ົ‫ܐ‬ᆶ఼࿅Ăҭѩ࣒‫ڱ‬౵௣՟ѣԆјĄ൒҃Ăӈ‫ܝߏܮ‬ᕣࢫ‫ז‬α̶̝˘Ăᅮࢋ 29 य̖ ਕᓏኛᛖጳĄֶѩᇾ໤Ă2008 ѐ‫۞ޢ‬ϔซᛨ˵൑˘ᛨ፾ϲᓏኛᛖጳ۞ਕ˧Ą ּтᇇ઼ᓑ֣ጳ‫ۺੰڱڱ‬ᄮ߆ᛨ଀Я‫׎‬Ϥૄώ‫ڱ‬ௐ 21 ୧ௐ 1 ีٙܲᅪ̝ᝋӀዎ࡭‫ܬ‬च ࠎϤĂШᓑ֣ጳ‫ੰڱڱ‬೩੓ጳ‫۞˯ڱ‬፟ᙯ‫ۋ‬ᛉ෦఩Ąણ֍เᐅૅĞ2017Ĉ127ğĄ

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ጳ߆ϔ͹វ‫߆̝ט‬ᛨఢ‫ט‬Ĉ

ౘ୳͛

઼ᅫ໤‫݋‬ᄃ̚රϔ઼߆ᛨ‫ྵͧטڱ‬

ቑಛྵᇃĂΒ߁‫ކ‬ϯّăኬᝋّᄃࢨᝋّˬᙷ‫ڱ‬ఢቑ࠰д‫׎‬ໄ‫̰̝ه‬ĄҌ ‫ٺ‬Ķგ‫ט‬ķ۞ໄ‫ه‬Ă‫݋‬পҾૻአࢨᝋّఢቑ۞ࢬШĄૄѩĂఢ‫߆ט‬ᛨಶߏ ఢቑͷგ‫߆ט‬ᛨ۞ຍ‫ޥ‬Ą˘ਠٙᏜ۞Ķ߆ᛨ‫ڱ‬ķ Ăಶߏ૞޽၆߆ᛨ۞௡ᖐᄃ ྻүซҖఢ‫ڱ۞ט‬ఢቑĄ൒҃ૄ‫߆ٺ‬ᛨ‫ڱ‬ঘ̈́߆ᛨ̝ᝋӀཌྷચְีĂ‫੼׍‬ ‫ّڼ߆ޘ‬ᄃୂຏّĂ߇т‫߆ؠטࢋڍ‬ᛨ‫ڱ‬၆߆ᛨซҖఢ‫ט‬ĂপҾߏѣᙯࢨ ᝋّఢቑ۞‫ؠט‬Ă౵ࢦࢋ۞ૄώ݈೩ࢋІಶߏࢋѣጳ‫ځ۞ڱ‬ቁ଱ᝋĄ౵‫׍‬ ΃ّܑ۞ּ̄ಶߏ݈͔ᇇ઼ 1949 ѐૄώ‫ڱ‬ௐ 21 ୧Ăྍ୧݈‫˜ี׌‬ఢቑ֨ ኎ّϔ͹ໄ‫ه‬Ăௐˬี‫݋‬ఢ‫࠹ؠ‬ᙯ௟༼ְّีϤᓑ֣ϲ‫ڱ‬ఢቑ̝Ąૄ‫ٺ‬ѩ ጳ‫ځ۞ڱ‬ቁ଱ᝋĂᇇ઼઼ົд 1967 ѐ఼࿅߆ᛨ‫ڱ‬Ăѩ‫ڱ‬јࠎҘ઼͞छ‫ؠט‬ ߆ᛨ‫ܑ΃۞ڱ‬Ă֭ࠎкᇴ઼छٙϼड़Ą̝ͅĂ‫઼ڱ‬ௐ̣В‫׶‬ጳ‫ڱ‬д‫ؠט׎‬ ۞࿅඀̚Ăᔵ˵അࢍ൪Еˢ֨኎ّϔ͹۞ໄ‫ه‬Ă֭˵నࢍ࿁ጳ߆ᛨ۞ྋ೸ ፟‫ט‬Ąҭߏ‫ט઼ڱ‬ጳ۰дஎˢ੅ኢ̝‫ޢ‬Ăᄮࠎѩ፟‫ט‬૟ፆү̙‫ٸͽ̟҃ٽ‬ ୢĂ౵‫ޢ‬Ķ߆ᛨķᔵ൒ˢጳĂҭ่ߏ‫ކ‬ϯّ୧ഠĄߊ൒၆‫߆ٺ‬ᛨ̝ࢨᝋّ ఢቑͣ৿ጳ‫ڱ‬ఢ‫ځ׎̈́ؠ‬ቁ଱ᝋĂ߇‫઼ڱ‬Ҍ̫༊൒˵ಶ՟ѣ߆ᛨ‫ڱ‬Ą ְ၁˯Ăଂ͵ࠧЧ઼‫ؠט‬Ķ߆ᛨ‫ڱ‬ķ۞ଐ‫࠻ֽڶ‬ĂࢵАĂ߆ᛨ‫ڱ‬хд ᄃӎᄃྍ઼ϔ͹‫ڼڱ‬ଐ‫ڶ‬൑ᙯĂࠤͷкᇴѣ߆ᛨ‫઼̝ڱ‬छĂ‫إ‬ᙱᏜ‫ࠎ׎‬ј ሢᘦ‫۞ؠ‬ϔ͹‫઼ڼڱ‬Ą 27 ‫׎‬ѨĂ߆ᛨ‫ֽܼؠט̝ڱ‬ҋጳ‫ځڱ‬ቁ଱ᝋ۞९ּ 27

ֶፂ઼̚ጯ۰ᆒࡓᆏࡁտྤफ़Ă͵ࠧЧ઼‫߆ؠט‬ᛨ‫۞ڱ‬ଐԛໄரт˭Ğ2009Ĉ118-119ğ Ĉ ለ߷ѣ 19 ઼࣎छѣĮ߆ᛨ‫ڱ‬į Ą఺઼ֱछ̶ҾࠎĈᇇ઼Ğ1967 ѐ‫ؠט‬ᄃ၁ҖĂͽ‫ޢ‬к Ѩ࣒Լğ Ă‫܆‬ᜋĞ1969 ѐğĂҘ঱ͰĞ1978 ѐğĂ༄‫׏‬Ă੺‫׎‬࿲ĂЛͰӀĞ1988 ѐğĂ ĂଥҹĞ1990 ѐğ ĂܲΐӀֲĞ1990 ‫گ‬ᜋĞ1990 ѐௐ˘Ѩ‫ؠט‬Ă1998 ѐ࿴οາĮ߆ᛨ‫ڱ‬įğ ѐ‫ؠט‬Ă2001 ѐ఼࿅າĮ߆ᛨ‫ڱ‬įğ Ă‫̀گ‬κֲᄃᄿ๫࣯ჯৼĞ1990 ѐğ Ăϲ౜‫ؤ‬Ğ1990 ѐğ Ă‫ܠ‬Ⴌ͐κֲĞ1991 ѐğ ĂຑՒκֲĞ1994 ѐğ Ă‫ܠ‬Ⴌ̈́ӀֲĞ1997 ѐğ Ăܻᘲ೻ Ğ2001 ѐ‫ؠט‬Ăͽ‫ॲޢ‬ፂᓑ֣ጳ‫ڱ‬кѨ࣒ԼğĄΩγᔘѣনҹᜋăᘲ੺κֲăϨܻᘲ ೻Ą‫̚׎‬Ăለ߷ੵ˞ᇇ઼ă‫܆‬ᜋă༄‫׏‬ăҘ঱Ͱă੺‫׎‬࿲઼̣γĂ‫׎‬ዶ઼छૄώ˯ࠎ ࣧᛂВ઼छĄ ֲ߷ѣ 20 ઼࣎छѣĮ߆ᛨ‫ڱ‬į Ą఺઼ֱछ̶ҾࠎĈ঍઼Ğ1955 ѐĮ߆ᛨ୧ּįğ Ăᔹ઼ Ă͐ૄ೻‫؃‬Ğ1962 ѐğ Ă˿҅‫׎‬Ğ1965 ѐ‫ؠט‬Į߆ᛨ௡ᖐ‫ڱ‬į Ă1983 ѐ 4 ͡ Ğ1962 ѐğ ˫࿴οĮ߆ᛨ‫ڱ‬įğĂОκĞ1975 ѐ‫ؠט‬Įᙯ‫߆ٺ‬ᛨ‫׶‬૞ຽะဥ۞‫΄ڱ‬įĂ1999 ѐ 1 ͡ ࿴οາĮ߆ᛨ‫ڱ‬įğĂϿ६Ğ1988 ѐ‫ؠט‬Į߆ᛨ‫ڱ‬įĂ1997 ѐ˫࿴οາĮ߆ᛨ‫ڱ‬įğĂ቞ ĂᄋΟĞ1990 ѐğ Ăཧ‫ܝ‬Ğ1991 ѐĮ߆ᛨ‫߆׶‬ᛨ௡ᖐ‫ڱ‬įğĂ ոĞ1988 ѐĮ߆ᛨ൳੃‫ڱ‬įğ ĂনਬҾҹĞ1996 ѐğ Ă‫ݣ‬ᖠҹĞ1996 ѐ‫ؠט‬Į߆ᛨ௡ᖐ‫ڱ‬į Ă2002 ѐ ࡗόĞ1992 ѐğ 7 ͡࿴οາĮ߆ᛨ‫ڱ‬įğ Ăߚं၂Ğ1997 ѐğ Ă๰РҹĞ1998 ѐğ Ă‫ܠ‬ಱѭĞ2003 ѐğĂ

߆‫ࡊڼ‬ጯኢᕍƟௐ 75 ഇƟϔ઼ 107 ѐ 3 ͡

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ϺȈ̶ѣࢨĄ౵‫ޢ‬Ă఺ֱѣ߆ᛨ‫઼۞ڱ‬छĂּт঍઼Ă‫׎ــ‬ጳ‫ڱ‬ώ֗ಶ ̙ߏȈ̶ᘦ‫ؠ‬Ą҃ညጳ‫఺ڱ‬ᇹ۞ૄώ̂‫ాڱ‬ҋ̎ౌ̙ᘦ‫׽‬Ăಶზ߆ᛨ‫ڱ‬ѣ ጳ‫ڱ‬଱ᝋֶ֭‫˯׎ܢ‬ĂΪُ˵ᙱ൴೭ᑕѣ۞ఢቑड़˧Ą т‫˞ࠎڍ‬ዮ‫׽‬ϔ͹Ă೩̿‫҃ڼڱ‬ৌ۞ຐࢋ၆߆ᛨซҖఢ‫ט‬ĂᑕྍᏲଂ ֱࣹૄώࣧ‫׸݋‬ĉߏӎхд࠹ᙯ઼ᅫᇾ໤઼ٕᅫ໤‫ͽ଀݋‬ણ໰ĉለ߷ߏன ΃ϔ͹߆‫۞ڼ‬൴໚гĂѣ̙͌።Ϋଊ˳ͷ̏ྻүјሢ۞ϔ͹઼छĂ‫߆׎‬ᛨ ఢ‫ט‬གྷរҋ൒ࣃ଀‫ڦ‬ຍĄՀࢦࢋ۞ߏለ߷ߏ˘̼࣎͛ᄃጳ߆‫࠹࠰ޘט‬༊к ̮۞гડĂд‫׌‬Ѩ͵ࠧ̂ጼᄃҽጼ۞߾ᖃ‫ޢ‬Ă၆‫ٺ‬ன΃ϔ͹߆‫ڼ‬ᑕྍтң ։චྻүĂѣྵࠎஎ‫࠷ͅ۞ג‬ĄϒߏЯࠎ఺ᇹ۞ࡦഀĂᇇ઼̖ົјࠎ༊΃ ߆ᛨ‫۞ڱ‬൴໚гĞMüller & Sieberer, 2006: 435ğ Ąለ߷઼छૄ‫׎ٺ‬၆ϔ͹‫ڱ‬ ‫ڼ‬ᄃˠᝋඈᆊࣃ۞።Ϋགྷរᄃ‫ܫ‬ЈĂ౅࿅ᘪཌኜтለ߷ˠᝋ̳ࡗٕለ༖ˠᝋ ጳౢඈЧ჌઼ᅫఢቑĂٕߏ‫ޙ‬ϲЧ჌߆‫ع‬ม௡ᖐٕ෹઼छ௡ᖐĂֽჯᘭ݈ ࢗૄώᆊࣃĄ̏ѣ 61 ࣎ົ઼ࣶ۞Ķ‫ރ‬κ೻؎ࣶົķĞCommission de Veniseć Venice commissionğд 2010 ѐௐ 84 ѨБົ̚Ă 28 ೩΍дѣᙯ߆ᛨఢ‫̙ט‬

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‫ޓڌ‬զĞ2004 ѐğ ĂΩγᔘѣֲ࡚κֲă͐‫ڒ‬ăጌ့͐ăͽҒЕĄ‫̚׎‬Ă঍઼д 1955 ѐ࿴οௐ˘ొĮ߆ᛨ୧ּį Ă1968 ѐă1971 ѐă1981 ѐ˫‫˞ؠט‬ௐ˟ొăௐˬొăௐ αొĮ߆ᛨ୧ּį ĂனҖ۞ௐαొ߆ᛨ୧ּপҾૻአ༰ͤ߆ᛨٕᛨࣶ࣎ˠତ‫צ‬Їңˠ۞ ॕഠăੑயٕ‫΁׎‬ӀৈĄᔹ઼Į߆ᛨ‫ڱ‬įБ͛ 54 ୧Ă1962 ѐ 12 ͡ 31 ͟࿴οĂ1963 ѐ 1 ͡ 1 ͟੓ેҖĄҌ 1989 ѐĂᔹ઼Į߆ᛨ‫ڱ‬į࣒̏Լ̱ѨĂഇม̂ొ̶఍‫࢕ٺ‬ˠ߆ ‫ڼ‬ॡഇĄ͐ૄ೻‫؃‬д 1962 ѐ‫ؠט‬Į߆ᛨ‫ڱ‬į‫ޢ‬Ăдᆅֲ‧‫ݣ‬ҹ࢕߆‫ع‬ॡഇĂഅ‫ ٺ‬1979 ѐ 8 ͡ă1985 ѐ 12 ͡ซҖ࣒ԼĄ ‫߷ܧ‬ѣ 19 ઼࣎छѣĮ߆ᛨ‫ڱ‬į Ą఺઼ֱछ̶ҾࠎĈऄ̈́Ğ1977 ѐğ Ăࣣ‫ڍ‬Ğ1990 ѐĮ߆ ᛨ௡ᖐ̈́ᖚਕ‫ڱ‬įğĂཐк࡚೼‫ڒ‬ҘͧĞ1990 ѐğĂ੺ӀĞ1991 ѐğĂంˬͧҹĞ1991 ѐğ ĂΐೆĞ1991 ѐğ ĂࡱӀ๰κֲĞ1991 ѐğ Ăκ͟Ğ1991 ѐğ ĂᄍษгĞ1992 ѐğĂ ֔྽ೀֲ̰Ğ1992 ѐğĂೀֲ̰Ğ1992 ѐğĂщ࣯ٛĞ2002 ѐͽЬğĂᇝࠃ࣯Ğ2005 ѐğĂΩγᔘѣ৶੺Ӏֲăߤᇇăᛂ̜ăᙒֲͧăಁ౪ษඈĄ ‫ ߷࡚ݑ‬3 ઼࣎छѣĮ߆ᛨ‫ڱ‬į Ă̶ҾࠎĈ‫ॲܠ‬ԗĞ1944 ѐĮ߆ᛨ௡ᖐ‫ڱ‬įğ Ă͐ҘĞ1971 ѐĮ߆ᛨ௡ᖐ‫ڱ‬įğĂࠟӀჯֲĞ1999 ѐͽЬğĄ‫̚׎‬Ă‫ॲܠ‬ԗ 1944 ѐĮ߆ᛨ௡ᖐ‫ڱ‬į Ą‫ॲܠ‬ԗ 1956 Ϗ၁ҖĂ1949 ѐ 9 ͡ᄣษ፾෗߆ᝋ˫̳ο၁߉˞߆ᛨ‫ޠڱ‬ĞВ 10 ୧ğ ѐࢭ‫ޢ׻‬Ă‫ٺ‬Тѐ 10 ̳͡ο˞ѣᙯ߆ᛨᛨఢ̝‫ޠڱ‬Ă1985 ѐ 9 ͡ 30 ͟Բࣞ˞Į߆ᛨ ௡ᖐ‫ڱ‬įĄ Δ࡚߷ѣ 1 ઼࣎छѣĮ߆ᛨ‫ڱ‬įĂӈግҘ࣯ 1977 ѐĮ߆ᛨ௡ᖐ‫׶‬Ᏼᓝ඀Ԕ‫ڱ‬įĄ Ķͽ‫̼ૻޠڱ‬ϔ͹̝ለ߷؎ࣶົķĞCommission européenne pour la démocratie par le Ăߏለ߷؎ࣶົ droitğᖎჍ‫ރ‬κ೻؎ࣶົĞCommission de venise; Venice Commissionğ

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઼ᅫ໤‫݋‬ᄃ̚රϔ઼߆ᛨ‫ྵͧטڱ‬

Ξٕ৿۞Ȉ࣎ૄώࣧ‫݋‬Ă 29 ಝჍன̫ѣᙯ߆ᛨఢ‫ט‬౵‫׍‬ᝋ‫ّރ‬ᄃ೼ّ࿆̝ ઼ᅫᇾ໤઼ٕᅫ໤‫݋‬ĂপҾࣃ଀ણ҂Ăன૟‫̰׎‬टፋЪአፋ‫ޢ‬ໄࢗт˭Ĉ

˘ăඕۤҋϤࣧ‫݋‬ ඕۤҋϤࣧ‫ࢵ݋‬АૻአѩีҋϤ̝ҖֹυืႽΞਕгଵੵЇңγֽ̝ ̒࿰Ă҃ࠎ྿ѩϫ۞Ă઼छࠤͷѣཌྷચϲ‫ڱ‬༰ͤЇңγֽ̒࿰ĂΒ߁ֽҋ ઼छ̝̳ᝋ˧̒࿰ͽ̈́‫઼ܧ‬छ̝̒࿰࠰ᑕд༰̝ͤЕĄ 30 ඕۤҋϤ‫׽‬൒ߏ࣎ˠҋϤ۞˘჌Ă઼छᑕቁܲՏ࣎ˠ଀ͽૄ‫׎ٺ‬ҋϤ ຍᙸĂᏴፄણΐٕ̙ણΐ߆ᛨĄ 31 ҭߏඕۤҋϤ˵ଂ࣎ˠࢬШ‫ؼ‬ҩ‫ז‬ဥវ ࢬШĂ˵ಶߏ߆ᛨĄ߆ᛨᑕᄃ࣎ˠ˘ᇹĂֳѣ̙‫̒צ‬ঘ۞ҋϤĄ߆ᛨ౅࿅ ᛨࣶٙԛј̝ҋϤຍԠĂՙ‫׎ؠ‬ᛨჩă߆‫ڼ‬ϫᇾăᄃ‫׍‬វ߆‫ڼ‬ҖજĄಶѩ ҃֏ĂඕۤҋϤᄃܑຍҋϤೀͼјࠎ˘̙࣎Ξ̶ᗓ۞ፋវĄለ߷ˠᝋ‫ੰڱ‬ д‫׎‬к੓ҿՙ̙̚ᕝૻአĈĶֶለ߷ˠᝋ̳ࡗௐ 10 ୧̝ఢ‫ܲؠ‬᜕Ч჌ຍ֍ ̝хдĂͽ̈́ܲᅪҋϤܑ྿Ч჌ຍ֍̝ᝋӀĂၹјለ߷ˠᝋ̳ࡗௐ 11 ୧̝ ะົᄃඕۤҋϤܲᅪ۞ఢቑϫ۞̝˘ĄՀࢦࢋ۞ߏĂૄ‫׎ٺ‬၆ჯ᜕к̮͹ ཌྷᄃቁܲϔ͹វ‫ט‬։චྻү۞ᙯᔣ֎ҒĂ߆ᛨᄃ࣎ˠ˘ᇹĂᑕТ‫צ‬ඕۤҋ ϤᄃܑຍҋϤ̝ܲᅪĄķ32

29

30

31

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ѣᙯጳ‫ڱ‬યᗟ۞Ꮩྙ፟ၹĂд 1990 ѐ 5 ͡ϤȈˣ઼࣎छણΐ௡јĂҌ̫̏ѣ̱Ȉ˘࣎ ົ઼ࣶĞ‫̚׎‬ѣ઼̣̙ߏለ߷઼छğẶ࣎៍၅઼ࣶछĂஉᄏˠ˾྿ˬȈᆆˠĄྍ؎ ࣶົՏѐд‫ރ‬κ೻ΡฟαѨົᛉĂᛉՙЧᙷಡӘᄃᏙྙຍ֍Ąώ͛ͽ˭͔ٙྤफ़ӈ ߏ 2010 ѐ 10 ͡ 15-16 ͟ௐ 84 ѨБົ఼ٙ࿅̝Ķ߆ᛨఢ‫޽̝ט‬ጱࣧ‫݋‬ķĞLignes directrices sur la réglementation des parties politiques, Etude n 595/2010ćCDL-AD (2010) 024ğĄ ྍಡӘٙ೩۞Ȉ࣎ૄώࣧ‫ࠎ݋‬Ĉ(˘) ඕۤҋϤă(˟) ઼छѣཌྷચܲᅪඕۤҋϤă(ˬ) Ъ‫݋ّࣧڱ‬ă(α) ּͧࣧ‫݋‬ă(̣) ̙‫ڡ‬ෛࣧ‫݋‬ă(̱) πඈ၆‫݋ࣧޞ‬ă(˛) ߆‫ڼ‬к̮͹ཌྷă (ˣ) ߆ᛨϲ‫ڱ‬ఢ‫̝ט‬։චҖ߆ࣧ‫݋‬ă(˝) ѣड़ାᑻࣧ‫݋‬ă(Ȉ) ౅‫݋ࣧځ‬Ą Voir Comité des droits de l’homme des Nations Unies: Observation générale n 31, para. 8 et Observation générale n 28, para. 31 cité par Lignes directrices sur la réglementation des parties politiques, Etude n 595/2010; CDL-AD (2010) 024, p. 9. 1948 ѐ۞ᓑЪ઼͵ࠧˠᝋ‫֏ކ‬ௐ 20 ୧ఢ‫ؠ‬Ĉ Ķ˘ăˠˠѣ‫׶‬πะົඕۤҋϤ̝ᝋĄ˟ă Їңˠ̙टૻֹᔴᛳ‫˘ߙٺ‬ဥវĄķ CEDH, 30 jan. 1998, Parti communiste unifié et autres c. Turquie (133/1996/752/951).

߆‫ࡊڼ‬ጯኢᕍƟௐ 75 ഇƟϔ઼ 107 ѐ 3 ͡

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̙࿅ඕۤҋϤ֭‫̙ܧ‬ਕజࢨ‫ט‬Ăҭ‫טࢨ׎‬υืͽ‫̝ࠎޠڱ‬Ă҃ͷߏჯ ᘭϔ͹ۤົٙυࢋĂ֭υื௑Ъּͧࣧ‫݋‬ĄᓑЪ઼̳ϔᄃ߆‫ڼ‬ᝋӀ̳ࡗௐ 22 ୧ௐ 2 ีఢ‫ؠ‬ĈĶੵֶ‫̝ޠڱ‬ఢ‫ؠ‬Ăͷࠎϔ͹ۤົჯ઼᜕छщБٕ̳В щှă̳В৩Ԕăჯ᜕̳В኎Ϡٕࢲ̼ăٕܲᅪ΁ˠᝋӀҋϤٙυࢋ۰γĂ ̙଀ࢨ‫ט‬ѩ჌ᝋӀ̝ҖֹĄķ

˟ăጳ‫঻ܲڱ‬ᄃጳ‫ځڱ‬ቁ଱ᝋࣧ‫݋‬ ̙Т઼छ၆‫ߏٺ‬ӎᅮࢋ‫߆ؠט‬ᛨ‫ڱ‬Ăͽ̈́߆ᛨ‫ڱ‬ᑕѣֱࣹ̰टĉЧѣ Ч۞͹ૺĂ̙֭хд˘࣎೼࿆‫݋ؠ‬Ą 33 ̙ኢಶநኢᔘߏ၁ᙋགྷរֽ࠻Ă‫ט‬ ‫ؠ‬૞‫ܝ‬ఢ‫߆ט‬ᛨ۞߆ᛨ‫ڱ‬ώ‫ܧ‬ϔ͹‫ົۤڼڱ‬ٙυࢋĂ̏т݈ࢗĄҭߏ˘ό ઼छࢋϲ‫ڱ‬ఢ‫߆ט‬ᛨĂಶυืࢋͽ౵੼Ҝล۞‫ڱ‬ఢቑֽซҖఢ‫ט‬Ăͽቁܲ ྍ‫۞טڱ‬щ‫ّؠ‬Ą ְ၁˯Ăఢ‫߆ט‬ᛨ۞ϲ‫ڱ‬ҖࠎĂΞਕ΍ன۞౵̂ၑঽಶд‫ޝ׎ٺ‬ट‫ٽ‬ јࠎ߆ᛨ੽‫׍̍۞ۋ‬Ĉે߆ᛨ౅࿅ϲ‫ڱ‬ҖࠎֽԺ‫ࠤٕט‬Ҍঐໝͅ၆ᛨĄ҃ ϲጳ͹ཌྷ۰ခә‫ؠט‬ј͛ጳ‫۞ڱ‬ϫ۞̝˘Ăಶߏࢋͽጳ‫ڱ‬၆ԩ˘ॡ۞઼ົ кᇴĂᔖҺે߆ᛨᖣϤጾѣ઼ົкᇴ҃ࠎٙ୬ࠎĂּтৼოॡഇᇇ઼઼ົ ۞ኜкϲ‫ڱ‬ೋҖĄࠎ྿ѩϫ۞Ăጳ‫঻ܲڱ‬ᄃጳ‫ځڱ‬ቁ଱ᝋඈ‫ࢋี׌‬ՐĂј ࠎቁܲ߆ᛨҋϤ۞ࢦࢋૄᖂĄ‫̚׎‬౵ࢦࢋ۞ְีĂт߆ᛨ̝ྋ೸Ă˜ᛳጳ ‫঻ܲڱ‬ቑᘞć҃ྵѨࢋ۞ְีĂтૻ‫ט‬ੑચ̳ฟඈ‫ࢨ΁׎‬ᝋّఢቑĂ‫݋‬Ξ дጳ‫ځڱ‬ቁ଱ᝋ۞݈೩˭ĂϤϲ‫ڱ‬۰౅࿅‫·ྃͽ̟ޠڱ‬Ą ੵ˞ጳ‫঻ܲڱ‬ᄃጳ‫ځڱ‬ቁ଱ᝋඈԛё‫ࢋڼڱ‬Ր̝γĂд၁ኳࢬШ˯Ă ѣᙯ߆ᛨ۞࠹ᙯఢ‫ؠ‬υื።གྷ̳ฟͷ·̶੅ኢĂႽณ‫଀פ‬౵̂۞ВᙊĂ҃ ̙ਕϤે߆ᛨ˘ᛨͽ‫׎‬кᇴૻҖ఼࿅ĄѩγĂѩᙷఢቑϺυืȈ̶ᘦ‫ؠ‬Ă ̙ਕᐌ඾߆‫˘۞˯ڼ‬ॡкᇴॡॡԼតĄ౵‫ޢ‬ĂಶтТ˘ਠ‫˘ޠڱ‬ᇹĂ఺ֱ ఢቑՀᅮࢋࢦෛ୧͛͛фυื୻຾ᄃ‫ځ‬ቁ̝ఢቑ‫ځ‬ቁّࢋՐĂͽҺवᆧે 33

ͽѣ 56 ࣎ົ઼ࣶ۞Ķለ߷щБၱЪү௡ᖐķĞl’Organisation pour la sécurité et la coopération en Europeğͽ̈́ѣ 61 ࣎ົ઼ࣶ۞Ķ‫ރ‬κ೻؎ࣶົķඈ‫׌‬௡ᖐ̝ົ઼ࣶ‫ڱ‬ ‫࠻ֽט‬Ăߏӎ‫߆ؠט‬ᛨ‫ڱ‬Ăͽ̈́߆ᛨ‫̝ڱ‬ᑕѣ̰टĂЧ઼ଐԛ࠰ѣ̙ٙТĂमளࠤ̂Ą ણ֍݈ො͔ٙ‫ރ‬κ೻؎ࣶົ 2010 ѐ 10 ͡ 15-16 ͟ௐ 84 ѨБົ఼ٙ࿅̝Ķ߆ᛨఢ‫̝ט‬ ޽ጱࣧ‫݋‬ķĄ

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઼ᅫ໤‫݋‬ᄃ̚රϔ઼߆ᛨ‫ྵͧטڱ‬

‫۞ڱ‬ᙱ‫ޘ‬ᄃ̙ቁ‫ّؠ‬Ăֹ֭జఢ‫ט‬၆෪൑ٙዋଂĄ

ˬăּͧࣧ‫݋‬ ૄ‫߆ٺ‬ᛨдϔ͹߆‫̚ڼ‬ٙԷႊ۞ࢦࢋ֎ҒĂ઼छఢ‫߆ט‬ᛨ۞Җࠎυื পҾࢦෛּͧࣧ‫݋‬Ąٙѣࢨᝋّఢቑౌυื႕֖ͽ˭୧І̖ਕజෛࠎߏЪ ‫ڱ‬ĈࢵАĂఢቑ੠Ր̝ϫ۞υืд‫ߏ˯៍މ‬ϔ͹ۤົ̙ٙΞٕ৿۞ࢋ৵ć ‫׎‬ѨĂࢨᝋّఢቑ۞ّኳ̈́‫׎‬ዋϡ̝ቑಛĂυืᄃٙ੠Ր̝ϫ۞˘੓҂ณć ౵‫ޢ‬Ăٙଳ‫̝߱͘פ‬υืѣӄ‫ٺ‬ϫ۞̝྿јĂͷߏ౵̈‫ܬ‬च̝߱͘Ą

αăπඈࣧ‫݋‬ ඕۤᝋͽ̈́ᄃ‫࠹ޘ੼׎‬ᙯܑ̝ຍҋϤᝋĂߊߏˠᝋ۞८͕̰टĂ˵ߏ ϔ͹ۤົ̙ٙΞٕ৿۞ࢋ৵Ă߇఺ֱᝋӀ̝ҖֹᑕႽΞਕгଵੵ઼छఢቑ ̝̬ˢĄ˘ό઼छϲ‫ڱ‬ఢ‫߆ט‬ᛨĂࢵА̙ਕЯࠎߙֱ߆ᛨ̝ᛨჩ̰टٕ‫׎‬ ͹ࢋ෦Ր̝ந‫ڡͽ̟҃ه‬ෛ၆‫ޞ‬ĂּтЯ‫׎‬ᛨჩ̰टٕ෦Րந‫̙҃ه‬ਕЪ ‫ڱ‬൳੃ࠎ߆ᛨٕ̙ਕᒔ଀߆ᛨྃӄĄҌ‫ڡٺ‬ෛ၆‫۞ޞ‬ନ߉ĂΒ߁ۡତ‫ڡ‬ෛ ᄃมତ‫ڡ‬ෛ‫׌‬჌ᙷ‫ݭ‬Ă݈۰ྵࠎट‫ٽ‬ડᏰĂ‫ޢ‬۰‫ྵ݋‬ᙱҿҾĄ ְ၁˯Ă༰ͤ‫ڡ‬ෛࣧ‫݋‬ѝࠎ઼ᅫ˯೼࿆ٚᄮ۞ࢦࢋˠᝋ͹ૺĂ2000 ѐ ‫ٺ‬ᘲ੺ᘪཌ۞ለ߷ˠᝋ̳ࡗௐ 12 ཱིᛉ‫ؠ‬३ௐ 1 ୧ௐ 1 ีఢ‫ؠ‬ĈĶϤ‫ڱ‬ٙኬ ̟̝ٙѣᝋӀυืజቁܲĂ̙଀ͽЇңԛё̝‫ڡ‬ෛ̟҃ͽࢨᒺٕࣤဳćপ Ҿߏ఺ֱ‫ڡ‬ෛ˜ߏૄ‫ّٺ‬Ҿă჌୉ăቲҒăᄬ֏ă‫ି؟‬ă߆‫ڼ‬ຍ֍ٕ‫΁׎‬ Ч჌ຍ֍ă઼ᚱٕۤົล৺ăᔴᛳ͌ᇴ୉ཏăੑயă΍Ϡٕ‫΁׎‬Чᙷଐ‫ڶ‬Ąķ Т୧ௐ 2 ีఢ‫ؠ‬Ĉ ĶЇңˠ࠰̙଀Я݈ีٙЕᓝ̝ࣧЯ҃јࠎ̳ᝋ˧‫ڡ‬ෛ̝ ၆෪ĄķᙷҬ۞ఢ‫̳ٺ֍˵ؠ‬ϔᄃ߆‫ڼ‬ᝋӀ̳ࡗௐ 26 ୧Ą 34 পҾߏఢ‫߆ט‬ᛨ۞࠹ᙯ‫ڱ‬ఢቑĂυื˘វዋϡ‫ٺ‬ٙѣ߆ᛨĂѩ˜ߏᔖ Һ‫ڡ‬ෛ۞౵ࢦࢋࣧ‫݋‬Ą

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‫׎‬୧̰͛ट̚ᛌࠎĈ Ķˠˠд‫ޠ˘˯ޠڱ‬πඈĂͷᑕ‫ޠڱצ‬πඈ᜕ܲĂ൑ٙ‫ڡ‬ෛĄдѩ ͞ࢬĂ‫ޠڱ‬ᑕ༰ͤЇң‫ڡ‬ෛĂ֭ܲᙋˠˠֳ‫צ‬πඈ҃ѣड़᜕̝ܲĂͽ֨Я჌୉ăቲҒă ّҾăᄬ֏ă‫ି؟‬ă߆֍ٕ‫΁׎‬͹ૺăϔ୉ώ໚ٕۤົล৺ăੑயă΍Ϡٕ‫̶֗΁׎‬ ҃Ϡ̝‫ڡ‬ෛĄķ

߆‫ࡊڼ‬ጯኢᕍƟௐ 75 ഇƟϔ઼ 107 ѐ 3 ͡

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̣ă߆‫ڼ‬к̮͹ཌྷ ߆‫ڼ‬к̮͹ཌྷΞͽቁܲˠϔдણᄃ߆ᛨٕ̳ᖚᏴᓝԸைॡĂΞͽѣк ̮۞ᏴፄĄѩк̮͹ཌྷ۞хдâ͞ࢬܳซར၁ϔ͹۞ৌᏒĈˠϔགྷ࿅ᆶ ᛉ‫ޢ‬Ᏼፄপ‫߆ؠ‬ඉĂͽ̈́Ᏼፄ֖ͽ၁னѩপ‫߆ؠ‬ඉ۞࣏Ᏼˠٕ߆ᛨĄт‫ڍ‬ ่ѣ˘࣎߆ᛨĂ่ѣ˘჌߆‫ڼ‬͹ૺĂ‫݋‬ಶზᓝҖᏴᓝĂ˵̙ਕჍ̝ࠎϔ͹Ą дΩ˘͞ࢬĂЯࠎк̮Ᏼፄ۞хдĂٙͽΞͽܳซЧ჌߆ඉăЧ࣎߆ᛨม ۞࠹̢ᚮ‫ۋ‬Ăซ̖҃Ξਕ൴Ϡ߆ᝋ዇ആĄૄѩĂѣᙯ߆ᛨ۞‫ڱ‬ఢቑâ‫ؠ‬ ࢋᔖҺ౵‫ޢ‬΍னે߆ᛨ˘ᛨ፾̂Ă‫߆΁׎‬ᛨౌ͟႙้ᐞ਽ऴ۞ԊࢬĄ

̱ăႾგ፟ᙯ፾ϲ̳ϒࣧ‫݋‬ Їңϲ‫ౌڱ‬ᅮࢋѣેҖ፟ᙯΝેҖϲ‫̰ڱ‬टĂ߆ᛨ‫טڱ‬ҋ൒˵ּ̙γĄ ൒҃ĂેҖ߆ᛨ‫߆۞טڱ‬ᛨႾგ፟ᙯᄃ˘ਠҖ߆፟ᙯ̙ТĂυืপҾૻአ ‫׎‬፾ϲّᄃ̳ϒّĂͽҺ஍ࠎ߆ᛨ੽‫׍̍۞ۋ‬Ă֭јࠎે߆ᛨ̝χ͘Ąд ‫ޘט‬నࢍ˯ĂĶ፾ϲҖ߆፟ᙯķјࠎ೼࿆ྻϡ۞Ⴞგ፟ᙯሀёĄ ፾ϲҖ߆፟ᙯ౵ࢦࢋ۞পҒ̝˘Ăಶߏѩᙷ፟ᙯᛳ‫ٺ‬Ķ‫ܧ‬кᇴ፟ၹķ Ğnon-majoritarian institutionğĞౘ୳͛Ă2009Ĉ259ğĂιυืᄃ఼૱೪ѣ ઼ົкᇴ۞ે߆ᛨٕે߆ᓑ༖ܲ޺˘‫̝ؠ‬෼ᗓĂֹ‫ྻ׎‬ү̙‫߆ેצ‬๕˧ۡ ତଠ‫ٕט‬எˢᇆᜩĄᔵ൒Φ‫ءڱ̂ੰڱ‬дᛖфௐ 613 ཱིྋᛖ̚পҾૻአҖ ߆ొ‫ܝ‬ᑕྍጾѣ፾ϲҖ߆፟ᙯ۞ˠְЇ‫׻‬ᝋĂҭࠎቁܲ‫׎‬፾ϲّĂ̂‫ءڱ‬ ̪Тຍϲ‫଀ੰڱ‬၆Җ߆ੰ̝ˠְᝋࠎ˘‫טࢨ̝ؠ‬ĂΪߏ̙ਕ૟ѩˠְᝋ̟ ͽ၁ኳࣤဳٕ‫̝̏҃΃҃פ‬Ą ߆ᛨႾგ፟ᙯੵ˞ᅮࢋ፾ϲ̳ϒ̝γĂ˵υืࢋѣड़தĂ̙ਕ‫ؼٳ‬९ ІĄ͍‫׎‬ϔ͹វ‫ؠ˭̝ט‬ഇԼᏴ˜நٙ༊൒Ă߆ᛨᅮࢋ໤౯֭ણΐᏴጼĄ ࡶߏႾგ፟ᙯ۞გ‫ט‬ନ߉˳ᚙ̙ՙĂ૟ֹజგ‫߆ט‬ᛨ఍‫̙ٺ‬πඈгҜĂ൑ ‫ڱ‬Б˧ᄃ‫߆΁׎‬ᛨᚮ‫ۋ‬Ą

˛ăѣड़ାᑻࣧ‫݋‬ ߆ᛨგ‫ט‬ନ߉̙ਕ˳఍‫̙ٺ‬ቁ‫ېؠ‬ၗĂ‫ੰڱ‬఍ந߆ᛨ९І˵̙ਕ‫ؼ‬᭸

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ጳ߆ϔ͹វ‫߆̝ט‬ᛨఢ‫ט‬Ĉ

ౘ୳͛

઼ᅫ໤‫݋‬ᄃ̚රϔ઼߆ᛨ‫ྵͧטڱ‬

кॡĂᏵᏵ൑‫ؠڱ‬㝀Ąೀͼٙѣ۞઼ᅫˠᝋ̳ࡗౌૻአѣड़ାᑻࣧ‫݋‬Ă35 ‫׎‬ ̰टࢦᕇੵ˞଀ͽ೩΍ାᑻă‫ܕ‬ϡ‫̝ੰڱ‬γĂᔘࢋ‫ੰڱ‬υืۧ޺̳ϒ፾ϲ ̝ჟৠซҖᆶҿĂՀࢦࢋ۞ߏାᑻࢋѣӈॡड़‫ڍ‬ĂᏵֽ۞ϒཌྷ̙ߏϒཌྷĄ т݈ٙࢗĂ߆ᛨޮ૱఍‫ٺ‬໤౯ᏴᓝٕϒдણᄃᏴᓝ۞‫ې‬ၗĂࡶѣᙯ߆ ᛨᝋৈ۞࠹ᙯგ‫ט‬ନ߉ᏵᏵ̙ਕ‫ؠ‬९Ă߆ᛨॲώ൑‫ڱ‬၁ன‫׎‬хд۞८͕ϫ ۞Ąּтߙ߆ᛨࣧώΞͽᅳ‫̳۞פ‬෱ྃӄഠዎ‫߆ז‬ᛨႾგ፟ᙯࣜඕĂྍ߆ ᛨᔵШ‫ੰڱ‬೩΍ାᑻĂҭࡶ‫׎‬ٙঘ‫ۋޠڱ‬ᛉ९ІᏵᏵ̙ਕ‫ؠ‬㝀Ă̂Ᏼ૟ҌĂ ྍ߆ᛨ‫݋‬ΞਕົЯྃӄഠዎࣜඕ҃൑‫ڱ‬໤౯ᏴጼĄૄѩĂдѩᅳાĶӈॡ ѣड़۞ାᑻķ͍ࠎࢦࢋĄ

ˣă౅‫݋ࣧځ‬ ߆ᛨᄃ࣎ˠ˘ᇹĂֳѣҋϤĂጾѣᝋӀĂߏ˘࣎ҋ‫۞ڼ‬͹វĂ‫ొ̰׎‬ ְચࣧ‫઼ܧ‬छٙྍ̒ঘĄࢋՐ߆ᛨυื̳ฟ‫ְొ̰׎‬ચĂಶԜ‫ܬق‬च࣎វ ᔳռᝋ˘ਠĂᅮࢋॾγг༼‫ט‬Ą઼छ̝ٙͽΞͽࢋՐ߆ᛨ೬ᜨ‫ੈྤొ̰׎‬Ă ͹ࢋߏЯࠎ߆ᛨΞਕ౅࿅Ᏼᓝ҃‫߆ે଀פ‬ᝋĂ҃ࠎቁܲે߆۰ਕૉ፾ϲҋ ͹ᄃ̳ϒຆሒгҖֹᖚᝋĂυืᔖҺ‫߆଀פ‬ᝋ۞߆ᛨࠎপ‫ؠ‬ဥវٙཆߛĂ ͽҌ‫ٺ‬јࠎྍဥវ̝ᅾᐻĄּтࢋՐ೬ᜨ߆ᛨੑயֽ໚۞‫טڱ‬Ă‫׎‬ϫ۞ಶ ߏࢋᔖҺ߆ᛨјࠎੑဥ۞ིܵĄՀྎ௟гᄲĂࡶߙপ‫߆ؠ‬ᛨ̝གྷ෱Ӯֽҋ ߙপ‫ؠ‬ੑဥ̝ॕӄĂ‫ྍ݋‬ᛨે߆‫ޢ‬Ăυ൒ࢋ౅࿅̳ᝋ˧̝ྻүа㒝ѩੑဥ ̝‫޺͚͟ټ‬Ă‫ٺ‬ѩјࠎ‫ء‬થ̺ඕᄃЧ჌ၑ९۞ߵ໚ĄࢋՐ೬ᜨੑயֽ໚ྤ ੈĂಶߏဘྏ֨૆ѩ჌ଐְ̝൴ϠĄҭдΩ˘͞ࢬĂૻ࢝߆ᛨυื೬ᜨ‫׎‬ ॕӄ۰̝ྤੈĂඈ‫઼ٺ‬छૻ‫଀פט‬ˠϔ߆ᛨઐр̝ྤੈĂΞਕົП̈́ˠϔ ̝ඕۤҋϤĄࠎՐѩπᏊĂд‫טڱ‬నࢍ˯Ă఼૱ఢ‫ܛؠ˘ؠ‬ᗝͽ˯۞̂ඊ ॕഠĂٕߏͽ‫ڱ‬ˠ̝Щཌྷॕഠ۰Ă̖ᅮࢋ೬ᜨ‫ֽܛྤ׎‬໚Ą ϒߏࢋᔖҺ߆ᛨࠎপ‫ؠ‬ဥវٙཆߛĂѣ઼ֱछనࢍ̳ഠྃӄ‫ޘט‬Ăᇇ ઼ߏҘ͞ϔ͹઼छௐ˘࣎‫ޙ‬ཉѩ‫઼۞ޘט‬छĄ఼૱̳ഠྃӄΞ̶ࠎ઼ົᛨ ဥྻүགྷ෱ྃӄăᚮᏴགྷ෱ྃӄᄃ߆ᛨྻүགྷ෱ྃӄඈˬ჌Ѩᙷ‫ݭ‬Ąజྃ

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тለ߷ˠᝋ̳ࡗௐ 13 ୧Ă̳ϔ̈́߆‫ڼ‬ᝋӀ̳ࡗௐ 2 ୧ௐ 3 ีĂᓑЪ઼͵ࠧˠᝋ‫֏ކ‬ௐ 8 ୧Ą

߆‫ࡊڼ‬ጯኢᕍƟௐ 75 ഇƟϔ઼ 107 ѐ 3 ͡

125

ӄ۞၆෪‫׽‬൒ͽ߆ᛨࠎ͹Ăҭ˵ѣ઼छϺྃӄ࣎ҾણᏴˠĄ˘ό߆ᛨΞͽ ତ‫ྃص̳צ‬ӄĂ̙યߏࣹ˘჌ᙷ‫ྃ۞ݭ‬ӄĂౌֹ଀߆ᛨЯֳ҃ѣ˘჌‫ޠڱ‬ ˯۞পҾгҜĂѩ‫׎‬ᄃ˘ਠռˠඕ̙ۤТĄᇇ઼ጯ۰ଂᇇ઼ૄώ‫ڱ‬ௐ 21 ୧ ᄃᇇ઼߆ᛨ‫ڱ‬ௐ 1 ୧̝ఢ‫ؠ‬ଯႊ΍߆ᛨ̏ଂ৷ო۞ռˠඕۤតјĶ໤઼छ ፟ᙯķ۞֎ҒĂֳѣপ‫ؠ‬ᝋӀĂҭ˵࢑ፉপ‫ؠ‬ཌྷચĂ߆ᛨυื೬ᜨপ‫̰ؠ‬ ొྤੈ۞ཌྷચĂΞͽᄲߏι଀ͽֳ‫צ‬প‫ؠ‬ᝋӀ۞΃ᆊĄ҃఺ֱૄ‫߆ٺ‬ᛨ̝ ‫ޠڱ‬гҜֳ҃ѣ̝প‫ؠ‬ᝋӀĂΒ߁Чᙷۡତٕมତ̝̳‫ྃص‬ӄă‫ܕ‬ϡ̳В ಫវăٕඁኬഴҺඈĄ Ϥ݈ࢗˣีૄώࣧ‫݋‬ٙ‫ޙ‬ၹ۞઼ᅫᇾ໤Ă̺ઙ΍ఢ‫߆ט‬ᛨ۞ૄώ॰ߛĂ ̈́‫׎‬ٙᑕᏲೈ̝໤‫݋‬Ąጾѣ˘ॡ઼̝ົкᇴ۞ે߆ᛨĂ‫׽‬൒Ξͽ౅࿅‫׎‬य Ѩᐹ๕ૻ๕఼࿅‫׎‬ٙ୬‫ޙ‬ၹ̝߆ᛨ‫ڱ‬Ăҭߏд౎ᛨᑕӎҊ‫ٺڇ‬ѩкᇴຍԠ ̝˭ĉĶкᇴՙ‫ؠ‬ķᄃĶкᇴᇷ˧ķтңડҾĉಶ̙ਕֶ่Ꮵ઼ົयѨᇴ ϫᄃ‫ڱ‬९ܑՙைᇴֽՙᕝĄώ઼ጳ‫ڱ‬ఢ‫ؠ‬Ăጳ‫ڱ‬ྋᛖ̰टĂͽ̈́ώ઼ٙᘪ ཌԲ઼̝ࣞᅫ୧ࡗٕ‫ؠם‬Ăߏጳ߆ϔ͹઼छҿᕝ઼ົϲ‫ڱ‬ҖࠎߏӎࠎĶк ᇴᇷ˧ķ۞ᆶߤૄ໤ĄѩγĂ઼ᅫ೼࿆ٚᄮ۞઼ᅫఢቑᇾ໤Ă˵Ξઇࠎણ ҂໤ፂĄೱ֏̝Ăಏ৷઼ົкᇴ఼ٙ࿅۞ϲ‫ڱ‬Ă̝ٙͽΞਕజ‫ކ‬Әࠎ࿁ጳ ۞நϤĂಶߏЯࠎ‫׎‬ᄃώ઼ጳ‫࠙࠹ڱ‬ᛈĂࠤͷѣΞਕЯ‫׎‬࿁઼ͅᅫᇾ໤҃ జෛࠎ࿁ጳĄ 36 Β߁߆ᛨ‫טڱ‬д̰۞ٙѣ઼ົϲ‫ڱ‬ҖࠎĂੵ˞ԛё˯۞य Ѩкᇴٕߏܑՙைᇴкᇴ̝γĂ‫ͽืإ‬ጳ‫ڱ‬Ă˜Ҍ‫઼ٺ‬ᅫ೼࿆ٚᄮ̝‫ޠڱ‬ ໤‫݋‬Ăүࠎ‫׎‬ϲ‫ڱ‬Җࠎ̝Ъ‫ّڱ‬ᄃϒ༊ّૄᖂĄ

དྷăԧ઼߆ᛨఢ‫ט‬ໄ‫׎̈́ڶ‬યᗟ ԧ઼ጳ‫ڱ‬ώ่͛೩̈́Ķᛨࠁķ Ă၆‫ٺ‬Ķ߆ᛨķϏཉ˘ෟĄੵጳ‫ڱ‬ᆧ࣒୧ ͛ѣᙯྋ೸߆ᛨ̝ఢ‫ؠ‬γĂனҖ‫ڱ‬ѣᙯ߆ᛨٕ߆‫ڼ‬ဥវ̝ఢቑ͹ࢋߏˠϔ ဥវ‫ڱ‬ă̳ᖚˠࣶᏴᓝቪҺ‫ڱ‬Ğͽ˭ᖎჍ̳ᖚˠࣶᏴቪ‫ڱ‬ğᄃᓁ௚ઘᓁ௚

36

ּтΦ‫ءڱ̂ੰڱ‬ᛖфௐ 748 ཱིѣᙯТّ૓‫۞ބ‬ྋᛖĂޫΞᄲ‫ކءڱ̂ځ‬Ә༰ͤТ૓ ࿁ጳ۞ૄᖂᔵ൒ߏጳ‫ڱ‬ௐ 7 ୧̈́ௐ 22 ୧Ăҭ‫ͽݒ‬༊͵઼ᅫሗ߹ᇾ໤ྚᛖጳ‫ڱ‬ௐ 7 ୧ѣ ᙯπඈᝋ۞̰உĄ

126

ጳ߆ϔ͹វ‫߆̝ט‬ᛨఢ‫ט‬Ĉ

ౘ୳͛

઼ᅫ໤‫݋‬ᄃ̚රϔ઼߆ᛨ‫ྵͧטڱ‬

ᏴᓝቪҺ‫ڱ‬Ğͽ˭ᖎჍᓁ௚ઘᓁ௚Ᏼቪ‫ڱ‬ğă߆‫ڼ‬ᚥ‫ ̈́ڱܛ‬2017 ѐ 11 ͡ 10 ͟ն఼̖࿅۞߆ᛨ‫ڱ‬ඈ̣ొ‫ޠڱ‬ĄѩγĂΩѣ˘ొЩࠎ߆ᛨ̈́‫ܢ׎‬ᐌ௡ ᖐ̙༊‫଀פ‬ੑய఍ந୧ּĞͽ˭ᖎჍᛨய୧ּğᛳ‫ٺ‬ѣᙯ߆ᛨఢ‫۞ט‬পҾ ఢቑĄ 37 ͽ˭Аໄࢗϫ݈۞߆ᛨఢ‫ט‬ଐԛĂГซ˘Վ੅ኢ߆ᛨ‫࠹۞טڱ‬ᙯ યᗟĄ

˘ă߆ᛨఢ‫ט‬ໄ‫ڶ‬ ԧ઼னҖѣᙯ߆ᛨఢ‫̝ט‬ఢቑΞ̶ࠎĶ௡ᖐᄃྻүఢቑķ‫׶‬ĶᏴᓝ̈́ ੑચఢቑķඈ‫ᙷ̂׌‬Ăனໄࢗт˭Ĉ

(˘) ௡ᖐᄃྻүఢቑ ᔵ൒ಶ‫ڱ‬ఢࢬ҃֏ĂԦᚑ΄֭‫ܧ‬ৌϒࢨ‫߆ט‬ᛨ௡ᖐᄃ൴ण۞ૄᖂ‫ڱ‬໚Ă ҭྋᚑ݈‫߆۞ޢ‬ᛨఢ‫ט‬၁‫ڶ‬ቁ၁ѣ̙ٙТĂ߇̪Ξͽྋᚑࠎ̶ࠧᕇĄ ᄂ៉࠷߆‫ع‬ၱᄂ៉࠷ᛋ౯ᓁΦ΄ొ‫ ٺ‬1949 ѐ 5 ͡ 19 ̳͟οᄂ៉࠷Ԧ ᚑ΄ĄֶԦᚑ‫ڱ‬ௐ 11 ୧ௐ 1 ഠௐ 1 ϫ౵݈߱ᄃௐ 2 ϫ̝ఢ‫ؠ‬ĂԦᚑгા̰ ۞౵੼Φ΄‫ء‬Ķ଀ઃͤะົඕۤķ Ă֭଀‫ٺ‬υࢋॡΐͽྋ೸Ą݈ࢗᄂ៉࠷Ԧ ᚑ΄ௐ 3 ᕇ (̣ ) ѣ༰ͤĶჸிะົăቪ̍ăቪኝ̈́ྼҖኛᙸඈҖજķ̝ఢ ‫ؠ‬Ąᔵ൒ѩԦᚑ΄่༰ͤĶჸிะົķ Ă֭൑༰ͤ௡ᛨ̝Ķඕۤķ߿જĂҭ ߏΩ˘ЩࠎĶᄂ៉࠷Ԧᚑഇม֨ͤ‫ڱܧ‬ะົඕۤྼҖኛᙸቪኝቪ̍ቪξቪ ຽඈఢ‫ؠ‬၁߉Ᏹ‫ڱ‬ķ۞Җ߆‫΄׻‬Ăд‫׎‬ௐ 3 ᕇఢ‫ؠ‬Ĉ Ķ˲གྷ߆‫ع‬८̝ࣞЧۤ ဥ‫ܧ‬གྷధΞ֭ࠁࣶ޽ጱ۰â‫ޠ‬༰ͤะົĞ࠷Чгણᛉົ̙дѩࢨğ ĄķТ Ᏹ‫ڱ‬ௐ 4 ᕇ‫݋‬ఢ‫ؠ‬Ĉ ĶϏགྷ߆‫ع‬ధΞ̝ЧۤဥĂӮࠎ‫ڱܧ‬ဥវâ‫ޠ‬༰ͤĞӓ ‫؟‬ᏖĂ2015ğ Ąķಶ‫ڱ‬ఢࢬ҃֏Ă௡ᖐ֭јϲ߆ᛨ֭Ϗ࿁‫ڱ‬ĂΪࢋྍဥវགྷ ߆‫ع‬ధΞӈΞĄ҃ͷಶზ߆ᛨϏགྷధΞĂјࠎĶ‫ڱܧ‬ဥវķ Ăҭд༊ॡ֭՟ ѣЇң఍ჳѩᙷ‫ڱܧ‬ဥវ۞Җ߆఍ჳٕЖְ‫ט‬෗ఢ‫ؠ‬Ăٙͽ߆ᛨᔵϏ‫଀פ‬ Ъ‫ڱ‬гҜĂְ၁˯‫̪ݒ‬ΞхдĄ Ķᛨ༰ķ˘ෟᔵഅȈ̶߹ҖĂҭ̙֭хд˘

37

ᛨய୧ּ‫ ٺ‬2016 ѐ 7 ͡ 25 ͟ϲ‫ੰڱ‬ᓜॡົˬ᝝఼࿅Ăߏ 2016 ѐ̚δГѨ߆ᝋ዇ആĂ ͷϔซᛨࢵѨ‫଀פ‬ϲ‫ੰڱ‬࿅ΗयѨ‫ૻޢ‬ଯ۞ᐹА‫ڱ‬९Ą

߆‫ࡊڼ‬ጯኢᕍƟௐ 75 ഇƟϔ઼ 107 ѐ 3 ͡

127

‫ڱ‬ఢቑ‫ځ‬ቁ༰ͤనϲ߆ᛨĄ 38 ᔵ൒‫ڱ‬ఢࢬ˯֭՟ѣ༰ͤ௡ᛨĂҭߏٙѣЪ ‫ۤڱ‬ဥ̝ะົ࠰ืАགྷԲࣞĂГϤ߆‫޽ࣶࠁع‬ጱႾଠĄдѩ჌ଐ‫˭ڶ‬Ă߆ ᛨтңΞਕ൴णĉ ྋᚑ̝‫ޢ‬Ăͽ‫ܧ‬૱ॡഇˠϔဥវ௡ᖐ‫ૄࠎڱ‬ᖂĂд 1989 ѐ 1 ͡ 27 ͟ ̳ο̝જࣶຟใॡഇˠϔဥវ‫ڱ‬Ă1992 ѐ 7 ͡ 27 ͟˫࣒ϒ̳οࠎˠϔဥ វ‫ڱ‬Ğͽ˭ᖎჍˠဥ‫ڱ‬ğ Ăੵྍ‫ڱ‬ௐ 4 ୧૟߆‫ڼ‬ဥវৼˢˠϔဥវ̝ቑಛĂ ͷТ‫ڱ‬ௐ 44 ୧ఢ‫ؠ‬ĂĶ߆‫ڼ‬ဥវܼͽВТϔ͹߆‫ڼ‬ந‫ه‬Ă‫ם‬ӄԛј઼ϔ߆ ‫ڼ‬ຍԠĂܳซ઼ϔ߆‫ڼ‬ણᄃࠎϫ۞ĂϤ̚රϔ઼઼ϔ௡ј̝ဥវĄķ҃Т ‫ڱ‬ௐ 45 ୧֭ఢ‫ؠ‬ĈĶ௑ЪνЕఢ‫˘̝ؠ‬۰ࠎ߆ᛨĈ˘ăБ઼ّ߆‫ڼ‬ဥវͽ ଯᖧ࣏Ᏼˠણΐ̳ᖚˠࣶᏴᓝࠎϫ۞Ăֶώ‫ڱ‬ఢ‫ؠ‬నϲ߆ᛨĂ֭ಡኛ̚δ ͹გ፟ᙯ౯९۰Ą˟ă̏ϲ९̝Б઼ّ߆‫ڼ‬ဥវĂͽଯᖧ࣏Ᏼˠણΐ̳ᖚ ˠࣶᏴᓝࠎϫ۞۰ĄķҋѩͽࢫĂ Ķ߆ᛨķϒёјࠎ‫ځޠڱ‬ቁࠧ‫׎ؠ‬ໄ‫̰ه‬ உ۞‫ޠڱ‬ϡᄬĄѩγĂ1992 ѐ 7 ͡ 27 ࣒͟ϒ̳ο̝ˠဥ‫ڱ‬ᆧࢎௐ 46 ୧̝ 1 ఢ‫ؠ‬Ĉ Ķֶ݈୧ఢ‫ؠ‬౯९̝߆ᛨĂ‫׍‬ѣ˭ЕЧഠఢ‫ؠ‬۰Ă଀གྷ̚δ͹გ፟ ᙯ८ࣞ‫ޢ‬Ăֶ‫ڱ‬Ш‫ੰڱ‬Ᏹந‫ڱ‬ˠ൳੃Ĉ˘ă߆ᛨ౯९‫̏ޢ‬࿈˘ѐͽ˯۰Ą ˟ăืѣ̚δă࠷Ğξğ ăᎩĞξğϔᏴ̳ᖚˠࣶЪࢍ̣ˠͽ˯۰Ąˬăጾ ѣາᄂ။˘˼༱̮ͽ˯̝ੑய۰Ą݈ี߆ᛨ‫ڱ‬ˠ̝൳੃̈́‫ีְ΁׎‬Ăੵώ ‫ڱ‬Ωѣఢ‫ؠ‬γĂ໤ϡϔ‫ڱ‬ᙯ‫̳ٺ‬ৈۤဥ̝ఢ‫ؠ‬ĄķѩѨᆧࢎ̝̰टឰ߆ᛨ ੵ଀ֶፂˠဥ‫ڱ‬ௐ 46 ୧ఢ‫ؠ‬నϲγĂ‫ֶ଀إ‬ፂώ୧ఢ‫ؠ‬Ᏹந‫ڱ‬ˠ̝൳੃Ă ซ҃‫ۤ଀פ‬ဥ‫ڱ‬ˠ̝ྤॾĄೱ֏̝Ăԧ઼ҋ 1989 ѐฟؕĂ‫˯טڱ‬ϒёٚᄮ Ķ߆ᛨķĂ֭ҋ 1992 ѐ੓Ă߆ᛨฟؕΞͽ൳੃ࠎ‫ڱ‬ˠĄ 1. ߆ᛨໄ‫ه‬ Ķ߆ᛨķ˘ෟᔵ൒ҋ 1989 ѐ੓ϒёјࠎԧ઼۞‫ޠڱ‬ϡᄬĂҭߏனҖ‫ڱ‬ ၆‫ٺ‬Ķ߆ᛨķ۞ໄ‫ؠࠧه‬Ă‫ݒ‬Ȉ̶஄ใĄ߆ᛨ‫ڱ‬ௐ 3 ୧ఢ‫߆۞ؠ‬ᛨ˜޽Ĉ ĶϤ ̚රϔ઼઼ϔٙ௡јĂͽВТ߆‫ڼ‬ந‫ه‬Ăჯ᜕ҋϤϔ͹ጳ߆৩ԔĂ‫ם‬ӄԛ

38

1958 ѐ 3 ͡ 25 ͟Ă‫ܦ‬ѐᛨϲ؎आᑾᓏኳྙҖ߆ੰ‫ܜ‬ѣᙯᛨ༰યᗟĂܿᕃธੰ‫ܜ‬тѩ ඍᖬĈ Ķֶጳ‫ڱ‬ˠϔѣะົඕۤ۞ҋϤĄߏͽआ؎ࣶٙᏜĺฟ‫ٸ‬ᛨ༰ĻયᗟĂॲώ̙ົ ൴ϠĄЯࠎ߆‫ߊع‬Ϗѣĺࣜඕ߆ᛨĻ۞ְ၁Ăಶ൑ٙᏜĺฟ༰ĻķĞӓ‫؟‬ᏖĈ2015ğĄ

128

ጳ߆ϔ͹វ‫߆̝ט‬ᛨఢ‫ט‬Ĉ

ౘ୳͛

઼ᅫ໤‫݋‬ᄃ̚රϔ઼߆ᛨ‫ྵͧטڱ‬

ј઼ϔຍԠĂଯᖧ࣏Ᏼˠણΐ̳ᖚˠࣶᏴᓝ̝ဥវĄķᛨய୧ּௐ 4 ୧ௐ 1 ഠ‫ͽ่ݒ‬ॡมүࠎ߆ᛨໄ‫ૄؠࠧ۞ه‬໤Ĉ Ķ߆ᛨĈ޽‫̚ٺ‬රϔ઼˛Ȉ̱ѐ ˛͡Ị݈̏͟јϲĂֶ֭જࣶຟใॡഇˠϔဥវ‫ڱ‬ఢ‫ؠ‬౯९۰Ąķ߆‫ڼ‬ᚥ ‫ڱܛ‬ௐ 2 ୧ௐ 2 ഠ̝߆ᛨĂ‫݋‬Ķ޽ֶˠϔဥវ‫ڱ‬ௐαỊ̏୧ఢ‫ؠ‬౯९јϲ ̝ဥវĄķӈֹ߆ᛨ‫఼ڱ‬࿅̝‫ޢ‬Ăˠဥ‫ڱ‬ѣᙯ߆ᛨొ̶ӈ̙ГዋϡĂ 39 ҭ ߏ࠹ТϡᄬĞӈ߆ᛨğ‫ݒ‬ѣ̙Т޽ঘ۞ଐ‫ڶ‬Ă‫ֶݒ‬൒хдĄ ᄃˠဥ‫ͧ࠹ڱ‬Ăາ఼࿅۞߆ᛨ‫ڱ‬၆‫߆ٺ‬ᛨ۞నϲࢋІఢቑ଀Հࠎ‫ځ‬ቁĂ ࢋѣᛨࣶ˘ѺˠВТ൴੓నϲ߆ᛨĂ֭Ҍ͌ࢋ 50 Щᛨࣶણᄃјϲ̂ົĂ̖ ਕШ̰߆ొϦኛ౯९ĄѩγĂ၆‫߆ٺ‬ᛨ࢑యˠ˵ѣ࠹ᙯЖְϚཋ̝୧Іࢨ ‫ט‬Ą 40 ౵‫ޢ‬Ă߆ᛨ̝ЩჍѣ˘‫טࢨ̝ؠ‬ć 41 ͷԆј౯९̝߆ᛨĂυืд˘ ѐ̰Ԇј‫ڱ‬ˠ൳੃Ą ౵‫ޢ‬Ă߆ᛨ‫ڱ‬ௐ 5 ୧ఢ‫ؠ‬Ĉ߆ᛨ̝௡ᖐ̈́ྻүĂᑕ௑Ъϔ͹ࣧ‫݋‬ćѩ ˜ࢦᐂˠဥ‫ڱ‬ௐ 49 ୧ఢ‫̰̝ؠ‬टĄ൒҃ңᏜĶϔ͹ࣧ‫݋‬ķĉ݈ࢗ‫ރ‬κ೻؎ ࣶົ̝Ķ߆ᛨఢ‫޽̝ט‬ጱࣧ‫݋‬ķ֭̚൑ѩࣧ‫݋‬Ă‫׎‬͹ࢋநϤѣ˟Ĉ˘͞ࢬ ߏЯ‫̰׎‬टᙱͽࠧ‫ؠ‬ĂΩ˘͞ࢬ˵ߏ಴ࢦጳ‫ܲڱ‬ᅪ̝ඕۤҋϤᝋᄃ߆ᛨ̝ ̰ొҋ‫۩ڼ‬มĄԧ઼ಂᛡ˘ॡ۞ͳ‫ܛ‬πᛨᚱ९ĂЯᙯᄲΦ‫ڱ‬९І҃జ઼ϔ ᛨ҂ࡔົฟੵᛨᚱ۞݈ϲ‫ͩͳܜੰڱ‬Ăಶώ९Шϔְ‫ੰڱ‬ವՐାᑻĄϔְ ‫˘่̙ੰڱ‬Լ࿅Ν̙̬ˢ߆ᛨ̰ొְચ۞ၗ‫צ҃ޘ‬நώ९ĂՀซ˘Վ೯͔ Ķϔ͹ࣧ‫݋‬ķүࠎ෗ҿૄᖂĂͽฟੵᛨᚱ఍̶Ϗགྷᛨࣶۡତٕมତϔ͹͞ ёՙ‫ؠ‬Ă҃ߏϤ҂ࡔົՙ‫ؠ‬Ăͷ઼ϔᛨ҂ࡔົ̝؎ࣶϏགྷᛨࣶۡତٕมତ ᏴᓝயϠĂѣ࿁ϔ͹ࣧ‫݋‬Ă߇‫׎‬ٙүј̝ฟੵᛨᚱ۞఍̶̙‫׍‬ड़˧Ą 42 ൒

39 40 41

42

ણ֍߆ᛨ‫ڱ‬ௐ 45 ୧Ą ણ֍߆ᛨ‫ڱ‬ௐ 7 ୧Ą ߆ᛨ‫ڱ‬ௐ 8 ୧ఢ‫۞ؠ‬ЩჍࢨ‫ט‬Β߁̙଀ᄃ‫̏΁׎‬నϲ߆ᛨ̝ЩჍ࠹ТٕᙷҬĂ̙଀‫ٽ‬ ᄃ߆‫ع‬፟ᙯٕᒉӀְຽ፟ၹயϠ஄ТᄱᄮĂ̙଀ѣ‫ڡ‬ෛّٕ̩ެّ̝ϡᄬඈĄ ણ֍ᄂ៉੼ඈ‫ ੰڱ‬103 ѐ˯фௐ 491 ཱིҿՙĂ‫׎‬ඕኢࠎĈ Ķ˯෦ˠ̚δ҂ࡔົ̝௡јĂ ߏӎ௑Ъˠဥ‫ڱ‬ௐ 49 ୧ٙჍ̝ϔ͹ࣧ‫݋‬ĉ̈́˯෦ˠֶᛨౢ̈́఍̶ఢ඀ٙүјր‫ۋ‬఍̶Ă ߏӎᑕᐹА‫ٺ‬ˠဥ‫ڱ‬ௐ 14 ୧ăௐ 27 ୧ҭ३ௐ 2 ഠăௐ 49 ୧ăϔ‫ڱ‬ௐ 52 ୧ௐ 1 ีඈ ఢ‫҃ؠ‬ዋϡĉඈѣᙯүјր‫ۋ‬఍̶̝඀Ԕ˯ߏӎѣ༂ᶲ̝યᗟĂᛳ߆ᛨҋ‫ڼ‬γ̝඀Ԕ ˯‫ีְેۋ‬Ă߇ϔְ‫ੰڱ‬ҋ଀ಶ˯ฟ‫̶ొેۋ‬Ă̬ˢᆶߤĄ˫ˠဥ‫ڱ‬ௐ 14 ୧ăௐ 27 ୧ҭ३ௐ 2 ഠăϔ‫ڱ‬ௐ 52 ୧ௐ 1 ี̝ఢ‫ؠ‬Ăֶϫ݈၁ચ̝֍ྋĂᄮӮᛳૻ‫ٕט‬༰ͤఢ

߆‫ࡊڼ‬ጯኢᕍƟௐ 75 ഇƟϔ઼ 107 ѐ 3 ͡

129

҃Ăᛨ͹यĂᛨ΃ܑ̈́ᛨౢౌߏͽᛨ̰ϔ͹ԛёயϠĂ่҂ࡔົ؎ࣶϏགྷ ᛨࣶۡତٕมତᏴᓝயϠӈ࠙ᛈĶϔ͹ࣧ‫݋‬ķĂ఺ᇹ۞ኢࢗԆБ‫ن‬ர߆ᛨ ̰ొҋ‫ڼ‬ᄃඕۤҋϤ۞ࢦࢋّĄͽ઼ϔᛨཱིჍѣѺ༱ᛨࣶĂᛨ΃ܑˠᇴࡗ 1,500 ˠ۞ఢሀࠎּĂࡶฟੵᛨᚱࢋᛨࣶ̂ົٕᛨ΃ܑ̂ົ͞ਕՙ‫ؠ‬Ă‫݋‬ 1,500 ˠᆅჸ˘ૅᆶᛉฟੵᛨᚱ९ĂԆБͽĶˠঈķٕĶˠਔķ‫΃פ‬၁ኳ۞ ᛨౢఢ‫ؠ‬Ă੎ߏ߆ᛨ߆‫ڼ‬։ّ൴णٙᑕᏲೈ̝͞Шĉ 2. ߆ᛨјࣶᄃՙඉ͞ё ߆ᛨјֶࣶ߆ᛨ‫ڱ‬ௐ 3 ୧̈́ௐ 11 ୧ఢ‫ؠ‬Ăυืߏѐ႕ 16 ໐۞̚රϔ ઼઼ϔĄγ઼ˠٕߏ՟ѣԧ઼઼ᚱ۞പ፫̂ౙгડˠϔ̙଀ણᄃ߆ᛨĂѩ ีఢ‫ߏؠ‬ӎЪጳĉ‫إ‬ѣ੅ኢዶгĄԧ઼ጳ‫ڱ‬ௐ 14 ୧ఢ‫ؠ‬Ķˠϔķѣඕ̝ۤ ҋϤĂ૟߆ᛨඕۤᝋ่ࢨᒺ‫ٺ‬Ķ઼ϔķ Ăͣ৿‫ځ‬ቁ۞ጳ‫ֶڱ‬ፂĄ݈ࢗ‫ރ‬κ೻ ؎ࣶົĶ߆ᛨఢ‫޽̝ט‬ጱࣧ‫݋‬ķӈૻአĈγ઼ˠ̈́൑઼ᚱ۰д‫׎‬ဋ‫ا‬гᑕ ֳѣ˘‫߿ڼ߆۞ؠ‬જણᄃᝋĂপҾߏણΐ߆ᛨĂͽჯ᜕‫׎‬ᑕѣ̝ᝋӀĄ 43 ߆ᛨ‫ڱ‬ௐ 15 ୧ఢ‫ؠ‬ᛨࣶ̂ົࠎ߆ᛨ౵੼ᝋ˧፟ၹĂυืՏ‫׌‬ѐฟ˘Ѩ ົĂௐ 16 ୧‫݋‬ఢ‫ؠ‬ᛉՙ‫ܝ‬ᕣĄ఺ֱঘ̈́߆ᛨ̰ొ௡ᖐְีĂ‫ޠڱ‬ᑕӎ̬ˢ ఢቑĉ‫׎‬ఢቑ̰टтң̙ົ࠙ᛈጳ‫ڱ‬ٙܲᅪ۞ඕۤҋϤ‫׸‬ĉಶͧྵ‫֏҃ڱ‬Ă ߆ᛨтңயϠᅳጱˠĂтңଯᓝ࣏ᏴˠĂΞӎѣᗕࢦᛨᚱĂͽ̈́ᛨࣶ̂ົ ۞ฟົᐛதඈĂкᛳ߆ᛨҋ‫ีְڼ‬ĂߏඕۤҋϤ۞˘ొ̶Ă઼छ‫ޠڱ‬ᑕ̙ ଀हຍ̬ˢĄੵ˞ᇇ઼ͽγĂ඗̂кᇴ۞ለ߷؎ࣶົ۞ј઼ࣶౌ಴ࢦ߆ᛨ ҋ‫ڼ‬ᝋĂϤ߆ᛨҋҖྚᛖᛨ̰ϔ͹ࣧ‫̰۞݋‬உĄ

43

‫ؠ‬Ă҃ր‫ۋ‬఍̶Ϗֶ˯ฟ‫ޠڱ‬ఢ‫ؠ‬ĂϤົࣶ̂ົٕົࣶ΃ܑ̂ົགྷϤ˘‫ٕࣶົּͧؠ‬ ົࣶ΃ܑ̝΍य̈́Тຍՙ̝Ă̏ᙱᏜЪĄӈт˯෦ˠ҂ณ၁ચ˯ેҖࢬ̝ᅮࢋĂืϤ ૞యಏҜүј‫ט‬෗఍̶Ă˯෦ˠ̝̚δ҂ࡔົٙүј̝ր‫ۋ‬఍̶ĂϺЯ̚δ҂ࡔົ؎ ࣶ̝௡јĂ‫ܧ‬Ϥ‫ֶۡົܑ̂΃ࣶົ׎‬ତϔ͹ٕมତϔ͹̝͞ёᏴ΍Ăͷր‫ۋ‬఍̶ֶٙ ፂ̝ĺкᇴВᙊՙĻϺᄃ̂‫ءڱ‬ྋᛖ͛ٙᛚ̝ࢗͽĺϔຍ߆‫ڼ‬Ļࠎૄᖂ̝кᇴՙࣧ‫݋‬ ѣ࿁Ă࡭ᄃˠဥ‫ڱ‬ௐ 49 ୧ٙ೬㋃̝ĺϔ͹ࣧ‫݋‬Ļ̝ૻ‫ט‬ఢ‫࠙ؠ‬ᛈĂ‫˯݋‬෦ˠүјր‫ۋ‬ ఍̶‫׎‬ड़˧ӈ൑ଂ൴ϠĄķ ણ֍ྍ޽ጱࣧ‫݋‬Ğ݈ො 28ğௐ 120 ߱Ą

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ጳ߆ϔ͹វ‫߆̝ט‬ᛨఢ‫ט‬Ĉ

ౘ୳͛

઼ᅫ໤‫݋‬ᄃ̚රϔ઼߆ᛨ‫ྵͧטڱ‬

3. Ⴞგ፟ᙯ ࿅Ν၆‫߆ٺ‬ᛨ۞࠹ᙯఢ‫آְט‬ĂΒ߁౯९Ă‫ڱ‬ˠ൳੃Ăͽ̈́࿁ጳ߆ᛨ ̝ྋ೸Ă˜Ϥ̰߆ొᔑ˭۞߆ᛨᆶᛉ؎ࣶົ࢑య఍நĄֶˠဥ‫ڱ‬ௐ 52 ୧ఢ ‫ؠ‬Ă߆ᛨᆶᛉ؎ࣶົϤۤົ̳ϒˠ̀௡јĂ‫׍׎‬ѣТ˘ᛨᚱ۰Ă̙଀෹࿅ ؎ࣶᓁᗝ˟̶̝˘Ąॲፂ̰߆ొ߆ᛨᆶᛉ؎ࣶົ௡ᖐఢ඀ௐ 3 ୧ఢ‫ؠ‬Ĉ Ķྍ ົన؎ࣶ˝ҌỊ̏ˠĂЇഇˬѐĂϤ̰߆ొ‫ܜ‬೩ኛҖ߆ੰ‫ܜ‬ད̝ࣘĂ֭޽ ‫˘ؠ‬ˠࠎ͹Ї؎ࣶĄķϤ‫ࣶ؎ົྍٺ‬৷ܼϤ̰߆ొ‫̈́ܜ‬Җ߆ੰ‫ܜ‬ٙՙ‫ؠ‬Ă ͣ৿̳ϒّᄃ፾ϲّĂ 44 ᙱͽ఍ந੼‫߆۞ّڼ߆ޘ‬ᛨგ‫ีְט‬Ą߇ᔵ൒֞ ̫ĞၟҌ 2017 ѐ 11 ͡ğ̏౯९۞߆ᛨᇴϫ੼྿ 329 ࣎Ă߆‫ڼ‬ဥវࠎ 59 ࣎Ă ҭ߆ᛨᆶᛉ؎ࣶົଂ 1993 ѐ 4 ͡ 27 ͟‫׎‬ௐ 2 Ѩົᛉү΍ௐ˘࣎ᛋӘ఍̶Ă ‫ ז‬2015 ѐ 12 ͡ 30 ͟ௐ 39 Ѩົᛉү΍̙̟఍̶ՙᛉࠎͤĂд‫ܜ‬྿ 20 ዶѐ ۞ॡม̚âВ่ᆶந࿅̣࣎߆ᛨ఍̶९ІĂ‫̚׎‬Β߁α࣎ᛋӘ఍̶Ă̈́ ˘̙࣎఍̶ՙᛉĞ̰߆ొϔ߆ΦĂ2016ğĄϤѩΞ֍Ăԧ઼ᔵҋ 1989 ѐ੓ ϲ‫ڱ‬ఢ‫߆ט‬ᛨĂҭд၁ᅫ˯֭՟ѣ‫׍‬វఢ‫̰ט‬टᄃఢ‫ט‬үࠎĄ

44

ᕿঔ໚ͩĞ1991ğ၆‫߆ٺ‬ᛨᆶᛉ؎ࣶົഅүт˭ԲෞĈ Ķտ‫ॲ׎‬ώĂ˜ߏЯࠎ߆ᛨᆶᛉ ົ̙ኢд௡ᖐ۞‫ڱ‬நૄᖂ˯‫׶‬၁ᅫјࣶ۞ᏳᏴ˯ౌѣᚑࢦ۞৿εĄϤҖ߆ੰ۞ઘੰ‫ܜ‬ ΍ЇΡะˠĂ่̙‫ܜੰצ‬༛ጱ޽೭Ă˫ߏ઼ϔᛨ۞ࢦࢋ‫ࣶء‬Ăӈֹ΁ৌ۞ߏ‫ܧ‬૱̳ϒĂ ˵д̳‫ົ˯˧ܫ‬ԶຫధкĂՀң‫˧ܫ̳۞΁ڶ‬Ξਕώֽಶዎ‫ז‬ኳႷĄҌ‫ٺ‬ᛨᆶົ۞ј ࣶĂಶಏ˘߆ᛨ҃֏Ă઼ϔᛨᔘߏҫкᇴĂГΐ˯΃ܑ‫̏࣎׌‬གྷ՟ར҃൑၁˧۞ٙᏜ ߆ᛨ۞؎ࣶĂᔘѣᏐ߆‫۞ع‬ᛨ̓Ă఺࣎؎ࣶົ۞̳ϒّ‫˧ܫ̳׶‬ಶ‫ޝ‬ᙱឰˠ‫ڇܫ‬Ăᓂ ֹѣໂ͌ᇴ̳ϒˠ̀Ξਕົ൴Ϡ˘ᕇүϡĂ‫˵ݒ‬൑ᙯͼ̂ԊĄᛨᆶົԆБ̙̳Ҷ੅ኢ ̰टĂ˵ԛјᛨᆶົ̰ొ˘࡭Вᙊ۞઄ညĂՀ‫ٽ‬ឰˠᛇ଀ᛨᆶົΪߏે߆༊Ԋ‫઼׶‬ϔ ᛨ۞̍‫̏҃׍‬Ąˠဥ‫߆ڱ‬ᛨᆶᛉ؎ࣶົϤۤົ̳ϒˠ̀௡јĂ‫׍׎‬ѣТ˘ᛨᚱ۰Ă̙ ଀෹࿅؎ࣶᓁᗝ˟̶̝˘Ą఺࣎ఢ‫̳ͽߏؠ‬ϒˠ̀۞ᓏ୕‫ֽ˧ܫ̳׶‬ઇࠎૄᖂឰ࠹ᙯ ߆ᛨ‫˘׶‬ਠ̂ிਕ‫ົࣶ؎ڇܫ‬ٙઇ۞ՙ‫ؠ‬ĄҭߏϤኡٕߏϤ̦ᆃ፟ၹॲፂ̦ᆃᇹ۞ᇾ ໤ֽՙ‫ؠ‬ኡߏ̳ϒˠ̀ĉϤϫ݈ᛨᆶົ఍நϔซᛨ۞९Іֽ࠻Ăព൒ߏ‫ޝ‬ѣયᗟĂ؎ ࣶࣇտౣߏӎ̳ϒ˵̙൑ႷયĄдԛё˯Ăᔵ‫ૻݍ‬Ъͼᛨᚱ̶੨۞ঐໂᜪ࠽Ăҭ௟၅ јࣶ۞߆‫ࡦڼ‬ഀ‫غז݋‬ѣೀҜΞჍࠎۤົ̳ϒˠ̀Ăಶ̂ѣયᗟ˞ĄಶͽٙᏜ൑ᛨᚱ ؎ࣶ҃ኢĂѣˠ۞̳ϒّ̏ዎ‫ז‬ኳႷĂՀ࿇ኢ઼ϔᛨ‫׶‬ϔ‫׌ܦ‬ᛨ΃ܑ۞̳‫˞˧ܫ‬Ą‫׎‬ ̚Гΐ˯˘࣎࢑య‫̚׶‬ВχϹ྽Ă҃˫ໂ̙ࠎϔซᛨٙಈ۞ౘ‫ࣶ؎͛ܜ‬Ăд͹៍۞ຏ ‫˯צ‬Ăۤົ̳ϒˠ̀ೀͼಶ̙хд˞Ą఺ᇹ۞ᛨᆶົ˵Ϊਕ឵јՀк۞̙‫ܫ‬ЇĂ҃၆ ၁ᅫયᗟ۞ྋՙ̙ົѣৈĂͅࣆՀѣच˞Ąķ

߆‫ࡊڼ‬ጯኢᕍƟௐ 75 ഇƟϔ઼ 107 ѐ 3 ͡

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߆ᛨ‫ڱ‬ௐ 25 ୧ѣᙯ߆ᛨႾგ፟ᙯ̝ఢቑ̰टĂᄃ݈ࢗˠဥ‫̝ڱ‬ఢ‫ؠ‬म ள̙̂Ă‫่׎‬ఢ‫ؠ‬ĶᑕᏳདۤົ̳ϒˠ̀ͽЪᛉ͞ёᏱந̝ķ̈́ĶТ˘ᛨ ᚱ۰̙଀෹࿅ᓁᗝˬ̶̝˘ͷЇ˘ّҾ̙଀͌‫˘̶̝ˬٺ‬ķ Ą൒҃࿅Ν߆ᛨ ᆶᛉ؎ࣶົ̳ϒ፾ϲّ၇ዎኳႷĂ።ѐֽೀ൑၁ᅫྻүјड़Ąາ۞߆ᛨ‫ڱ‬ ኬ̟߆ᛨႾგ፟ᙯՀк۞ՙ‫ؠ‬ᄃ෗ჳᝋࢨĂҭౣд௡ᖐఢ‫ڻ˯ؠ‬᝚ᖞ‫ט‬Ă Ϗֽтңਕഇ‫׎ޞ‬ਕԷႊዋ༊۞߆ᛨႾგ֎Ғ‫׸‬ĉ

(˟) Ᏼᓝ̈́ੑચఢቑ ߆ᛨߊͽણᏴࠎ౵͹ࢋ̝хдϫ۞Ă҃ϔ͹Ᏼᓝ˫̙ਕ՟ѣᏴᓝགྷ෱ үࠎૄᖂĂ߇Ᏼᓝᄃੑચјࠎ߆ᛨఢ‫۞ט‬८ְ͕ีĄ̙࿅Ăࡶߏ՟ѣ‫ޙ‬ཉ ̳‫ྃص‬ӄ፟‫ט‬ĂࢋՐ߆ᛨ೬ᜨ‫׎‬ੑચྤੈ۞நϤಶព଀࠹၆ᓠऴĄЯࠎᒔ ‫ྃص̳פ‬ӄĂֹ̖଀߆ᛨᖼ̼ࠎĶ໤઼छ፟ᙯķ̝֗ЊĄдјሢ۞ϔ͹઼ छ̚Ă༄̀ᄃ༄‫׏‬ԆБ՟ѣ̳‫ྃص‬ӄ፟‫ט‬Ă఺‫˵઼׌‬ಶԆБ՟ѣЇңૻ‫ט‬ ߆ᛨ೬ᜨ‫׎‬ੑચྤੈ۞ఢቑĂ˵՟ѣႾ༛߆ᛨੑચ۞࠹ᙯ፟ᙯĄ 1. ̳෱ྃӄă߆‫ڼ‬ᚥ‫ܛ‬ᄃᚮᏴགྷ෱გ‫ט‬ ԧ઼̳ᖚˠࣶᏴቪ‫ڱ‬ѣᙯણᏴˠ̝ᚮᏴགྷ෱ྃ෭ѝҋ 1989 ѐ 2 ͡ 3 ͟ ࣒ϒ̳ο̝Ᏼቪ‫ڱ‬ӈѣ࠹ᙯఢ‫ؠ‬Ąҭѣᙯ߆ᛨྃӄ̝ఢ‫ؠ‬Ăࢵ֍‫ ٺ‬1994 ѐ 7 ͡ 23 ࣒͟ϒ̳ο̝Ᏼቪ‫ڱ‬ௐ 45 ୧̝ 5ĂႬ‫ޢ‬።གྷкѨ࣒ϒĂ‫ ٺ‬2015 ѐ 2 ͡ 4 ࣒͟ϒ̳οྍ‫ڱ‬ௐ 43 ୧ௐ 6 ีĈĶ઼छᑕՏѐ၆߆ᛨᇥගᚮᏴ෱ϡ ྃӄ‫ܛ‬Ă‫׎‬ᇥഠᇾ໤ͽ౵‫˘ܕ‬Ѩϲ‫ࣶ؎ڱ‬ᏴᓝࠎֶፂĄБ̶઼̙ડ̈́ဋ‫ا‬ ઼γ઼ϔϲ‫ࣶ؎ڱ‬Ᏼᓝ߆ᛨ଀ைத྿Ѻ̶̝ˬᕇ̣ͽ˯۰Ăᑕྃ෭ྍ߆ᛨ ᚮᏴ෱ϡĂՏѐՏைྃ෭າᄂ။̣Ȉ̮Ă޷ົࢍѐ‫ޘ‬Ϥ̚δᏴᓝ؎ࣶົ८ ზྃ෭‫ܛ‬ᗝĂ఼֭ۢ߆ᛨ‫̰࣎͡˘ٺ‬ᇞፂĂШ̚δᏴᓝ؎ࣶົᅳ‫פ‬ĂҌྍ ‫ب‬ϲ‫ࣶ؎ڱ‬Їഇ‫ب‬႕ࠎͤĄķາ۞߆ᛨ‫ڱ‬ௐ 22 ୧૟߆ᛨྃӄ‫ܝ‬ᕣϤ 3.5% ࢫҌ 3%Ąᔵ൒ҋ 1994 ѐ੓ԧ઼ฟؕ‫ޙ‬ཉ߆ᛨྃӄ፟‫ט‬Ăҭ֭‫ܧ‬Տ࣎߆ᛨ ౌѣ፟ົᅳ‫ྃص̳זפ‬ӄĂ̏གྷхϲ۞̂ᛨᅳ‫߆۞̶ొ̂פ‬ᛨྃӄ‫ܛ‬Ą Ωγԧ઼ҋ 2004 ѐ 3 ̳͡ο߆‫ڼ‬ᚥ‫ڱܛ‬੓Ă߆ᛨѣќ‫ڼ߆צ‬ᚥ‫ܛ‬۰Ă ᑕᄦүົࢍಡӘ३Ă҃ᚥ‫ܛ‬෹࿅˘˼༱۰ĂᑕϤົࢍरߤ८ᘪᙋ֭ϦಡĄ ̙࿅Ϧಡ̰ट͹ࢋߏЧᙷॕᙑ̝ќ͚ଐ‫ڶ‬Ă҃‫߆ܧ‬ᛨ̝Ԇፋ۞ੑய୻ಏᄃ

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ጳ߆ϔ͹វ‫߆̝ט‬ᛨఢ‫ט‬Ĉ

ౘ୳͛

઼ᅫ໤‫݋‬ᄃ̚රϔ઼߆ᛨ‫ྵͧטڱ‬

ྤய࢑ๅଐԛĄ45 ၆‫ࠎ̙ٺ‬ϦಡٕϦಡ̙၁۰ĂֶТ‫ڱ‬ௐ 30 ୧ௐ 1 ีௐ 3 ഠఢ‫଀ؠ‬఍ͽ౵੼˘Ѻ༱̮ͽ˭̝ჳᔫĄጐგтѩĂྍ‫߉ڱ‬Җͽֽâۡ జԲෞࠎ႒߽Ѻ΍Ă఍ჳ͉ᅅĂॲώ՟ѣ၁ᅫ۞ఢቑड़˧Ą 46 ౵‫ޢ‬ĂѣᙯᚮᏴགྷ෱۞გ‫ט‬Ăᔵ൒ֶ̳ᖚˠࣶᏴቪ‫ڱ‬ௐ 41 ୧̈́ᓁ௚ઘ ᓁ௚Ᏼቪ‫ڱ‬ௐ 38 ୧ఢ‫ؠ‬Ξͽზ΍ᚮᏴགྷ෱˯ࢨĂҭ၆෹࿅ᚮᏴགྷ෱˯ࢨ۞ ࿁‫ڱ‬۰‫ݒ‬՟ѣ఍ჳĄ47 ѩγĂ̰߆ొᔵ‫ ٺ‬2006 ѐ 11 ఼͡࿅Ķ߆ᛨ̈́߆‫ڼ‬ဥ វੑચϦಡࢋᕇķ Ăүࠎ߆ᛨϦಡੑચ۞‫ڱ‬໚ૄᖂĄ൒҃ྍఢቑҜล͉ҲĂ ҃ͷϺ൑ჳ‫݋‬Ă඗̂кᇴ۞߆ᛨ̈́߆‫ڼ‬ဥវ֭՟ѣֶ‫ڱ‬ϦಡĄາ۞߆ᛨ‫ڱ‬ ௐ 21 ୧ఢ‫߆ؠ‬ᛨѣ૟‫׎‬ੑய̈́ੑચ‫ڶې‬ՏѐϦಡ̝ཌྷચĂ֭‫ٺ‬Т‫ڱ‬ௐ 40 ୧ ఢ‫ؠ‬Ķ̙ࠎϦಡķٕĶֶ̙‫͞ؠڱ‬ёϦಡķ଀̟ͽ෗఍˘Ѻ༱̮ͽ˯̣Ѻ༱ ̮ͽ˭̝ჳᔫĄາ‫ڱ‬ᔵ൒೩̿˞ఢቑҜลĂ˵‫ޙ‬ཉ˞෗ჳ፟‫ט‬Ăҭߏੵ˞ ෗ჳ፟ᙯώ֗۞̳ϒ፾ϲّ̙֖̏т݈ࢗγĂ Ķ̙၁Ϧಡķౣ̙д఍ჳ̝ЕĂ тѩтңਕૉར၁ੑચ౅‫׸݋ࣧځ‬ĉ ტ˯Ăԧ઼னҖ߆ᛨ‫่̙טڱ‬ќˢ̝ఢ‫ט‬൑‫ڱ‬ར၁Ăͷд͚΍ࢬ֭൑ Їң၁ኳఢ‫ט‬ĄᔵЯѣ̳‫ྃص‬ӄ҃ࢋՐ߆ᛨѣ೬ᜨੑચྤੈ̝ཌྷચĂҭ၁ ᅫ˯˵Я఍ჳቑಛࢨᒺĂٕ఍ჳ͉ᅅ̙҃ਕ൴೭၁ኳఢ‫ט‬ड़‫ڍ‬Ą 2. ߆ᛨᒉӀ߿જ̝ࢨ‫ט‬ ၆ҋ൒ˠ҃֏Ă՟ѣͽੑயᝋࠎૄᖂ۞Ϡхᝋߏ۩߽۞Ă՟ѣੑயᝋ ۞‫΁׎‬ЇңᝋӀౌߏ෍̙͑၁۞ć՟ѣੑயᝋ۞Ϡхຍ‫ק‬඾Ķ఼Шζԝ̝ ྮķ Ą఺჌ѣᙯ࣎ˠੑயᝋ̝ࢦࢋّ۞ೡࢗĂ၆Ķ߆ᛨķϺΞዋϡĄ߆ᛨੑ ய̝ٙͽࢦࢋĂߏЯࠎன΃̂ிϔ͹̝ྻүĂᅮࢋјώᄃ΃ᆊĂ՟ѣੑய ۞߆ᛨಶ൑‫ڱ‬၁ኳણᄃᏴᓝĂιߊ̙ਕᚮဳ߆ᝋĂ˵՟ѣ፾ϲхд۞ΞਕĄ 45 46

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ણ֍߆‫ڼ‬ᚥ‫ڱܛ‬ௐ 20 ୧Ą Ч߆ᛨ߆‫ڼ‬ˠ‫ۏ‬Я࿁ͅ߆‫ڼ‬ᚥ‫҃ڱܛ‬ዎႾ၅ੰ෗ჳ۰̙ࢍ‫׎‬ᇴĂҭЯ෗ჳ‫ܛ‬ᗝ͉ҲĂ ॲώ̙Ϡఢ‫ט‬ड़˧Ąѩγ‫إ‬ѣЧᙷሀቘ९ּĂт๒ഠᐠ‫ߏס‬ӎߏ߆‫ڼ‬ᚥ‫ܛ‬ĉ‫ۋ‬ᛉ̙ᕝĄ ˫т 2011 ѐ 12 ͡ϔซᛨ˭྿Ķ̈ኩΡะ΄ķĂཱིჍаќ 14 ༱ 3 ˼к੸̈ኩᇡ႕Ă๒ ะᓁ‫ܛ‬ᗝ྿ 2 ᆆк̮Ąҭ఺఺჌๒ะྤ‫͞۞ܛ‬ёߏӎЪ‫ڱ‬ĉ̙൑ႷཌྷĄ 2007 ѐ࣒ϒ݈۞̳ᖚˠࣶᏴቪ‫ڱ‬၆‫ٺ‬෹࿅ᚮᏴགྷ෱˯ࢨ۰Ăࣧѣ఍ჳఢ‫ؠ‬Ğᖞ‫ڱ‬ௐ 95 ୧̝ 1ğ ĄҭЯણᏴˠ࠰෍ಡགྷ෱Ăॲώ൑‫ڱ‬ৌϒે‫ڱ‬Ă࣒‫ޢڱ‬ӈᆿੵྍี఍ჳĄҌ‫ٺ‬ ᓁ௚ઘᓁ௚Ᏼቪ‫ڱ‬ଂ˘ฟؕ၆‫ٺ‬෹࿅ᚮᏴགྷ෱˯ࢨ۰ĂӈϏѣЇң఍ჳĄ

߆‫ࡊڼ‬ጯኢᕍƟௐ 75 ഇƟϔ઼ 107 ѐ 3 ͡

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ͽ̫̂͟ிϔ͹̝ᏴᓝఢሀᄃᏴᓝԛёĂЍͽᛨࣶٙᘳϹ̝ᛨ෱Ă඗၆൑ ‫߆޺͚ڱ‬ᛨྻүć߆ᛨυืֶᏥ‫΁׎‬ੑ໚Ąҭߏ̙ኢߏ̳‫ྃص‬ӄĂᔘߏռ ˠॕᙑᄃᒉӀҖࠎĂౌЧѣ‫׎‬ᐹ৿ᕇĂ౵நຐ۞ඉரߏವՐ˟۰̝πᏊĂ ҃‫ܧ‬ԆБֶᏥপ‫ؠ‬ੑ໚ĞBiezen, 2003: 13ğĄ ଂҘ͞߆ᛨ۞൴ण።඀ֽ࠻Ă߆ᛨࠎ˞‫็ކ‬ҋ̎۞߆‫ڼ‬ந‫ه‬Ă๒ะᛨ ࣶ̈́ྤ‫ܛ‬Ă૱૱ଂְಫវᒉӀְຽĄ౅࿅ഇΏĂ३ᚱĂࠤҌߏಡ৽۞మ઴Ă ˜Ҍགྷᒉ΍‫ۤۍ‬ᄃ३‫ظ‬â͞ࢬ଀ͽ‫ކ‬ೳ߆ᛨந‫ه‬ᄃӛќᛨࣶâ͞ࢬ଀ ͽᚯନྤ‫ܛ‬ćᛨᒉາჷְ̼̈́͛ຽјࠎ౵૱֍۞˘჌ᛨᒉְຽĄଂາჷ͛ ְ̼ຽᕖणҌ‫΁׎‬ՀਕᒔӀ۞ᒉӀְຽĂ֭՟ѣ‫ځ‬ቁ۞‫˯ޠڱ‬நϤ଀ͽ̟ ͽ༰ͤĄͽ๸гӀ̝߆ᛨࠎּĂ‫׎‬Ϥ߆ᛨ೪ѣѺ̶̝Ѻ۵ᝋ۞̳ΦĂ‫׎‬གྷ ᒉְຽ۞ᙷ‫ݭ‬ଂξಞҖዚăથຽ͕̝̚გநĂ‫̙ז‬જயԸྤඈĂቑಛȈ̶ ᇃ‫ھ‬Ą҃ଥҹ౅࿅ϲ‫ڱ‬༰ͤ߆ᛨଂְЇңથຽᒉӀ߿જĂ่̙̙ਕԸྤˢ ۵ᒉӀЋຽĂా΍‫ۍ‬ຽ˵̙଀ঘˢć఺ᇹ۞ϲ‫ڱ‬ఢ‫ؠ‬౵‫ޢ‬జଥҹጳ‫ੰڱڱ‬ ‫ކ‬Әࠎ࿁ጳĞBiezen, 2003: 19ğĄ ߆ᛨ‫ڱ‬ௐ 19 ୧ௐ 4 ഠఢ‫ؠ‬ĈĶ߆ᛨࠎ‫ކ‬ೳந‫ٕه‬ଂְ߿જ‫็ކ‬ٙࠎ̝ ΍‫ݡۍ‬ă‫ݡ็ކ‬ዚ઴ٕ‫׎‬ᝋӀ଱ᄃăឰᄃٙ଀̝ќˢķࠎ߆ᛨ̝Ъ‫ڱ‬ќˢĄ Т‫ڱ‬ௐ 23 ୧ఢ‫ؠ‬Ĉ Ķ߆ᛨ̙଀གྷᒉٕԸྤᒉӀְຽĂ̙֭଀ଂְௐ 19 ୧ௐ 4 ഠఢ‫ͽؠ‬γ̝ᒉӀҖࠎĄķௐ 24 ୧ఢ‫ؠ‬ĈĶੵֻᏱֹ̳ϡ̝఍ٙγĂ߆ ᛨ̙଀ᔉཉ̙જயĄķ఺ֱາᆧࢨ‫߆ט‬ᛨ̝ੑயᝋᄃᒉӀҋϤ۞ఢ‫ؠ‬Ă̙ ่ͣ৿ጳ‫ૄڱ‬ᖂĂТॡ˵̙ૉ‫ځ‬ቁĂ 48 ֭࠹̢Ϭ࠼ć 49 ҃ѩϲ‫ڱ‬տౣࠎ˞ ң჌ϫ۞ĉ΄ˠ෱ྋĄ 50

48

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ּт߆ᛨᏱ̳఍̝̙ٙજயĂࡶѣ౺ዶ۩มĂΞͽ΍১ගᛨ̍༊૛‫۽‬๜ĉ১‫ߏܛ‬Ъ‫ڱ‬ ќˢ๜ĉт‫߆ڍ‬ᛨЯୀᏴ҃ఢሀᒺ̈Ăᙱ྽̙ਕѣड़Ӏϡкዶ۞Ᏹ̳఍ٙ۩ม๜ĉт ‫ڍ‬Ξͽ΍১ගᛨ̍Ăᙱ྽ಶ̙ਕ΍১ග‫΁׎‬ˠ๜ĉ ּт߆ᛨΞͽฟన߆ᛨᄮТથ‫ݡ‬૞኱‫ظ‬๜ĉֶώ‫ڱ‬ௐ 19 ୧߆ᛨΞͽమ઴ᄮТથ‫ݡ‬ѸӀĂ ҭௐ 23 ୧˫ఢ‫߆ؠ‬ᛨ̙଀ଂְᒉӀְຽĄೱ֏̝Ă߆ᛨ˘‫ࢋؠ‬૟‫׎‬ᄮТથ‫ݡ‬Ϲග‫΁׎‬ ຽ۰మ઴Ăͽഴ͌߆ᛨᒔӀ๜ĉѩ჌ఢ‫ؠ‬൑ள‫ٺ‬ခᐽឰ߆ᛨᒉӀҖࠎͽ‫͞΁׎‬ё΍ னĂтϹϤᛨࣶٕ‫΁׎‬ˠᐝٙฟన۞થ‫ֽظ‬మ઴Ą ॲፂ߆ᛨ‫ڱ‬ௐ 23 ୧̝ϲ‫ڱ‬நϤĂҖ߆ੰ೩९޽΍ĈĶ߆ᛨ‫ͽܧ‬ᒉӀࠎϫ۞Ăҋ̙଀ᖣ ώ֗權力ᄃϔ‫ۋ‬ӀĂ͞௑̳πϒཌྷࣧ‫݋‬Ą˫ಶ߆ᛨώኳ҃֏Ă൑ኢۡତٕมତགྷᒉٕ ԸྤᒉӀְຽĂӮ̙௑Ъ‫׎‬хϲϫ۞ĄķĞϲ‫ੰڱ‬ௐ 9 ‫ب‬ௐ 4 ົഇௐ 8 Ѩົᛉᛉ९ᙯܼ

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ጳ߆ϔ͹វ‫߆̝ט‬ᛨఢ‫ט‬Ĉ

ౘ୳͛

઼ᅫ໤‫݋‬ᄃ̚රϔ઼߆ᛨ‫ྵͧטڱ‬

˟ăԧ઼߆ᛨఢ‫ૄ۞ט‬ώયᗟ ߆ᛨߏӎ˘‫౅ࢋؠ‬࿅઼छ‫ޠڱ‬ΐͽఢ‫ט‬ĉଂͧྵ‫៍۞ڱ‬ᕇֽ࠻Ăໄர ҃֏ѣˬ჌ૄᖂ۞ሀёĈௐ˘჌ሀёΞჍࠎĶ˘ਠ‫ڱ‬ሀёķ Ă‫׎‬૟߆ᛨᄃ‫׎‬ ΁ˠϔဥវٕ௡ᖐඈТ࠻‫ޞ‬Ă઼छ̙֭Ωγ‫߆ؠט‬ᛨ࠹ᙯఢቑĂ༄̀Ξͽ үࠎѩ჌ሀё̝΃ܑĄௐ˟჌ሀёΞჍࠎĶ૞‫ڱ‬ሀёķ Ăѩᙷ઼छхдপ‫ؠ‬ ࠎఢቑ߆ᛨ҃‫۞ؠט‬Ķ߆ᛨ‫ڱ‬ķ‫׏ڱ‬Ă၆߆ᛨซҖͧྵ੼૜‫ޘ‬ͷវրّ۞ ఢ‫ט‬Ăᇇ઼ߏѩ჌ᙷ‫ܑ΃۞ݭ‬Ąௐˬ჌ሀё‫˟݈ٺ̬݋‬۰̝มĂ఺ᙷ઼छ ᔵ൑˘ొ૞‫ܝ‬ఢ‫߆ט‬ᛨ۞߆ᛨ‫׏ڱڱ‬Ăҭд̙Т۞‫ڱ‬ఢ̚Ăࢎ‫ؠ‬ѣᙯ߆ᛨ ۞পҾఢ‫ؠ‬Ă఺჌ሀёΞჍ̝ࠎĶ࿬೸ఢቑሀёķ Ă‫݋઼ڱ‬Ξүࠎѩሀё̝ ΃ܑĄ၆‫ˬ఺ٺ‬჌ૄώሀё۞ෞᆊĂ‫ٺ‬ѩυืГѨૻአĈఢቑሀё̈́ఢቑ ૜‫ޘ‬ᄃϔ͹‫ܑ۞ڼڱ‬ன൑Їң࠹ᙯّćఢቑ૜‫ޘ‬ດ੼Ăٕ۰ѣ‫߆ؠט‬ᛨ‫ڱ‬ ۰Ă̙֭υ൒ಶߏດјሢ۞ϔ͹‫઼ڼڱ‬Ąԧ઼࿅Νࣧᛳ‫ٺ‬Ķ࿬೸ఢቑሀёķ Ă ҭѣˠ᎕ໂ࣍ᛉԧ઼ᑕྍड़‫ڱ‬ᇇ઼‫߆ؠט‬ᛨ‫ڱ‬Ąְ၁˯Ăѣ߆ᛨ‫઼۞ڱ‬छĂ к۞ߏϔ͹‫ڼڱ‬൑‫࢖˯ڱ‬྽۞઼छĄࢋᏴ‫פ‬ң჌ሀёĂᑕྍ҂ณ࣎Ҿ઼छ ۞ጳ߆৩Ԕ̈́‫็׎‬௚ăϔ͹൴णଐ‫ڶ‬ăͽ̈́‫ޙڼڱ‬న۞јᒻඈˬ࣎ࢬШĂ ტЪෞҤ̝‫ޢ‬Ă̖ਕ଀΍ͧྵЪዋ۞ఢቑሀёĄ̙࿅ 2016 ѐ߆ᝋ዇ആ‫ޢ‬Ă ߆ᛨ‫ ٺ̏ڱ‬2017 ѐ 11 ͡ 10 ఼͟࿅Ăԧ઼னд۞߆ᛨఢ‫ט‬ଐԛ̏តјᇇ઼ ‫۞ݭ‬૞‫ڱ‬ሀёĄ дΩ˘͞ࢬĂԧ઼ҋ 1989 ѐ੓ฟؕ‫ؠט‬ѣᙯ߆ᛨ۞࠹ᙯఢ‫ؠ‬Ăఢቑ૜ ‫ޘ‬౵੼۞ᅳા˜ੑચᅳાĄ൒҃ೀͼٙѣѣᙯ߆ᛨ̝ੑચᄃྤ‫ܛ‬ќ͚გ‫ט‬ ౌ൑‫ڱ‬ѣड़ྻүĂឰኜкఢ‫׍่ؠ‬྅࿹ड़‫ڍ‬Ă၁ᅫ˯ԛТ‫͛׍‬Ą2016 ѐ˯ έ۞າ߆‫ع‬Ω੓ᚤիĂଂ߆ᛨੑயგ‫ט‬඾͘Ăͽᛨய୧ּүࠎ‫ޙ‬ϲ߆ᛨ̳ πᚮ‫ۋ‬ᒖဩĂઉБϔ͹߆‫֭ڼ‬ར၁ᖼ‫ݭ‬ϒཌྷ۞߱͘Ąྍ୧ּ۞ૄώ‫ޥ‬ჯࠎĈ Ķ߆ᛨੑயкဿ̙ТĂ૟ጱ࡭Ᏼᓝᚮ‫̳̙ۋ‬π۞ඕ‫ڍ‬ć߇ᑕঐੵ߆ᛨੑய म෼Ă̖ਕ‫ޙ‬ϲ̳πᚮ‫۞ۋ‬ᒖဩĄķ51 ࠎ྿ѩϫ۞Ăྍ୧ּͽཱིჍੑயȈ

51

͛३Ăࢱ 157-158Ąğ൒҃Ă߆ᛨĶଂְᒉӀҖࠎ۞權利ķтңΞͽតјĶᄃϔ‫ۋ‬Ӏ۞ 權力ķĉԆБͣ৿Ъநᄲ‫ځ‬Ą ણ֍ᛨய୧ּௐ 1 ୧ఢ‫ؠ‬Ą

߆‫ࡊڼ‬ጯኢᕍƟௐ 75 ഇƟϔ઼ 107 ѐ 3 ͡

135

̶ᘀ̂۞઼઼̚ϔᛨࠎ͹ࢋఢ‫ט‬၆෪Ă֭পనҖ߆ੰ̙༊ᛨய఍ந؎ࣶົ Ğ˭Ⴭᛨயົğ Ă૞య఍நᛨயְ‫آ‬Ąᔵྍ‫ڱ‬ն̖˯ྮĂ‫߉׎‬Җјड़‫៍ޞإ‬ ၅Ă‫ٺ‬ѩ‫̙إ‬ਕᔗ˭ᕝᄬĄҭಶ৷‫֏҃ࢬטڱ‬Ăྍ୧ּ่̙ᄃ݈೬ኜ߆ᛨ ‫ڱ‬ఢቑ࠹ҬĂхѣࡶ̒ВТૄώયᗟĂ˫Яྍ୧ּώ֗۞পঅّĂ‫إ‬ѣ‫׎‬ পѣયᗟࣃ଀‫ڦ‬ຍĄͽ˭ಶ߆ᛨఢ‫̝ט‬ВТયᗟᄃᛨய୧ּ̝পѣયᗟ̶ Ҿ੅ኢĄ

(˘) ВТયᗟ ԧ઼ଂ‫ރ‬ᝋវ‫ט‬ᖼ‫ࠎݭ‬ϔ͹វ‫۞ט‬࿅඀̚Ăд̙ТॡᕇుՎΐˢ߆ᛨ ఢ‫טڱ̝ט‬Ąѝഇે߆ᛨԺ‫߆ט‬ᛨ൴ण͹ࢋߏ౅࿅Ԧᚑវ‫טࢨט‬ะົ߿જĂ ̏т݈ࢗĄҭдྋᚑ‫ޢ‬Ăӈ၆߆ᛨБࢬᗫཆĄૄ‫ܜٺ‬ഇે߆۞ᐹ๕гҜᄃ ၆ϔ͹‫ૄ۞هܫڼڱ‬ώ಴ࢦĂ઼ϔᛨᔵ൒ࠦᛵͅ၆ᛨ̝൴णᄃј‫ܜ‬Ăҭҋ ྋᚑ‫ޢ‬ಶ̙അЯ‫׎‬೪ѣ઼ົкᇴ҃‫߆טࢨؠט‬ᛨᝋӀ۞‫ޠڱ‬Ąт݈ٙࢗĂ ԧ઼ன̫۞߆ᛨᇴϫមˠĂҭ߆ᛨᆶᛉ؎ࣶົјϲ˟Ȉዶѐֽ่ү΍̣І ෗఍Ă՟ѣ˘࣎߆ᛨజྋ೸Ă౵ᚑࢦ۞఍ჳ˵่ͤ‫ٺ‬ᛋӘ҃̏Ąೱ֏̝Ă ‫ܜ‬ഇે߆۞઼ϔᛨ่̙̙ሤਾ‫߆ٺ‬ᛨგ‫ט‬Ăࠤͷ၆‫ٺ‬д౎߆ᛨ۞ј‫ܜ‬ᄃ൴ णĂଳ‫פ‬ໂࠎᆵट۞ၗ‫ޘ‬Ą Ҍ‫ٺ‬д౎ኜ߆ᛨĂ‫ܜ‬ഇ఍‫ٺ‬ऴ๕гҜĂ‫׎‬ٙԓ୕‫ޙ‬ϲ۞‫טڱ‬༊൒ߏ̙ Ӏ‫߆ેٺ‬ᛨĂ‫ݒ‬ѣӀ‫ٺ‬д౎ᛨ۞‫טڱ‬Ą൒҃఺჌̙πඈ۞ϲ‫ڱ‬ഇ‫ޞ‬Ăҋ൒ ˵̙Ξਕᒔ଀ે߆ᛨ̝ᄮТĄд࿅Ν‫ܜ‬ഇે߆۞઼ϔᛨ̙ຐϲ‫ڱ‬გ‫ט‬Ă҃ д౎ᛨ˫൑˧ଯજϲ‫ڤ۞ڱ‬ಛ˭Ă߆ᛨ‫͌טڱ‬ѣ‫׍‬វ۞ࢨᝋّఢ‫ؠ‬Ą2016 ѐϔซᛨࢵѨ‫଀פ‬ԆБે߆۞гҜĂ̂˥ᔮ‫ٹ‬г‫߆ؠט‬ᛨ࠹ᙯ‫טڱ‬Ą઼ϔ ᛨЯयѨ͉͌҃൑˧ԩᏊĂ࡭ֹ߆ᛨ࠹ᙯ‫טڱ‬хѣ˭ЕયᗟĈ 1. ͣ৿ጳ‫ૄڱ‬ᖂ ૄ‫߆ٺ‬ᛨ‫ّڼ߆ޘ੼۞טڱ‬Ă̙ኢߏӎ‫߆ؠט‬ᛨ‫ڱ‬Ă˲ߏঘ̈́߆ᛨᝋ Ӏཌྷચ۞࠹ᙯఢቑĂౌᑕྍϤጳ‫ڱ‬ώ֗ۡତఢቑĂٕߏѣጳ‫ځ۞ڱ‬ቁ଱ᝋ ࠎૄᖂĄͽᇇ઼‫ּࠎڱ‬Ăᇇ઼ૄώ‫ڱ‬ௐ 21 ୧ௐ 1 ีఢ‫߆ؠ‬ᛨҋϤ௡јĂ‫׎‬ ̰ొ௡ᖐυื௑Ъϔ͹ࣧ‫݋‬Ă߆ᛨυื̳ฟᄲ‫׎ځ‬གྷ෱ᄃੑயֽ̝໚ᄃֹ ϡඈĄТ୧ௐ 3 ีఢ‫߉׎ؠ‬Җ௟‫݋‬Ϥ઼ົϲ‫ڱ‬ఢቑ̝ඈĄ‫߆̚׎‬ᛨυื̳

136

ጳ߆ϔ͹វ‫߆̝ט‬ᛨఢ‫ט‬Ĉ

ౘ୳͛

઼ᅫ໤‫݋‬ᄃ̚රϔ઼߆ᛨ‫ྵͧטڱ‬

ฟགྷ෱ќ͚ᄃੑயଐ‫ࢨ۞ڶ‬ᝋّఢ‫ؠ‬Ă˜ߏ౅࿅࣒ጳ۞͞ёᆧЕ‫ૄٺ‬ώ‫ڱ‬ ௐ 21 ୧ௐ 1 ี̝̰ĞՔϛѰĂ1993Ĉ48ğĄૄ‫ֱ఺ٺ‬ጳ‫ڱ‬ఢ‫ؠ‬ᄃጳ‫ځڱ‬ቁ ଱ᝋĂᇇ઼ᓑ઼֣ົ̖ซ˘Վ‫߆ؠט‬ᛨ‫ڱ‬Ąӈ‫ߏܮ‬଱̟Ӏৈ۞߆ᛨ̳‫ྃص‬ ӄఢ‫ؠ‬Ăᇇ઼ᓑ֣ጳ‫˵ੰڱڱ‬кѨঘˢ֭ү΍࠹ᙯ෗ҿĞՔϛѰĂ1993Ĉ 49ğ Ąᇇ઼۞གྷរ·̶ពϯఢ‫߆ט‬ᛨ˜ᛳጳ‫ڱ‬ᆸѨ̝ҜลĂᄃ˘ਠϲ‫ڱ‬Җࠎ ၟ൒̙ТĄ ԧ઼ጳ‫ڱ‬ώ͛Ϗഅ೩̈́Ķ߆ᛨķ Ă‫ֽޢ‬кѨ࣒ጳ‫۞ޢ‬ᆧ࣒୧͛ᔵΐˢय Ѩ̶੨‫ܝ‬ᕣᄃ֨኎ّϔ͹۞నࢍĂҭ่ఢቑ̶੨‫ܝ‬ᕣă૎̃ܲᅪּͧᄃ࿁ ጳ߆ᛨ̝ྋ೸Ă֭՟ѣ‫΁׎‬ఢ‫̰ט‬टĄдѩࡦഀ˭Ăт‫఼̙ڍ‬࿅࣒ጳ૟ఢ ‫߆ט‬ᛨ۞͹ࢋߛၹЕ‫ٺ‬ጳ‫̝̚ڱ‬Ă‫݋‬ϲ‫ੰڱ‬Їңѣᙯ߆ᛨ۞ϲ‫ڱ‬ҖࠎĂ‫׎‬ ၁࠰ͣ৿ጳ‫ૄڱ‬ᖂĄ‫ࢨߏ׎͍̚׎‬ᝋّ୧ഠĂּтૻ‫߆ט‬ᛨ೬ᜨٙѣੑய ֽ໚ٕࢨ‫߆ט‬ᛨଂְથຽᒉӀ߿જඈĂ˜ͽ‫טࢨޠڱ‬ጳ‫ڱ‬ٙܲᅪ۞Чีᝋ ӀĂυื఼࿅ጳ‫ڱ‬ௐ 23 ୧۞ᑭរĄ൒҃ጳ‫ڱ‬ௐ 23 ୧଀ͽࢨ‫ט‬ᝋӀ۞நϤ ̚Ă่ѣĶᆧซ̳ВӀৈķΞྤྻϡĄΪߏѩໄ‫ه‬࿅‫ٺ‬ᆵ‫ھ‬Ă঻˭͉̂۞ ϲ‫ڱ‬෗ณ۩มĄд߆‫ୂڼ‬ຏّ౵ૻ۞߆ᛨᅳાĂ୬ͽѩநϤүࠎࢨ‫߆ט‬ᛨ ᝋӀ۞ૄᖂĂপҾट‫͔ٽ‬൴৾‫ۋ‬Ą 52 Гಶ઼ᅫˠᝋᇾ໤҃֏Ăԧ઼̏૟઼̝̰‫۞̼ڱ‬ᓑЪ઼̳ϔᄃ߆‫ڼ‬ᝋ Ӏ̳ࡗௐ 22 ୧ௐ 2 ีૻአѣᙯඕۤҋϤ۞ࢨ‫ט‬ĈĶੵֶ‫̝ޠڱ‬ఢ‫ؠ‬Ăͷࠎ ϔ͹ۤົჯ઼᜕छщБٕ̳Вщှă̳В৩Ԕăჯ᜕̳В኎Ϡٕࢲ̼ăٕ ܲᅪ΁ˠᝋӀҋϤٙυࢋ۰γĂ̙଀ࢨ‫ט‬ѩ჌ᝋӀ̝ҖֹĄķᙷҬ۞ఢ‫ؠ‬ ˵֍‫ٺ‬ለ߷ˠᝋ̳ࡗௐ 11 ୧ௐ 2 ีĈĶੵ‫ޠڱ‬ٙఢ‫ؠ‬γĂͽ̈́дϔ͹ۤົ ̚ࠎ˞઼छщБٕ̳ВщБĂࠎ˞֨ͤ஄ใٕϚཋĂࠎ˞᜕ܲઉ૵ٕ྽ᇇĂ ٕࠎ᜕ܲ΁ˠ۞ᝋӀᄃҋϤٙυࢋ۰γĂ̙଀၆ඕۤᝋ̝Җֹ߉ΐЇңࢨ ‫ט‬Ąķለ߷ˠᝋ‫ੰڱ‬၆ѩ୧͛ዋϡ‫߆ٺ‬ᛨგ‫ט‬ᅳા۞ᘦ‫֍ؠ‬ྋӈߏĈྍ୧ ͛ٙ೩ּ̝γΞͽࢨ‫ט‬ඕۤᝋ۞ଐ‫ڶ‬Ăυืଳ‫פ‬ᚑॾࢨᒺྋᛖĂ่ѣ‫ܧ‬૱ 52

఺˵ಶߏ࿁ጳ߆ᛨ̝ྋ೸ࠎңᅮࢋˢጳ۞ࣧЯĄࡶӎĂ೪ѣ઼ົкᇴ۞ે߆ᛨΞͽᅅ ‫ٽ‬гͽࠎჯ޺ۤົ৩Ԕٕࠎᆧซ̳ВӀৈٙυࢋ҃ϲ‫טࢨڱ‬д౎ᛨ۞јϲᄃ‫׎‬൴णĄ ѩγĂ‫̄ڒ‬ᆇ̂‫ءڱ‬дᛖфௐ 644 ཱིྋᛖ‫ם‬Тຍ֍३̚അ޽΍Ĉ Ķˠϔဥវ‫ڱ‬ௐ 2 ୧ֶ ‫׎‬ϲ‫ڱ‬Ϋफ़ٙϯĂྍ୧̝ϲ‫ڱ‬ϫ۞ᑕܼдჯ઼᜕छщБĂ惟維護國家安全，實係相當 空泛之概念Ă‫إ‬ᙱ̟ͽᆶߤ‫׎‬ЪጳّĄķ

߆‫ࡊڼ‬ጯኢᕍƟௐ 75 ഇƟϔ઼ 107 ѐ 3 ͡

137

·̶ͷ‫׍‬ᄲ‫˧ڇ‬Ă֭ͷߏ̙଀̙ࠎ̝நϤĂ̖ਕЪ‫ڱ‬ᙋϲඕۤᝋ̝ࢨ‫ט‬ନ ߉ĄдѩᅳાĂ઼छ่ѣ‫ܧ‬૱ѣࢨ۞෗ณ۩มĄ 53 ͽ݈ࢗ‫઼ี׌‬ᅫ̳ࡗֽ ࠻߆ᛨ̝ఢ‫ט‬Ăᕩৼ҃֏่ѣࠎ˞ჯ઼᜕छщБᄃ̳В৩ԔĂܲᅪ΁ˠҋ ϤᄃᝋӀඈநϤĂ̖ਕϲ‫ڱ‬ఢ‫߆ט‬ᛨĄࡶͽѩࠎᇾ໤Ă‫݋‬Ķࠎར၁Ᏼᓝ̳ πᚮ‫ۋ‬ķ̬҃ˢ߆ᛨੑચ̝ϲ‫ڱ‬ҖࠎĂநϤព൒‫̙إ‬ૉ·̶ćੵ‫ܧ‬ጳ‫ڱ‬ώ ֗ѣ‫͛ځ‬ఢ‫ؠ‬Ą఺˵ಶߏࠎ̦ᆃᇇ઼υื౅࿅࣒ጳ඀Ԕ‫ޢ‬Ă̖ਕϲ‫̬ڱ‬ˢ ߆ᛨੑચᅳાĄ ტ˯Ăд՟ѣጳ‫ڱ‬ώ֗ఢቑ۞݈೩˭ĂಏͽĶᆧซ̳ВӀৈķࠎநϤ үࠎᙋϲఢ‫߆ט‬ᛨ۞‫ૄޠڱ‬ᖂĂੵ‫ܧ‬ഈ౎߆ᛨѣ੼‫ڼ߆ޘ‬ВᙊĂӎ‫݋‬ѩ჌ ϲ‫ڱ‬ҖࠎໂΞਕ஍ࠎે߆ᛨχᑅᇲ၆д౎ᛨ۞̍‫׍‬Ą 2. ͣ৿߆ᛨВᙊ Β߁ѣᙯ߆ᛨఢ‫ט‬д̰̝ٙѣ઼ົϲ‫ڱ‬ҖࠎĂౌᅮࢋጾѣ઼ົ࿅Ηय Ѩ̝͚޺͞଀఼࿅Ąࡶߏે߆ᛨ˘ᛨӈጾѣ࿅ΗयѨĂੵ‫ܧ‬ѣૣ੼۞߆‫ڼ‬ நຐĂૄ‫ٺ‬நّҋӀ̝݈೩Ăે߆ᛨ̙ົϲ‫఼ڱ‬࿅၆ҋ̙̎Ӏ۞‫ޠڱ‬Ą҃ ఢ‫߆ט‬ᛨ۞‫ޠڱ‬Ăυ൒Βӣࢨ‫߆ט‬ᛨᝋӀ̝ఢ‫ؠ‬Ăે߆ᛨ఼૱̙ົѣ·̶ જ፟Νଯજ˘ีົࢨ‫ט‬ҋ̎ᝋӀ۞‫ڱ‬९Ą̝ͅĂࡶߏ઼ົ̰߆ᛨ̶‫ڡ‬Ă՟ ѣ‫ځ‬ពкᇴĂ‫݋‬Їңϲ‫ڱ‬Җࠎౌࢋѣ߆ᛨВᙊ̖ҖĄՀࢦࢋ۞ߏĈ߆ᛨ‫ڱ‬ ‫۞ט‬পّಶд‫׎ٺ‬ᔵ൒ఢ‫ט‬ٙѣ߆ᛨĂҭ‫߆ે̚׎‬ᛨ‫ڱેࢋࢬ͞˘ߏݒ‬Ă Ω˘͞ࢬҋ̎˫ߏ‫ڱ‬ٙఢ‫̝ט‬၆෪Ąࢋឰд౎ᛨᙸຍତ‫߆צ‬ᛨ‫̝טڱ‬ఢ‫ט‬Ă ࡶ̙ͽд౎߆ᛨдϲ‫ڱ‬࿅඀̏̚ѣВᙊࠎ݈೩Ăಶზϲ‫఼ͽ଀ڱ‬࿅Ăྍ‫ڱ‬ ˵‫ޝ‬ᙱѣड़ેҖĄ‫׽‬൒઼ົኬ̟߆ᛨӀৈ۞ҖࠎĂּтගᄃ߆ᛨྃӄഠĂ ΞਕЯࠎኬᝋّఢቑ˜Ч߆ᛨ‫ܥ‬ᜨӮᐐĂે߆̝кᇴᛨҋѣ఼࿅̝ຍᙸĂ д౎߆ᛨૄ‫ٺ‬ѩᙷఢቑ۞ኬᝋপّĂ˵՟ѣͅ၆ٕࠤҌߏ١඗ᅳ‫࠹צ‬ᙯᝋ ৈ۞நϤĄ 54 ҭߏࡶኬᝋّఢቑώ֗ӣѣ‫ڡ‬ෛّĂՀ̙ϡᄲኜтࢨ‫߆ט‬ᛨ Чี߿જ̝ࢨᝋّఢ‫ؠ‬Ăд౎ᛨ˘‫ͅؠ‬၆Ąд߆ᛨ՟ѣВᙊ۞ଐ‫˭ڶ‬Ăк

53 54

CEDH, 13 fév. 2003, Refah et autres c. Turquie, para. 100. ੵ˞ᅳ̙‫ྃז‬ӄഠ۞̈ᛨົԩ‫ۋ‬γĂ˲ਕᒔ଀ᝋৈ۞д౎ᛨĂૄώ˯ߏ̙ົͅ၆ኬᝋ ّఢቑĄ

138

ጳ߆ϔ͹វ‫߆̝ט‬ᛨఢ‫ט‬Ĉ

ౘ୳͛

઼ᅫ໤‫݋‬ᄃ̚රϔ઼߆ᛨ‫ྵͧטڱ‬

ᇴᛨૻҖ఼࿅ఢ‫߆ט‬ᛨ۞‫ޠڱ‬Ă‫׎‬ඕ‫ڍ‬ಶߏ‫ޠڱ‬ᙱͽેҖĂ߆‫̙ۋ৾ڼ‬ᕝĄ ઼ϔᛨഅ‫ܜ‬ഇҫѣϲ‫ੰڱ‬࿅ΗयѨĂдϲ‫ڱ‬࿅඀̚൑ᅮ᎕ໂವՐ‫΁׎‬ ߆ᛨ̝ВᙊᄃЪүĄдѩࡦഀ˭఼ٙ࿅۞ࢨᝋّఢ‫ؠ‬Ăтˠϔဥវ‫ڱ‬ௐ 2 ୧ ̈́ௐ 53 ୧̝ఢ‫ؠ‬Ă઼ϔᛨॲώ̙೷ϡֽ၆;д౎ᛨć55 ӈֹߏዋϡ‫˘ٺ‬ਠ ˠϔဥវĂ౵‫˵ޢ‬జ̂‫ءڱ‬ᛖфௐ 644 ཱིྋᛖ‫ކ‬Әࠎ࿁ጳĄҋ 2002 ѐ‫ޢ‬Ă ᔵ઼ϔᛨ̙Г˘ᛨ፾̂Ăҭ‫ھ‬ᖡᄃ‫ھ‬ქ‫׌‬۵߆‫ڼ‬๕˧̏൒јԛć‫׌‬۵๕˧ ᇲ၆ຍᙊ፧‫ݓ‬Ă၆‫ٺ‬Ծᙯ߆ᛨ˧ณঐ‫߆۞ܜ‬ᛨ‫טڱ‬Ăੵ˞ВТᒔ଀Ӏৈ۞ ኬᝋّఢቑγĂ‫ޝ‬ᙱԱ‫ז‬ВᙊĄ2016 ѐ੓ϔซᛨ‫଀פ‬ϲੰ࿅ΗयѨĂ‫׎‬ٙ ఼࿅̝ࢨᝋّఢቑĂтᛨய୧ּĂԆБ՟ѣ‫଀פ‬д౎ᛨ̝ВᙊĄ၆д౎ᛨ ҃֏Ă఺჌ͣ৿߆ᛨВᙊ۞ࢨᝋّఢቑĂΪ̙࿅ಶߏ߆ᛨ੽‫ࣂ᧒̝ۋ‬ĂԆ Б̙‫׍‬Ъ‫ّڱ‬ᄃϒ༊ّĄ 3. ͣ৿̳ϒ፾ϲ̝Ⴞგ፟ᙯ Їңგ‫ט‬ຽચౌᅮࢋેҖ፟ᙯĂ၆‫ٺ‬পҾୂຏ۞გ‫ט‬ຽચĂ͍‫׎‬ᅮࢋ ̳ϒ፾ϲ̝Ⴞგ፟ᙯֽ࢑యેҖĄኜтд࿪‫ܫ‬ă‫ܛ‬Ꮙᄃ็ಫඈயຽĂ‫ޙ‬ϲ ፾ϲҖ߆፟ᙯүࠎႾგ͹វ۞ຐ‫ڱ‬൴੖ࠤѝĂ֭ѝ̏јࠎЧ઼۞૱ၗĄ҃ ఢ‫߆ט‬ᛨ༊൒ߏᛳ੼‫ୂޘ‬ຏ۞ຽચĂώಶྍ‫ޙ‬ϲ̳ϒ፾ϲ۞Ⴞგ፟ᙯֽ࢑ యĄ ԧ઼̫֞ѣᙯఢ‫߆ט‬ᛨ۞፟ᙯΒ߁̚δᏴᓝ؎ࣶົă̰߆ొ߆ᛨᆶᛉ ؎ࣶົăႾ၅ੰͽ̈́ᛨய୧ּ۞ᛨயົඈĄ‫̚׎‬Ⴞ၅ੰ˜ጳ‫̝˯ڱ‬፾ϲ፟ ᙯĂҋ߆‫ڼ‬ᚥ‫఼ڱܛ‬࿅‫ޢ‬Ă࢑య߆‫ڼ‬ᚥ‫ܛ‬ႾგຽચĄ56 ҭੵႾ၅ੰγĂ Ķ፾ ϲ፟ᙯķϒёјࠎԧ઼۞‫ޠڱ‬ϡᄬؕ‫ ٺ‬2004 ѐ۞̚δҖ߆፟ᙯ௡ᖐૄ໤ ‫ڱ‬Ă57 ྍ‫ڱ‬ௐ˘Ѩ૟̚ᏴົЕࠎҖ߆ੰ৺̝፾ϲ፟ᙯĄд 2004 ѐ̝݈Ă̚

55

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ϔ઼ 80 ѐ 10 ͡ϔซᛨ૟έ፾୧ഠЕˢᛨჩ̝̚Ăѩᓝߏӎ࿁ͅ༊ॡ۞જࣶຟใॡഇ ˠϔဥវ‫ڱ‬ௐ 2 ୧ఢ‫ؠ‬Ă͔൴‫ۋ‬ᛉĄ༊ॡ۞ે߆ᛨ̙೷ూֶྍ‫ڱ‬ఢ‫ؠ‬఍நέ፾ᛨჩય ᗟĂ҃ߏ౅࿅࣒ጳ඀ԔĂ‫ٺ‬ϔ઼ 81 ѐ 5 ఼͡࿅ጳ‫ڱ‬ᆧ࣒୧͛ௐ 13 ୧ௐ 2 ี̈́ௐ 3 ี ѣᙯ࿁ጳ߆ᛨྋ೸̝ఢ‫ؠ‬ĂѩӈனҖᆧ࣒୧͛ௐ 5 ୧ௐ 4 ี̈́ௐ 5 ี̝݈֗Ą ߆‫ڼ‬ᚥ‫ ٺڱܛ‬2002 ѐ 3 ͡ 31 ̳͟ο߉ҖĂྍ‫ڱ‬ௐ 4 ୧ௐ 1 ีఢ‫ؠ‬Ⴞ၅ੰࠎ‫צ‬நϦಡ ፟ᙯĂྍ‫ڱ‬ௐ 33 ୧ௐ 1 ี֭ఢ‫ؠ‬Ⴞ၅ੰࠎྍ‫ڱ‬Җ߆ჳ̝෗ჳ፟ᙯĄ ણ֍ྍ‫ڱ‬ௐ 3 ୧ௐ 2 ഠĄ

߆‫ࡊڼ‬ጯኢᕍƟௐ 75 ഇƟϔ઼ 107 ѐ 3 ͡

139

Ᏼົᔵ൒ѝಶЯ࢑యᏴᓝຽચ҃ঘ̈́߆ᛨĂҭ‫ۡ˘˯טڱ‬՟ѣܲᅪ‫׎‬፾ϲ гҜ۞পঅనࢍĂ߇‫׎‬፾ϲّ˘ۡ၇ዎኳႷĄ னҖ‫ੰ࣎ˬ۞˯ڱ‬৺፾ϲ፟ᙯĂ‫׎‬௡ј͞ёౌߏϤੰ‫ܜ‬೩ЩĂགྷϲ‫ڱ‬ ੰТຍ‫ޢ‬Ї‫׻‬ĂЇഇ 4 ѐĂ଀ాЇ 1 ѨĂ֭ѣϹ᏾ЇഇనࢍĂ̈́Т˘ᛨᚱ ˠ̙̀଀෹࿅؎ࣶᓁᗝˬ̶̝˘۞ఢ‫ؠ‬Ą 58 ಏಶ‫֏҃ࢬޘט‬Ăѩనࢍૄώ ˯‫ޝ‬ᙱቁܲ‫׎‬፾ϲّ۞நϤѣˬĈௐ˘ĂЇഇ͉ൺĂ֭଀ాЇ 1 ѨĂឰд Ҝ۰ࠎ˞ವՐాЇ҃ͧྵट‫ٽ‬εΝ፾ϲّĄቁܲ፾ϲ۞౵ָనࢍࡶ̙ߏ௣ ϠᖚĂт઼࡚ᓑ֣౵੼‫ءڱੰڱ‬ĂಶߏЇഇ‫ܜ‬ҭ̙଀ాЇĂтᇇ઼ᓑ֣ጳ ‫ءڱੰڱڱ‬Ąௐ˟ĂЇഇ۞‫ޘܜ‬ᄃᓁ௚̈́ϲ؎̝Їഇ࠹ТĂтѩົጱ࡭ྍ ፟ᙯ̝ˠְᐌ඾Ᏼᓝඕ‫҃ڍ‬តજĄѩ჌నࢍ൑Ⴗߏૻ̼˞፾ϲ፟ᙯᄃ߆‫ڼ‬ ొ‫ా۞ܝ‬ඕّĈᒔ౼۞߆ᛨΞͽϲӈֳѣ፾ϲ፟ᙯ۞Լ௡ᝋĄௐˬĂ઼ົ Тຍ۞నࢍࡶ่ͽᖎಏкᇴՙ఼࿅Ă‫݋‬дТ˘߆ᛨТॡ‫଀פ‬Җ߆ᝋᄃϲ‫ڱ‬ ੰ࿅ΗयѨॡĂ˵ಶߏĶԆБે߆ķ Ă‫ົ઼݋‬Тຍᝋ۞‫ޘט‬щଵ̙֭ਕ‫ܡ‬ጿ ે߆ᛨ̝૞ጽĄ̝ͅĂࡶଳΐࢦкᇴ۞నࢍĂ༊߆ᛨมΞͽ࠹̢ԁ‫଀פם‬ ВᙊॡĂ‫ٕޘט‬ΞྻүĂּтᇇ઼۞ᓑ֣ጳ‫ົ઼̝ءڱੰڱڱ‬ТຍଐԛĄ ҭ༊߆ᛨมߏ࠹̢ᇲ၆ॡĂΐࢦкᇴ҃ͅјࠎ͌ᇴ‫ړ‬ཀྵ۞̍‫׍‬Ăּт੺߆ ‫ع‬ॡഇ̳ෛ཭ְᙱய۞၁ּĄᓁ̝Ăԧ઼னҖ‫ڱ‬ѣᙯੰ৺፾ϲ፟ᙯ۞‫ޘט‬ నࢍĂЯ‫ޘט‬ώ̝֗৿ౝ҃ᙱܲ‫׎‬፾ϲّĄ ੵ˞̚Ᏼົ̝γĂ߆ᛨᆶᛉ؎ࣶົᄃᛨயົౌ̙ߏனҖ‫˯ڱ‬ĂҖ߆ੰ ᔑ˭̝˟৺፾ϲ፟ᙯĄְ၁˯Ăಶზညߏ‫˟׍‬৺፟ᙯгҜ̝፾ϲ፟ᙯĂт ઼छ఼ੈ็ᇫ؎ࣶົĂ‫׎‬୬ჯ޺‫׎‬፾ϲّౌព଀ӧᙱࢦࢦĂՀ࿇ኢాੰ৺ ፾ϲ፟ᙯౌ̙ߏ۞߆ᛨᆶᛉ؎ࣶົᄃᛨயົĄ ᄃੰ৺፾ϲ፟ᙯ࠹ͧĂˠဥ‫ڱ‬ٙఢ‫߆̝ؠ‬ᛨᆶᛉ؎ࣶົ˜д̰߆ొ̝ ˭ĂϤొ‫ܜ‬೩ኛੰ‫ܜ‬Ї‫̝׻‬ĂЇഇ 3 ѐĂТ˘ᛨᚱ؎ࣶ̙଀෹࿅؎ࣶᓁᗝ ˟̶̝˘Ą 59 ੵ˞፟ᙯҜลҲĂЇഇՀൺ̝γĂТᛨ؎่ࣶ̙଀෹࿅؎ࣶ ᓁᗝ̝˘ΗĄߊ൑઼ົણᄃĂ˵൑ాЇࢨ‫ט‬Ă‫׎‬፾ϲ඀‫ޘ‬ҋ൒ᙱᄃੰ৺፾ ϲ፟ᙯ࠹̢ͧᑢĄາ఼࿅̝߆ᛨ‫ڱ‬ኬ̟߆ᛨგ‫ט‬፟ᙯՀк۞ᝋࢨĂҭ၆‫ٺ‬

58 59

т̚δᏴᓝ؎ࣶົ௡ᖐ‫ڱ‬ௐ 3 ୧ௐ 2 ี̈́ௐ 4 ีĄ ણ֍̰߆ొ߆ᛨᆶᛉ؎ࣶົ௡ᖐఢ඀ௐ 3 ୧Ą

140

ጳ߆ϔ͹វ‫߆̝ט‬ᛨఢ‫ט‬Ĉ

ౘ୳͛

઼ᅫ໤‫݋‬ᄃ̚රϔ઼߆ᛨ‫ྵͧטڱ‬

‫׎‬௡ј͞ё‫ݒ‬ᄃˠဥ‫̝ڱ‬ఢ‫ؠ‬ೀ൑˟࡭ĄҌ‫ٺ‬ᛨயົĂ‫׎‬Аଵੵ̚δҖ߆ ፟ᙯ௡ᖐૄ໤‫̝ڱ‬ዋϡĂ 60 ᔵ‫˟׍‬৺፟ᙯ̝гҜĂҭ֭՟ѣ࠹Ҭ۞፾ϲّ నࢍĈΒ߁؎ࣶϤੰ‫ۡܜ‬ତЇ‫׻‬Ă՟ѣ઼ົТຍ඀ԔćЇഇ 4 ѐ‫ݒ‬൑ాЇ ࢨ‫ט‬ĂՀԆБ՟ѣϹ᏾Їഇ۞నࢍĄፋវ҃֏Ă߆ᛨᆶᛉ؎ࣶົᄃᛨயົ ᔵ൒௡ᖐҜล੼Ҳ̙ТĂҭ˟۰۞፾ϲّనࢍ‫ݒ‬म෼̙̂ćιࣇᙱͽజ‫ܫ‬ Ꮵߏυ൒۞ඕ‫ڍ‬Ą 4. ͣ৿ѣड़ାᑻ ѣड़ାᑻࣧ‫ߏߊ݋‬෦఩ᝋܲᅪ۞८͕ĂϺߏఢ‫߆ט‬ᛨ‫טڱ‬̙ٙΞٕ৿ ۞ࢋ৵ĄপҾߏдѣᙯ߆ᛨᝋৈ۞‫ۋ‬఩९І̚Ăѣड़ାᑻࣧ‫݋‬ٙᛃӣ̝Ķ‫ܕ‬ ϡ‫ੰڱ‬ķăĶ፾ϲ̳ϒ̝ᆶҿķᄃĶӈॡᆶҿķඈ 3 ี̰உ۞၁ኹĂυืࢋ ͧд˘ਠ‫ۋ‬఩९І̚ՀΐᚑॾĄЯࠎ߆ᛨᄃᏴᓝ˟۰૜̙Ξ̶Ă‫ੰڱ‬ାᑻ ඀Ԕт‫̙ڍ‬ਕૉ̳ϒ፾ϲĂٕ̙ਕӈॡѣड़Ă૟ֹ߆ᛨ൑‫̳ڱ‬πгдᏴᓝ ̚ᚮ‫ۋ‬Ą ᄂ៉гડᔵѝҋ 1946 ѐ੓ಶฟؕг͞ᆸ৺۞ϔ͹೼ᏴĂ61 ҭ˘ۡͽֽ Ᏼᓝ৾‫̙ۋ‬ᕝĂͷд౎ᛨᓁߏ޽ଠҖ߆ᝋ̙̚ϲĂΦ‫ڱ‬ᝋ̙̳ϒĂጱ࡭Ᏼ ᓝ̙̳̙ཌྷĄপҾߏΦ‫ڱ‬ᝋүࠎ౵‫˘ޢ‬྽ग़኎̳πϒཌྷ۞֨ቢĂт‫̙ڍ‬ਕ ։චྻүĂ༊൒ಶ൑‫ڱ‬ᇣ੓ϔ͹‫ົۤڼڱ‬Ąଂ࿅Ν‫ז‬னдĂΦ‫̙ڱ‬జ‫ܫ‬Ꮵ ۞ଐ‫ۡ˘ڶ‬՟ѣԼតĄᔵ൒ன̫ԧ઼Φ‫ڱ‬ᝋ̝ྻү۞ቁᄃ࿅Νѣ͇ᚓ̝ҾĂ ҭ෼ᗓҘ͞ϔ͹઼छ۞ᇾ໤‫إ‬ѣ˘߱෼ᗓĄ‫̚׎‬౵΄ˠྛঽ۞ಶߏĶ߆‫ڼ‬ ̒ᕘ̙ᕝķăĶ९І˳ᚙ̙ՙķᄃĶ෗ҿਗ਼ᖼјّķඈˬ̂યᗟĄಶĶ߆‫ڼ‬ ̒ᕘ̙ᕝķ҃֏Ăຍ޽Ķ߆‫ڼ‬Я৵ķ૱૱јࠎᇆᜩ෗ҿ۞ࢦࢋЯ̄Ă‫̚׎‬ Β߁߆‫ڼ߆ٕܝొڼ‬ˠ‫߉۞ۏ‬ᑅăᙯᄲٕࠤҌߏҖྦć 62 ҭ˵Β߁Φ‫ڱ‬ˠ 60 61

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ણ֍ᛨய୧ּௐ 2 ୧ௐ 1 ีĄ ͟ώതϔॡഇĂഅ̶Ҿ‫ ٺ‬1935 ѐ̈́ 1939 ѐᓝᏱ‫׌‬Ѩг͞ᏴᓝĂҭ༊ॡࢨ‫ٺ‬ѐ႕ 25 ໐ ͽ˯Ăͷѐৼඁᗝ႕ 5 ̮ͽ˯̝շّ͞ѣᏴᓝᝋĄॲፂѩ୧ІĂ400 ༱ᄂ៉ϔி่̚ࡗ 28,000 ˠѣᏴᓝᝋĄѩᄃ 1946 ѐᄂ៉࠷Җ߆‫̳ءܜ‬ཌٙᏱ̝г͞ᏴᓝĂࡗѣ 240 ༱̳ ϔֳѣԸைᝋ۞ଐԛ‫ځ‬ពѣҾĄ ඾Щ۞९ּт 2007 ѐᘕ൴̝ϲ؎ңംዂҖྦౘၷ‫׶‬ĂՂߋгĂችЍ‫ࡷܘ̈́ڼ‬ၷඈ 4 Щ Φ‫۞ءڱ‬ϒ̎૞९ĂΦ‫ੰڱ‬Ꮵࡻ໰ੰ‫ܜ‬ᔘЯѩΦ‫ءڱ‬ะវలᕮְІ҃ኛᙜ˭έĄಶᙯ ᄲ҃֏Ă2012 ѐ݈౵੼‫ܜੰੰڱ‬໅̥ု‫ע‬ЇੜЃ݈̳ฟܑϯĂ‫׎‬Ᏹ̳‫ވ‬٩ૡ̰·႕඾

߆‫ࡊڼ‬ጯኢᕍƟௐ 75 ഇƟϔ઼ 107 ѐ 3 ͡

141

ࣶૄ‫ٺ‬ҋ̎۞ந‫ه‬ᄃ߆‫ڼ‬ઐрĂٕߏૄ‫ٺ‬ҋ̎۞݈౉҂ณĂ̙ਕ̳ϒг఍ நΦ‫ڱ‬९ІĄ 63 ९І˳ᚙ̙ՙ‫ߏ݋‬ԧ઼‫ܜ۞ੰڱ‬ѐ᎕௫Ăҭ࿃‫ڼ߆ז‬ˠ‫ۏ‬ ٕߏ߆‫ّڼ‬९ІՀߏтѩĂ 64 Ϊࢋѣ߆‫ڼ‬Я৵ĂΦ‫ڱ‬ᝋಶஎ‫צ‬ᇆᜩĂ̙ਕ ೩ֻӈॡѣड़̝ାᑻĄҌ‫ٺ‬෗ҿਗ਼ᖼώᛳᆶ৺ାᑻ‫ޘט‬Ξਕ΍ன۞ଐ‫ڶ‬Ă ҭߏт‫ڍ‬࿅‫ٺ‬ᐛᓄĂ͍‫׎‬࿃‫ڼ߆ז‬Я৵ಶΞਕਗ਼ᖼĂ 65 ‫̳׎‬ϒ፾ϲّҋ൒ ˵̙ਕ΄ˠ࠹‫ܫ‬Ą ૄ‫݈ࢗٺ‬ԧ઼ன̫Φ‫ૄ̂ˬ۞ڱ‬ώયᗟĂ͍‫׎‬၆‫ٺ‬ঘ̈́߆ᛨᚮ‫ۋ‬९І ֭൑পҾାᑻ඀ԔĂ࡭ֹΦ‫ڱ‬ᝋ่̙̙ਕܲᅪ߆ᛨ̈́‫࣏׎‬Ᏼˠ̝ᝋӀĂͅ ҃Ξਕјࠎ߆‫۞ܝొڼ‬χ͘Ą‫̚׎‬ᑭ၅‫౅ء‬࿅‫׎‬ઍߤᄃ੓෦үࠎͽᇆᜩᏴ ଐ۞९ּĂΞᏜк̙౼ᇴĄ 66 ҃‫ءڱ‬ឰ९І˳ᚙ̙ՙĂٕ‫צ‬நᄃ෗ҿૄ໤ ̙˘۞ଐԛϺٙдкѣĄ࣎Ҿ߆ᛨგ‫ט‬९Іಶზࠎ‫ੰڱ‬ٙ‫צ‬நĂ‫׎‬෗ҿඕ ‫΄ڍ‬ˠᙱͽਗ਼फ़Ą ĶΦ‫۞ڱ‬Ξ࿰ീّķߏҘ͞‫ڼڱ‬͹ཌྷ۞८͕ࢋІĂ҃Ꮚኜ ԧ઼ϫ݈ᑭ၅‫ء‬ᄃ‫۞ءڱ‬૞ຽܑனĂ෼ѩࢋІ̪࠹༊ᅌᅈĄՀ̙ϡᄲঘ̈́ ੼‫߆۞ّڼ߆ޘ‬ᛨ‫ۋ‬ᛉ९ІĂՀᙱᏜ̏‫ޙ‬ϲѣड़ାᑻ‫ޘט‬Ą

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ᙯᄲ‫ܫ‬ІĄ2013 ѐ 9 ͡Հᘕ൴ϲ‫ܛͳܜੰੰڱ‬πᄃϔซᛨϲੰᓁΡߟ‫ޙ‬ᅛᙯᄲ‫ڱ‬ચొ ‫ܜ‬ăᑭ၅‫ܜ‬ᄃᑭ၅‫۞ء‬९ІĂΦ‫ڱ‬ᙯᄲፖҖϙᑿΞ֍˘೹Ą ‫ּ̄۞ݭ׏‬ಶߏ 2006 ѐᘕ൴۞ࢵ‫ܜ‬পҾ෱९Ăдᖡქ࠹̢೩Ә۞ଐԛ˭Ăঘ९۞Җ߆ ࢵ‫׎ࢍ̙ܜ‬ᇴĄҭдΦ‫ڱ‬඀ԔซҖ̚Ăᆶநॡ඀ѣ͇ᚓ̝ҾĂ੓෦ᇾ໤̙˘Ăᆶҿॡ ᄮְϡ‫͞۞ڱ‬ё̙ТĂߏΦ‫ڱ‬ᝋᙱͽ̳ϒ፾ϲྻү۞౵ָ‫ځ‬ᙋĄ ּт౮૩Ⓚٙঘ‫׌‬੓‫ۇ‬۵९Ăέᆂ९‫ ٺ‬89 ѐ੓෦ĂЪ፟࿪៞९‫ ٺ‬94 ѐ੓෦Ă‫׌‬९። ॡȈዶѐĂ̫֞Ϗਕ‫ؠ‬㝀Ą˫т 2002 ѐᘕ൴઼щ૜૳९Ăᑭአ̬ˢઍᏱ‫ޢ‬ĂۡҌ 2011 ѐ̖ઍᏱԆலĂ੓෦݈ᓁ௚Ղ൳ዂĂ‫ ז‬2014 ѐ 8 ̖͡˟ᆶ‫ؠ‬㝀ĞЯዋϡЖְԁిᆶҿ ‫ڱ‬ğ Ą˫т 2006 ѐᘕ൴ᓁ௚̃ಪᅀ‫ޙ‬ᅛ‫ۇ‬۵९Ă።ॡ෹࿅ 10 ѐͽ˯Ă̫̪֞д੼ੰՀ αᆶ̚Ą 2006 ѐᘕ൴ክ኱έᎤ͹гĂឰέᎤຫε 4 ᆆዶ̮۞ၑ९Ăঘ९̝ӓ˜̥Ă߸؈‫ ٺپ‬2013 ѐజҿ఍ѣཋ‫ؠ‬㝀ĂืˢႾ‫ڇ‬ЖĄҭ༊ְˠд໤౯ˢႾ‫ڇ‬Ж̝݈೩΍ГᆶĂౣࠎ‫ੰڱ‬ ٙ‫צ‬நĂ֭д 2014 ѐԼҿ߸؈‫پ‬൑ཋĄГᆶ̝ࢲߊ੓Ăϔซᛨે߆ॡഇ۞݈Ϲ఼ొ‫ܜ‬ дҿՙˣѐѣഇवЖ‫ؠ‬㝀̝‫ޢ‬òѨᓏኛ‫ܧ‬૱˯෦࠰ዎᑭ͞ᅺаĂ‫ ٺ‬2014 ѐ‫غ‬ˢႾ‫ڇ‬ ЖĂҭ 2016 ѐ 1 ͡ӈͽᎮᒛࠎϤᒔࣞܲγಶᗁĄତ඾ 2016 ѐ 9 ͡౅࿅߆ኢ༼ϫඉထ ֭ᓝᏱЩࠎĶ֕࿅ࢲ‫͇ܦ୕ܥ‬ůోႱ൝ࣙҿˣѐ؈९ķາ३൴ܑົĂѣкҜქᒉˠ‫ۏ‬ ‫ז‬ಞᓏ೯Ă֭ࢋՐ‫ࢦੰڱ‬ᆶώ९Ą2017 ѐ 5 ͡ 23 ͟ᑭ၅ᓁ‫ܜ‬ᗞ̂‫׶‬дഅᅺа࿅˘Ѩ ώ९‫ܧ‬૱˯෦ᓏኛ‫ޢ‬Ă௣‫ٺ‬ಶώ९೩΍‫ܧ‬૱˯෦Ą ‫׍‬វ९ּтᎸை९ăপҾ෱९ăц‫پ‬९ඈĂՀ̙ϡᄲঘ̈́Ч৺ᏴᓝĂ˜ҌྺႢົᏴᓝ ̝˘ਠྦᏴ९Ă߆‫ٹڼ‬៩̝ஶྫҌࠎ‫ځ‬ពĄ

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ጳ߆ϔ͹វ‫߆̝ט‬ᛨఢ‫ט‬Ĉ

ౘ୳͛

઼ᅫ໤‫݋‬ᄃ̚රϔ઼߆ᛨ‫ྵͧטڱ‬

(˟) ᛨய୧ּপѣયᗟ ᛨய୧ּᄃԧ઼னх۞߆ᛨఢ‫ט‬ఢቑ࠹ͧྵĂѣˬ࣎‫ځ‬ព̙Т۞পᕇ ࣃ଀எˢ̶‫ژ‬ĂιࣇΒ߁ᚑࢦ‫ܬ‬ᝋăᚑࢦ࿁ࡦ‫ڼڱ‬ăᚑࢦ‫ڡ‬ෛĄ 1. ᚑࢦ‫ܬ‬ᝋ т݈ٙࢗĂ߆ᛨ۞ੑயᄃ࣎ˠ۞ੑய˘ᇹĂౌߏ၁ன‫׎‬хϲϫ۞̙ٙ Ξٕ৿۞ࢋ৵Ą߆ᛨੑயֽ̝໚͹ࢋΒ߁̳‫ྃص‬ӄăռˠॕᙑăᛨ෱ᄃ߆ ᛨགྷᒉְຽٕྻϡੑய̝ќˢඈ 4 ีĄଂҘ͞ϔ͹઼छ۞‫࠻ֽטڱ‬Ăგ‫ט‬ ߆ᛨੑચ̈́‫׎‬ќ͚۞ఢቑ఼૱ѣͽ˭পᇈĈࢵАĂࢋѣ‫ځ‬ቁ۞ጳ‫ૄڱ‬ᖂĄ ‫׎‬ѨĂ͹ࢋ߆ᛨ၆გ‫̰ט‬टѣૄώВᙊĄ౵‫ޢ‬Ăგ‫̰ט‬टᄃૻ‫ٕޘ‬ѣ̙ТĂ ҭࣤဳੑய˜ᛳּγ͌֍̝९ּĄՀྎ௟гᄲĂૄ‫ࢋ݋ࣧځ౅ٺ‬Ր೬ᜨੑ யֽ໚ᄃќ͚ଐ‫̏ڶ‬ᛳ‫ܬ‬ᝋҖࠎĂ൒҃ࠎᔖҺ‫ܛ‬᏿߆‫̝ڼ‬་ԛ൴णĂ߇ࢋ Ր೬ᜨॕഠ۰̝ྤੈćҭߏࠎቁܲඕۤҋϤĂ˵̙ਕࢋՐ߆ᛨԆБ౅‫ځ‬Ą Զਾ۞͞९ߏ߆ᛨ่೬ᜨొ̶ྤੈĂ఼૱ߏ่̳ฟ̂ඊ‫ܛ‬ᗝ̝ॕഠ۰Ă҃ ̙ߏ೬ᜨٙѣॕഠ۰̝‫ؖ‬ЩĄт‫߆ڍ‬ᛨ١඗೬ᜨྤੈĂ‫ט׎‬෗఼߱͘૱ߏ ઃ̳ͤ‫ྃص‬ӄٕߏ̙Гග̟‫΁׎‬Я߆ᛨгҜֳ҃ѣ̝পᝋĂтಫវ‫ܕ‬ϡᝋĄ ൒҃ᛨய୧ּ၆‫߆ٺ‬ᛨੑய۞გ‫̝ੈྤ̶ొߏ่ܧ֭ט‬೩ֻ҃̏Ăι ϡଯ‫͞۞ؠ‬ёԯ߆ᛨੑயෛࠎĶ̙༊‫̝଀פ‬ੑயķ Ăੵ‫߆ܧ‬ᛨਕᓝᙋ‫׎‬ੑய ֽ໚̝ϒ༊ّĂӎ‫݋‬ੑயӈொᖼࠎ઼ѣăг͞ҋ‫ڼ‬ဥវٕࣧٙѣᝋˠٙѣĄ ѩ჌፬ซ֭߱͘‫ܧ‬υ൒̙ΞଳҖĂҭ౵ࢦࢋ۞ߏࢋѣጳ‫ڱ‬үࠎఢቑૄᖂĂ ֭ᒔ଀͹ࢋ߆ᛨ̝͚޺ᄃВᙊĄԧ઼ጳ‫ڱ‬၆ѩጳ‫ีְ঻ܲڱ‬ԆБϏࠎఢ‫ؠ‬Ă дͣ৿ጳ‫ૄڱ‬ᖂĂ˫‫ܧ‬͹ࢋ߆ᛨ̝Вᙊ۞ଐԛ˭Ă่ͽ઼ົкᇴ఼࿅ѩࣤ ဳ߆ᛨੑய۞፬ซ‫ޠڱ‬Ă၁ᛳց֍পּĄ ౵ࢦࢋ۞ߏ߆ᛨ̙ਕ՟ѣੑயĂ૟‫׎‬ੑயࣤဳ߰ႽԛТঐໝ߆ᛨĄΒ ߁ԧ઼д̰۞ϔ͹‫઼ڼڱ‬Ăঐໝٕྋ೸߆ᛨౌߏ˘Іໂࠎᚑࢦְ̝Ăυื ѣ‫ځ‬ቁ۞ጳ‫ૄڱ‬ᖂĂࠤҌߏᑕྍϤጳ‫ڱ‬፟ᙯֽ࢑య఍நĄ൒҃ᛨய୧ּ‫ݒ‬ ఢ‫ؠ‬Ϥᛨயົࣤဳ߆ᛨੑயĂಶზ౵‫̪ޢ‬నѣ˘ਠΦ‫ڱ‬ାᑻ඀ԔĂҭ‫צ‬ந ‫ܧ̪ੰڱ‬ጳ‫ڱ‬ᆸ৺Ą˘όপ‫߆ؠ‬ᛨੑயజࣤဳ߰ႽâਠΦ‫ڱ‬ାᑻ˫൑‫ڱ‬ ᒔ଀౼෦ॡĂྍপ‫߆ؠ‬ᛨӈЯ൑ੑய҃ԛТజঐໝĄ੫၆тѩᚑࢦ۞‫ܬ‬ᝋ

߆‫ࡊڼ‬ጯኢᕍƟௐ 75 ഇƟϔ઼ 107 ѐ 3 ͡

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ҖࠎĂߊ൑ጳ‫ૄڱ‬ᖂĂ˵൑ጳ‫ڱ‬፟ᙯ̬ˢ఍நĂ่̙ᄃ˘ਠϔ͹‫۞઼ڼڱ‬ ఢቑଐԛ̂࠹ూलĂ˵Яྯ࿅̂‫̝ءڱ‬ጳ‫ڱڱ‬लᆶந඀Ԕ҃ᑕᛳ࿁ጳĄ 2. ᚑࢦ࿁ࡦ‫ڼڱ‬ ‫ڼڱ‬͹ཌྷ۞ჟৠੵ˞ૻአ‫ޠڱ‬Ҝล৩ԔγĂ˵ॾγࢦෛ‫ځڱ‬ቁّᄃ‫ڱ‬ щ‫ّؠ‬ඈ‫݋ࣧࢋࢦ࣎׌‬ĄপҾߏдѣᙯ߆ᛨఢ‫ڱ۞ט‬ఢቑĂ‫ځ׎‬ቁّ۞ࢋ ՐᑕՀ౼‫˘ٺ‬ਠఢቑĂͽҺЯે‫ڡڱ‬ளĂྋᛖ̙ТĂֹ҃‫ޠڱ‬યᗟតј߆ ‫ڼ‬኏ࡎĄ ൒҃ᛨய୧ּѣᙯĶ̙༊‫଀פ‬ੑயķ۞‫ؠ‬ཌྷࠎĈ߆ᛨͽ࿁ͅ߆ᛨώኳ ٕ‫ٺे΁׎‬ϔ͹‫̝͞݋ࣧڼڱ‬ёĂֹҋٕ̎‫ܢ׎‬ᐌ௡ᖐ‫̝଀פ‬ੑயĄ 67 ൒ ҃ңᏜĶ߆ᛨώኳķĉңᏜĶ‫ٺे΁׎‬ϔ͹‫̝͞݋ࣧڼڱ‬ёķĉңᏜĶ‫ܢ‬ᐌ ௡ᖐķĉΦ‫ءڱ̂ੰڱ‬ᛖфௐ 644 ཱིྋᛖᙯ‫ٺ‬ˠϔဥវ‫ڱ‬ௐ 2 ୧Ķˠϔဥវ ̝௡ᖐ߿જĂ̙଀͹ૺВய͹ཌྷٕ͹ૺ̶ෘ઼˿ķ۞࿁ጳᆶߤ९Ăధ‫˧؟‬ ̂‫ءڱ‬д‫ם׎‬Тຍ֍३̚পҾ޽΍Ĉ ĶВய͹ཌྷᄃ̶ෘ઼˿˜ܼ߆‫ڼ‬ໄ‫ه‬Ă ̙ߏͣ৿‫ځ‬ቁă‫៍މ‬ΞᏰ۞ໄ‫ه‬γ‫ؼ‬ĂಶߏΞਕᐌે‫ڱ‬۰̝߆‫ڼ‬ઐрĂ˜ Ҍ߆‫ڼ‬ଐ๕តዏ҃ள‫̰׎‬உĂͽ̝ࠎ‫ޠڱ‬ໄ‫ه‬Ă၁ᙱࠎ‫צ‬ఢቑ̝˘ਠˠϔ Ξͽநྋٕ࿰֍Ăᄃ‫ځޠڱ‬ቁّࣧ‫ࢋ݋‬Րѣ࿁Ąķͽѩࠎᇾ໤Ăᛨய୧ּ ̚۞Ķ̙༊‫଀פ‬ੑயķ ă Ķ߆ᛨώኳķ ă Ķ‫ٺे΁׎‬ϔ͹‫̝͞݋ࣧڼڱ‬ёķ ă Ķ‫ܢ‬ ᐌ௡ᖐķඈϡᄬĂౌ൑‫΄ڱ‬ˠநྋĂ࿁ͅ‫ځޠڱ‬ቁّࣧ‫݋‬Ҍࠎ‫ځ‬ពĄ 68 67 68

ણ֍ᛨய୧ּௐ 4 ୧ௐ 4 ഠĄ ᛖфௐ 644 ཱིྋᛖధ‫ם۞ءڱ̂˧؟‬Тຍ֍३̚Ăѣ˘߱ѣᙯĶ̶ෘ઼˿ķໄ‫۞ه‬ჟ ૾ኢࢗࣃ଀ણዦĈ ĶҌ‫̶ٺ‬ෘ઼˿ĂϤ‫ٺ‬ԧ઼পঅ።Ϋă߆‫ڼ‬Я৵ֹ൒Ă̚රϔ઼ᄃᄂ ៉఺‫࣎׌‬௑ཱི۞ᙯܼĂߏඈཱིĂٕΒӣĂ̙Т߆‫ڼ‬ϲಞ۰ѣ̙Тྋ᝝ĂͷӮЧҋ͔གྷ ፂ‫׏‬Ăଂጳ‫ڱ‬ώ֗ವᒔ‫׎‬ϲኢֶፂĂ࡭‫׎‬ዋϡΞਕౝˢᄃВய͹ཌྷ˘ෟ̝ྋ᝝ᙷҬ̝ ӧဩĄ૟ѩಱ፧‫ڼ߆۞ॾّڼ߆ݓ‬ᄬ֏೩̿ࠎ‫ޠڱ‬ໄ‫ه‬Ă̙༰΄ˠጸ੓ঔद၆‫۞ث‬ĺͅ ࢭ‫׻‬ཋĻĄдঔद၆‫ث‬Ăտౣࠤᆃߏĺࢭ‫׻‬Ļĉࠤᆃ˫ߏĺͅࢭ‫׻‬ĻĉᖎಏᄲĂ˲޷ன д༊ᝋᅳጱ۰۞ຍԠᏱ۞ಶߏĺࢭ‫׻‬ĻĂͅ၆னд༊ᝋ۰ຍԠ۞ಶߏĺͅࢭ‫׻‬ĻĄညϡ ఺჌ᐌ༊ᝋ۰Հ࢜҃ត̼۞߆‫ڼ‬ໄ‫ه‬үࠎϚཋၹјࢋІĂ ĺಶтТֹϡᐌࢲᛜೳ۞ߨ඙ ઇീณ੼‫ޘ‬ᇾ໤˘ᇹĻĞᗬִϠğ Ăॲώ΄ˠϔ൑ٙዋଂĂ‫ڱ‬щ‫צّ̝ؠ‬౹ĂంѩࠎࠤĄ дԧ઼Ă ĺ̶ෘ઼˿Ļ۞ໄ‫ه‬Ă̙Т߆ᛨߊѣ̙ТநྋĂ‫࣐݋‬тϥᛨે߆Ăֶ‫׎‬நྋĂ ၆ߙˠϔဥវ̙̟‫פ‬቙Ăೱ˞˙ᛨે߆Ăֶ‫׎‬நྋ‫݋‬ΐͽ‫פ‬቙ĂٕӈֹனдА‫ٸ‬඾̙ ‫פ‬቙Ăᐌ඾߆‫ڼ‬ঈ࣏۞ԼតĂٕ߆‫ڼ‬ঈ‫۞ڤ‬ᔞ឵Гՙ‫ߏؠ‬ӎ‫פ‬቙Ăֹ‫צ‬ఢቑ۰ᐌॡ఍

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ጳ߆ϔ͹វ‫߆̝ט‬ᛨఢ‫ט‬Ĉ

ౘ୳͛

઼ᅫ໤‫݋‬ᄃ̚රϔ઼߆ᛨ‫ྵͧטڱ‬

ᛨய୧ּௐ 5 ୧ఢ‫ؠ‬ᛨ෱ă߆‫ڼ‬ᚥ‫ܛ‬ăᚮᏴགྷ෱̝ॕᙑăᚮᏴ෱ϡྃ ӄ‫׎̈́ܛ‬ಮिγĂ‫׎‬ዶੑயଯ‫ࠎؠ‬Ķ̙༊‫̝଀פ‬ੑயķ Ą൒҃࠹࿣˘ѐкٙ າ఼࿅۞߆ᛨ‫ڱ‬ௐ 19 ୧˫ఢ‫߆ؠ‬ᛨќˢΞͽΒ߁ᛨ෱ă߆‫ڼ‬ᚥ‫ܛ‬ă߆ᛨྃ ӄ‫ܛ‬ă߆ᛨ‫็ކ‬ќˢă‫ֶ΁׎‬ώ‫ڱ‬ٙ଀̝ќˢ݈̈́ࢗќˢٙϠ̝ಮिĄ˟ ۰࠹ྵĂ‫ځ‬ព࠻΍‫׎‬Ϭ࠼Ĉт߆ᛨ‫̝ݡ็ކ‬మ઴ќˢֶ߆ᛨ‫ڱ‬ఢ‫ߏؠ‬Ъ‫ڱ‬ ќˢĂֶᛨய୧ּ‫݋‬Ξଯ‫ࠎؠ‬Ķ̙༊‫଀פ‬ੑயķ Ąೱ֏̝Ă࿅ΝϏజ༰ͤĂ ̫͟˵ࠎ‫ڱ‬̯ٙధ۞߆ᛨ‫̝ݡ็ކ‬మ઴ќˢĂΪࢋԱ̙‫ז‬ጴᙋĂಶజଯ‫ؠ‬ ࠎ̙༊‫଀פ‬ੑயĄ ᛨய୧ּࢋՐপ‫߆ؠ‬ᛨᄲ‫׎ځ‬ੑயֽ໚̝੓ؕᕇĂᅈ໖Ҍ 1945 ѐ 8 ͡ 15 ͟੓Ă݈‫ޢ‬෹࿅ 70 ѐĄ൒҃ԧ઼‫ڱ‬΍ன߆ᛨ˘ෟؕ‫ ٺ‬1989 ѐĂ߆ᛨྃ ӄؕ‫ ٺ‬1994 ѐĂ߆‫ڼ‬ᚥ‫ ٺؕܛ‬2004 ѐĄೱ֏̝Ăд 1989 ѐ̝݈Ă߆ᛨಶ ზְ၁˯хдĂд‫˯ޠڱ‬ι˵่ߏĶˠϔဥវķ҃̏Ą Ķˠϔဥវķ۞ੑய ࠎңĉҋ൒ᄃ߆ᛨώኳ൑ᙯĄд 1994 ѐ̝݈Ă߆ᛨੑயีϫ̚Ăॲώ՟ѣ ̳‫ྃص‬ӄĄд 2004 ѐ̝݈ĂಶზѣռˠॕᚥĂѩռˠॕᚥഠี˵̙ਕჍ̝ ࠎĶ߆‫ڼ‬ᚥ‫ܛ‬ķĄՀң‫ڼ߆ڶ‬ᚥ‫ڱܛ‬ௐ 22 ୧ௐ 2 ีఢ‫ڼ߆ؠ‬ᚥ‫ܛ‬ќ͚ጴᙋ ᄃᙋ‫͛ځ‬ІĂ‫ٺ‬Ϧಡ‫ܲޢ‬х 5 ѐĄ߆ᛨ‫ڱ‬ௐ 20 ୧ఢ‫ࢍົؠ‬ጴᙋܲх 7 ѐĂ ົࢍ૳ᘨܲх 10 ѐĄᛨய୧ּ෹෸ॡ۩Ă໖̈́ߊ‫ـ‬Ҍ 70 ѐ݈ĂࢋՐ߆ᛨ ೩Ϲ࠹ᙯੑயᙋፂ͛ІĂ่̙൑၁னΞਕّĂՀᚑࢦ৔ᗼ‫ڱ‬щ‫݋ّࣧؠ‬Ą69 ለ߷ˠᝋ‫ ੰڱ‬2016 ѐ 4 ͡ 26 ͟۞˿҅‫ͅ׎‬၆ᛨੑய՟ќ९Ă 70 ޫΞ үࠎણ໰Ąдᆶߤ 2007 ѐҌ 2009 ѐ۞߆ᛨ૳ચ‫ޢ‬Ă˿҅‫׎‬ጳ‫ͽੰڱڱ‬Я ѣĶ̙‫͚ڱ‬΍ķࠎϤĂ෗‫ؠ‬՟ќͅ၆ᛨ̝ొ̶ੑயĂᓁᗝ෹࿅ 100 ༱ለ̮Ą

69

70

дऻᛵă᪜᪛‫ې‬ၗĂ၆‫ڱ‬щ‫۞ّؠ‬ᇆᜩĂՀߏព҃‫֍ٽ‬ĄՀࣃԲҿ۞ߏĂ༊ώੰᛖф ௐ 328 ཱིྋᛖ‫ځ‬Ϩ޽΍Ăጳ‫ڱ‬ௐ 4 ୧ٙჍ̚රϔ઼ᅳ˿ĺ‫׽‬ѣᘟાĻቑಛ̝ࠧ‫ؠ‬Ăࠎ ࢦ̝̂߆‫ڼ‬યᗟĂֶፂᝋ˧̶ϲ̝ጳ߆ࣧ‫݋‬Ă̙ᑕϤҖֹΦ‫ڱ‬ᝋ̝ᛖጳ፟ᙯ̟ͽྋᛖĄ ‫آ̙ྍ݋‬ϤΦ‫ڱ‬፟ᙯྋᛖ۞ໄ‫˫ه‬ѣңϒ༊ّ·༊ࢨ‫ט‬ˠϔૄώᝋӀĂ˜Ҍ఍ჳˠϔ ̝ၹјࢋІĉ౵‫ޢ‬ౄј۞ඕ‫ڍ‬Ăт‫ૻߏ̙ڍ‬Җે‫ڱ‬ĂҋϤᝋӀዎ‫̝ဳܬצ‬ˠϔЯΦ‫ڱ‬ ፟ᙯ൑ᝋྋᛖĂͽ࡭ାᑻ൑‫ܝ‬Ă̙൒ಶߏ‫ޠڱ‬Яϲ‫ڱ‬ଂᚑĂે‫ڱ‬ଂᆵĂጱ࡭ͣ৿၁ड़ ّĂ҃஍ࠎ‫͛׍‬Ąķ ಶზࢋ୻ზ߆ᛨੑயĂ‫׎‬੓ზૄ໤͟۞Ᏼ‫̙˵ؠ‬ਕႝ൑ᇾ໤Ăहຍ҃ࠎĄѣᙯૄ໤͟ ۞੅ኢᄃ‫ڌ‬ᇇགྷរĂኛણ֍཭ܲ‫ݱ‬Ğ2017Ĉ110-132ğĄ CEDH, 26 avril 2016, Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi c. Turquie, Affaire n 19920/13.

߆‫ࡊڼ‬ጯኢᕍƟௐ 75 ഇƟϔ઼ 107 ѐ 3 ͡

145

ͅ၆ᛨԩ᜜۞நϤΒ߁ĈңᏜĶ̙‫͚ڱ‬΍ķĉҖࠎॡ̝‫ޠڱ‬၆ѩఢ‫ؠ‬Ĉ Ķ࿁ ͅ߆ᛨϫ۞̝͚΍ӈᛳ̙‫͚ڱ‬΍ĄķҭߏңᏜĶ߆ᛨϫ۞ķĉѩఢ‫ॲؠ‬ώ ̙ૉ‫ځ‬ቁĂጱ࡭Җࠎˠॲώ൑‫ְڱ‬Аҿ‫ֱ͚ࣹؠ‬΍ᛳ‫͚ڱ̙ٺ‬΍ĉ‫׎‬ѨĂ ጳ‫ੰڱڱ‬੫၆‫׎‬ٙᄮ‫ڱ̙̝ؠ‬ҖࠎĂᑕАග̟ᛋӘĂ҃‫ۡܧ‬ତ෗‫ؠ‬՟ќ߆ ᛨੑயĄለ߷ˠᝋ‫ੰڱ‬౵‫ޢ‬ᄮ‫ؠ‬Ĉૄ‫ٺ‬Ķ̙‫͚ڱ‬΍ķᄃĶ߆ᛨϫ۞ķඈໄ ‫̰ه‬உȈ̶̙‫ځ‬ቁĂ΄ˠ൑‫ְ݈ڱ‬࿰ീćͷ෗ჳ̰टϺᛳְ݈̙Ξ࿰ീĂ ߇࿁ͅለ߷ˠᝋ̳ࡗௐ 11 ୧ٙܲᅪ̝ඕۤҋϤĂҿ˿҅‫ع߆׎‬ୀ෦Ą 3. ᚑࢦ‫ڡ‬ෛ ѣᙯ߆ᛨఢ‫آְט‬Ă౵ԟᏕ࿁ͅπඈࣧ‫݋‬Ă၆‫ٺ‬প‫߆ؠ‬ᛨග̟‫ڡ‬ෛ၆ ‫ޞ‬Ąᛨய୧ּௐ 4 ୧ௐ 1 ഠఢ‫߆ؠ‬ᛨ۞‫ؠ‬ཌྷౣߏĈϔ઼ 76 ѐ 7 ͡ 15 ݈͟ јϲֶ֭જࣶຟใॡഇˠϔဥវ‫ڱ‬ఢ‫ؠ‬౯९۰Ą૟߆ᛨ‫ؠ‬ཌྷͽјϲॡมү ࠎՙ‫ࢋّؠ‬৵۞ү‫ڱ‬Ăᓝ͵ց֍ĄՀࢦࢋ۞ߏֶѩఢ‫ؠ‬Ăੵ˞઼઼̚ϔᛨ γĂϔ͹ซՎᛨјϲ‫ٺ‬ϔ઼ 75 ѐ 9 ͡Ăᔵ˵‫ٲڱྍצ‬ՁĂҭߏ઼ϔᛨυื Ϲ΃۞ੑயᅈ໖Ҍϔ઼ 34 ѐĂϔซᛨЯјϲ͉୎Ă߇൑ѩཌྷચĄт‫ ͽڍ‬75 ѐ 9 ٕ͡ߏ 76 ѐ 7 ͡үࠎੑய੓ზ۞ૄ໤ᕇĂҌ͌௑Ъπඈࣧ‫݋‬Ăϲੰ̚ ۞‫̂׌‬ᛨ࠰дఢቑ̝ЕĄҭߏᛨய୧ּனд۞ఢቑ͞ёĂੵ઼ϔᛨ̈́ϔซ ᛨ‫ٲצ‬ՁγĂౣଵੵ࿅Ν˟Ȉѐֽԧ઼۞͹ࢋ߆ᛨĂ 71 ҃ͷ‫׎‬ੑய੓ზૄ ໤ᕇ˵ଵੵ˞ϔซᛨĂΪ౺˭઼ϔᛨ‫ڱྍצ‬ٙ‫ٲ‬ՁĄ఺჌੫၆প‫߆ؠ‬ᛨ۞ ϲ‫͞ڱ‬ёĂ่̙ߏᚑࢦ۞‫ڡ‬ෛ၆‫ޞ‬Ăࠤͷߏ੫၆প‫ؠ‬၆෪҃ϲ‫ڱ‬Ă࿁ͅϲ ‫ڱ‬Җࠎᑕྍ‫׍‬٩෪೼࿆পّĂ̙଀࣎९ϲ‫ૄ̝ڱ‬ώࣧ‫݋‬Ą ᛨய୧ּপҾૻአࠎ˞Ᏼᓝ̳πᚮ‫ۋ‬ĂઉБϔ͹߆‫ڼ‬Ăٙͽ‫ྍࢎט‬୧ ּĄ҃ྍ୧ּ̝ٙͽ‫ڡ‬ෛ၆‫ޞ‬প‫߆ؠ‬ᛨâਠ‫ݚ‬ᄮࠎߏЯࠎ઼ϔᛨੑயᘀ ̂Ăጱ࡭Ᏼᓝ̙̳Ąೱ֏̝Ăੑயкဿ̙ТĂ଀ͽԛј‫ڡ‬ෛ၆‫۞ޞ‬நϤĄ ൒҃‫ޥ‬҂Ᏼᓝ̳πᚮ‫۞ۋ‬યᗟĂυืТॡ҂ณĶ࣏ᏴˠķᄃĶ߆ᛨķ‫࣎׌‬ ࢬШĄт‫ڍ‬ᛨய୧ּٙ‫ކ‬Ⴭ۞Ĉ Ķᛨயᘀ̂ጱ࡭Ᏼᓝ̙̳ķ̝ኢࢗទᏭΞͽ јϲĂ֤࣏Ᏼˠ۞ੑயߏӎ˵ᑕ˘‫׀‬ఢቑĉੑ˧ᘀ̂۞࣏Ᏼˠߏӎ˵ົጱ ࡭Ᏼᓝ̙̳ĉ 71

тາᛨăέ៉ဥඕᓑ༖ăᏐϔᛨ̈́ॡ΃˧ณඈ߆ᛨĂ࠰̙‫צ‬ᛨய୧ּٙ‫ٲ‬ՁĄ

146

ጳ߆ϔ͹វ‫߆̝ט‬ᛨఢ‫ט‬Ĉ

ౘ୳͛

઼ᅫ໤‫݋‬ᄃ̚රϔ઼߆ᛨ‫ྵͧטڱ‬

Ҙ͞ϔ͹‫઼ٕڼڱ‬ѣॲώ̙გ߆ᛨੑய۰Ăಶზࠎ˞ᔖҺ‫ܛ‬ᝋ߆‫ڼ‬ᄃ Ᏼᓝ̳πϫ۞҃ࢋซҖ߆ᛨੑயგ‫ט‬Ăৌϒਕྻϡ۞߱͘ಶߏ౅࿅Ķ߆‫ڼ‬ ᚥ‫טࢨܛ‬ķĞќˢğᄃĶᚮᏴགྷ෱ࢨ‫ט‬ķĞ͚΍ğඈ‫׌‬჌౉शĄд‫ޘט‬నࢍ ˯Ă၆‫ٺ‬ੑயᘀ̂۞࣏ᏴˠĂ̙Ξਕࠎ˞Ᏼᓝ̳π҃Ν੠ߤ୻ზপ‫࣏ؠ‬Ᏼ ˠ۞ੑயĄТᇹ۞྽நĂӍˠ˵࠻̙‫˞ࠎז‬၁னᏴᓝ̳πᚮ‫ۋ‬Ă၆‫ٺ‬ੑய ᘀ̝̂߆ᛨĂಶ੠ߤ୻ზ‫׎‬ੑய۞९ּĄೱ֏̝ĂᏴᓝ̳πᚮ‫ۋ‬ᄃ߆‫ڼ‬ຆ ሒ۞၁ኹĂ̙֭ߏֹՏ࣎ણᏴˠٕણᏴ߆ᛨ۞ੑ˧࠹༊Ă҃ߏ౅࿅ќ͚౅ ‫ࢋځ‬Րᄃќ͚ࢨ‫͞۞ט‬ёֽ྿јĄ ԧ઼࿅ΝഅనཉᚮᏴགྷ෱ࢨ‫ט‬ĂҭЯॲώ൑‫ڱ‬ৌϒે‫ڱ‬Ă౵‫ޢ‬Ϊр‫ٸ‬ ୢĄѩγĂ၆‫࣏ٺ‬Ᏼˠ۞ੑயॲώԆБ̙үგ‫ט‬Ăࠤͷ̯ధ߆‫ڼ‬ᚥ‫ܛ‬ॕග ࣎Ҿ࣏ᏴˠĂ֭૟̳෱ᏴᓝྃӄഠϺග̟࣎Ҿ࣏ᏴˠĄ 72 дѩࡦഀ˭Ă࣏ Ᏼˠੑ˧ᚙঅ۞ଐԛ఍఍Ξ֍ĂᏴᓝтңਕૉ̳πᚮ‫׸ۋ‬ĉೱ֏̝Ă‫ܛ‬ᝋ ᙯܼ̙ߏ౅࿅߆ᛨ۞റ྽ֽซҖĂ҃ߏ౅࿅࣏Ᏼˠҋ̎̈́‫׎‬ٙјϲ̝Чᙷ ૄ‫ֽ͗૳̝ົܛ‬၁னĄтѩॲώΪߏՀΐૻ̼ͽ࣎ˠࠎϹ‫ٽ‬ಫ̬͕̚۞‫ܛ‬ ᝋ߆‫ڼ‬ඕၹ҃̏Ąᛨய୧ּ۞ϲ‫ڱ‬۰̙೷ᄮৌࢬ၆࣎Ҿ߆‫ڼ‬ˠ‫׎̈́ۏ‬ٙј ϲ֭ଠ‫۞ט‬Чᙷૄ‫ٕۤົܛ‬ဥඈ‫ܢ‬ᐌ௡ᖐĂ̖ߏன̫ԧ઼‫ܛ‬ᝋ߆‫ڼ‬ăᏴᓝ ̙̳ᄃЧᙷၑ९۞ৌϒ໚ᐝĂ҃ౣͽপ‫߆ؠ‬ᛨүࠎ͹ࢋఢ‫ט‬၆෪Ăຐࢋ౅ ࿅ѩϲ‫ֹڱ‬Ᏼᓝ଀ͽ̳πᚮ‫ۋ‬Ăϔ͹଀ͽՀΐઉБĂ၁൑ள‫ٺ‬ቡ͢Ր౦Ą ტ˯Ăԧ઼னҖѣᙯ߆ᛨఢ‫࠹۞ט‬ᙯఢ‫ؠ‬Ăଂ݈͔‫ރ‬κ೻؎ࣶົٙ೬ ϯ۞кี߆ᛨఢ‫ૄ̝ט‬ώࣧ‫࠻ֽ݋‬ĂೀͼΞᄲߏᄃՏ࣎ࣧ‫࠰݋‬ѣᨋॾᛪ᝸ ̝఍Ą

72

ԧ઼னҖᚮᏴགྷ෱ྃӄϤ̳ᖚˠࣶᏴቪ‫ڱ‬ᄃᓁ௚ઘᓁ௚Ᏼቪ‫̶ڱ‬ү̙Тఢ‫ؠ‬âਠᏴ ᓝ۞ᚮᏴ෱ϡྃ෭ֶ̳ᖚˠࣶᏴቪ‫ڱ‬ௐ 43 ୧ௐ 3 ีఢ‫ؠ‬ĂϤ࣏ᏴˠШᏴ؎ົᅳ‫פ‬Ąҭ ᓁ௚̂Ᏼ̝ᚮᏴགྷ෱ྃ෭Ăࡶ࣏ᏴˠߏϤ߆ᛨଯᖧ۰Ăֶᓁ௚ઘᓁ௚Ᏼቪ‫ڱ‬ௐ 41 ୧ௐ 2 ีఢ‫ؠ‬Ă‫ྃ׎‬ӄഠᑕϤ߆ᛨᅳ‫פ‬Ąҭ၁ચ˯‫̪ݒ‬൴ϠϤᏴᓁ࣏ᏴˠҋϤྻϡѩีྃ ӄഠ۞ଐԛĄт੺ࡻ˝݈ᓁ௚ԯ˟Ѩᓁ௚Ᏼᓝྃ෭ 4.3 ᆆ̮Ϥ઼ϔᛨྻϡćౘͪ޴݈ ᓁ௚Ϻ૟˟Ѩᓁ௚̂ᏴᚮᏴྃ෭В 3.4 ᆆ̮ĂБᇴϤϔซᛨྻϡćᔁ‫ܜ‬ԗАϠ૟ᓁ௚ Ᏼᓝྃӄഠ 2 ˼༱̮аᇥ‫׎‬ᚮᏴᓁొĂΩ૟ 1.4 ᆆ̮ϹϤϔซᛨྻϡĂҭችࡻ͛ᓁ௚ ĂҋҖྻϡć֭Ϗ૟ྃӄഠ ‫݋‬૟ 2012 ѐᓁ௚Ᏼᓝྃӄഠϡ‫ٺ‬јϲĶ̈ࡻିֈૄ‫ົܛ‬ķ аᘳϔซᛨĄϤ‫ٺ‬ᚮᏴྃӄഠৼˢռᝃĂ֭ѣӃళᑻಱ۞ͅड़‫ڍ‬Ă߇‫៰ײ‬ᆿੵѩีྃ ӄ۞ᓏࢰ̙඗‫҅ٺ‬Ă֍઼̚ॡಡĞ2015ğĄ

߆‫ࡊڼ‬ጯኢᕍƟௐ 75 ഇƟϔ઼ 107 ѐ 3 ͡

147

Ёăඕᄬ дጳ߆ϔ͹វ‫˭ט‬Ă Ķఢ‫߆ט‬ᛨķߏ˘Іໂࠎᚑඥͷࢦ̂۞ְĂυืࢋ ѣȈ̶િૻ۞‫ૄޠڱ‬ᖂĂ֭ᑕᚑॾᏲч࠹ᙯૄώࣧ‫݋‬Ąᇇ઼үࠎ‫߆ؠט‬ᛨ ‫۞ڱ‬Аᜭ઼छĂд‫׎‬ϲ‫ڱ‬࿅඀̚পҾၓពఢ‫߆ט‬ᛨ۞ᚑඥّĂࡶߏ՟ѣጳ ‫ڱ‬ఢቑٕጳ‫ځڱ‬ቁ଱ᝋүࠎ݈೩Ăߏ̙Ξਕଯજѩีϲ‫ڱ‬ซ඀۞Ąд߆ᛨ Вᙊ˭Ăᇇ઼౅࿅࣒ጳ඀ԔĂ֭።གྷᇴѨጳ‫ڱ‬ྋᛖĂ̖ుՎԆච‫߆׎‬ᛨ‫ڱ‬Ą ѩγĂੵ˞ϲ‫ڱ‬υืѣፋវ۞ጼர‫ޥ‬ჯĂՀࢋѣ̳ϒ፾ϲ۞፟ᙯֽેҖ‫׎‬ ϲ‫̰ڱ‬टĄ̙Т‫ٺ‬ᇇ઼۞ଐԛĂкᇴѣ߆ᛨ‫ڱ‬Ăٕ၆߆ᛨซҖЧᙷఢ‫۞ט‬ ઼छĂּт঍઼ă˿҅‫׎‬ᄃܻᘲ೻ඈ઼Ă‫׎‬ϔ͹Ϗυ˯࢖྽Ă‫ޙڼڱ׎‬న ՀߏᙱᎷநຐဩгĄೱ֏̝Ăϲ‫ڱ‬ఢ‫߆ט‬ᛨ̙֭υ൒ਕ૟߆ᛨ߆‫ڼ‬ᄃϔ͹ ‫౉؃˯૲ڼڱ‬Ą̝ٙͽтѩĂ‫ޝ‬ΞਕߏЯࠎఢቑ߆ᛨ۞‫ڱ‬ఢቑώ֗Ҝล̙ ૉ੼ăͷͣ৿߆ᛨВᙊăΐͽ՟ѣ୻຾۞ఢቑጼரϫᇾăՀ̙хдਕૉ̳ ϒ፾ϲે‫߆۞ڱ‬ᛨგ‫ט‬፟ᙯٕΦ‫ڱ‬፟ᙯඈĄ ԧ઼˘ۡͽֽ۞߆ᛨఢ‫ט‬ଐ‫ڶ‬ĂޫμಶߏఢቑҜล̙ૉ੼ăͣ৿߆ᛨ Вᙊăϲ‫ڱ‬՟ѣፋវጼரϫᇾĂՀ՟ѣ̳ϒ፾ϲ̝፟ᙯ଀ͽે‫ڱ‬Ąдѩࡦ ഀ˭Ă‫ڱ‬ఢቑώ֗Я൑‫ڱ‬జৌϒར၁҃ԛТ̙хдĂϔ͹߆‫̝ڼ‬൴णᄃᏴ ᓝຆሒଐԛ˵՟ѣЯ‫ڱ‬ఢቑ̝̬ˢ҃ѣ‫ځ‬ព۞ԼචĄҌ‫ٺ‬າ‫̝ܕ‬ᛨய୧ּ ᄃ߆ᛨ‫ڱ‬ĂՀдͣ৿ጳ‫ֶڱ‬ፂᄃ߆ᛨВᙊ۞ଐ‫˭ڶ‬Ăϲ‫ڱ‬۰‫ؠט‬΍ᚑࢦ‫ܬ‬ ᝋĂᚑࢦ࿁ࡦ‫ڼڱ‬Ăͷᚑࢦ‫ڡ‬ෛᇲ၆д౎߆ᛨ۞ఢ‫̰ט‬टć‫ߊ׎‬ᙱ੟ે߆ ᛨ౅࿅ϲ‫ڱ‬ᝋχᑝপ‫ؠ‬д౎ᛨ̝ᙎĂՀ̙ົ྿‫ޙז‬ϲ߆ᛨ̳πᚮ‫ۋ‬ᒖဩᄃ ઉБϔ͹߆‫۞ڼ‬ϲ‫ڱ‬ϫ۞Ą т‫ڍ‬Ч߆ᛨ่ѣᝋ˧ᚮဳ۞ᇒ୕Ă՟ѣϔ͹‫ܫ۞ڼڱ‬ЈᄃநຐĂಶ̙ ΞਕԛјВᙊଯજ࣒ጳĂ૟߆ᛨఢ‫ૄ̝ט‬ᖂߛၹˢጳĄт‫৿ͣڍ‬ጳ‫ૄڱ‬ᖂĂ ‫݋‬Їңఢ‫߆ט‬ᛨ۞ϲ‫ڱ‬Җࠎౌѣ࿁ጳ۞ႷᇋĂࠤҌΞͽۡତ૟‫׎‬ଯ‫ࠎؠ‬࿁ ጳĄ 73 Հ̙ϡᄲ‫΁׎‬ར၁߆ᛨఢ‫۞ט‬υࢋ੨इ፟‫ט‬ĂপҾߏ̈́ॡѣड़̝ା

73

дΦ‫ءڱ̂ੰڱ‬ᛖфௐ 744 ཱིྋᛖ̚Ă̂‫ءڱ‬ଳᚑॾᆶߤૄ໤Ăᘲ‫پ‬൴̂‫ءڱ‬дώ९ ̝‫ם‬Тຍ֍३̚޽΍Ĉ ĶώІྋᛖຍў౵ࢦ̂۞ຍཌྷд‫ٺ‬Ĉ੫၆֏ኢҋϤְ̝݈ᆶߤఢ

148

ጳ߆ϔ͹វ‫߆̝ט‬ᛨఢ‫ט‬Ĉ

ౘ୳͛

઼ᅫ໤‫݋‬ᄃ̚රϔ઼߆ᛨ‫ྵͧטڱ‬

ᑻ፟‫ט‬ᄃ̳ϒ፾ϲ̝ેҖᄃାᑻ፟ᙯඈĂ၆ԧ઼҃֏ĂΞͽᄲ̫֞࠰;̝ ᗒтĄߊ൒тѩĂᔘ̙тड़‫઼ࡻڱ‬ă‫઼ڱ‬ă༄̀ᄃ઼࡚ඈҁൕϔ͹઼छĂႽ ณ૟߆ᛨᄃ˘ਠˠϔဥវඈТ࠻‫ޞ‬ĂႽณ̙ࢋΝ‫ܬٕטࢨؠט‬च߆ᛨᝋৈ ۞࠹ᙯ‫ڱ‬ఢቑĄ͍‫׎‬ᐌ඾Ч჌ጳ߆វ‫ౌט‬ѣᝋ˧ດֽດ࣎ˠ̼۞้ШĂ74 შ ྮᄃۤཏಫវ۞൴णĂ75 ͽ̈́ኜтણᄃё࿰ზඈЧᙷ̳ϔણᄃ̳Вְચ۞გ ྽ᆧкĂΐ˯Б஧̼ᔌ๕ঐ‫็˞ޛ‬௚߆ᛨຍᙊԛၗ˯۞मளĂ76 ߆ᛨд̫͟ ϔ͹វ‫ّࢋࢦ̝ט‬Ҭ̏ѣ͟႙้ᐞ̝๕ĄдĶ൑߆ᛨ̝ϔ͹ķĞAnckar & Carsten, 2000: 225ćRiegner & Stacey, 2014: 1ğ̏јࠎາ۞ࡁտኝᗟॡĂԧ ࣇᔘᅮࢋ̂ૺၮခгΝ‫ؠט‬າ۞‫ڱ‬ఢቑֽგ‫߆ט‬ᛨ๜ĉ

ણ҂३ϫ ˘ă͛̚ొ̶ ̰߆ొϔ߆ΦĂ2016Ă IJ።Ѩᆶᛉ߆ᛨ఍̶९Іՙᛉଐԛij Ă̰߆ొ߆ᛨ̈́Б઼ ّ߆‫ڼ‬ဥវྤੈშშࢱĂhttps://party.moi.gov.tw/pgms/politics/reprimand! list.actionĂ2017/11/11ĄDepartment of Civil Affairs, Ministry of the Interior. 2016. “Li ci shen yi zheng dang chu fen an jian jue yi qing xing” [Successive Review of the Resolutions of Party Dispositions]. in https://party.moi.gov.tw/ pgms/politics/reprimand! list.action. Latest update 11 November 2017. ઼̚ॡಡĂ2015ĂIJͅ၆Ӄళᑻಱ ᚮᏴྃӄᑕᆿੵijĂĮ઼̚ॡಡįĂ09/10Ă A17ĄChina Times. 2015. “Fan dui jie pin ji fu jing xuan bu zhu ying fei chu” [Opposing the Robbing of the Poor to Assist the Rich: Campaign Subsidies should be Abolished]. China Times September 10, sec. A17.

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‫ؠ‬Ă‫ޙ‬ϲྵͽ‫ـ‬ᚑॾ̝ĺଯ‫ؠ‬࿁ጳĻᆶߤᇾ໤Ąķд߆ᛨఢ‫ט‬ᅳાĂϺΞଳ‫࠹פ‬Т۞ ᆶߤᇾ໤Ą ᓁ௚‫ͽט‬ᓁ௚ࠎᝋ˧८͕ĂΗᓁ௚‫ט‬Яᓁ௚ۡᏴͷ೪ѣ࠹༊၁ᝋĂ߇Ϻࠎᝋ˧८͕Ą ಶా็௚ᄮࠎѣะវ̶ֳᝋ˧۞ᛉົ̰ᅦ‫ט‬Ăᝋ˧Ϻะ̚‫ٕ࠹ࢵٺ‬ᓁந˘ˠĄᝋ˧࣎ ˠ̼۞้ШĂன̏೼֍‫ˬ݈ࢗٺ‬჌ૄώጳ߆វ‫ט‬Ą 2017 ѐ઼࡚̌೼ᓁ௚ᄃ‫੺઼ڱ‬ҹԈᓁ௚۞༊ᏴĂౌᄲ‫็˞ځ‬௚߆ᛨᄃ็௚Ᏼጼ͞ё̏ གྷ̙Г֤ᆃࢦࢋ˞Ą੺ҹԈᏴ݈ᓜॡ౹˘࣎߆ᛨĂӈਕၔ‫غ‬χୀ็௚̂ᛨĄ̌೼චϡ ۤཏಫវซҖᏴጼĂ‫׎‬༊Ᏼ‫݋‬ԆБд͹߹າჷಫវ۞࿰ീ̝γĄ ּтለ߷ᙱϔયᗟĂऻٍ͹ཌྷયᗟĂགྷᑻઃ႖યᗟͽ̈́ໂΠࠁ̝Ꮈ੓Ăѝֹ̏ለ߷็ ௚۞νࠁᄃΠࠁ߆ᛨεΝຍᙊԛၗᄃ߆ඉᏴี˯۞၁ኳमளĄ

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Court of Germany], eds Department of Clerks for the Justices of the Constitutional Court. Taipei: Judicial Yuan, 265-300. ౘ୿‫۾‬Ă2011ĂĮᝋ˧ထ̶ᄃᝋࢨᕩᛳįĂᄂΔĈ̮໰ĄChen, Shu-fang. 2011. “Quan li hua fen yu quan xian gui shu” [Division of Powers and Authorization Attribution]. Taipei: Yuan-zhao publishing. เ౶ḁĂ2017Ă IJ঍઼‫ء‬ဈ߆វ˭۞߆ᛨ൴णij Ă Ķ2017 ‫ֲڌ‬ጳ߆ϔ͹̍үӪ ߆ᛨᄃ઼छጯఙࡁ੅ົķኢ͛Ğ5 ͡ 20 ͟ğ ĂᄂΔĈᄂ̂߆‫ڼ‬ጯրĄHuang, Kai-ping. 2017. “Tai guo guan liao zheng ti xia de zheng dang fa zhan” [Party Development under the Bureaucratic Polity in Thailand]. Paper presented at the Meetings of the 2017 East Asia Constitutional Democracy Workshop: Political Party and State, May 20. Taipei: Department of Political Science, National Taiwan University. เᐅૅĂ2017Ă IJᖼ‫ݭ‬ϒཌྷᄃ̙༊ᛨய఍நůᇇ઼۞‫̈́טڱ‬ԧ઼۞࠷‫ޥ‬ij Ă Įέ ៉‫ڱ‬ጯᗔᄫįĂ313: 111-140ĄHuang, Jin-tang. 2017. “Zhuan xing zheng yi yu bu dang dang chan chu li ůde guo de fa zhi ji wo guo de sheng si” [Transitional Justice and Ill-gotten Party Assets Settlement: Legal Institutions of Germany and Reflection in Taiwan]. Taiwan Law Journal 33: 111-140. ཭ܲ‫ݱ‬Ă2017Ă IJ߆ᛨ̈́‫ܢ׎‬ᐌ௡ᖐ̙༊‫଀פ‬ੑய఍ந୧ּĶ‫ܢ‬ᐌ௡ᖐķ̝ࡁ տůͽା઼ဥࠎּijĂĮέ៉‫ڱ‬ጯᗔᄫįĂ322: 92-132ĄDong, Bao-cheng. 2017. “zheng dang ji qi fu sui zu zhi bu dang qu de cai chan chu li tiao li Ķfu sui zu zhi ķzhi yan jiu ůyi jiu guo tuan wei li” [Act Governing the Handling of Ill-gotten Properties by Political Parties and Their Affiliate Organizations “Research on Affiliate Organizations”: A case study of the China Youth Corps]. Taiwan Law Journal 322: 92-132. ᆒтᇊĂ2013ĂIJĶг͞Ᏼᓝ‫ ̝ڱ‬5%‫ܝ‬ᕣ୧ഠķҿՙijĂΦ‫ءڱ̂ੰڱ‬३੃఍ Ğበğ Ă Įᇇ઼ᓑ֣ጳ‫ੰڱڱ‬෗ҿᏴᏭ (Ȉα )į ĂᄂΔĈΦ‫ੰڱ‬Ăࢱ 81-108Ą Liu, Ru-hui. 2013. “ĶDi fang xuan ju fa zhi 5% men kan tiao kuanķpan jue” [Verdict of the “5% threshold of local election law”]. In de guo lian bang xian fa fa yuan cai pan xuan ji (shi si) [Verdicts Collection (14) of the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany], eds Department of Clerks for the Justices of the Constitutional Court. Taipei: Judicial Yuan, 81-108. ᆒࡓᆏĂ2009ĂIJ߆ᛨ‫ࠧ͵۞ڱ‬ໄ‫ڶ‬ᄃ͹ࢋјЯijĂĮ༊΃͵ࠧᄃۤົ͹ཌྷįĂ 1: 117-121ĄLiu, Hong-lin. 2009. “Zheng dang fa de shi jie gai kuang yu zhu yao cheng yin” [The Global Overview and the Main Reasons of Political

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Political Party Regulations in Constitutional Democracy: A Comparative Study Between International Standards and the ROC’s Recent Regulations* Chwen-wen Chen**

Abstract Many democratic constitutions rarely pay attention to the role of political parties, despite the fact that they are crucially situated between society and government. Positively understood, key actors in any democracy are founded on the principle of representation. The tendency for political party statutes to be compiled, by constitutions or laws, gradually increased since the Second World War. However, a specific law for political parties is not a requirement for functioning democracies. In fact, a report compiled by the Council of Europe’s Venice Commission on different regulatory practices of OSCE states in the realm of political parties determined that such legislation is not necessary for the proper functioning of democracy, and may be most effective when its scope is quite minimal. Parliamentary laws regulating political parties are not tools in the hands of the ruling party in order to oppress opposition parties, and therefore should be developed in conformity with both international standards and relevant jurisprudence.

* DOI:10.6166/TJPS.201803_(75).0004 ** Professor, Department of Political Science & Graduate Institute of Public Affair, National Taiwan University. Research Fellow, Institutum Iurisprudentac, Academia Sinica. E-mail: [email protected]

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ጳ߆ϔ͹វ‫߆̝ט‬ᛨఢ‫ט‬Ĉ

ౘ୳͛

઼ᅫ໤‫݋‬ᄃ̚රϔ઼߆ᛨ‫ྵͧטڱ‬

Based on the international standards of legal regulation of political parties, this paper argues that the role and function of political parties in a democratic system should ideally be defined in the highest legal order of the state to ensure the stability and relative permanence of these provisions. Additionally, legal regulations that affect political parties should protect free association and the internal functions of political parties should generally be free from state interference. In comparison with these international guidelines, the ROC’s recent political party regulations should be reviewed and amended in many aspects. Keywords: Party Law, Ill-gotten Party Assets Settlement Law, Free Association, Autonomy of Political Party