THE THIRD WORLD, FROM FREEDOM TO DISAPPOINTMENT (DECOLONIZATION AND EMERGING COUNTRIES) L/ES
Vocabulary : o
o o o
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Decolonization Non-aligned movement (non alignment) Under development, less development (undeveloped/developing/developed countries) Independence Third World : emerging countries of Asia and Africa which were decolonized in the 40’s-60’s, they join not to depend on the developed/northern countries (notion created by Alfred Sauvy in 1952)
Key notions :
o Bandung conference (1955) o Belgrade conference (1960) o Cold War (1947-1991) : opposition between the two blocs (the USA (West) and the USSR (East)) o
(in relation with the notion of “non-aligned movement”) Non-aligned movement : the southern countries decided not to take part in a bloc, to be free, to make their own choice (in economy, politics...), they didn’t want to fight against anyone
Documents : o Doc 1 p. 78 (Hatier Histoire Terminale L/ES) → The map of steps of decolonization : we can see two “waves” of decolonization : the 1st one is the Asian wave (1945-1955), the 2nd one is the African wave (1955-1965 for the majority). These decolonizations were due to nationalism movements (Vietnam : Hô Chi Minh, Algeria : Messali Hadj, India : Gandhi and Nehru, Senegal : Senghor) (for the S : doc 1 p. 126 in the History book) o Docs 1 and 2 p.87 (Hatier Histoire Terminale L/ES) → Bandung conference : from 18th to 24th of April 1955 → Many leaders of Asia, Africa and Middle-East (Nehru, Prime Minister of the Indian Union ; Soekarno, President of Indonesia ; Zhou Enlaï, Prime Minister of China) were invited to discuss about independence of African countries like Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia... And whether they will follow the USA or the USSR. The non-aligned movement was “born” later, at the Belgrade conference in 1963 because these countries didn’t want to be involved in the Cold War. (for the S : pages 134 and 135 in the History book)
o Doc 5 p. 101 (Hatier Histoire Terminale L/ES) → countries which took part in the non-aligned movement in 1973 → these countries don’t want to be in a bloc but : • Some took part in the Soviet bloc • Some took part in the Occidental bloc That’s why they say “disappointment” : the countries which join to make people hear a third voice on the international stage, not to depend on northern countries, had to ask for financial help because their economy wasn’t enough strong. So, they were not really independent... Some were helped by the UNO which supported them (UNO was against colonization). But in 1973, there was the Alger conference : the 75 non-aligned countries claimed economic rights on their own production (the OPEP’s oil price shock for example, to show they disagreed with the USA) However, the majority of these countries are still poor... (for the S page 134 (in the History book) : doc 1 gives information about the non-aligned movement (the reasons why these countries made this decision) and doc 2 shows that some countries decided to be in a bloc like Cuba, during Fidel Castro’s dictatorship) Websites : http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Third_World/Third_World_page.html http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/cwr/98782.htm http://classshares.student.usp.ac.fj/GE402/development%20thinking/History,%20destiny%20and%20the%20fate%20of%20Third %20Worldism.pdf (a bit hard to read because it gives huge information... but very interesting http://www.ena.lu/ (french one) of course, there is still Wikipedia...
