THE HANDBOOK OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SPILLS TECHNOLOGY Merv Fingas, Ph.D. Editor-in-Chief

McGRAW-HILL New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The handbook of hazardous materials spills technology / Merv Fingas, editor-in-chief. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 0-07-135171-X 1. Hazardous substances—Safety measures—Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Hazardous substances—Accidents—Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Fingas, Mervin F. T55.3.H3H3515 604.7—dc21

2001 2001034231

Copyright 䉷 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a data base or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0

DOC / DOC

0 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

ISBN 0-07-135171-X The sponsoring editor for this book was Kenneth P. McCombs and the production supervisor was Sherri Souffrance. It was set in Times Roman by Pro-Image Corporation. Printed and bound by R. R. Donnelley & Sons Company. McGraw-Hill books are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs. For more information, please write to the Director of Special Sales, McGrawHill Professional, Two Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121-2298. Or contact your local bookstore. This book is printed on recycled, acid-free paper containing a minimum of 50% recycled, de-inked fiber.

Information contained in this work has been obtained by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (‘‘McGraw-Hill’’) from sources believed to be reliable. However, neither McGraw-Hill nor its authors guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein and neither McGraw-Hill nor its authors shall be responsible for any errors, omissions, or damages arising out of use of this information. This work is published with the understanding that McGraw-Hill and its authors are supplying information but are not attempting to render engineering or other professional services. If such services are required, the assistance of an appropriate professional should be sought.

CONTRIBUTORS

Jeffrey A. Adams ENGEO Inc., San Ramon, California (CHAP. 14) Ertugrul Alp

Alp & Associates Incorporated, Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada (CHAP. 10)

Margaret-Ann Armour Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton (CHAP. 29) J. Arnaldos Centre d’Estudis del Risc Tecnolo`gic (CERTEC), Universitat Polite`cnica de Catalunya—

Institut d’Estudis Catalans, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain (CHAPS. 22, 31, 41) Andreas F. Bienz Bienz, Kummer & Partner Ltd, Consulting Engineers—Safety Planning, Risk Management, Zollikerberg, Switzerland (CHAP. 12) E. Buglova Research and Clinical Institute of Radiation Medicine and Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Minsk, Belarus (CHAP. 9) Bertrand Carissimo Electricite´ de France, Chatou, France (CHAP. 19) J. Casal Centre d’Estudis del Risc Tecnolo`gic (CERTEC), Universitat Polite`cnica de Catalunya—

Institut d’Estudis Catalans, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain (CHAPS. 22, 31, 41) Philip Chatwin Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K. (CHAP.

25) Nijs Jan Duijm Risø National Laboratory, Roskilde, Denmark (CHAP. 19) C. A. Leif Ericson CHEMTREC, Arlington, VA (CHAP. 5) Merv Fingas Emergencies Science Division, Environment Canada, Environmental Technology Centre, River Road, Ottawa, Ontario (CHAPS. 16, 30, 32–36, 38, 39, 44) Ernst Goldschmitt United Nations Environment Program, Paris (CHAP. 2) R. F. Griffiths Environmental Technology Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, UMIST,

Manchester, United Kingdom (CHAP. 37) John S. Gulliver Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota

(CHAP. 20) A. J. (Tony) Haggerty Hazardous Substance Advisor, Auckland Region, New Zealand Fire Service

(CHAP. 4) P. F. L. Heilbron Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission, Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (CHAP. 9) David E. Hibbs Barr Engineering Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan (CHAP. 20) F. Jonckheere Trade and Environment Services, European Chemical Industry Council / Conseil Europe´en de l’industrie chimique (CEFIC), Brussels (CHAP. 8) T. Kapias Environmental Technology Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, UMIST,

Manchester, United Kingdom (CHAP. 37) Kerry Ketcheson Emergencies Science Division, Environmental Technology Centre, Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (CHAPS. 39, 44) S. Bruce King AristaTek, Inc. and Western Research Institute (WRI), Laramie, Wyoming (CHAP. 23) Jaakko Kukkonen Finnish Meteorological Institute, Air Quality Research, Helsinki, Finland (CHAPS.

27, 40)

xvii

xviii

CONTRIBUTORS

Peter O. Kummer Bienz, Kummer & Partner Ltd., CH-8125 Zollikerberg, Switzerland (CHAP. 26) J. F. Lafortune International Safety Research, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (CHAP. 9) Carol Lau Environmental Emergencies Branch, Environment Canada, Hull, Quebec (CHAP. 44) Richard Lawuyi Emergencies Science Division, Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (CHAPS. 32, 33, 34, 35, 36. 38) Ken Li Emergencies Science Division, Environment Canada, Environmental Technology Centre, River Road, Ottawa, Ontario (CHAP. 16) Don Mackay Canadian Environmental Modelling Centre, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada (CHAP. 24) Michel Marchand Rue Alain Colas, BP 20 413, 29604 BREST (France) (CHAPS. 3, 7, 43, 45) R. Martincˇ icˇ J. Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia (CHAP. 9) Gordon McKay Department of Chemical Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and

Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong (CHAP. 15) T. McKenna International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna (CHAP. 9) Stefan Micallef Regional Marine Pollution Emergency, Response Centre for the Mediterranean Sea

(REMPEC), Manoel Island, Gzira, Malta (CHAP. 1) H. Montiel Centre d’Estudis del Risc Tecnolo`gic (CERTEC), Universitat Polite`cnica de Catalunya—

Institut d’Estudis Catalans, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain (CHAPS. 22, 31, 41) Joe C. Y. Ng Department of Chemical Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Tech-

nology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong (CHAP. 15) M. Nielsen Risø National Laboratory, Roskilde, Denmark (CHAP. 18) Juha Nikmo Finnish Meteorological Institute, Air Quality Research, Helsinki, Finland (CHAP. 27) John S. Nordin AristaTek, Inc. and Western Research Institute (WRI), Laramie, Wyoming (CHAPS. 17,

23) John C. Pine Professor-Research, Institute for Environmental Studies, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana (CHAP. 11) E. Planas-Cuchi Centre d’Estudis del Risc Tecnolo`gic (CERTEC), Universitat Polite`cnica de Catalunya—Institut d’Estudis Catalans, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain (CHAPS. 22, 31, 41) Krishna R. Reddy University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Civil and Materials Engineering,

Chicago, Illinois (CHAP. 14) Thayne Routh AristaTek, Inc. and Western Research Institute (WRI), Laramie, Wyoming (CHAP. 23) K. E. Sellers AMEC Earth & Environmental, Inc., Westford, Massachusetts (CHAP. 28) Rajesh Seth Canadian Environmental Modelling Centre, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario,

Canada (CHAP. 24) David Sheesley AristaTek, Inc. and Western Research Institute (WRI), Laramie, Wyoming (CHAP. 23) Mary-Ann Spicer Environmental Emergencies Branch, Environment Canada, Hull, Quebec (CHAP. 44) Clyde Strong President, Clyde Strong & Associates, Inc., College Station, Texas (CHAP. 13)

Department of Applied Mathematics, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada (CHAP. 25)

Paul J. Sullivan

J. E. S. Venart Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada (CHAPS. 21, 42) J. Verlinden Trade and Environment Services, European Chemical Industry Council / Conseil Europe´en de l’industrie chimique (CEFIC), Brussels (CHAP. 6)

CONTRIBUTORS

xix

J. A. Vı´lchez Centre d’Estudis del Risc Tecnolo`gic (CERTEC), Universitat Polite`cnica de Catalunya—

Institut d’Estudis Catalans, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain (CHAPS. 22, 31, 41) Vaughan R. Voller Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota

(CHAP. 20) Thomas K. Warnock CHEMTREC, Arlington, VA (CHAP. 5)

ABOUT THE EDITOR-IN-CHIEF

Merv Fingas, Ph.D., is Chief, Emergencies Sciences Division, Environment Canada. His research specialties are the properties, behavior, and modeling of hazardous materials, especially oil. A member of the editorial board of the Journal of Hazardous Materials, he also edits Spill Technology Newsletter, published by Environment Canada. He is a member of the executive committee of the ASTM F-20 on spill standards. He has over 450 publications.