Supplementary Information for Phylogeography and the origin of cassava: new insights from the northern rim of the Amazonian basin

Guillaume Léotard

1, 2, 3,

Chantal Debain

Anne Duputié

1

1, 3

, Finn Kjellberg

, Jean-Jacques de Granville

5,

1

, Emmanuel Douzery

Doyle McKey

4,

1

Table of contents

1

Supplementary Table 1

2

Supplementary Table 2

3

Supplementary Figure 1

4

Centre d'Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive  UMR 5175, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier CEDEX 5, France 2 Corresponding author. Address: CEFE UMR 5175, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier CEDEX 5, France. Fax +33 4 67 41 21 38. Email: [email protected] 3 These authors contributed equally to this work. 4 Institut des Sciences de l'Évolution de Montpellier (ISE-M UMR5554), CNRS, Université Montpellier II, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France 5 Unité 84 Biodival, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Herbier de Guyane, Route de Montabo, BP165, 97323 Cayenne CEDEX, France

3

1 2

Jatropha gossypiifolia Cnidoscolus urens

M. aff. quinquepartita

M. glaziovii

M. esculenta ssp. flabellifolia sensu Allem

Species

05°32’ N – 053°24’ W 05°23’ N – 053°00’ W 01°45’ S – 102°55’ E 02°49' N - 053°22' W

Grand Macoua, French Guiana

Sinnamary, French Guiana

Jambi, Sumatra

Monts d’Arawa, French Guiana

03°53’ N – 051°48’ W 05°10' N - 052°40’ W

Saint-Georges, French Guiana

Kourou, French Guiana

03°37’ N – 053°12’W

05°29’ N – 053°18’ W

Roche Blanche, French Guiana

Saül, French Guiana

05°24’ N – 053°06’ W

Trou Poissons, French Guiana

03°53’ N – 051°48’ W

05°21’ N – 052°56’ W

Sinnamary, French Guiana

Saint-Georges, French Guiana

05°07’ N – 052°39’ W

02°17’ N - 054°31’ W

Petit Mitaraka, French Guiana

Kourou, French Guiana

02°49' N - 053°22' W

Monts Arawa, French Guiana 05°00’ N – 055°28’ W

03°01’ N - 052°31’ W

Camopi, French Guiana

Tonate, French Guiana

02°57’ N - 052°32’ W

GPS coordinates

Roche Touatou, French Guiana

Site

Supplementary Table 1. Sampling locations for the wild relatives of cassava. Supplementary Table 1. Sampling locations for the wild relatives of cassava.

2

1

1

1 3 (two of which initially determined as M. brachyloba) 2

1

6

2

4

3

7

5

4

6

7

2

Number of samples

Doyle McKey

Benoît Pujol

Guillaume Léotard

Benoît Pujol

Corinne Sarthou

Guillaume Léotard

Guillaume Léotard

Guillaume Léotard

Guillaume Léotard

Guillaume Léotard

Guillaume Léotard

Doyle McKey

Benoît Pujol

Philippe Gaucher

Corinne Sarthou

Doyle McKey

Doyle McKey

Name of collector

2002

2002

2003

2002

2002

2003

2003

2003

2003

2003

2003

2002

2002

2002

2002

2002

Collection date 2002

2

Sampling locations for domesticated cassava. Landraces are bitter unless otherwise stated. Population SM (Savane Manuel) does

Unknown

Brazilian (recent immigrant in French Guiana) Haitian (recent immigrant in French Guiana)

Creole

Wayãpi Amerindians (TupiGuarani family) Bushi Nenge (descendants of escaped African slaves)

Galibi Amerindians (Karib family) Palikur Amerindians (Arawak family)

Makushi Amerindians (Karib family)

Cultivators

Kourou

Savane Matiti, French Guiana

Sinnamary, French Guiana

05°10’ N - 052°39’ W

05°03’ N – 052°35’ W

05°22’ N – 052°57’ W

03°38’ N – 054°02 W

Maripasoula, French Guiana

04°59’N – 052°26’W

Kamuyene, French Guiana 02°15’ N – 052°52’ W

03°53’ N – 051°48’ W

Saint Georges, French Guiana

Zidock, French Guiana

05°33’ N - 053°27’ W

04°02’ N – 058°35’W

GPS coordinates

Organabo, French Guiana

Rewa, Guyana

Village

2

1

3

7

2

6

4

10

1

1

3

8

2

6

2

6

2

33 seedlings

33 2

16

Number of landraces

16

Number of samples

Guillaume Léotard

Clément Lermyte

2003

2006

2004

2004 and 2003

Anne Duputié and Guillaume Léotard Anne Duputié

1988-1990

2007

2002

2002

2003

1996-1997

1996-1997

Collection date

Marie Fleury

Doyle McKey et al.

Benoît Pujol

Benoît Pujol

Guillaume Léotard

Marianne Elias

Marianne Elias

Name of collector

not appear in this table, the individuals of for intermediate domesticated fromotherwise this population Supplementary Tableas 2. Sampling locations domesticatedand cassava. Landracesphenotype are bitter unless stated. were treated as supplementary individuals.

Supplementary Table 2.

3

4

Maximum likelihood tree obtained with G3pdh sequences (ln(likelihood) = - 2871.18). 1000 bootstrap replicates were performed; bootstrap percentages > 50 % are indicated above or below nodes. Suppl. Fig. 1 Supplementary Figure 1.

Cnidoscolus Jatropha BA1 BA2 GL1 84.2

66.9

GL2 BA3

β

92.1 94.7

E F H G

55.0 I W J

88.8 D2 D1 C

65.4

B

69.0 V A 67.6

γ

P T Q

61.1 52.2

R 62.4

S

δ

65.8

63.7 U O

100.0

D3

α

Cassava (M. esculenta ssp. esculenta)

G3

79.8

M. esculenta ssp. flabellifolia (Southern rim)

G2 L

M. esculenta ssp. flabellifoia (Northern rim)

K

66.7

G4

M. pruinosa ε

86.6

87.6 N M

D

M. aff. quinquepartita and M. glaziovii

G1 0.002