Langue Orale

STTRREESSSS

IIN N

CO OM MPPO OU UN ND DS S

1/

PRINCIPES DE BASE Les composés de –ever: l’accent tombe tjs sur la 1ère syll de ever: how’ever, when’ever, whatso’ever. Les composés de any-, some-, no- et every- st tjs accentués sur la 1ère syllable: ‘anybody, ‘anyhow, ‘anyone, ‘somehow, ‘nobody, ‘nothing. Exception: , any’more. Attention: -some en 2ème position est inaccentuée: ‘handsome ‘irksome ‘troublesome. Avec how ou where en 2ème element l’accent tombe tjs sur la 1ère syllable du mot. Les composés de -self/selves, l’accent tombe tjs sur self/selves: my’self your’self. Les composés contenant le suffix -hood sont tjs accentués sur le 1er élément: ‘childhood.

Petit indice: un composé avec mots attachés et trait d’union a plus de chance d’être accentué sur le 1er élément que sur le 2ème. COMPOUND NOUN STRESS RULE Compounds are semantically inseparable units: a ‘green ‘house, a ‘greenhouse (une serre). In a compound, the meaning does not amount to the added meanings of its compounding elements. Primary stress on 1st word, secondary stress on 2nd word: 12

Ex : ‘ash,tray ; ‘baby,sitter ; ‘birth-,control ; ‘blood-,test ; ‘chamber ,music ; ‘earth,quake ; ‘foot,note ; ‘girl,friend The 2nd word has secondary stress, so it is not reduced. BUT : Frenchman /’fren!m"n/ ; Ireland /’a#"l"nd --> these are not compounds nouns. Whatever the nb of syllables of the 2nd element, it is not reduced, which is one of the characteristics of compounds;. Only some historic compounds, such as ‘breakfast, ‘cupboard or ‘necklace exhibit vowel reduction --> the merging process of the two elements has reached its ccl, they can now be treated as words without internal structure. SPECIAL CASES: N1 or N2 = proper noun --> 21 • N1 = proper noun (in particular, names or roads, avenues, but regular pattern for words with street: ‘Baker ,street ; ‘Oxford ,street) o ,Buckingham ‘Palace ; ,Park ‘Avenue ; ,Fulham ‘Road ; ,Greenwich

‘Village ; ,Grosvenor ‘Square ; ,Victoria ‘Station • N2 = proper noun 21 o ,River ‘Thames ; ,Loch ‘Ness ; ,Mount ‘Everest ! N2 is made of N1: 21 in particular in nouns referring to food • ,paper ‘napkin ; ,cotton ‘dress ; ,cheese ‘sandwich ; ,pork ‘pie ; ,olive ‘oil • BUT: regular pattern followed by nouns with cake juice milk water: ‘chocolate ,cake ; ‘orange ,juice and nouns with underlying of structure: ‘ice,cube ‘snow,flake (cube of ice, flake of snow) ! N2=N1: (formation where 1st element sub-classifies the 2nd) • ,woman ‘writer ; ,baby ‘brother ; ,twin ‘sister STRESS IN COMPOUND ADJECTIVES:

! Compound adjectives stress rule: primary stress on the 2 nd word 21 • ,dark-‘green ; ,far-‘reaching ; ,stone-‘deaf ; ,good-‘looking ; ,blue-‘eyed (in particular adjectives suffixed in –ed) ! Stress shift: when a regular compound adjective is followed by a stressed syllable the primary stress is moved back to the 1st word • Her sweater is ,dark-‘blue --> She has a ‘dark-,blue sweater ! Special cases: main types: 12 • Word 1 = OBJECT (gr) of Word 2: o ‘breath-,taking --> to take so’s breath o ‘heart-,breaking --> to break so’s heart • Word 1 = AGENT of Word 2 (“by”) o ‘air,borne (to be borne by the air) o ‘sun ,tanned (tanned by the sun) NB: compound adjectives with made often follow the regular pattern: ,man-‘made • Word 1 = PREPOSITIONAL COMPLEMENT of Word 2 o ‘water-,proof (proof against water) o ‘home-,sick (sick for home) ! BUT: compound adjectives with FREE often follow regular pattern: ,duty-‘free ; ,tax-‘free STRESS IN LEARNED COMPOUNDS:

Program, ideogram, epilogue, electrotype, cephalopod ! They are based on bound stems = morphemes that cannot be found by themselves, ==> do not have the status of words in English. Bound stems are semantically transparent. Belong to learned register: medicine, anatomy, astronomy, literature etc. ! If they have no suffix, their behavior is identical to that of ordinary compounds: 12 • Pro/gram(me), ideo/gram,epi/logue… ! Stress-imposing suffixes prevent the 12 pattern: telepho’nee, telegra’phese, xeno’phobic…

! Neutral suffixes (hood, ly, able, ant, ish etc) remain neutral. All the others become stress-imposing with learned compounds: • With a prefinal C2 primary stress falls on the penultimate -10: epi’dermis, anthropo’morphism, rhodo’dendron… • If the V of the 2 nd element is a diagraph, the stress falls on penultimate -10: thera’peutist, dino’saurus… • Elsewhere, it will fall on the antepenultimate -100: a’naphora, an’tipodal, a’stronomer…