Planetary formation
Solar system formation
Key questions
Origin of water
Asteroid-Meteorite Conundrum
Summary
Solar System Small Bodies a.k.a.
Asteroids, Comets, Meteors
B. Carry1,2
1 2
1/14 B. Carry, Elbereth, 2014/12/10
IMCCE, Observatoire de Paris Lagrange, Observatoire de la Cˆ ote d’Azur
Planetary formation
Solar system formation
Key questions
Origin of water
Asteroid-Meteorite Conundrum
Planetary formation: Sketch
A step-by-step process: a. Gas & dust cloud contraction b. Disk formation c. Rotation, accumulation of material d. A star is born e. Accretion within the disk f. Planetary system
2/14 B. Carry, Elbereth, 2014/12/10
Summary
Planetary formation
Solar system formation
Key questions
Origin of water
Planetary formation: Examples
3/14 B. Carry, Elbereth, 2014/12/10
Asteroid-Meteorite Conundrum
Summary
Planetary formation
Solar system formation
Key questions
Origin of water
Asteroid-Meteorite Conundrum
Planetary formation: SSOs 1. Large population ◦ 650 000 objects (several millions) ◦ Wide range of compositions [rocks → ices] ◦ Wide range of heliocentric distances [1 → 102−5 au]
2. Primitive population ◦ Small objects [m → 103 km] ◦ Internal energy ≈ null ◦ No endogeneous activity
. Direct witnesses of the early Solar System
4/14 B. Carry, Elbereth, 2014/12/10
Summary
Planetary formation
Solar system formation
Key questions
Origin of water
Asteroid-Meteorite Conundrum
History: Evidences A. Accretion disk • Gas & Dust • Composition gradient B. Planets • Relative masses • Eccentricities • Compositions C. Small bodies • Belts mass & SFD • Mixed asteroids DeMeo & Carry 2014
• Homogeneous Trojans • Inclined KBOs D. Late Heavy Bombardment
5/14 B. Carry, Elbereth, 2014/12/10
Summary
Planetary formation
Solar system formation
Key questions
Origin of water
Asteroid-Meteorite Conundrum
History: Evidences A. Accretion disk • Gas & Dust • Composition gradient
20
10
18
Nectaris (3.90 Gy) Imbrium (3.85 Gy) Orientale (3.82 Gy?)
Mass (g/year)
10
B. Planets
16
10
• Relative masses
14
10
3.90 - 3.82 Gy 4.12 - 3.82 Gy
12
10
• Eccentricities
LHB
10
10
Apollo 17
8
10
4.5
Apollo 12
4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 9 Age (10 years)
2.0
• Compositions C. Small bodies • Belts mass & SFD • Mixed asteroids
DeMeo & Carry 2014
• Homogeneous Trojans • Inclined KBOs D. Late Heavy Bombardment
5/14 B. Carry, Elbereth, 2014/12/10
Summary
Planetary formation
Solar system formation
Key questions
Origin of water
Asteroid-Meteorite Conundrum
Summary
History: Gran Tack A. Jupiter moves inward • Bowling strike I
Mass of Mars
I
Deplete MB
B. Jupiter moves outward • Excite orbits • Mix inner → MB C. Result for Inner Solar System • Complete mixing • Removal of 99% mass Walsh et al. 2011
6/14 B. Carry, Elbereth, 2014/12/10
Planetary formation
Solar system formation
Key questions
Origin of water
Asteroid-Meteorite Conundrum
Summary
History: Gran Tack A. Jupiter moves inward • Bowling strike I
Mass of Mars
I
Deplete MB
B. Jupiter moves outward • Excite orbits • Mix inner → MB C. Result for Inner Solar System • Complete mixing DeMeo & Carry 2014
6/14 B. Carry, Elbereth, 2014/12/10
• Removal of 99% mass
Planetary formation
Solar system formation
Key questions
Origin of water
Asteroid-Meteorite Conundrum
Summary
History: Nice A. Original idea • Smooth migration • Jupiter-Saturn resonance B. New paradigm • Ice/gas giant interactions • Jumping Jupiter C. Results for Solar System • Mix outer → MB • Trojans replaced • Satellite captured I Gomes/Tsiganis/Morbidelli 2005 7/14 B. Carry, Elbereth, 2014/12/10
Fifth or sixth giant planet!
Planetary formation
Solar system formation
Key questions
Origin of water
Asteroid-Meteorite Conundrum
Summary
History: Nice A. Original idea • Smooth migration • Jupiter-Saturn resonance B. New paradigm • Ice/gas giant interactions • Jumping Jupiter C. Results for Solar System • Mix outer → MB • Trojans replaced • Satellite captured Morbidelli et al. 2007/2010+ Nesvorny/Batygin 2011/2012 7/14 B. Carry, Elbereth, 2014/12/10
I
Fifth or sixth giant planet!
Planetary formation
Solar system formation
Key questions
Origin of water
Asteroid-Meteorite Conundrum
Summary
History: Nice A. Original idea • Smooth migration • Jupiter-Saturn resonance B. New paradigm • Ice/gas giant interactions • Jumping Jupiter C. Results for Solar System • Mix outer → MB • Trojans replaced DeMeo & Carry 2014
• Satellite captured I
7/14 B. Carry, Elbereth, 2014/12/10
Fifth or sixth giant planet!
Planetary formation
Solar system formation
Key questions
Origin of water
Asteroid-Meteorite Conundrum
Key questions
• Details of planetary migrations? • Origin of Earth water and life? • Location & timescale of asteroid and comet formation? • Mass and SFD of SSOs? • Composition of asteroids, comets, and meteors? • Surface alteration? • Sources of NEAs and meteorites? • ...
8/14 B. Carry, Elbereth, 2014/12/10
Summary
Planetary formation
Solar system formation
Key questions
Origin of water
Answers? 1. Discovery & Census ◦ Observation → population ◦ New categories of objects I Surveys
2. Dynamics: ST & LT ◦ Origin & evolution Numerical models
I
3. Composition ◦ Asteroids/Meteors → Mineralogy ◦ Comets → Volatiles I Spectrometry
4. Physical properties ◦ Starlike → Worlds ◦ Structure: interior & surface 9/14 B. Carry, Elbereth, 2014/12/10
Asteroid-Meteorite Conundrum
Summary
Planetary formation
Solar system formation
Key questions
Origin of water
Answers? 1. Discovery & Census ◦ Observation → population ◦ New categories of objects I Surveys
2. Dynamics: ST & LT ◦ Origin & evolution Numerical models
I
3. Composition ◦ Asteroids/Meteors → Mineralogy ◦ Comets → Volatiles I Spectrometry
4. Physical properties ◦ Starlike → Worlds ◦ Structure: interior & surface 9/14 B. Carry, Elbereth, 2014/12/10
Asteroid-Meteorite Conundrum
Summary
Planetary formation
Solar system formation
Key questions
Origin of water
Answers? 1. Discovery & Census ◦ Observation → population ◦ New categories of objects I Surveys
2. Dynamics: ST & LT ◦ Origin & evolution Numerical models
I
3. Composition ◦ Asteroids/Meteors → Mineralogy ◦ Comets → Volatiles I Spectrometry
4. Physical properties ◦ Starlike → Worlds ◦ Structure: interior & surface 9/14 B. Carry, Elbereth, 2014/12/10
Asteroid-Meteorite Conundrum
Summary
Planetary formation
Solar system formation
Key questions
Origin of water
Answers? 1. Discovery & Census ◦ Observation → population ◦ New categories of objects I Surveys
2. Dynamics: ST & LT ◦ Origin & evolution Numerical models
I
3. Composition ◦ Asteroids/Meteors → Mineralogy ◦ Comets → Volatiles I Spectrometry
4. Physical properties ◦ Starlike → Worlds ◦ Structure: interior & surface 9/14 B. Carry, Elbereth, 2014/12/10
Asteroid-Meteorite Conundrum
Summary
Planetary formation
Solar system formation
Key questions
Origin of water
Asteroid-Meteorite Conundrum
Summary
Origin of Earth oceans 1. Young Earth ◦ Planetessimal accretion ◦ Water out-gassing?
2. Late implantation ◦ Water segregation ◦ Comets!
3. Water composition Early Earth
◦ O isotopes, D/H ◦ Comets?
4. From asteroids? ◦ Main-belt comets! ◦ Ceres!
5. Origin of water? ◦ Continuum of SSO ◦ New D/H 10/14 B. Carry, Elbereth, 2014/12/10
Planetary formation
Solar system formation
Key questions
Origin of water
Asteroid-Meteorite Conundrum
Summary
Origin of Earth oceans 1. Young Earth ◦ Planetessimal accretion ◦ Water out-gassing?
2. Late implantation ◦ Water segregation ◦ Comets!
3. Water composition Early Earth
◦ O isotopes, D/H ◦ Comets?
4. From asteroids? ◦ Main-belt comets! ◦ Ceres!
5. Origin of water? ◦ Continuum of SSO ◦ New D/H 10/14 B. Carry, Elbereth, 2014/12/10
Planetary formation
Solar system formation
Key questions
Origin of water
Asteroid-Meteorite Conundrum
Summary
Origin of Earth oceans 1. Young Earth ◦ Planetessimal accretion ◦ Water out-gassing?
2. Late implantation ◦ Water segregation ◦ Comets!
3. Water composition Hartogh et al. 2011 Bockelee-Morvan et al. 2014
◦ O isotopes, D/H ◦ Comets?
4. From asteroids? ◦ Main-belt comets! ◦ Ceres!
5. Origin of water? ◦ Continuum of SSO ◦ New D/H 10/14 B. Carry, Elbereth, 2014/12/10
Planetary formation
Solar system formation
Key questions
Origin of water
Asteroid-Meteorite Conundrum
Summary
Origin of Earth oceans 1. Young Earth ◦ Planetessimal accretion ◦ Water out-gassing?
2. Late implantation ◦ Water segregation ◦ Comets! Hsieh & Jewitt, 2006 & Jewitt 2012
3. Water composition ◦ O isotopes, D/H ◦ Comets?
4. From asteroids? ◦ Main-belt comets! ◦ Ceres!
5. Origin of water? K¨ uppers et al. 2014 10/14 B. Carry, Elbereth, 2014/12/10
◦ Continuum of SSO ◦ New D/H
Planetary formation
Solar system formation
Key questions
Origin of water
Asteroid-Meteorite Conundrum
Summary
Origin of Earth oceans 1. Young Earth ◦ Planetessimal accretion ◦ Water out-gassing?
2. Late implantation ◦ Water segregation ◦ Comets!
3. Water composition Hartogh et al. 2011 Bockelee-Morvan et al. 2014
◦ O isotopes, D/H ◦ Comets?
4. From asteroids? ◦ Main-belt comets! ◦ Ceres!
5. Origin of water? ◦ Continuum of SSO ◦ New D/H 10/14 B. Carry, Elbereth, 2014/12/10
Planetary formation
Solar system formation
Key questions
Origin of water
Asteroid-Meteorite Conundrum
Summary
Origin of Earth oceans 1. Young Earth ◦ Planetessimal accretion ◦ Water out-gassing?
2. Late implantation ◦ Water segregation ◦ Comets!
3. Water composition Hartogh et al. 2011 Bockelee-Morvan et al. 2014
◦ O isotopes, D/H ◦ Comets?
4. From asteroids? ◦ Main-belt comets! ◦ Ceres!
5. Origin of water? ◦ Continuum of SSO ◦ New D/H 10/14 B. Carry, Elbereth, 2014/12/10
Planetary formation
Solar system formation
Key questions
Origin of water
Asteroid-Meteorite Conundrum
Summary
Origin of Earth oceans 1. Young Earth ◦ Planetessimal accretion ◦ Water out-gassing?
2. Late implantation ◦ Water segregation ◦ Comets!
3. Water composition Hartogh et al. 2011 Bockelee-Morvan et al. 2014
◦ O isotopes, D/H ◦ Comets?
4. From asteroids? ◦ Main-belt comets! ◦ Ceres!
5. Origin of water? ◦ Continuum of SSO ◦ New D/H 10/14 B. Carry, Elbereth, 2014/12/10
Planetary formation
Solar system formation
Key questions
Asteroid hazards 1. Traces of ancient collisions 2. Recent report of bolides 3. Bolides are frequents! 4. Meteorite source = NEAs 5. NEAs source? 6. Pros & Cons I I
Hazards “Free” sample return
11/14 B. Carry, Elbereth, 2014/12/10
Origin of water
Asteroid-Meteorite Conundrum
Summary
Planetary formation
Solar system formation
Key questions
Origin of water
Asteroid-Meteorite Conundrum
Asteroid hazards • Tunguska in 1908
1. Traces of ancient collisions 2. Recent report of bolides 3. Bolides are frequents!
• Carancas in 2008
4. Meteorite source = NEAs 5. NEAs source? 6. Pros & Cons I I
Hazards “Free” sample return
11/14 B. Carry, Elbereth, 2014/12/10
• Chelyabinsk in 2013
Summary
Planetary formation
Solar system formation
Key questions
Origin of water
Asteroid-Meteorite Conundrum
Summary
Asteroid hazards 1. Traces of ancient collisions 2. Recent report of bolides 3. Bolides are frequents! ANR FRIPON
Impact every ye
ar
4. Meteorite source = NEAs 5. NEAs source? 6. Pros & Cons I I
Hazards “Free” sample return
-4
hour
10
day
10
year
10
-3
Chelyabinsk
0
Tunguska
2
century
10
millenium
10
1 Ma
10
3
Meteor crater
6
Manicouagan
8
100 Ma
10
4.5 Ga
10
Chicxulub
9
1m 10 m
11/14 B. Carry, Elbereth, 2014/12/10
10 m
100 m 1 km Meteorite size
10 km
100 m
1 km 10 km Crater size
100 km
100 km 1000 km
Planetary formation
Solar system formation
Key questions
Origin of water
Asteroid-Meteorite Conundrum
Asteroid hazards 1. Traces of ancient collisions 2. Recent report of bolides 3. Bolides are frequents! 4. Meteorite source = NEAs 5. NEAs source? 6. Pros & Cons I I
Hazards “Free” sample return
11/14 B. Carry, Elbereth, 2014/12/10
American Meteor Society
Summary
Planetary formation
Solar system formation
Key questions
Asteroid hazards 1. Traces of ancient collisions 2. Recent report of bolides 3. Bolides are frequents! 4. Meteorite source = NEAs 5. NEAs source? 6. Pros & Cons I I
Hazards “Free” sample return
11/14 B. Carry, Elbereth, 2014/12/10
Origin of water
Asteroid-Meteorite Conundrum
Summary
Planetary formation
Solar system formation
Key questions
Origin of water
Asteroid hazards 1. Traces of ancient collisions 2. Recent report of bolides 3. Bolides are frequents! 4. Meteorite source = NEAs 5. NEAs source? 6. Pros & Cons I I
Hazards “Free” sample return
11/14 B. Carry, Elbereth, 2014/12/10
A. Stewart
Asteroid-Meteorite Conundrum
Summary
Planetary formation
Solar system formation
Key questions
Origin of water
Asteroid hazards 1. Traces of ancient collisions 2. Recent report of bolides 3. Bolides are frequents! 4. Meteorite source = NEAs 5. NEAs source? 6. Pros & Cons I I
Hazards “Free” sample return
11/14 B. Carry, Elbereth, 2014/12/10
A. Stewart
Asteroid-Meteorite Conundrum
Summary
Planetary formation
Solar system formation
Key questions
Origin of water
NEAs from the Main Belt
1. MB shaped by resonances 2. Asteroid put in resonance I I
Collision Yarkovsky
3. Eccentricity increases 4. Planetary encounters 12/14 B. Carry, Elbereth, 2014/12/10
Asteroid-Meteorite Conundrum
Summary
Planetary formation
Solar system formation
Key questions
Origin of water
NEAs from the Main Belt
1. MB shaped by resonances 2. Asteroid put in resonance I I
Collision Yarkovsky
3. Eccentricity increases 4. Planetary encounters 12/14 B. Carry, Elbereth, 2014/12/10
Asteroid-Meteorite Conundrum
Summary
Planetary formation
Solar system formation
Key questions
Origin of water
NEAs from the Main Belt
1. MB shaped by resonances 2. Asteroid put in resonance I I
Collision Yarkovsky
3. Eccentricity increases 4. Planetary encounters 12/14 B. Carry, Elbereth, 2014/12/10
Asteroid-Meteorite Conundrum
Summary
Planetary formation
Solar system formation
Key questions
Origin of water
Asteroid-Meteorite Conundrum
Summary
NEAs from the Main Belt
1. MB shaped by resonances 2. Asteroid put in resonance I I
Yarkovsky effect
Collision Yarkovsky
3. Eccentricity increases 4. Planetary encounters 12/14 B. Carry, Elbereth, 2014/12/10
Daily effect
Annual effect
Planetary formation
Solar system formation
Key questions
Origin of water
NEAs from the Main Belt
1. MB shaped by resonances 2. Asteroid put in resonance I I
Collision Yarkovsky
3. Eccentricity increases 4. Planetary encounters 12/14 B. Carry, Elbereth, 2014/12/10
Asteroid-Meteorite Conundrum
Summary
Planetary formation
Solar system formation
Key questions
Origin of water
NEAs from the Main Belt
1. MB shaped by resonances 2. Asteroid put in resonance I I
Collision Yarkovsky
3. Eccentricity increases 4. Planetary encounters 12/14 B. Carry, Elbereth, 2014/12/10
Asteroid-Meteorite Conundrum
Summary
Planetary formation
Solar system formation
Key questions
Origin of water
Asteroid-Meteorite Conundrum
Summary
NEAs from the Main Belt
1. MB shaped by resonances 2. Asteroid put in resonance I I
Collision Yarkovsky
3. Eccentricity increases 4. Planetary encounters 12/14 B. Carry, Elbereth, 2014/12/10
I Free sample return but ◦ Yarkovsky → Bias • Diameter • Spin • Composition (thermal inertia)
◦ Resonances → Bias • Resonance 6= strength • Meteorite sampling?
Planetary formation
Solar system formation
Key questions
Origin of water
Asteroid-Meteorite Conundrum
Summary
NEAs from the Main Belt
I Free sample return but ◦ Yarkovsky → Bias • Diameter • Spin • Composition (thermal inertia)
◦ Resonances → Bias Vernazza et al 2008 12/14 B. Carry, Elbereth, 2014/12/10
• Resonance 6= strength • Meteorite sampling?
Planetary formation
Solar system formation
Key questions
Origin of water
Asteroid-Meteorite Conundrum
Meteorites and Composition I
Meteorites census: ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦
I
Asteroids census: ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦
I
Fragments: >80 000 Types: 3→13→46 Falls & Finds: 80% = OC Weathering!
V+NIR spectra: 2 000 Visible colors: 35 000 Classification: 26 classes Mineralogy: 50% unknown Space Weathering!
Solutions? ◦ Meteorite recovery networks ◦ Asteroid spectral surveys ◦ Asteroid physical properties
13/14 B. Carry, Elbereth, 2014/12/10
Weisberg et al. 2006
Summary
Planetary formation
Solar system formation
Key questions
Origin of water
Asteroid-Meteorite Conundrum
Meteorites and Composition I
Meteorites census: ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦
I
Asteroids census: ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦
I
Fragments: >80 000 Types: 3→13→46 Falls & Finds: 80% = OC Weathering!
V+NIR spectra: 2 000 Visible colors: 35 000 Classification: 26 classes Mineralogy: 50% unknown Space Weathering!
Solutions? ◦ Meteorite recovery networks ◦ Asteroid spectral surveys ◦ Asteroid physical properties
13/14 B. Carry, Elbereth, 2014/12/10
DeMeo et al. 2009
Summary
Planetary formation
Solar system formation
Key questions
Origin of water
Meteorites and Composition I
Meteorites census: ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦
I
Asteroids census: ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦
I
Fragments: >80 000 Types: 3→13→46 Falls & Finds: 80% = OC Weathering!
V+NIR spectra: 2 000 Visible colors: 35 000 Classification: 26 classes Mineralogy: 50% unknown Space Weathering!
Solutions? ◦ Meteorite recovery networks ◦ Asteroid spectral surveys ◦ Asteroid physical properties ANR FRIPON
13/14 B. Carry, Elbereth, 2014/12/10
Asteroid-Meteorite Conundrum
Summary
Planetary formation
Solar system formation
Key questions
Origin of water
Asteroids, Comets, Meteors
14/14 B. Carry, Elbereth, 2014/12/10
Asteroid-Meteorite Conundrum
Summary
